DOCSLIB.ORG

INTRODUCTION Robert Stein in 1549, the Future King Philip II of Spain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTRODUCTION Robert Stein in 1549, the Future King Philip II of Spain INTRODUCTION Robert Stein In 1549, the future King Philip II of Spain visited the Low Countries in order to have himself acclaimed as the legitimate heir to his father as sovereign of the Burgundian-Habsburg lands. In the Burgundian- Habsburg state such a progress, also known as a joyeuse entrée, was a major and crucial step in the transfer of power. It took the prince no less than seven months to visit all localities. Everywhere, he was greeted with great joy, tableaux vivants were presented, processions were held, plays performed, jousts fought. Th e splendour conveyed all kinds of messages, some only comprehensible to those who were well- versed in the Low Countries’ legal and political culture, some obvious to all. No-one, for instance, could fail to notice the importance of the oaths that were sworn by the prince, as happened in Ghent, where Philip, according to custom, should ring a bell when he had sworn his oath as count of Flanders, or in Leuven, where all the articles of the Brabant constitution—the famous joyeuse entrée—were proclaimed by the chancellor. However, not all messages were unequivocal. To associate Philip with biblical and legendary kings like David, Salomon, Arthur and Charlemagne was not just pious fl attery; it also reminded the prince that he was expected to follow in the footsteps of these just and fair rulers. Moreover, the festivities expressed not only the love of the Ne- therlanders for their common ruler, but also reminded him that the Low Countries formed a diverse polity, that consisted of a range of principalities and many more towns and liberties, and which all cher- ished their own origins and local diff erences. In Brabant, Philip was reminded that his predecessors had been the dukes of Brabant; in Flanders, that they had been counts of Flanders. In Hainault he was confronted with a tableau-vivant of twenty-two virgins representing the county’s towns. In Antwerp he was greeted by the local antihero, the giant Antigonus.1 Th e multiplicity of Philip’s status in the Low 1 J.C. Calvete de Estrella, Le très-heureux voyage fait par très-haut et très-puissant prince don Philippe, fi ls du grand empereur Charles-Quint depuis l’Espagne jusqu’à 2 robert stein Countries was confi rmed by the nineteen princely titles that he was to carry, ranging from the fi ctitious and megalomaniac title of duke of Lotharingia to the modest but real seigniorial title of Mechelen. Th e princely progress in 1549 was sandwiched between the conclu- sion of two treaties that were intended to complete the unifi cation of the Low Countries: the treaty of Augsburg of 26 April 1548 established the Low Countries as a virtually separate entity in the Holy Roman Empire—a ‘Burgundian Circle’—, while the Pragmatic Sanction of 4 November 1549 confi rmed that all the principalities would be subject to the same rules of succession. Th irty years before, the area dominated by the Burgundian-Habsburg house had looked very diff erent, mainly consisting of the western parts of the Low Countries. Yet Charles V had extended his control over the east, and it seemed that in 1549 all was ready for the formation of a new and lasting state. As it happened the new state was not to last. Forty years later, the Low Countries had been split by Revolt and civil war. Th e northern parts were now a Republic that was on the brink of becoming a world power in its own right; the southern parts, on the contrary, remained a province of the enormous Habsburg empire. Even if the existence of the Seventeen Provinces as one political entity was short-lived, the ambition to unify the territories had been in evidence long before the sixteenth century. With hindsight we can establish that the unifi cation started with the acquisition of Flanders and Artois by the Burgundian house in 1384.2 When compared with the older unions, the main importance of the unifi cation from 1384 onwards is that it had a more lasting eff ect, even if it did not result in a permanent union. Not only did it produce a lasting change of sta- tus for old feudal principalities like Flanders, Brabant and Guelders, by detaching them from their formal feudal ties with France and the Empire, it also led to a thorough modernisation of government. From ses domaines de la Basse-Allemagne avec la description de tous les États de Brabant et de Flandre, trans. Jules Petit (Brussels, 1873). See for an interpretation of this kind of manifestations: Wim Blockmans and Esther Donckers, ‘Self-representation of court and city in Flanders and Brabant in the fi ft eenth and early sixteenth centuries’, in Showing status. Representations of social positions in the late Middle Ages, ed. W.P. Blockmans and A. Janse (Turnhout, 1999), 81–111. 2 As André Uyttebrouck has shown, a series of dynastic unions inside the Low Countries’ territory, starting in the middle of the eleventh century, long preceded this: André Uyttebrouck, ‘Phénomènes de centralisation dans les Pays-Bas avant Philippe le Bon’, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 69 (1991), 872–904..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Philippa of Hainaut, Queen of England
    THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY VMS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/philippaofhainauOOwhit PHILIPPA OF HAINAUT, QUEEN OF ENGLAND BY LEILA OLIVE WHITE A. B. Rockford College, 1914. THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1915 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL ..%C+-7 ^ 19</ 1 HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY ftlil^ &&L^-^ J^B^L^T 0^ S^t ]J-CuJl^^-0<-^A- tjL_^jui^~ 6~^~~ ENTITLED ^Pt^^L^fifi f BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF CL^t* *~ In Charge of Major Work H ead of Department Recommendation concurred in: Committee on Final Examination CONTENTS Chapter I Philippa of Hainaut ---------------------- 1 Family and Birth Queen Isabella and Prince Edward at Valenciennes Marriage Arrangement -- Philippa in England The Wedding at York Coronation Philippa's Influence over Edward III -- Relations with the Papacy - - Her Popularity Hainauters in England. Chapter II Philippa and her Share in the Hundred Years' War ------- 15 English Alliances with Philippa's Relatives -- Emperor Louis -- Count of Hainaut Count of Juliers Vow of the Heron Philippa Goes to the Continent -- Stay at Antwerp -- Court at Louvain -- Philippa at Ghent Return to England Contest over the Hainaut Inherit- ance -- Battle of Neville's Cross -- Philippa at the Siege of Calais. Chapter III Philippa and her Court -------------------- 29 Brilliance of the English Court -- French Hostages King John of France Sir Engerraui de Coucy -- Dis- tinguished Visitors -- Foundation of the Round Table -- Amusements of the Court -- Tournaments -- Hunting The Black Death -- Extravagance of the Court -- Finan- cial Difficulties The Queen's Revenues -- Purveyance-- uiuc s Royal Manors « Philippa's Interest in the Clergy and in Religious Foundations — Hospital of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun
    Court in the Market: The ‘Business’ of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun Hee Cho Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Jun Hee Cho All rights reserved ABSTRACT Court in the Market: The ‘Business’ of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun Hee Cho This dissertation examines the relations between court and commerce in Europe at the onset of the modern era. Focusing on one of the most powerful princely courts of the period, the court of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, which ruled over one of the most advanced economic regions in Europe, the greater Low Countries, it argues that the Burgundian court was, both in its institutional operations and its cultural aspirations, a commercial enterprise. Based primarily on fiscal accounts, corroborated with court correspondence, municipal records, official chronicles, and contemporary literary sources, this dissertation argues that the court was fully engaged in the commercial economy and furthermore that the culture of the court, in enacting the ideals of a largely imaginary feudal past, was also presenting the ideals of a commercial future. It uncovers courtiers who, despite their low rank yet because of their market expertise, were close to the duke and in charge of acquiring and maintaining the material goods that made possible the pageants and ceremonies so central to the self- representation of the Burgundian court. It exposes the wider network of court officials, urban merchants and artisans who, tied by marriage and business relationships, together produced and managed the ducal liveries, jewelries, tapestries and finances that realized the splendor of the court.
    [Show full text]
  • Module Hi1200 Europe, 1000-1250
    MODULE HI1200 EUROPE, 1000-1250: WAR, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES Michaelmas Term Professor Robinson ( 10 ECTS ) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. A Guide to Module HI1200 3 3. Lecture Topics 6 4. Essay Titles 6 5. Reading List 8 6. Tutorial Assignments 11 1 1. INTRODUCTION This module deals with social and political change in Europe during the two-and-a- half centuries of the development of the crusading movement. It focuses in particular on the internal development of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Byzantium (the Eastern Christian empire based on Constantinople) and the crusading colonies in the Near East. The most important themes are the development of royal and imperial authority, the structure of aristocratic society, rebellion and the threat of political disintegration, warfare as a primary function of the secular ruling class and the impact of war on the development of European institutions. Module HI1200 is available as an option to Single Honors, Two-Subject Moderatorship and History and Political Science Junior Freshman students. This module is a compulsory element of the Junior Freshman course in Ancient and Medieval History and Culture. The module may also be taken by Socrates students and Visiting students with the permission of the Department of History. Module HI1200 consists of two lectures each week throughout Michaelmas Term, together with a series of six tutorials, for which written assignments are required. The assessment of this module will take the form of: (1) an essay, which accounts for 20% of the over-all assessment of this module and (2) a two-hour examination in Trinity Term, which accounts for 80% of the over-all assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg
    A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg Foreword ............................................................................2 Chapter 1. The Low Countries until A.D.200 : Celts, Batavians, Frisians, Romans, Franks. ........................................3 Chapter 2. The Empire of the Franks. ........................................5 Chapter 3. The Feudal Period (10th to 14th Centuries): The Flanders Cloth Industry. .......................................................7 Chapter 4. The Burgundian Period (1384-1477): Belgium’s “Golden Age”......................................................................9 Chapter 5. The Habsburgs: The Empire of Charles V: The Reformation: Calvinism..........................................10 Chapter 6. The Rise of the Dutch Republic................................12 Chapter 7. Holland’s “Golden Age” ..........................................15 Chapter 8. A Period of Wars: 1650 to 1713. .............................17 Chapter 9. The 18th Century. ..................................................20 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Interlude: The Union of Holland and Belgium. ..............................................................22 Chapter 11. Belgium Becomes Independent ...............................24 Chapter 13. Foreign Affairs 1839-19 .........................................29 Chapter 14. Between the Two World Wars. ................................31 Chapter 15. The Second World War...........................................33 Chapter 16. Since the Second World War: European Co-operation:
    [Show full text]
  • Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the First Crusaders
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1948 Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders. Marilyn Tyler Waggoner University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Waggoner, Marilyn Tyler, "Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders." (1948). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2185. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2185 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF I,OU! SVILIE Relations of tbe Fmperor Alexius wi th the First Crusaders f. A dissertation submi tted to tr1e fa cuI ty of tbe Graduate School of the Fniverf'ity of Louisville in Partial fulfillment of tte ~equirements for t~e Degree of lla~ter of Arts • .' Department of History by lEarilyn Tyler Waggoner 1948 This PDF document is a scanned copy of a paper manuscript housed in the University of Louisville (UofL) Libraries. The quality of this reproduction is greatly dependent upon the condition of the original paper copy. Indistinct print and poor quality illustrations are a direct reflection of the quality of materials that are available for scanning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Convention of the Hague and the Constitutional Debates in the Estates of Flanders and Brabant, 1790-1794
    Early Modern Low Countries 1 (2017) 1, pp. 156-176 - eISSN: 2543-1587 156 The Convention of The Hague and the Constitutional Debates in the Estates of Flanders and Brabant, 1790-1794 Klaas Van Gelder Klaas Van Gelder is a postdoctoral fellow of the Austrian Wissenschaftsfonds and the Research Founda- tion Flanders, affiliated with both the University of Vienna and the University of Ghent. His scholarly interests encompass the Austrian Netherlands, the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, political culture, and political ceremonies. In 2016, kvab-Press/Peeters Publishers issued his monograph Regime Change at a Distance. Austria and the Southern Netherlands Following the War of the Spanish Succession, 1716- 1725. He has published articles in, among others, the European Review of History, Revue d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, and Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Abstract Following the Brabant Revolution and the declaration of independence of the Southern Netherlands, Vienna made a series of constitutional assurances to the rebels while at the same time preparing to recover the region by force. In December 1790, these promises culminated in the Convention of The Hague, in which Emperor Leopold ii – under allied pressure – pledged to restore the ancient constitutions of the Southern Nether- lands, which led to constitutional debates among the rebellious provinces. This article examines why the imperial commitments did not placate the estates of the leading prov- inces, Flanders and Brabant. The Flemish Estates grasped the opportunity to draft their own constitutional charter; Brabant primarily pursued additional safeguards to protect its charter, the Joyous Entry. I argue that these debates chiefly reflect the language of ancient constitutionalism and in essence served conservative goals even as actual cir- cumstances compelled the estates to integrate innovative concepts in their reasoning.
    [Show full text]
  • Flanders Set up As a County As Early As the Sixth Century, Flanders Exercised a Significant Amount of Independence Under Its
    Flanders Set up as a county as early as the sixth century, Flanders exercised a significant amount of independence under its count after the death of the last Carolingian king in 987. While the count remained a vassal of the French king in name, there was little interaction and communication between the two for a long stretch of time. The independence Flanders exercised was exasperated with the revival of commerce and towns beginning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As towns became commercial centers in the west once again, the merchants and tradesmen who filled them began demanding certain rights. Chief among these rights was a measure of self-government, especially when it came to determining market days, regulating commerce and taxation, and instituting standards for professions and crafts. Towns would receive these rights from their overlord, in this case the count of Flanders, at a steep price initially, and would usually continue to pay a tribute for these rights each year. In Flanders, each new count had to promise to respect town privileges. There were a number of significant Flemish towns in the period, but two came to dominate in trade and importance: Bruges and Ghent. Both of these towns were integral to Flanders’s reputation as an industrial center for cloth. Finished cloth in Flanders was consistently in such high demand that the towns imported raw wool from English to satisfy the market. The interlinking economic interest between Flanders and England further bolstered town magistrates and councils to assert their rights, connecting political liberties with economic liberties. Town magistrates and councils contended with counts, showing a willingness to organize and rebel to protect their rights, and also with local barons, who tried to flex their muscle from time to time from beyond town walls.
    [Show full text]
  • The Young King and the Old Count: Around the Flemish Succession Crisis of 965
    This is a repository copy of The young king and the old count: Around the Flemish succession crisis of 965. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/140885/ Version: Accepted Version Article: McNair, FA (2018) The young king and the old count: Around the Flemish succession crisis of 965. Revue Belge de Philologie et de Histoire, 95 (2). pp. 145-162. ISSN 0035-0818 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Revue Belge de Philologie et de Histoire. Uploaded with permission from the publisher. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The Young King and the Old Count: Around the Flemish Succession Crisis of 965 Abstract: In 965, Count Arnulf the Great of Flanders died, leaving a small child as his only heir. In the wake of his death, the West Frankish King Lothar annexed his southern lands for the crown.
    [Show full text]
  • Equal in the Face of Death? Explaining Regional Differences in Wealth
    PRELIMINARY DRAFT. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS. ALL EQUAL IN THE FACE OF DEATH? Explaining regional differences in wealth inequality after the Black Death. The case of social agrosystems in rural Hainaut (1250-1500). Joris ROOSEN (Utrecht University) [email protected] Sam GEENS (FWO, University of Antwerp) [email protected] Despite its longstanding historiographical tradition, the topic of wealth inequality has gained particular momentum during the last decade. Especially the Global Financial Crisis of 2007- 2008, with its negative effects on unemployment and poverty levels, has spurred the interest of social scientists and policy makers. In search of the drivers of inequality, scholars have not only focused on the present day, but have increasingly turned towards premodern societies. Most notably, the EINITE-project under the supervision of Guido Alfani has retraced evolutions of wealth in Italy and the Low Countries between the fourteenth and nineteenth century.1 In both regions, inequality tended to increase over the whole period except for the century after the Black Death. Other studies, although few and with a more limited geographic or chronological scope, seem to confirm this universal rise of inequality.2 These new results challenge us to rethink traditional theories on the distribution of wealth. In his pioneering work, Jan Luiten van Zanden extended the ideas of Simon Kuznets to premodern times and argued that, in this period, economic growth went hand in glove with increasing inequality.3 However, his hypothesis seems improbable in the light of recent studies on stagnating and declining economies, such as early modern Florence or Flanders, where inequality increased just the same.
    [Show full text]
  • And Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Champagne" (2019)
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2019 Aristocratic Women’s Kinship Ties in Twelfth- and Thirteenth- Century Flanders and Champagne Sydne Reid Johnson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Sydne Reid, "Aristocratic Women’s Kinship Ties in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Champagne" (2019). Master's Theses. 4732. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4732 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARISTOCRATIC WOMEN’S KINSHIP TIES IN TWELFTH- AND THIRTEENTH- CENTURY FLANDERS AND CHAMPAGNE by Sydne Reid Johnson A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Western Michigan University August 2019 Thesis Committee: Robert Berkhofer, III, Ph.D., Chair Anise Strong, Ph.D. Larry Simon, Ph.D. © 2019 Sydne Reid Johnson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Robert Berkhofer III, for his support throughout my time as a master’s student. His encouragement and insights helped point me in the right direction to pursue my thesis topic. I would also like to thank Dr. Anise Strong and Dr. Larry Simon for agreeing to serve on my thesis committee and taking the time to review and correct my work. Your thoughtfulness and patience have turned my work into something worth reading.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gift-Giving Objectives of Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy
    THE ORDER OF THE GOLDEN TREE: THE GIFT-GIVING OBJECTIVES OF DUKE PHILIP THE BOLD OF BURGUNDY CAROL M. CHATTAWAY Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, University College London 2004 UMI Number: U591666 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591666 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION THE ORDER OF THE GOLDEN TREE; THE GIFT-GIVING OBJECTIVES OF DUKE PHILP THE BOLD OF BURGUNDY CAROL M. CHATTAWAY Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, University College London, 2004 I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own, and has not been undertaken as part of a wider investigation, or with any other researcher. CAROL M. CHATTAWAY ABSTRACT OF THESIS THE ORDER OF THE GOLDEN TREE: THE GIFT-GIVING OBJECTIVES OF DUKE PHILIP THE BOLD OF BURGUNDY This thesis explores the policy objectives underlying the gift of this Order, to sixty men, on jjanuary^T] 1403. Drawing primarily on Philip's household accounts, it undertakes complementary iconographical and prosopographical analyses (of the Order insignia's nature, form, materials, design and motto; and of distinguishing common features in recipients' careers, strengths, relationships with Philip, and activities in 1402-3), refined by reference to his policy concerns around the occasion of its bestowal, rigorously to test seven hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Logistics for Edward I's Ill-Fated Campaign in Flanders (1297-1298)
    THE LOGISTICS FOR EDWARD I'S ILL-FATED CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS (1297-1298) by Bryce and Mary ( t) Lyon Edward I ascended the throne of England on 23 November 1272, the day when Edmund, king of the East Angles (855 to 20 November 870) achieved his martyrdom. Consequently each regnal year of Edward began on 20 November and ended on 19 November the following year. It was in his twenty-fifth regnal year (20 November 1296 to 19 November 1297) that Edward made preparations for his campaign to be launched from the county of Flanders against Philip the Fair of France and that he, his household staff, and army were in Flanders during the autumn of 1297 and winter of 1298. The military strategy of Edward copied that of his grandfather John who had planned a two-front offensive against Philip Augustus, one from Gascony in southwestern France and the other from Flanders. John's strategic plan had ended in failure, with the defeat of his allied Low Country and German forces at Bouvines in 1214. Despite his alliance with Count Guy de Dampierre of Flanders and pledge of military assistance against Philip the Fair, Edward was slow in fulfilling his promise because of English baronial resistance to foreign military service and exorbitant taxes and the time needed in assembling a force, ships for trans­ portation, and supplies. Edward and his force transported by a total of 273 ships from Sandwich and Wynchelsea finally sailed on 24 August 1297, the destination being the Zwyn estuary. But it was too late to reverse previous Flemish defeats by Philip the Fair.
    [Show full text]