The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass Paul Tate March 10, 2015 Originally prepared as a degree requirement for the UIC Master of Energy Engineering program 1 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Outline n Introduction to Building Integrated PV n Solar Shingles Technology n Solar Glass Technology n Conclusions n Questions © 2015 All Rights Reserved 2 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) n Building Materials & Solar Cells ¨ Roofing ¨ Glass ¨ Metal Panels ¨ Overhangs ¨ Awnings, etc. Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation1 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 3 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation2 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 4 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Solar Shingles n Intended for residential pitched roofs n Replace portion of asphalt shingles n Are not rack mounted n Integrate into standard roofing n Multiple technologies utilized © 2015 All Rights Reserved 5 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate CIGS Solar Shingle n Uses Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) thin film technology n Substrate is a proprietary polymer n Size, weight, flexibility similar to asphalt shingle CIGS Cell Schematic Diagram3 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 6 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate CIGS Solar Shingles CIGS Solar Shingles Prior to Installation4 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 7 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate CIGS Solar Shingle CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation5 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 8 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate CIGS Solar Shingle CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation6 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 9 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle n Uses mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) technology n Mounted on semi- flexible plastic n Slightly thinner than asphalt shingle with special underlayment Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cell7 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 10 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 11 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 12 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 13 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Solar Shingle Efficiencies CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n ~12% efficient CIGS n 14% efficient mono-Si cells cells n Efficiency rises n 14% efficient initially (light soaking), immediately, then then degrades over degrades over time time n Solar components n Solar components warrantied for 10 warrantied for 20 years years © 2015 All Rights Reserved 14 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Solar Shingle Power Output CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n Available in 9-13 n 60 Watts/shingle Watts/shingle n Each shingle n Each shingle approximately 5.3 SF approximately 1.6 SF exposed area exposed area n Power output: n Power output: 5.6 to 11.4 W/SF 8.1 W/SF n 400 SF array: n 400 SF array: 2.25kW 4.55 kW to 3.25 kW © 2015 All Rights Reserved 15 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections9 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 16 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 17 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle Electrical Connections Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 18 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Mono-Si Solar Shingle Electrical Connections Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 19 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Solar Shingles - Balance of System CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n CIGS solar shingle n Electrician supplies manufacturer supplies manufacturer sized inverter inverter n Electrician makes n Electrician wires connections from array to everything from array to inverter, inverter to meter and disconnects meter, disconnects, etc. n Point of use monitoring n Manufacturer’s web- only based monitoring system included © 2015 All Rights Reserved 20 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Transparent Solar Glass n Focusing on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells & Organic Solar Cells n Transparent meaning light passes through the solar collector, opposed to thin strips of silicon based cells implanted onto glass © 2015 All Rights Reserved 21 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) n Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) molecules coated with various color dyes n Electrolyte (usually iodide) replaces electron given off by dye through TiO2 n All layers are transparent, limiting factor is dye color & thickness Dye Sensitized Solar Cells11 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 22 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Schematic Diagram12 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 23 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation13 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 24 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation14 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 25 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Organic Solar Cells n Light absorbed in hole transport layer n Photon energy creates excitons n Excitons travel to photoactive layer where charge separation occurs n Difference from inorganic PV is effect of light absorption Organic Solar Cell15 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 26 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Organic Solar Cells Organic Solar Cell Schematic16 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 27 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells17 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 28 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Organic Solar Cells Organic Solar Cell17 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 29 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Organic Solar Cells Transparent Solar Cell18 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 30 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Organic Solar Cells Transparent Solar Cell19 © 2015 All Rights Reserved 31 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Transparent Solar Cell Efficiencies DSSC Organic Solar Cells n Typically 8% to 10% n 40% transparent cell at maximum efficiency 7.1% efficiency n Record lab efficiency: n Record lab efficiency: 11.9% 11.1% n Commercially available, n Not commercially well-known operation and available, very new challenges technology © 2015 All Rights Reserved 32 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Conclusions n Solar shingles is a viable and growing industry n Solar Glass research is growing, long-term production and applications are unknown n BIPV will continue to be developed and used if costs and aesthetics are favorable © 2015 All Rights Reserved Picture Courtesy of RISE 33 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Bibliography 1 "Building-integrated Photovoltaics – a Niche Market with Ample Opportunities."SolarServer. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.solarserver.com/solarmagazin/solar-report_1108_2_e.html>. 2 "Outstanding BIPV Projects." Onyx Solar - Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Onyx Solar. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http://www.onyxsolar.com/projects/onyxsolar-bipv-projects.html>. 3 "Special-purpose Diodes." All About Circuits. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ vol_3/chpt_3/12.html>. 4 "Roofs Do Double Duty with Dow Shingles." Jetson Green. 25 June 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jetsongreen.com/2012/06/dow-powerhouse-solar-shingle-launch.html>. 5 "Solution to Homeowner’s Association Problem with Aesthetics of Roof Mounted Solar PV | Tennessee Solar." Tennessee Solar Energy Association. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http:// www.tnsolarenergy.org/solution-to-homeowners-association-problem-with-aesthetics-of-roof-mounted-