Providence College DigitalCommons@Providence History & Classics Dissertations and Masters Theses History & Classics 5-1-2020 “A Compact With the Whales”: New Bedford, the American Civil War, and a Changing Industry Mark Ryan Mello Providence College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_dissertations_theses Part of the United States History Commons Mello, Mark Ryan, "“A Compact With the Whales”: New Bedford, the American Civil War, and a Changing Industry" (2020). History & Classics Dissertations and Masters Theses. 5. https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_dissertations_theses/5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History & Classics at DigitalCommons@Providence. It has been accepted for inclusion in History & Classics Dissertations and Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Providence. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “A Compact With the Whales” New Bedford, the American Civil War, and a Changing Industry by Mark Ryan Mello Masters of Arts Thesis Department of History Providence College Fall 2018 – Spring 2020 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: CHANGING TIMES……………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 1. “THE BURGEONING OF THE VILLAGE:” NEW BEDFORD AS THE PREDOMINANT WHALING PORT………………………………………….. 9 CHAPTER 2. “THE HARBOT IS BETTERED:” THE STONE FLEET AND THE BLOCKADE OF CHARLESTON HARBOR…………………………………. 22 CHAPTER 3. “I AM AFRAID I MUST BURN YOUR SHIP:” PRIVATEERS AND CONFEDERATE COMMERCE RAIDERS………………………………….. 36 CHAPTER 4. “A FORTUITOUS STEP:” INSURANCE PAYMENTS AND RECOVERING LOSS…………………………………………………………………………… 58 CHAPTER 5. “WHAT IS THE AMOUNT DUE:” THE ALABAMA CLAIMS… 72 CONCLUSION. “THE WHALING BUSINESS…DOOMED TO DESTRUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………. 89 iii INTRODUCTION: CHANGING TIMES On the late afternoon of June 28, 1865, Captain Thomas G. Young, master of the whaleship Favorite, defiantly stood atop the roof of his cabin, brandishing revolvers and bomb guns. His courage, perhaps inspired by liquor, was stout in the face of the nearing Confederate ship. He determined his ship would not be like the other thirty-one New Bedford whaleships that fell to Confederate pirates since 1862. Fearful for their captain’s life, his crew pleaded with him to stand down. Any fight he made would be fruitless and would probably end up killing him. But Young was a desperate man and refused to surrender. He made his desperation known when he proclaimed to his crew “I have only four or five years to live anyway, and I might as well die now as any time, especially as all I have is invested in my vessel, and if I lose that I will go home penniless and die a pauper.” His crew was not sympathetic with his desire to die heroically. Before abandoning their captain and surrendering to the Confederate sailors, the crew members removed the percussion caps from Young’s weapons, rendering the pieces useless. As a boarding party from the CSS Shenandoah, the feared Confederate commerce raider which did more damage to New Bedford’s whaling industry than any other, prepared to board the Favorite, Captain Young, holding his guns in a menacing manner, told the Confederates to “Stand off!” When the unfazed Confederate naval officer advised Young to surrender or the cannons of the Shenandoah would blow his ship away, Young replied “Blow away my buck, but may I be eternally blasted if I haul down that [American] flag for any cursed Confederate pirate that ever floated.” With that, Young pulled the trigger on his bomb gun, intending to blast the Confederate officer to kingdom come, but all he heard was a “Click.” With no percussion caps 1 on any of his guns, he was defenseless. Even the defiant Young had no choice. He surrendered to the Confederates.1 Young’s stand gained an almost mythic status in New Bedford. Headlines proclaimed him as “The Man who Defied Waddell the Pirate.” He stood as the one example of bravado in the face of an unforgiving enemy. For decades of New Bedford residents and historians alike, his stand was an example of the desperation felt by those in the industry who realized this was the beginning of the end of whaling. To them, whaling was dying and there was nothing that could be done about it. Historian Leonard Ellis believed Young’s example was something to be admired. He stated “He exhibited a brave and determined spirit, worthy of a Yankee captain.” And yet to Ellis, Young’s stand also symbolized an end for many in New Bedford. Following his account of Young, Ellis concluded “Enough has been given to show how much the whaling industry had been crippled.”2 These conclusions are flawed at best. Young has become a straw-man. His grand tale of desperation was fueled by liquid courage rather than moral fortitude. Several accounts, most notably Lieutenant Cornelius Hunt of the Shenandoah indicated he was “three sheets to the wind” when captured. This drunken, ill-advised stand symbolized for many historians how the war financially destroyed those involved in the whaling industry.3 1 Whalemen’s Shipping List, New Bedford, MA, 9/26/1865. 2 Whalemen’s Shipping List, 9/12/1865, 9/19/1865, 9/26/1865, 10/3/1865; Leonard Ellis, History of New Bedford and Its Vicinity, 1620 -1892 (Syracuse: D. Mason and Company, 1892), 424-425; Eric Jay Dolan, Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2007), 329 -331; Thomas Chaffin, Sea of Grey: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, (New York: Hill & Wang, 2006), 275-277. 3 Cornelius E. Hunt, The Shenandoah, or the Last Confederate Cruiser, (New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1867), 200. 2 The story of the crew members who attempted to convince their captain to stand down is more illustrative of how most in New Bedford reacted. Contrary to popular belief these men were not resigned to defeat, but they engineered a different kind of victory than Young imagined. Yes, they survived capture, but they experienced more success than that. This victory came in the months and years that followed the war with the payment of insurance claims and an international tribunal known as the Alabama Claims. Even Young, prepared to die rather than be captured, recouped all his losses from insurance payments made almost a year later. He did not “die a pauper” as he prophesized, but rather lived out the remainder of his life comfortably in New Bedford.4 Most New Bedford whalers enjoyed similar success. With insurance and international claims recouping all loses, significant capital flowed into New Bedford following the Civil War. The destructiveness of Confederate commerce raiders had another added benefit for the whaling industry over the course of the war. The whaling fleet shrunk by nearly forty percent. Between old whaleships sold as part of the Stone Fleet, vessels destroyed by Confederate commerce raiders, and other vessels that never left the port during the war years, fewer vessels went to sea. With fewer vessels whaling, New Bedford produced less oil. Following a time in the 1850s where the industry grew larger than its markets, the American Civil War provided a welcome reprieve from declining prices. Prices rose dramatically during the war years because of a decrease in supply of product. Sperm oil prices rose from $1.36 per gallon in 1859 to $2.55 per gallon in 1866. There was a similar increase in whale oil prices from $0.48 per gallon in 1859 to 4 Insurance records, housed in the Swift and Allen Collection, New Bedford Whaling Museum, indicate Young not only recouped his initial investment but he also was paid for about 78% of the product onboard at the time of capture. 3 $1.45 per gallon by 1865.5 For those who sent whaleships to sea during the war years, potential for profit increased significantly. Increased profits led many to reinvest in whaling. Recovering from the Panic of 1857 and the overproduction of the late 1850s, many like William Gifford renewed investments in the industry, and by the late 1860s, whaling rebounded. But by the 1870s, with increased competition resulting from the refinement of crude oil, markets were once again unfavorable. Arctic disasters compounded these negative factors, and the slow decline of whaling renewed.6 However, for some like Matthew Howland, availability of capital during the American Civil War offered another opportunity. Steam-powered industrial mills gained popularity by the mid-nineteenth century. No longer tied to water-power, places like New Bedford, which had limited energy-producing water sources, could build their own mills. Having ready access to coal via shipping routes, the number of steam-powered mills in New Bedford increased exponentially during the latter half of the nineteenth century. By the dawn of the twentieth century, New Bedford was one of the leaders in steam-powered mills in the nation.7 Historians have paid little attention to the events that surrounded New Bedford during the Civil War. Often relegated to footnotes, passing statements, or perhaps, at best, a chapter, the war’s effect on the burgeoning capital of whaling is largely overlooked. The one full length work 5 Collected from editions of the Whalemen’s Shipping List, 1859-1866. Prices have been normalized to 1860 dollars. All subsequent references to money have been normalized to 1860 dollars. 6 Swift and Allen Collection, New Bedford Whaling Museum. 7 Financial Records of Matthew Howland, Harvard School of Business; William Heath Kingston, “Whalers to Weavers: New Bedford’s Urban Transformation and Contested Identities,” in Society for Industrial Archeology, 40, no. 1/2 (Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University, 2014), 13 – 15; Patrick M. Malone, “Steam Mills in a Seaport: Power for the New Bedford Textile Industry,” in Society for Industrial Archeology, 40, no. 1/2 (Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University, 2014), 108-136.