DOCSLIB.ORG

MASTER's THESIS April25, 1996

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

.r\.,..._,. "The British Administration ofthe Ionian Islands: 1815-1831" MASTER'S THESIS David Bhamjee McGill University April25, 1996 0 "The British Administration of the 0 Ionian Islands, 1815-1831" Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgments pp.i-ii Chapter 1: "The Fall ofthe Venetians and the War­ pp.l-11 Time Occupations, 1797-1814" Chapter 11: "British Sea Power and the Peace, 1815- pp.l2-17 1825" Chapter Ill: "The Ionian Islands Under Sir Thomas pp.l8-35 Maitland, 1815-1819" Chapter IV: c Britain and the Greek War for pp.36-73* "Great Independence, 1821-1827" Chapter V: "The Neutrality of the Ionian Islands pp.75-97 During the Greek War of Independence" Chapter VI: "The Ionian Islands, 1815-1831: A pp.98-115 Social, Political and Economic Analysis" Chapter VII: "British Strategy and the Ionian pp.ll6-123 Islands, 1815-1831" Appendices Introduction to Bibliography c Bibliography *please note, due to a reprinting, there is no page 74. ABSTRACT 0 In 1815, the British protectorate of the Ionian Islands was established by the Treaty of Paris. Great Britain acquired the islands for two purposes: First, to prevent Russia from establishing itself in the Mediterranean; Second, to provide a base in the eastern Mediterranean from which Britain could promote a balance of power favourable to its Levantine interests. From 1815 to 1831, those purposes were threatened by the outbreak of the Greek War for Independence. This thesis examines that period, so as to illustrate how Britain met this challenge, and protected its strategic interest. *** RESUME Le protectorat Britannique des iles Ioniennes fut etablit en 1815 par le Traite de Paris. Les deux principales raisons de la Grande Bretagne justifiant cette aquisition etaient, dans un premier lieu, d'empecher la Russie de s'installer dans le bassin Mediterranee. Aussi, cela donnait a la Grande Bretagne une base a 1'est de la Mediterranee de loquelle elle pouvait assurer un equilibre des forces, reaffirmant les interets qu'elle avait au Levant. De 1815 a 1831, la guerre d'Independence en Grece remit en question ces objectifs. Ce memoire couvre cette periode, a fin d'exposer en detail le fa~on dont la Grande Bretagne a releve ce deft et a protege ses interets strategiques. c Acknowledgements 0 In completing this thesis, I would like to thank all the people who assisted me throughout my work, beginning with my supervisor, Dr. Hereward Senior, of McGill University. After arriving at McGill in September, 1994, without a supervisor available, Dr. Senior agreed to add yet another student to his list, and for that I am grateful. His suggestions and advice throughout the writing process were invaluable. In researching my topic, the library staff at McGill, and in particular the Inter-Library Loan department, were a great help. Furthermore, the staff at the D.B. Weldon Library at the University of Western Ontario made researching away from Montreal significantly easier. In the department of History at McGill, Mary McDaid's tireless work on behalf of all graduate students must be acknowledged. Her constant enthusiasm is greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Georgi Mikula, whose help in finding work as a teaching assistant made the past year's work that much easier. c i Throughout my time at McGill, my friends and roommates, c especially Steve, were a constant source of support and encouragement, always supplying welcome diversions from research and writing. I would also like to thank Margot for all of her support, encouragement and understanding. When I didn't think I could finish, or got frustrated writing, she kept me going. Her support helped me get through it. My family in London have always been there for me, listening to all my plans and trying to help in any way they could. Without them, I could not have finished. I would especially like to thank my father. He has always done his best to teach me the value of education, and has constantly encouraged me to do my best, in everything I do. Without all of his support, this thesis would not have been possible. I dedicate it to him. 0 ii Chapter 1: "The Fall of the Venetians and the c War-Time Occupations, 1797-1814" Circumstances have caused the Mediterranean to play a greater part in the history of the world, both in a commercial and a military point of view, than any other sheet of water of the same size. Nation after nation has striven to control it and the strife still goes on. 1 As a juncture between three continents, the Mediterranean Sea has long been a sight of conflict between the powers of Europe, Africa and Asia. As Mahan noted, nation after nation has attempted to control it. History is replete with examples of Mediterranean conflict. The period which followed the French Revolution is no exception. The French Revolution unleashed a new power in Europe; nationalism. That power would, in part, shape European politics right into the twentieth century. Nationalism, inspired by the agents of liberte, egalite, et fraternite, attracted peoples who were living under the control of a foreign power. One such group were the Ionians. 1 A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, (London, 1889), p.33. 0 1 The history of the Ionian Islands is a story of foreign c occupation and control. From roughly the sixteenth century until 1797, the islands were under the control of the Venetian Republic. However, in 1797 the period of Venetian rule came to an end. At that time, the Ionian Islands entered into a period which saw a change of five foreign masters before their nationalist aspirations were ultimately realized by their reunion with Greece in 1864. 2 During that period, the longest of the foreign occupations belonged to Great Britain. In 1815 the British controlled the Ionian Islands in the form of a protectorate, created by the Treaty of Paris. 3 Britain's decision to administer the islands was, in part, based on the belief in their strategic importance. For Britain in the nineteenth century, strategic importance was ultimately linked to the Royal Navy. The Ionian Islands, and particularly Corfu, offered the British the opportunity to establish a naval 2 Michael Pratt, Britain's Greek Empire, (London, 1978), p.xiii. 3 Treaty between the Allied Powers respecting the Ionian Islands, 1815, cited in Henry Jervis-White Jervis, History of the Island of Corfu and of the Republic of the Ionian Islands, (London, 1852), p.291. 0 2 base in an area of immense importance. Furthermore, the c protectorate created by the treaty would allow Britain to administer the islands and influence politics in the Eastern Mediterranean, thereby protecting their interests in the Levant. Consequently, when revolt erupted in Greece in 1821, Great Britain had an immensely strategic vantage point, from which to view and act on the revolt's developments. To that end, the British administration of the Ionian Islands, from 1815 until 1831, will be examined in order to illustrate how British strategic interests were protected through the crucial first fifteen years of the protectorate. The Ionian Islands, comprised of Corfu, Paxos, Levkas, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Kythera and Zante are located off the Western coast of Greece (Appendix I). Historically, their geographical position have caused the islands to serve as a bridge between Greece and Western Europe. 4 Their proximity to both the east and the west helps to explain why they have been coveted by powers such as Britain, France, Russia, the Ottomans and the Venetians. 4 Pratt, p.v. 0 3 From the sixteenth century until 1797, the islands were part c of the Venetian Republic. This period has been referred to as, " ... the most vital formative influence on Ionian history''. 5 However, in 1793 the revolutionary zeal of the new French Republic was spread throughout Europe. By 1797, it had reached the islands. In a despatch to the Directory in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte wrote: The islands ... seem of more importance to us than all of Italy. The Turkish Empire is decaying; the possession of the islands would enable us to support it if that were possible, or take our share. 6 For Napoleon, the Ionian Islands were a key piece in the Mediterranean puzzle. He continued, "The time is not far off when we will feel that to destroy England we must seize Egypt and the route to the East". 7 The islands were an important part of that plan. 5 Ibid., p.xiii. 6 Cited in Pratt, p.61. 7 Ibid., p.61. c 4 In 1797, Napoleon's army overwhelmed the Venetians who quickly sent envoys to receive terms. What followed was the Treaty of Campo Formio. 8 Article five of the treaty stated that: "His Majesty, the Emperor, King of Hungry and Bohemia agrees to the Republic of France having full sovereignty and possession of the Venetian Isles of the Levant ... ". 9 For roughly two years, the French attempted, with very limited success, to administer the islands on a model similar to that in France. However, in late 1798, a combined Russian-Turkish force moved against the French in an effort to remove their presence from the Levant. By 1799 the islands had fallen, and the second foreign occupation since 1797 began. On 21 March 1800, the Convention between the Courts of St. Petersburg and Constantinople, relative to the Ionian Islands and their Dependencies10 was signed. Article one stated that: 8 Fred L. Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties of Modern His­ ~' vol.1., (New York, 1967) , pp. 433-444. 9 Ibid., p.435. 1° Convention between the Courts of St.
Recommended publications
  • San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator

    San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator

    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES OCCASIONAL PAPERS No. 25 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator John Lynch SAN MARTíN: ARGENTINE PATRIOT, AMERICAN LIBERATOR John Lynch Institute of Latin American Studies 31 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9HA The Institute of Latin American Studies publishes as Occasional Papers selected seminar and conference papers and public lectures delivered at the Institute or by scholars associated with the work of the Institute. John Lynch is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History in the University of London, where he has spent most of his academic career, first at University College, then from 1974 to 1987 as Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies. The main focus of his work has been Spanish America in the period 1750–1850. Occasional Papers, New Series 1992– ISSN 0953 6825 © Institute of Latin American Studies University of London, 2001 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator 1 José de San Martín, one of the founding fathers of Latin America, comparable in his military and political achievements with Simón Bolívar, and arguably incomparable as a model of disinterested leadership, is known to history as the hombre necesario of the American revolution. There are those, it is true, who question the importance of his career and reject the cult of the hero. For them the meaning of liberation is to be found in the study of economic struc- tures, social classes and the international conjuncture, not in military actions and the lives of liberators. In this view Carlyle’s discourse on heroes is a mu- seum piece and his elevation of heroes as the prime subject of history a misconception.
  • The Ionian Islands in British Official Discourses; 1815-1864

    The Ionian Islands in British Official Discourses; 1815-1864

    1 Constructing Ionian Identities: The Ionian Islands in British Official Discourses; 1815-1864 Maria Paschalidi Department of History University College London A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to University College London 2009 2 I, Maria Paschalidi, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract Utilising material such as colonial correspondence, private papers, parliamentary debates and the press, this thesis examines how the Ionian Islands were defined by British politicians and how this influenced various forms of rule in the Islands between 1815 and 1864. It explores the articulation of particular forms of colonial subjectivities for the Ionian people by colonial governors and officials. This is set in the context of political reforms that occurred in Britain and the Empire during the first half of the nineteenth-century, especially in the white settler colonies, such as Canada and Australia. It reveals how British understandings of Ionian peoples led to complex negotiations of otherness, informing the development of varieties of colonial rule. Britain suggested a variety of forms of government for the Ionians ranging from authoritarian (during the governorships of T. Maitland, H. Douglas, H. Ward, J. Young, H. Storks) to representative (under Lord Nugent, and Lord Seaton), to responsible government (under W. Gladstone’s tenure in office). All these attempted solutions (over fifty years) failed to make the Ionian Islands governable for Britain. The Ionian Protectorate was a failed colonial experiment in Europe, highlighting the difficulties of governing white, Christian Europeans within a colonial framework.
  • Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller

    Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller

    Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller The era of Ottoman Rule, which began in the fourteenth century, is among the most controversial chapters of South-East European history. Over several stages of conquest, some of them several decades long, large parts of South-Eastern Europe were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, or brought under its dominion. While the Ottomans had to surrender the territories north of the Danube and the Sava after the Peace Treaty of 1699, the decline of Ot- toman domination began only in the nineteenth century. Structures of imperial power which had been implemented in varying forms and intensity in different regions were replaced by emerging nation states in the nineteenth century. The development of national identities which accompanied this transformation was greatly determined by the new states distancing themselves from Ottoman rule, and consequently the image of "Turkish rule" has been a mainly negative one until the present. However, latest historical research has shown an increasingly differentiated image of this era of South-East European history. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Military and Political Developments 2. The Timar System 3. Ottoman Provincial Administration 1. Regional Differences in the Ottoman Provincial Administration 4. Islamisation 5. Catholic Christianity, Orthodox Christianity and Judaism 6. Urban Life 7. Appendix 1. Bibliography 2. Notes Indices Citation Military and Political Developments The Ottoman Empire had its roots in North-West Anatolia where in the thirteenth century the Ottoman Emirate was one of numerous minor Turkmen princedoms.1 The expansion of territory started under the founder of the dynasty, Osman (ca.
  • The Ionian Islands and the Advent of the Greek State (1827-1833)

    The Ionian Islands and the Advent of the Greek State (1827-1833)

    W. DA VID W RIG LEY THE IONIAN ISLANDS AND THE ADVENT OF THE GREEK STATE (1827-1833) The diplomatic reactions of the British to the traditional crises of the Near East, such as the various Ottoman wars and Balkan insurrections, were often based upon the experiences of three centuries of Near Eastern trade. As long as Anglo-Ottoman trade remained unaffected, the British were not con­ cerned with any modifications in the status quo of the Near East. Therefore, with the initiation of the Greek Revolution in 1821, the traditional diplomat­ ic attitudes of the British prevailed. Unfortunately, the circumstances of Britain’s presence in the Near East had changed radically over the past three centuries. Since the acquisition of the Ionian Islands in 1815, the British were actually stationed as a naval power in the Near East. In light of Britain’s pres­ ence in the Ionian Islands and the successful results of the Greek Revolu­ tion, such traditional attitudes were difficult to maintain. In fact, since Britain was directly responsible for the emergence of the modern Greek state, such attitudes were completely hypocritical. With this situation, the British were forced to adopt new attitudes in their Near Eastern diplomacy. These new diplomatic attitudes were not just simply a matter of Anglo-Ionian-Hellenic relations. Instead, the element of early Russophobia complicated Britain’s diplomatic policies in the Near East. As a result, the British became rather suspicious of the political and diplomatic policies of the new Greek state. Thus, the British safe-guarded their position in the Ionian Islands against all external threats1.
  • The Handbook of World Englishes

    The Handbook of World Englishes

    The Handbook of World Englishes THOA01 1 19/07/2006, 11:33 AM Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics This outstanding multi-volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within lin- guistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole. Already published: The Handbook of Child Language The Handbook of Language and Gender Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian Edited by Janet Holmes and MacWhinney Miriam Meyerhoff The Handbook of Phonological Theory The Handbook of Second Language Edited by John A. Goldsmith Acquisition Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Michael H. Long Theory Edited by Shalom Lappin The Handbook of Bilingualism Edited by Tej K. Bhatia and The Handbook of Sociolinguistics William C. Ritchie Edited by Florian Coulmas The Handbook of Pragmatics The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Edited by William J. Hardcastle and Gregory Ward John Laver The Handbook of Applied Linguistics The Handbook of Morphology Edited by Alan Davies and Edited by Andrew Spencer and Catherine Elder Arnold Zwicky The Handbook of Speech Perception The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics Edited by David B. Pisoni and Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura Robert E. Remez The Handbook of Linguistics The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Volumes I–V Rees-Miller Edited by Martin Everaert and The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Henk van Riemsdijk Theory The Handbook of the History of English Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins Edited by Ans van Kemenade and The Handbook of Discourse Analysis Bettelou Los Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah The Handbook of English Linguistics Tannen, and Heidi E.
  • The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century

    The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century

    JBRART Of 9AN DIEGO OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY EDITED BY SIR AUGUSTUS OAKES, CB. LATELY OF THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND R. B. MOWAT, M.A. FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY SIR H. ERLE RICHARDS K. C.S.I., K.C., B.C.L., M.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE AWD CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C. 4 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW LEIPZIG NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS SHANGHAI HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY Impression of 1930 First edition, 1918 Printed in Great Britain INTRODUCTION IT is now generally accepted that the substantial basis on which International Law rests is the usage and practice of nations. And this makes it of the first importance that the facts from which that usage and practice are to be deduced should be correctly appre- ciated, and in particular that the great treaties which have regulated the status and territorial rights of nations should be studied from the point of view of history and international law. It is the object of this book to present materials for that study in an accessible form. The scope of the book is limited, and wisely limited, to treaties between the nations of Europe, and to treaties between those nations from 1815 onwards. To include all treaties affecting all nations would require volumes nor is it for the many ; necessary, purpose of obtaining a sufficient insight into the history and usage of European States on such matters as those to which these treaties relate, to go further back than the settlement which resulted from the Napoleonic wars.
  • ICRP Calendar

    ICRP Calendar

    The notions of International Relations (IR) in capital letters and international relations (ir) in lowercase letters have two different meanings. The first refers to a scholarly discipline while the second one means a set of contemporary events with historical importance, which influences global-politics. In order to make observations, formulate theories and describe patterns within the framework of ‘IR’, one needs to fully comprehend specific events related to ‘ir’. It is why the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) believes that a timeline on which all the significant events of international relations are identified might be beneficial for students, scholars or professors who deal with International Relations. In the following document all the momentous wars, treaties, pacts and other happenings are enlisted with a monthly division, which had considerable impact on world-politics. January 1800 | Nationalisation of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed 01 from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. 1801 | Establishment of the United Kingdom On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, leading to the remaining state being renamed as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. 1804 | Haiti independence declared The independence of Haiti was recognized by France on 17 April 1825.
  • Energy Security of Megacities

    Energy Security of Megacities

    ARCHIVES OF ECONOMIC HISTORY Volume XXXII No 2 July – December 2020 ΑΡΧΕΙΟΝ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ Τόμος XXXII Τεύχος 2 Ιούλιος – Δεκέμβριος 2020 CONTENTS - ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ N. ERIOTIS – M. MENEXIADIS – A. VLACHOU: The Importance of Internal Audit and its Adding Value to the Business. Empirical Investigation in Listed Companies on the Athens Stock Exchange ................................................................ 5 P. D. TASIOS – N. KONTOULIS – J. A. PARAVANTIS: Energy Security of Megacities ................................................................................................................ 19 G. MAVRIDOGLOU – P. HATZOPOULOS – P. POLYZOIDIS – N. POLYZOS: The Efficiency of the Healthcare System in Greece Before and During the Crisis: Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Approache ......................................... 39 E. PAPOULIDOU: The Progress of Vessel Sale and Purchase Processes in the Ionian Islands of Greece From the Late 18th Century - Early 19th Century Until the Present Day .............................................................................................................. 55 V. KATSONI – P. ALMPANIS: Exploring Patterns of Consumer Behaviour and Tourism Distribution Channels in a Religious Tourism Destination ....................... 67 ATHENS - ΑΘΗΝΑΙ, 2020 Το «Αρχείον Οικονομικής Ιστορίας» δεν φέρει ουδεμία ευθύνη για τα δημοσιευόμενα άρθρα τα οποία εκπροσωπούν μόνο τις απόψεις των συγγραφέων. ARCHIVES OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 84, Galatsiou Avenue, Athens – 111 46, Greece, tel. +30 210 2934916 / +30 6937
  • Filiki Etaireia: the Rise of a Secret Society in the Making of the Greek Revolution

    Filiki Etaireia: the Rise of a Secret Society in the Making of the Greek Revolution

    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2017 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2017 Filiki Etaireia: The rise of a secret society in the making of the Greek revolution Nicholas Michael Rimikis Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017 Part of the European History Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Rimikis, Nicholas Michael, "Filiki Etaireia: The rise of a secret society in the making of the Greek revolution" (2017). Senior Projects Spring 2017. 317. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017/317 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Filiki Etaireia: The Rise of a Secret Society in the making of the Greek revolution Senior project submitted to the division of social studies of Bard College Nicholas Rimikis Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2017 A note on translation This project discusses the origins of the Greek war of independence, and thus the greater part of the source material used, has been written in the Greek language.
  • Packet 06.Pdf

    Packet 06.Pdf

    2016 “stanford housewrite” Edited by Stephen Liu Written by Austin Brownlow, Stephen Liu, Benji Nguyen, Nathan Weiser, James Bradbury, Kyle Sutherlin, Alex Freed, Jennie Yang, Nikhil Desai, and Martina Fu PACKET 6 TOSSUPS 1. A warrior in this work is captured only after being buried under the bodies of his slain enemies, and as a prisoner, is forced to watch from a chair at the top of a mountain as his family is destroyed by a curse. A pair of lovers in this work enter enemy territory by disguising themselves as a werewolf and a vampire bat before using a special knife called Angrist to pry the goal of their quest from an iron crown. The first kinslaying in this work occurs when many seafaring Teleri are killed defending their swan-ships from the exodus of the (*) Noldor. In this work, Turgon builds a hidden city in a circle of mountains, Gondolin, whose army reveals itself for the first time at the disastrous Battle of Unnumbered Tears, or Nírnaeth Arnoediad. The long-lost siblings Niniel and Túrin Turambar tragically fall in love in this work, whose title comes from a set of jewels created by the elf Fëanor. For 10 points, name this epic about Beleriand that chronicles the backstory of J. R. R. Tolkien’s fantasy universe. ANSWER: The Silmarillion [accept Quenta Silmarillion; accept The Children of Húrin before “werewolf”] 2. A building in this city contains interlocking T-shaped water basins surrounded by gypsum panels that show nature scenes. An artifact found in this city shows an animal with pierced ears, suggesting that it represents a pet.
  • Historical Atlas of the British Empire and Commonwealth

    Historical Atlas of the British Empire and Commonwealth

    Historical Atlas Of The British Empire And Commonwealth From the Normans to the Present Day UNITED KINGDOM NEW ZEALAND SOUTH AFRICA CANADA AUSTRALIA INDIA The Greatest Empire The World Has Ever Known Upon Which ‘The Sun Never Set’ James B. Alcock, B.A. Table of Contents British Empire Games 99 Sections Second World War 99 Indian Independence 105 Overview 4 Creation of Israel 114 Exploration To Colonisation 5 Suez Crisis 116 Religious Missions 6 Decolonisation of the British Empire 117 England, Ireland, Wales and France 6 The Commonwealth of Nations 126 Scotland 8 Britain Extends Its Reach Again In The 21 st Century 135 United Kingdom 15 The Future 136 Europe 19 West Indies 21 The American Colonies 24 Maps Canada 32 South America 34 England circa 1200 7 Largest Expansion of the Empire 39 Hundred Years War 1430, Hundred Years War 1470 9 India 45 The English Empire in 1200 10 East Indies 48 The English Empire in 1430 11 Oceania 50 The English Empire in 1497 12 South Africa 54 The English Empire in 1630 13 Berlin Conference 58 The English and Scottish Empires in 1698 14 West Africa 60 United Kingdom in 1801 16 East Africa 60 The British Empire in 1725 17 Middle East 61 European Global Empires in 1725 18 Antarctica 63 Empire in the Mediterranean 20 Imperial Federation Proposal 65 Empire in the West Indies 23 The Informal Empire 73 Empire in North America 1660 25 First World War and League of Nations Mandates 74 Empire in North America 1700 26 Climax of Empire 87 Empire in North America 1763 27 Dominion Status 91 British North America 1763 28
  • Handbook.Pdf

    Handbook.Pdf

    SUMMARY INTRODUCTION p. 2 Number of players p. 3 Equipment p. 3 How to play p. 3 Hazard & benefits p. 3 The cards p. 4 The challenges p. 4 QUESTIONS & CHALLENGES p. 5 COE’S History p. 6 Human Rights & Empowements p. 14 Art, Music, Culture, Food and Humor p. 25 COE Countries p. 44 Value of Active Citizenship p. 60 Challenge about COE Countries p. 78 Preliminary meeting p. 86 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Introduction: The COE Trivia Board Game (action 858.12.B.2012. PC26) was approved by the Council of Europe and European Youth Foundation in the framework of actions B. The partners of this project are organizations from Azerbaijan, Greece, Italy, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Turkey. The game has been designed in order to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the COE Youth Department. It can be an innovative education tool for teachers and learners since it allows them to understand the meaning of being a COE citizen in a funny and interesting way. Number of players: 6. If you are more you can play in teams. Equipment: the game board, 1 dice, 6 pieces of different colours, 6 categories of cards. You also need some sheets of paper and a pen in order to carry out some of the challenges. How to play: Before starting to play, place the different categories of cards on the six squares on the two sides of the spiral. Each player chooses a different colour of playing piece. All the players throw the dice, and the highest roll determines who plays first.