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“Coca”: Jóvenes, Movilidad Y Universidad En El Nordeste Argentino

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“Coca”: Jóvenes, Movilidad Y Universidad En El Nordeste Argentino Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Secretaría de Investigación y Postgrado. Maestría en Antropología Social Maestranda: Romina de la Cruz Brabo Guerra Los usos de la “coca”: Jóvenes, movilidad y universidad en el nordeste argentino Tesis de Maestría presentada para obtener el título de “Magíster en Antropología Social” Directora: Dra. Renoldi, Brigida Posadas, 2016 Esta obra está licenciado bajo Licencia CreativeCommons (CC) Atribución-NoComercial- CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Universidad Nacional de Misiones Programa de Posgrado en Antropología Social Tesis de Maestría Los usos de la “coca”: Jóvenes, movilidad y universidad en el nordeste argentino Autora: Romina de la Cruz Brabo Guerra Directora de Tesis: Dra. Brígida Renoldi Evaluadores: Posadas, febrero de 2016 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a Dios por brindarme los dones que necesité en cada momento de este camino, y por las personas con quienes me bendijo para enseñarme y sostenerme. A mis padres por el amor incondicional y la confianza. A mis amigos por escucharme, aconsejarme y ser mi cable a tierra. A Leopoldo Bartolomé por ser mi guía en un mundo totalmente nuevo para mí, y por dejarme en manos de una de las mejores compañeras de camino, Brígida Renoldi. Gracias por enseñarme tanto, por tu paciencia, comprensión, y por tu ejemplo. Gracias a quienes me permitieron darle vida a este trabajo, a mis queridos estudiantes norteños de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), por su generosidad sin límites, por confiar y hacer de este proceso una aventura fascinante. Sin ustedes no hubiera existido investigación. A la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste por su apoyo desde los orígenes del proceso (en especial a la comunidad del Inst. de Cs. Criminalísticas y Criminología, y a la Secretaría Gral. de Ciencia y Técnica). Especialmente al Dr. Fernando Galassi, por creer en mí y en mis capacidades. Al querido PPAS, a cada compañero, docente y administrativo, por abrirme las puertas de la antropología social, por tomar mi mano a lo largo de la carrera y después. Tanta generosidad es inolvidable para mí. Gracias mis maestros. 2 RESUMEN Palabras clave: jóvenes-hoja de coca-cultura-movilidad-universidad Esta investigación se enfoca en jóvenes salteños y jujeños, estudiantes de las carreras de grado de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), en Argentina, cuya historia y trayectorias se entrelazan con las de la hoja de coca. Esta planta es un símbolo fundamental de la cultura andina latinoamericana. Es utilizada hasta el presente en Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia y la región noroeste de Argentina (que incluye las provincias de Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero y Tucumán), con fines medicinales, alimenticios, religiosos, y económicos. En este caso particular, sirve de hilo conductor para reflexionar sobre las características de la relación entre personas, tiempos, lugares y cosas, localizándola en el ambiente universitario en la ciudad de Corrientes (provincia homónima, ubicada en el nordeste argentino), donde su uso llega a ser objeto de prejuicios por su relación con la cocaína. Como salteña, graduada y docente de la UNNE, y adoptando un abordaje antropológico, me propongo indagar sobre la situación de la hoja de coca, y sus distintas dimensiones -cultural, social, económica, política-, en las nuevas condiciones de vida de estos jóvenes. Asumo el desafío de desentrañar, considerando la definición semiótica de cultura de Clifford Geertz, las estructuras de significación involucradas y de determinar su campo social y alcance, en términos históricos, contextual y episódico. Para ello, adopto las técnicas de la antropología social (principalmente la observación participante y las entrevistas abiertas) en el trabajo de campo. Trato de desvelar, combinando la teoría antropológica y sociológica con la voz de los protagonistas de este estudio, cómo las personas ante los cambios de ambiente por la movilidad, se valen de sus propias prácticas y símbolos culturales. Esto les permite posicionarse de la mejor manera durante la adaptación a una nueva cotidianidad, reafirmar y recrear en este proceso de costumbres y justificaciones, prácticas y hábitos de sus lugares de origen. SUMMARY Key words: young people-coca leaf-culture-mobility-university The following research focuses on young people from Salta and Jujuy, who are students of grade at Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), in Argentina, and whose history and paths are related to the coca leaf. This plant is an important symbol of Latin American Andean culture. It is used up to the present in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and the Northwest region of Argentina (which includes the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán).It is based on medical, nutritional, religious, and economic purposes. In this particular case, it is useful to reflect on the characteristics of the relationship between people, time, places, and things, placing it at the University environment in the city of Corrientes (same name, located in the northeast of Argentina), where its use becomes object of prejudice by its relationship with the cocaine. Being from Salta, graduated and as a teacher at UNNE, and adopting an anthropological approach, I intend to inquire about the status of the coca leaf, and its 3 cultural, social, economic, political dimensions, in the new life conditions of these young people. I assume the challenge of unraveling, considering the semiotic definition of culture in Clifford Geertz, the significance structures involved and determining their social field and scope, in historical, contextual and episodic terms. In order to achieve this, I will apply social anthropology techniques (mainly open interviews and participant observation) on the field. I try to reveal, combining anthropological and sociological theories with the voice of the protagonists of this study, how people rely on their own practices and cultural symbols while facing environmental changes due to mobility. This allows them to position themselves in the best way during the adaptation to a new routine, to reaffirm and to recreate in this process of customs and justifications, practices and habits of their places of origin. RESUMO Palavras chave: joven-folha de coca-cultura-mobilidade-universidade Essa pesquisa se focaliza nos jovens nativos das províncias de Salta e Jujuy ("salteños" e "jujeños"), alunos dos cursos de graduação da Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), na Argentina, cuja história e trajetórias se entrelaçam com as da folha de coca. O arbusto de coca é um símbolo fundamental da cultura andina latino- americana. É utilizado até o presente na Bolívia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia e na região noroeste da Argentina (que inclui as províncias de Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero e Tucumán), com fins medicinais, alimentares, religiosos e econômicos. Neste caso em particular, serve de fio condutor para refletir sobre as características da relação entre pessoas, tempos, lugares e coisas, localizando-as no ambiente universitário na cidade de Corrientes (província homônima, localizada no nordeste argentino), onde seu uso é objeto de preconceitos em virtude da relação da planta com a cocaína. Como “salteña”, graduada e docente da UNNE, e adotando uma abordagem antropológica, me proponho pesquisar sobre a situação da folha de coca e suas diferentes dimensões -cultural, social, econômica, política-, nas novas condições de vida destes jovens. Assumo o desafio de indagar, considerando a definição semiótica de cultura de Clifford Geertz, as estruturas de significação envolvidas e determinar seu campo social e alcance, em termos históricos, contextuais e episódicos. Para tanto, adoto as técnicas da antropologia social (principalmente a observação participante e as entrevistas não estruturadas) no trabalho de campo. Tento desvelar, combinando a teoria antropológica e sociológica e a voz dos protagonistas deste estudo, como, perante as mudanças de ambiente, as pessoas valem- se de suas próprias práticas e símbolos culturais. Isto lhes permite se posicionar melhor ao longo do processo adaptativo à nova cotidianidade, reafirmar e recriar, nesse processo de costumes e justificativas, práticas e hábitos dos seus lugares de origem. 4 ÍNDICE: AGRADECIMIENTOS INTRODUCCIÓN: 7 Entrada a campo y cuestiones metodológicas 13 Universidad y tiempo de cambios 18 Consideraciones generales 20 CAPÍTULO 1: Reconstrucción de la historia de una planta polémica 22 Entre la cultura y la economía: ¿posiciones en disputa? 22 Estigmas con historia: de “cosa de indios” a “droga” 28 Mecanismos de control y restricción 35 Argentina y Bolivia, unidas por la “coca” 42 “Coca”, yerba mate y qat: puntos en común 51 CAPÍTULO 2: “Coca” y universidad: Nuevas percepciones y cambios en los usos 55 Hoja de coca y momentos de entretenimiento 64 El coqueo femenino 67 En las horas de estudio “ella” es compañera 71 Aprendiendo sobre calidad 72 ¿Coca para ricos y pobres? 75 El coqueo, la facultad y el estudio: un cóctel interesante 79 La infusión como otra forma de uso 82 Uso ceremonial en los nuevos tiempos 84 CAPÍTULO 3: El mercado de la “coca”: cultura, economía y legalidad. 97 ¿La coca se comparte o se vende? 107 Entre compartir y vender: ¿dónde están los límites? 110 CAPÍTULO 4: Hay estigmas que no desaparecen: droga y desmitificación 116 “La hoja de coca no es cocaína” 118 CONCLUSIONES 123 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 127 5 ÍNDICE DE IMÁGENES: Imagen N°1: Planta de hoja de coca 8 Imagen N°2: Regiones de Argentina 11 Imagen N°3: Intendencia de Salta del Tucumán 42 Imagen N°4: Uso de la hoja de coca 55 Imagen N°5: “Coca” y artesanías 60 Imagen N°6: Venta de hoja de coca 75 Imagen N°7: Celebración del día de la Pachamama organizada por los estudiantes norteños de la UNNE 90 Imagen N°8: Zonas productoras de hoja de coca en Bolivia 98 Imagen N°9: Comercialización de la “coca” 108 6 INTRODUCCIÓN La hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) representa el punto de partida y el hilo conductor de este camino de investigación que recorrerá las experiencias de jóvenes en un ámbito universitario argentino.
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