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Nation's library gains The library has acquired a selection Bob Zeller, president of the Center for of her much larger trove, choosing Civil War Photography. 'phenomenal' Civil scenes that it did not already have in “They are so infrequently found that War stereograph its vast holdings. The division’s staff the auctioneer Wes Cowan has never has already begun cataloguing, even handled an Osborn & Durbec,” collection scanning and digitizing them. A first Zeller said. Cowan, a photo-collecting BY CLINT SCHEMMER, batch of 77 is now live on the library’s veteran, is one of the experts in PBS’ Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star, website, loc.gov (search “robin long-running “History Detectives” March 29, 2015 stanford collection”). The library’s program. WASHINGTON—Moments “frozen in high-resolution, downloadable scans Zeller said he is fascinated with the amber” is what Robin Stanford calls are prized by researchers and widely collection’s images of Beaufort, S.C., these images from the Civil War. enjoyed by the general public. which fell in early 1862—one of the An enslaved woman breastfeeding “The collection has extraordinary first areas of the South occupied by her baby at “Uncle July’s cabin” on a depth, and many of the images are Union troops. St. Helena Island, S.C., plantation exceedingly rare,” expert Carol M. Plantation owners fled, leaving Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter before Johnson, who recently retired as the hundreds of African–Americans to and after they fell in the opening library’s curator of photography, said fend for themselves. Northern hours of the Civil War of Stanford’s hoard. “It’s the largest missionaries came and set up Slaves worshiping in 1860 inside Zion Civil War stereo collection that I am schools for them. One abolitionist, Chapel, an Episcopal missionary aware of.” Laura Towne of Philadelphia, started church on Rockville plantation in Last summer, Johnson spent three the Penn School on St. Helena Island South Carolina’s low country days at Stanford’s home inventorying and stayed 20 years. Soldiers’ skeletons and fresh graves the collection based on her The school (penncenter.com) has on the Spotsylvania and Wilderness knowledge of the library's Civil War operated ever since, and provided a battlefields holdings. Hired as a consultant by the safe haven during the civil rights Scenes from the mid-war Port Royal nonprofit Center for Civil War movement for Dr. Martin Luther King Experiment, abolitionists’ attempt to Photography and other leaders’ strategy sessions, remake African–Americans’ lives near (civilwarphotography.org), which Zeller noted. Beaufort, S.C. helped cement the sale, Johnson THE WAR IN 3–D Those and 500-plus other images prepared a 40-page roster of images A cool feature of stereographs is that, from America’s deadliest conflict are not held by the library. seen through red and blue glasses— coming to your laptop, desktop or Learning of a new collection, like available for free from the Civil War smartphone, thanks to one Texan Stanford’s, “makes the field of photo Trust—they pop to life in three and the photo geeks at “the nation’s history exciting,” she said. dimensions. library.” Johnson’s favorite scenes from the That’s how most 19th-century people Stanford is a Houstonian who Stanford Collection are “the plantation would have seen them. Some 70 devoted decades to collecting Civil views show us how the slaves lived,” percent of all Civil War documentary War and Texas stereographs, taken she said via email. “They are great photos were shot as stereo views, by a twin-lens camera much as documentation of the slave homes, were hugely popular and sold in huge human eyes capture the same image their workshops, even the interior of numbers. from slightly different angles. their church during a service. The 3– Now, inside the library’s Madison On Friday, a few journalists visiting D aspect of the stereo puts the viewer Building across from the U.S. Capitol, the Central Vault of the Library of right there on the plantation.” the experts marveled at what Congress’ Prints & Photographs Two Southern photo studios, Stanford has preserved of those Division got a sneak peek at a Hubbard and Mix and Osborn & photographers’ work. sample of the Stanford Collection and Durbec, recorded those scenes. “To be able to add 500 sterographs a chance to talk with the spirited, There are very few in existence that we didn’t have before—that’s competitive person who assembled because there was little commercial pretty phenomenal,” division chief them. market for views of slave life, said Helena Zinkham said in an interview.

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“And why is it possible? Because a University who shared her interest in Before he became the infamous woman in the 1970s, raising a American history. assassin of a U.S. president and long toddler, caught the history bug, and But when he died a year ago, “the air before he was an actor traveling the moved from a fascination with three- just went out of me,” she said, and country, Booth was a boarding school dimensional viewing to really looking she stopped collecting. student at St. Timothy's Hall closely and carefully at the cards. The In time, Zeller urged her to consider preparatory school in Catonsville. pictures bring the war alive for her.” finding a good home for her lifetime’s Booth and his younger brother, For the Texan, the obsession started work. She wanted proceeds from any Joseph, attended the school from innocently enough. sale to help finance her 1852 to 1853, during which time they Raising her first son, she read granddaughters' high school and lived in the dorm on the school's Douglas Southall Freeman’s college educations. campus, said Terry Alford, a biography of Robert E. Lee to pass Stanford and Zeller's first and best professor of history at Northern the time, and grew entranced by his hope was that the Library of Virginia Community College. descriptions of people’s lives during Congress, because of how it shares Their mother enrolled them at the the war, she recalled last week. Civil War images with the world, strict military school for boys soon would be interested. after their father died in an effort to Zinkham, the library’s photo chief, provide them with some structure in said its acquisition of Stanford’s their lives, but Alford says the time collection serves as a coda to the spent there may have been some of final weeks of the Civil War’s 150th the most transformative in Booth's anniversary. life. The library opened the "John didn't hear anything at the sesquicentennial by receiving the school that didn't confirm his thoughts Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil about slavery," he said. "That was a War ambrotypes and tintypes, thoroughly Southern school." ANDREW HARNIK/ASSOCIATED PRESS Collector Robin Stanford stands by some of her rare Civil War-era portraits that soldiers and their A large, imposing structure, the stereoscopic photographs at the Library of Congress on Friday. families held dear. school was known for its austere Zinkham said she sees Stanford’s environment and the thoroughly Then she spotted an old stereo collection as a fine bookend to the Southern attitudes of its students, viewer and some photo cards at an sesquicentennial, one that “will carry according to Alford, who recently antique shop, and thought they would us well into the future.” finished a book about Booth. The vast make an interesting curio for the Catonsville's connection majority of the students came either getaway farmhouse she was from Maryland or states farther south, furnishing for her husband, a to Lincoln assassin John and though the faculty consisted hardworking physician, and their Wilkes Booth mainly or northerners, the school family in the country west of Houston. By Heather Norris, Catonsville Times, became a breeding ground of But the stereo images proved April 14, 2015 Confederacy support, he said. Some fascinating to the history buff. Before One hundred and fifty years ago of the Confederacy's most notable long, she was buying them from President Abraham Lincoln was figures, including a few generals, dealers, eagerly awaiting the monthly officially pronounced dead after being were educated at St. Timothy's Hall, catalogues they would mail. “One shot the night before at Ford's said Alford, who visited Catonsville as thing led to another,” she said. Theatre in Washington, D.C. part of his research for the book. After five decades, Stanford, now in In the days that followed, an intense "He was just in the middle of her 80s, had assembled more than manhunt was launched for a a cauldron of adolescent energy," 1,500 stereo views. She calls them Maryland man named John Wilkes said Alford. A lot of that energy, he her “babies.” Booth. added, was spent promoting the Stanford had planned to give her What many people might not know is southern cause. collection to her surviving son, John, that Booth spent a crucial part of his In 1985, when longtime Catonsville a physics professor at Concordia life in Catonsville. historian H. Ralph Heildelbach

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THE “OLD LINER” NEWSLETTER comprised his booklet, "Catonsville living in Maryland at the time Booth records pertaining to the school and Churches and Schools Before 1950," was growing up who sympathized its history. he devoted 10 pages to St. Timothy's with the Southern cause and who, Located adjacent to the current site of Hall. In it, he quotes liberally from the during the war, operated various St. Timothy's church on Ingleside 1977 work by Enick Davis that underground networks to smuggle Avenue, the school building was provided a history of the school for supplies to the southern states. destroyed by fire in 1872, after the the Historical Society of Baltimore With each Southern state's school had closed and the building County's History Trails publication. secession, the student body at St. was being rented out to boarders. "By 1850, St. Timothy's Hall was Timothy's paid homage with a sunrise Sometimes, said Lisa Vicari, a prospering," wrote Davis. "In that year artillery salute, not authorized by the volunteer at the Catonsville Room, it's there were one hundred and thirty- school's faculty, according to the interesting to think about what the two students enrolled at the school, written account by Davis. town was like in the mid-19th century. with a staff of fourteen professors." In fact, Alford said, there was some With vocal support of the Students at the school, most of whom fear during the war that the boys Confederacy among some prominent hailed from middle and upper middle might steal the school's training families and a free black community, class families, studied art, history, weapons and join the Confederate "that makes for a very interesting philosophy and other subjects, in army. mix," she said. addition to military tactics, Davis In 1853, Booth, a young teen at the Confederate flag at wrote. time, participated in an uprising at the Under the rules of headmaster Rev. school led by the upperclassmen in center of US Supreme Libertus Van Bokkelen, the boys were protest of the school's strict rules, Court free speech required to wear military uniforms Alford said. About half of the student while they attended classes and were body left the school and set up camp case forbidden from receiving food from in the woods nearby to protest Van By Chantal Valery, AFP, March, 23, home, singing, dancing or studying in Bokkelen's policies. After a three-day 2015 groups, said Alford. standoff, he said, parents were called Washington (AFP) - Can US "Throughout the 1850's the school in to mediate an end to the boycott. motorists put the Confederate flag -- flourished and by 1860 was at the According to Alford, though Booth seen by some as a symbol of racist height of its prosperity," Davis wrote. struggled at times in class, he oppression of the slavery-era South -- "During the following months the excelled socially at St. Timothy's Hall, on their license plates and call it nation plunged headlong into the meeting a number of boys who would freedom of expression? impending civil war. In November, the eventually become his comrades in The US Supreme Court seemed Republican candidate, Abraham his effort to upend the Union sharply divided on the issue Monday. Lincoln, was elected president, much government. The nine justices heard arguments in to the disappointment of the students "He was unbelievably popular," Alford a freedom of expression case looking of St. Timothy's Hall, who had almost said. at whether a state or its residents unanimously supported the Southern He easily made friends with his should control the images and Democratic ticket of Breckinridge and classmates, some of whom included slogans featured on state-issued Lane." Fitzhugh Lee, nephew of Robert E. license plates. "The thing about Maryland was that it Lee, the commanding general of In Texas, the Sons of Confederate was very divided," said Anne Rubin, Confederate forces, and a future Veterans filed suit claiming their First an associate professor of history at Confederate general himself, and Amendment right to free speech had the University of Maryland, Baltimore Samuel Arnold and Michael been violated when state officials County, who teaches classes on the O'Loughlin, both future co- refused to honor their request for Civil War and the American South. conspirators in Booth's initial plot to specialty plates bearing the Civil War- Throughout his adolescence, Rubin kidnap the president. era flag. said, Booth was far from alone in his The Catonsville Library's Catonsville The Supreme Court took the case support for the Confederacy. There Room houses a number of official after a federal appeals court backed was a large contingent of people the Sons of Confederate Veterans, saying Texas had discriminated

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THE “OLD LINER” NEWSLETTER against the group's view that the flag plates a "sort of arbitrary control on There are Lincoln artifacts in celebrates Southern heritage. speech." museums across the country, but Nine other states allow specialty That argument seemed persuasive "this one is pretty powerful," said Jim plates bearing the group's name and for the court's more conservative Johnson, senior manager of creative the flag. justices, including Chief Justice John programs at The Henry Ford. In the United States, license plates Roberts. "The presidency ended right there in often act as mini-billboards for a "If you don't want Al-Qaeda speech, that chair," Johnson said. "It's such a cherished cause or ideal. Some don't go into the business of selling visceral connection to Lincoln to look honor sports teams, universities and specialty plates," Roberts said. at this thing. We know he was sitting other organizations. The fact that a state's name is printed there, people are fascinated by that The motto "Live Free or Die" is on the license plate, Roberts said, and feel this amazing connection." printed on many license plates in "doesn't mean you endorse" the But how did the rocking chair that New Hampshire, for example. Some message, adding: "Texas puts its Lincoln sat in at the Ford Theatre end plates in Kentucky, meanwhile, name on everything." up 400 miles away in Dearborn, display an endorsement of the state's Others on the court, like Justice Michigan? powerful coal industry. Elena Kagan, found themselves in The rocking chair has a long history, Like most US states, Texas allows somewhat of a middle ground. Johnson said. The silk rocking chair various interest groups to request the Kagan, the court's newest member, was brought to the box by Ford creation of such specialty license suggested that Texas has had Theater manager Harry Clay Ford -- plates, and then allows motorists who "greater control over its citizens' no relation to Henry Ford. He would pay an extra fee to purchase them. speech than we've been comfortable often bring in the rocking chair and a State officials can however reject the with," but seemed less than totally couch in for special guests. request to create the plate if it convinced by the Confederate After Lincoln was assassinated, the determines that the requested group's case. theater box was closed off for the message could be offensive to The Supreme Court was expected to investigation and the chair was members of the public. issue its ruling by June. acquired by the War Department, Such messages are the How Abraham Lincoln's Johnson said. Years later, it was "government's speech," argued Scott transferred to the Smithsonian for Keller, the attorney representing the assassination chair storage. Texas Department of Motor Vehicles. ended up in Michigan "It appears that people had access to "Texas doesn't want to be associated By Fritz Klug, [email protected], April it," Johnson said. "It was put into with messages they find offensive." 14, 2015 storage in what turned out to be a Justice Sonia Sotomayor seemed to DEARBORN, MI -- Today marks the hidden break area, we think, for agree, saying she saw no reason 150th anniversary of President workers, because that's when the "why the government should be Abraham Lincoln's assassination at chair gets messed up." compelled to endorse a message it the Ford Theatre in Washington D.C. Damage to the chair was caused by a doesn't approve and does not want to Lincoln was watching a production of water leaks, plaster dust, wet plaster be associated with." the play "Our American Cousin" when and hair grease. It was common for But the Sons of Confederate John Wilkes Booth shot the men to wet and grease their hair. Veterans argued that Texas has been 16th president point blank. Lincoln "Anyone who sat in the chair put their inconsistent at best in its attitude hunched down in the chair while his greasy head on the back of the toward Confederate symbols, often wife Mary Todd Lincoln held him. He chair," Johnson said. allowing it at government-organized died the next morning. After some 30 years at the parades and other events celebrating That chair Lincoln sat in became a Smithsonian, Blanche Chapman Southern Civil War history. piece of evidence during Ford, the widow of theatre manager James George, the attorney for the assassination investigation, then was Harry Clay Ford, petitioned the group, called the government's placed in storage before being government to get the chair back, refusal to issue the requested license purchased and sent to Michigan and Johnson said. displayed at The Henry Ford.

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Soon after it was returned to her, the chair. The silk fabric is fragile and John Surratt Jr., who by that point chair was put up for auction. was encased in a polyester sheer had actually fled to Canada, and Israel Sack, a prominent antique fabric to keep the original silk in Herold. Broadsides sporting dealer, purchased the chair for Henry place. descriptions and photographs— Ford. It was a month after Ford had A chemical analysis of the material perhaps the first to have ever opened Greenfield Village, which found found three locations of blood. appeared on wanted posters—of the included the Logan County "But what we don't know is whose three men had poured off the printing Courthouse, where Lincoln had blood it is." Major Henry Rathbone presses. practiced law. was stabbed in the arm by Booth Hundreds submitted flimsy claims for during the assassination and bled a the blood money. Serious fair amount. consideration, however, was mostly While there are some traces of blood confined to the egotistical Lafayette on the chair, it is not the large Baker, summoned by Stanton to discolored section some may think is investigate the crime, and the 16th blood. That came from hair grease New York Cavalry Regiment, as well that rubbed of from the heads of men as two detectives—Everton Conger who sat in it. Hair oil and other oils and cousin Luther Baker—Baker are the most prominent materials dispatched to Virginia to track down found on the chair. Booth and Herold. While Lafayette Lincoln was someone who inspired Baker had placed Conger in charge Ford, Johnson said. of the posse, a special War "Ford was very enamored with Department commission instead Abraham Lincoln," he said, "He fit into determined that the cavalry’s his perfect storm of the self-made Edward Doherty was the man." leader and deserving of the largest Who received the reward cut of the $75,000 reward—a 10 percent share similar to the traditional for John Wilkes bounty given to ship captains who Booth’s capture? captured enemy vessels. A History.com, April 16, 2015 committee of claims established by Twelve days after the murder of the U.S. House of Representatives, The chair in which President Abraham Abraham Lincoln, the largest however, overturned the decision and Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 is manhunt in American history ended gave the largest shares—$17,500 a shown on display at the Henry Ford Museum before dawn on April 26, 1865, in piece—to Lafayette Baker and in Dearborn, Mich. – photo courtesy The Richard Garrett’s Virginia tobacco Conger and reduced Doherty’s Henry Ford Museum barn. The assassin John Wilkes reward to $2,500. Booth was himself felled by a fatal Lafayette Baker’s numerous enemies, A 2010 Washington Post story on the shot fired by Union Sergeant however, howled in protest. When it chair reported that it was purchased Corbett, while co-conspirator David gave its final approval, Congress for $2,400 in 1929, which is $32,943 Herold surrendered without adjusted the shares of the $75,000 in today's dollars. The Henry Ford resistance. reward one last time. Conger said, according to photographic As soon as the massive pursuit for received $15,000 and Doherty evidence, the chair was insured for the fugitives ended, however, the $5,250. Lafayette Baker’s payout was $10,000, which would be about quest for the mammoth reward slashed to $3,750, while his cousin $137,000. money began. On April 20, Secretary was given $3,000. Corbett, the man The chair has been in the Henry Ford of War Edwin Stanton had offered an who killed the assassin, walked away collection ever since. unprecedented $50,000 for the with just $1,653.85, the same as his In the mid 1990s, a major capture of Booth and $25,000 each 25 fellow cavalrymen. The remaining conservation effort was taken on the for the apprehension of accomplices $5,000 was divided among four other

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THE “OLD LINER” NEWSLETTER investigators and soldiers involved in North and South — eager to honor and Boston. The version depicting a the manhunt. their fallen soldiers and surviving single soldier at "parade rest" — Civil War “Silent veterans. hands gripping a musket at the end of Sentinels” still on guard "They're not meant to represent one the barrel, the stock resting on the person or another," said Sarah ground — became the most popular in North, South Beetham, an art historian who way to honor the more than 2 million By Chris Carolla, Associated Press, teaches at the University of Delaware men who fought for the Union. April 18, 2015 and the Pennsylvania Academy of the But commissioning a monument SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. — After Fine Arts. "This way, people could go made of Italian marble or northern the Civil War ended in April 1865, and see in them their sons or fathers New England granite could cost tens statues depicting Union and who had fought in the war." of thousands of dollars, much too Confederate soldiers went up across Known as the "Silent Sentinel," expensive for most small towns. the country, from New England ''Single Soldier" or similar names, he squares to Southern courthouses. A tops many of the thousands of Civil century and a half later, these War monuments to be found in more weathered "Silent Sentinels" still than 30 states. Today, 150 years stand guard, rifles at the ready, after the guns fell silent to end the gazing off in the distance. nation's bloodiest conflict, the ranks For a war that pitted brother against of the more than 3 million citizen brother, many of them bear a strong soldiers who fought on both sides are family resemblance. represented by some of our most ubiquitous yet often overlooked public symbols. "Before the Civil War, you would never have had an image of the common soldier to memorialize. You would have a general or a biblical figure," said Earle Shettleworth, head historian for the state of Maine. "After the war, there was more of a democratic way of memorializing those who had participated." With untold thousands of war dead buried in graves on or near The Confederate Soldiers and Sailors battlefields and encampments far Monument. Known as the “Single Soldier, from their homes, some communities “Silent Sentinel” or similar names depending on the locale, he tops many of the thousands in the North and South erected of Southern Civil war Monuments. (Mike Groll, hometown monuments to the fallen AP) even as the fighting raged. Most were Many turned to the northern foundries stone obelisks placed in local specializing in cast bronze or zinc In the decades after the Civil War ended, cemeteries. statuary used to decorate cemetery statues depicting Union and Confederate Within a couple of years after Gen. markers. Firms such as the soldiers were placed in countless American Robert E. Lee's surrender at communities. A century and a half later, these Monumental Bronze Co. of weathered “silent sentinels” still stand guard. Appomattox, Virginia, more elaborate Bridgeport, Connecticut, did a brisk (Mike Groll, Associated Press) monuments were being business selling soldier statues. A Most of the statues were mass- commissioned from sculptors. By life-size parade rest model was listed produced by a handful of Northern 1867, monuments featuring sculpted in its sales catalog for $450, while the companies that found a steady or cast metal soldier statues were 8-foot-6-inch version sold for $750. market selling to communities — dedicated in cemeteries in Cincinnati

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"It's like going to Wal-Mart. It's less Civil War-era diaries been opened for a hundred and some years," said Stevens. expensive," said Timothy S. Sedore, found in Michigan author of "An Illustrated Guide to Robert Loomis was born in 1832 in Virginia's Confederate Monuments." garage document Newcastle Maine. He lived and Because they had lost the war and Lincoln's worked in Washington D.C. during were economically shattered, Civil War times, before relocating to Southerners got a later start erecting assassination Grand Rapids, Michigan. He served monuments. By the time the 20th By Brent Ashcroft, WZZM, April 14, in Lansing as a state Senator for a century arrived, they were making up 2015 period of time. Later, his political for lost time, with hundreds of soldier LOWELL, Mich. – Seven score and career took him as high as the pro statues installed across the South, ten years ago, our country had just tem governor. typically outside county courthouses. celebrated the highest of highs – the "He did a lot for this city," Stevens But old animosities died hard, and end of the Civil War. added. folks in the South didn't usually Five days later, it experienced the While delicately reading the diaries, publicize who was supplying the lowest of lows. Stevens discovered something very statues: mostly companies in It happened while he was innocently interesting about Loomis. Connecticut, and attending a play at Ford's Theater in "He was good friends with President Ohio. Washington DC: President Abraham Lincoln," said Stevens. "He was "The Southerners didn't talk about Lincoln was assassinated by John invited to both of Lincoln's inaugural that, buying from Yankees," Beetham Wilkes Booth. balls; he also made several visits to said. It happened April 14, 1865. the White House." Versions of the Silent Sentinel statue Ron Stevens, a Lowell resident and A century and a half ago, Loomis was can be found from Amarillo, Texas, to former teacher in the East Kentwood forced to make a devastating diary Kennebunk, Maine. The Northern school system, has taught students entry about his friend. th version features a Union soldier about this historical moment many "Then we come to April 14 ," said wearing a kepi and caped greatcoat, times. Stevens, while flipping through one of while his Southern counterpart "It was a sad day," said Stevens, from the diaries. "[The entry reads] He typically wears the iconic slouch hat his Lowell home. "When he died, they went to a meeting with his wife, then and bedroll strapped diagonally said, 'He now belongs to the ages.'" he drew a line, and this it says, across his chest. When Stevens was 15, he discovered 'President Lincoln shot at Ford's An accurate number of Civil War some historical treasures that linked Theater at ten and a half p.m.; John monuments is difficult to pin down. President Lincoln to Grand Rapids. Wilkes Booth; Mortal wound; just Beetham, who wrote her dissertation When Stevens and his father were alive.'" on post-Civil War citizen soldier sifting through old boxes in a garage, "It darn near brought tears to my eyes monuments, estimates there are they came across fifty leather-bound when I was reading it, because I was some 2,500 across the Northern diaries, which they later learned were reading it on the day that it was states, with the Silent Sentinel written by a gentleman named Robert happening," said Stevens. version believed to account for as Loomis. There was a later entry by Loomis many as half of them. Estimates of "He kept track of everything," said that was even more interesting. Confederate monuments range Stevens, referring to what was "[Loomis] decided to go to Ford's between 500 and 1,000, including detailed in the diaries. "It's really Theatre and just see where hundreds of the rebel version of the interesting stuff." everybody was seated," said solitary soldier. Mr. Loomis had daily entries Stevens. "Apparently, there was spanning nearly six decades. some loose paper on the wall and he Newspaper articles were pasted on took a piece of the wallpaper and key dates in each diary. glued it into his diary." "I got a chance to open up some of "They obviously need to be preserved the newspaper articles that hadn't somewhere," said Stevens."They're in good shape."

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Stevens says he's considered information, we were able to get his CSS Shenandoah, an extraordinary contacting the Smithsonian Institution veterans marker and we'll get to lay epic of seafaring long neglected as a about the diaries but feels that maybe him next to his first wife, which is minor footnote to maritime history. they should remain in Grand Rapids, traditional," Stine said. "And When South Carolina’s secession since they were written by a man who apparently they had set it up that way shattered the union on Dec. 20, 1860, truly made his mark in Michigan. because there is a space right next to the Confederacy gained many fine "They're well worth reading, every her for a traditional burial." naval officers, but few bit," said Stevens. Jeff Patrick, librarian with the Wilson's seaworthy warships. Civil War veteran to be Creek Battlefield National Historic Stephen Mallory, the Confederacy’s Site, said records show that creative naval secretary, dispatched buried in southwest Rombauer enlisted in 1861 with the Southern agents to Europe to covertly Missouri First Missouri Infantry. Rombauer left buy or build fast for CARTHAGE, Mo. (AP) March 22, the service when his initial 90-day . 2015 enlistment expired in late 1861, but James Bulloch (1823-1901), the A Civil War veteran whose remains he reenlisted and served with the Confederate agent in who went unclaimed for more than a Illinois Light Artillery. Rombauer managed the purchase and outfitting century will be buried next month with eventually was promoted to major of Shenandoah, would later tell sea his family in southwest Missouri. and served on Grant's staff. stories to his sister’s son, Major Raphael Guido Rombauer, who After the war, Rombauer lived and young Theodore Roosevelt. Bulloch was on Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's staff built businesses in Carthage from was opposed by Lincoln’s top spies for a time, was cremated after his 1874 to 1897. When his wife died in and diplomats, notably U.S. 1912 death in Kirksville. For more 1899, her body was returned to Ambassador Charles Francis than a century, the former Union Carthage for burial with their two Adams (1807-1886), son of soldier and Carthage businessman's children. President John Quincy Adams. ashes had remained on a shelf at the Young, who lives in the St. Louis Shenandoah was launched at Valhalla Funeral Chapel, Cemetery area, praised Boggess, saying it , in 1863 as the and Crematory in St. Louis, The was important to him that her merchant ship Sea King, a state-of- Carthage Press (http://bit.ly/1BQlHVP relative be buried with his wife the-art clipper for the China tea ) reported. and children. "It was an trade. Built of teak planks over an That all changed when the Missing in honorable mission he was on," iron frame, she displaced 1,160 tons, America project, which arranges she said, "and we're grateful for carrying three masts and a 200 hp proper burials for veterans, came it.” coal-burning auxiliary steam engine across the remains. The group was CSS Shenandoah and driving a propeller that could be planning to bury them with more than raised into the hull to reduce drag 20 other veterans last fall in a the Last Shot of the while sailing. ceremony at the Jefferson Barracks Civil War Slipping out of Liverpool under false National Cemetery, but the late How the Rebels saved the whales papers on Oct. 8, 1864, Shenandoah amateur historian Bill Boggess found BY MIKE MARKOWITZ, DEFENSE rendezvoused with a chartered Elizabeth Young, a relative of MEDIA NETWORK, APRIL 9, 2015 Confederate steamer in a remote Rombauer, and she claimed the It is a matter of odd historical fact that cove in the Islands to load remains. the last shot of the American Civil weapons and crew. A sailing vessel Park Cemetery manager Frank Stine War was a blank fired at a New of her size needed at least 100 men said Rombauer will be buried April 11 Bedford whaling ship in the Bering to operate safely, and perhaps 50 in one of the oldest sections of the Sea off on June 22, 1865, more to handle the guns and form graveyard in a service that will more than a month after the conflict boarding parties. However, due to include volunteers wearing Civil War- had actually ended. To understand manpower shortages, Shenandoah era uniforms. this bizarre event in this peculiar was desperately under-manned "With the great granddaughter's help location, we need to briefly recount throughout her 13-month voyage, we were able to get all this the voyage of the Confederate raider

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THE “OLD LINER” NEWSLETTER

Shenandoah’s armament was recorded in his journal at 5:45 pm on composed of four 8-inch (“68 June 22: pounder”) smoothbore cannon, two “We brought her to with a shot from rifled Whitworth 32-pounders and two our 32-pounder Whitworth rifle, which 12-pounder signal guns. But she was whistled past her stern. She had not meant to fight warships, and crowded on all the sail she could never engaged any U.S. Navy carry, but it availed her little…” vessels. Her prey was unarmed Over the course of a few days, 24 merchant ships, in a Confederate vessels were captured – most strategy of “commerce raiding” that burned, the rest loaded with prisoners by 1865 ruined the American and sent into San Francisco. merchant marine, particularly the American whaling never recovered. New England whaling fleet. In the Without a reliable supply of course of a 58,000 mile cruise, inexpensive whale oil as a smokeless Shenandoah captured 38 ships and lamp fuel and premium lubricant, burned 32. Despite taking over a there was now a vast new market for thousand prisoners, not one was kerosene distilled from that nasty killed. Prizes that were not burned black stuff that oozed out of the were packed with prisoners and sent ground in Pennsylvania: petroleum. into neutral ports. On Nov. 6, 1865 Shenandoah arrived Shenandoah’s skipper, Lt. James back in Liverpool and surrendered to Iredell Waddell (1824-1886) of North the . Sold to the Sultan of Carolina, joined the U.S. Navy in , she was wrecked in a 1841, graduated from Annapolis and hurricane in 1872. served in the Mexican War. Shenandoah’s battle flag is preserved Appointed as a lieutenant in the at the Museum of the Confederacy in Confederate Navy, he was sent to Richmond, Va. One of her signal England in 1863 with the hope of a guns is in the Naval Academy seagoing command. A cautious Museum at Annapolis, Md. mariner, Waddell was described by In one of the many ironies of this his junior officers as secretive, aloof, story, the missile destroyer unpredictable, and often petulant. USS Waddell (in service 1964 -1992) Warmly received by Australians, the named Rebels narrowly avoided arrest as for Shenandoah’s commander, pirates by local authorities, who had belonged to the Charles Francis no clear orders regarding them from Adams-class. London. Stopping in April at the Micronesian island of Ponape to burn four Yankee whalers and take on fresh water, Shenandoah sailed north, reaching the icy by May. Finding only one stray whaler, she turned into the , where the unarmed, unsuspecting New Bedford whaling fleet hunted the gray whales. The final shots were probably fired by the British-born Gunner, John L. Guy. Cornelius Hunt, the ’s Mate

BALTIMORE CIVIL WAR ROUNDTABLE