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Talking Or Fighting? Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998-1999
Current African Issues No. 21 ISSN 0280-2171 Talking or Fighting? Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998–1999 Filip Reyntjens Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 1999 1 Current African Issues available from Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 4. Bush, Ray & S. Kibble Destabilisation in Southern Africa, an Overview, 1985, 48 pp, SEK 25,- 7. Tvedten, Inge The War in Angola, Internal Conditions for Peace and Recovery, 1989, 14 pp, SEK 25,- 8. Wilmot, Patrick Nigeria’s Southern Africa Policy 1960–1988, 1989, 15 pp, SEK 25,- 9. Baker, Jonathan Perestroika for Ethiopia: In Search of the End of the Rainbow? 1990, 21 pp, SEK 25,- 10. Campbell, Horace The Siege of Cuito Cuanavale, 1990, 35 pp, SEK 25,- 13. Chikhi, Said Algeria. From Mass Rebellion to Workers’ Protest, 1991, 23 pp, SEK 25,- 14. Odén, Bertil Namibia’s Economic Links to South Africa, 1991, 43 pp, SEK 25,- 15. Cervenka, Zdenek African National Congress Meets Eastern Europe. A Dialogue on Common Experiences, 1992, 49 pp, SEK 25,- 16. Diallo, Garba Mauritania—The Other Apartheid? 1993, 75 pp, SEK 25,- 17. Cervenka, Zdenek and Colin Legum Can National Dialogue Break the Power of Terror in Burundi? 1994, 30 pp, SEK 40,- 18. Nordberg, Erik and Uno Winblad Urban Environmental Health and Hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1994, 26 pp, SEK 40,- 19. Dunton, Chris and Mai Palmberg Human Rights and Homosexuality in Southern Africa, 1996, 48 pp, SEK 60,- 20. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1998, 18 pp. SEK 60,- 21. Filip Reyntjens Talking or Fighting? Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998–1999, 1999, 27 pp, SEK 80.- Indexing terms: Conflicts Conflict resolution Government policy Burundi Rwanda © Filip Reyntjens and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 1999 ISSN 0280-2171 ISBN 91-7106-454-0 Reprocentralen HSC, Uppsala 1999 2 Contents Introduction........................................................................ -
The Worst Place in the World to Be a Woman?: Women's Conflict
DePauw University Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University Student research Student Work 2016 The orsW t Place in the World to be a Woman?: Women's Conflict Experiences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Megan Bailey DePauw University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.depauw.edu/studentresearch Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bailey, Megan, "The orW st Place in the World to be a Woman?: Women's Conflict Experiences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (2016). Student research. Paper 43. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Worst Place in the World to be a Woman?: Women’s Conflict Experiences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Megan Bailey Spring 2016 Prof. Brett O’Bannon (sponsor) Prof. Tamara Beauboeuf Tiamo Katsonga-Phiri 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee members for the constant support they have given me during the past two semesters. You’ve taken so much time out of your busy schedules to help me, and I couldn’t be more appreciative. A special thank you to Prof. Brett O’Bannon, for telling me that it’s okay to have feelings about difficult topics and that this work is most definitely important. To Prof. Tamara Beauboeuf, for always asking the hard questions and pushing this project to be the best it can be. -
Ituri:Stakes, Actors, Dynamics
ITURI STAKES, ACTORS, DYNAMICS FEWER/AIP/APFO/CSVR would like to stress that this report is based on the situation observed and information collected between March and August 2003, mainly in Ituri and Kinshasa. The 'current' situation therefore refers to the circumstances that prevailed as of August 2003, when the mission last visited the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the Swedish International Development Agency. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Swedish Government and its agencies. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the Department for Development Policy, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Finnish Government and its agencies. Copyright 2003 © Africa Initiative Program (AIP) Africa Peace Forum (APFO) Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (FEWER) The views expressed by participants in the workshop are not necessarily those held by the workshop organisers and can in no way be take to reflect the views of AIP, APFO, CSVR and FEWER as organisations. 2 List of Acronyms............................................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................... -
Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif 1 Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif
Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif 1 Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif Voici la liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux, permettant d'utiliser les services téléphoniques dans un autre pays. La liste correspond à celle établie par l'Union internationale des télécommunications, dans sa recommandation UIT-T E.164. du 1er février 2004. Liste par pays | Liste par indicatifs Le symbole « + » devant les indicatifs symbolise la séquence d’accès vers l’international. Cette séquence change suivant le pays d’appel ou le terminal utilisé. Depuis la majorité des pays (dont la France), « + » doit être remplacé par « 00 » (qui est le préfixe recommandé). Par exemple, pour appeler en Hongrie (dont l’indicatif international est +36) depuis la France, il faut composer un Indicatifs internationaux par zone numéro du type « 0036######### ». En revanche, depuis les États-Unis, le Canada ou un pays de la zone 1 (Amérique du Nord et Caraïbes), « + » doit être composé comme « 011 ». D’autres séquences sont utilisées en Russie et dans les anciens pays de l’URSS, typiquement le « 90 ». Autrefois, la France utilisait à cette fin le « 19 ». Sur certains téléphones mobiles, il est possible d’entrer le symbole « + » directement en maintenant la touche « 0 » pressée plus longtemps au début du numéro à composer. Mais à partir d’un poste fixe, le « + » n'est pas accessible et il faut généralement taper à la main la séquence d’accès (code d’accès vers l'international) selon le pays d’où on appelle. Zone 0 La zone 0 est pour l'instant réservée à une utilisation future non encore établie. -
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes And
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes and Understanding the Origins Nicola Skakel Senior Honors Thesis Department of History April 9th 2018 Defense Committee: Dr. Susan K. Kent, Department of History, Primary Advisor Dr. Matthew Gerber, Department of History, Honors Council Representative Dr. Paul Shankman, Department of Anthropology, Advisor 1 Introduction On the 7th of April 1994, the small east African country of Rwanda erupted into one of the most deadly and intimate genocides the modern world had ever witnessed. Whilst the western world stood by and watched in just 100 days over 800,000 Rwandans out of a total population of 7 million, were systematically murdered in the most brutal and violent of ways. Those who were targeted made up the country’s minority ethnic group the Tutsis, and moderates from the majority group, the Hutus. For many, the legacy of Rwanda is a monstrous example of extreme pent up ethnic tensions that has its roots in European colonialism. In contrast, I will argue that the events not just of 1994 but also the unrest that proceeded it, arose from a highly complex culmination of long-standing historical tensions between ethnic groups that long pre-dated colonialism. In conjunction, a set of short-term triggers including foreign intervention, civil war, famine, state terrorism and ultimately the assassination of President Habyarimana also contributed to the outburst of genocide in 1994. Whilst it would be easy to place sole responsibility on European colonists for implementing a policy of divide and rule and therefore exacerbating ethnic tensions, it seems to me that genocide is never that cut and dried: it can never be explained by one factor. -
Kabila Returns, in a Cloud of Uncertainty
African Studies Quarterly | Volume 1, Issue 3 | 1997 Kabila Returns, In a Cloud of Uncertainty THOMAS TURNER INTRODUCTION Since the 1960's, Laurent Kabila had led a group of insurgents against the dictatorial Mobutu Sese Seko government in Kinshasa, operating along Zaire's eastern border 1. Kabila's group was one of the many rebel movements in the East that had arisen with the aim of furthering the political program of Congo's first prime minister, Patrice Lumumba, the popular and charismatic leader who was assassinated in 1961. The major Lumumbist insurgencies had been subdued by Mobutu using foreign mercenaries between 1965 and 1967. The small surviving groups such as that of Kabila posed no threat to the Mobutu regime. The 1994 Rwandan genocide changed all that. Approximately one million Rwanda Hutu refugees fled to eastern Zaire, which was already near the boiling point due to conflicts over land use and political representation. In an effort to break out of its diplomatic isolation, the Mobutu government provided backing to the Hutu, including army and militia elements, thereby earning the enmity of the Tutsi-dominated government in Rwanda. Tutsi of South Kivu, the so-called Banyamulenge, staged an uprising in the summer of 1996, with the support of the Rwanda government. By the second half of that year, the alliance of Banyamulenge, Tutsi of North Kivu, and Lumumbists and others, headed by Kabila, had taken over substantial parts of eastern Zaire, with the corrupt and demoralized Mobutu army disappearing in the face of their advance. After a short seven month campaign, Kabila and the new armed coalition entered Kinshasa as Mobutu fled into exile. -
Burundi's Constitution of 2005
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 constituteproject.org Burundi's Constitution of 2005 Historical This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 Table of contents Preamble . 4 TITLE I: Of THE STATE AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE . 5 1. Of the General Principles . 5 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES . 6 TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND CITIZEN . 7 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CITIZEN . 7 2. Of the Fundamental Responsibilities of the Individual and the Citizen . 12 TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES . 14 TITLE IV: OF ELECTIONS . 16 TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER . 17 1. Of the President of the Republic . 17 2. Of the Vice Presidents of the Republic . 22 3. Of Government . 23 Title VI: Of the Legislative Power . 26 1. The Provisions Common to the National Assembly and Senate . 26 2. Of the National Assembly . 30 3. Of the Senate . 33 4. Of the Procedure of Adopting New Law . 36 TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE . 37 TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER . 40 1. Of the Superior Council of the Magistracy . 40 2. Of the Supreme Court . 42 3. Of the Constitutional Court . 42 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE . 44 TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN . 45 TITLE X: OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY . 45 TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES . -
Towards a Spirituality of Reconciliation with Special Reference to the Lendu and Hema People in the Diocese of Bunia (Democratic Republic of Congo) Alfred Ndrabu Buju
Towards a spirituality of reconciliation with special reference to the Lendu and Hema people in the diocese of Bunia (Democratic Republic of Congo) Alfred Ndrabu Buju To cite this version: Alfred Ndrabu Buju. Towards a spirituality of reconciliation with special reference to the Lendu and Hema people in the diocese of Bunia (Democratic Republic of Congo). Religions. 2002. dumas- 01295025 HAL Id: dumas-01295025 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01295025 Submitted on 30 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA FACULTY OF THEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SPIRITUAL THEOLOGY TOWARDS A SI'IRITUALITY OF RECONCILIATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LENDU AND IIEMA PEOPLE IN THE DIOCESE OF BUNIA / DRC IFRA 111111111111 111111111111111111 I F RA001643 o o 3 j)'VA Lr .2 8 A Thesis Sulimitted to the Catholic University of Eastern Africa in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Licentiate Degree in Spiritual Theology By Rev. Fr. Ndrabu 13itju Alfred May 2002 tt. it Y 1 , JJ Nairobi-ken;• _ .../i"; .1 tic? ‘vii-.11:3! ..y/ror/tro DECLARATION THE CATIIOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA Thesis Title: TOWARDS A SPIRITUALITY OF RECONCILIATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LENDU AND IIEMA PEOPLE IN TIIE DIOCESE OF BUNIA/DRC By Rev. -
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 7
Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 7 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven- year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment, please email the Knowledge and Information Management Unit. 6 March 2017 BDI105750.FE Burundi: The situation of the Tutsi, including the Tutsi elite; their treatment by the authorities and by society; and protection provided to them (December 2015-February 2017) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview of Situation Sources qualify the current crisis in Burundi as “political” (UN 9 Sept. 2016, para. 18; FIDH and Ligue Iteka Nov. 2016, 106). A number of sources state that the victims of the crisis in Burundi are both the Hutus and the Tutsis (African Arguments 22 Jan. 2016; AI 15 Feb. 2017; Human Rights Watch 25 Feb. 2016). Sources report that the government targets anyone who opposes it (ibid.; FIDH and Ligue Iteka Nov. 2016, 106; researcher 23 Feb. 2017). In correspondence sent to the Research Directorate, a researcher in residence and -
Burundi's Constitution of 2005
PDF generated: 27 Jul 2018, 21:05 constituteproject.org Burundi's Constitution of 2005 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Jul 2018, 21:05 Table of contents Preamble . 4 TITLE I: Of THE STATE AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE . 5 1. Of the General Principles . 5 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES . 6 TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND CITIZEN . 7 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CITIZEN . 7 2. Of the Fundamental Responsibilities of the Individual and the Citizen . 12 TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES . 14 TITLE IV: OF ELECTIONS . 16 TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER . 17 1. Of the President of the Republic . 17 2. Of the Vice Presidents of the Republic . 22 3. Of Government . 23 Title VI: Of the Legislative Power . 26 1. The Provisions Common to the National Assembly and Senate . 26 2. Of the National Assembly . 30 3. Of the Senate . 33 4. Of the Procedure of Adopting New Law . 36 TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE . 37 TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER . 40 1. Of the Superior Council of the Magistracy . 40 2. Of the Supreme Court . 42 3. Of the Constitutional Court . 42 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE . 44 TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN . 45 TITLE X: OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY . 45 TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES . -
The Banyamulenge Tutsi Survivors of the Gatumba Refugee Camp Massacre
© 2007 Center for Applied Linguistics The contents of this publication were developed under an agreement nanced by the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, United States Department of State, but do not necessarily represent the policy of that agency and should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. The U.S. Department of State reserves a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to use, this work for Government purposes. The Banyamulenge Tutsi Survivors of the Gatumba Refugee Camp Massacre Lubumbashi, and other Congolese cities were attacked, killed, and later imprisoned (in some cases for their own The Need for Resettlement safety). From 1999 to 2000, the United States accepted for in the United States resettlement some of these imprisoned families, who had The resettlement of the Gatumba massacre survivors is, in been referred to U.S. refugee officials by the United Nations essence, a humanitarian rescue mission of a group of people High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These individuals for whom there are no other good options. became the core of the current Banyamulenge community in There are three internationally accepted solutions to a refu- America. gee situation. The first and best solution is for the refugees to After the peace agreement in 2003 between the various return to their own homes, safely and voluntarily. The second- rebel movements and the Congolese government, Congolese best solution is for them to integrate into the communities Tutsi hoped that they would no longer be discriminated where they have fled; these are often places that are familiar against and subject to violence. -
Politicization of Identities, Negotiations and Transition in a Conflict Society: the Ethics of a Genocide-Free Burundi
POLITICIZATION OF IDENTITIES, NEGOTIATIONS AND TRANSITION IN A CONFLICT SOCIETY: THE ETHICS OF A GENOCIDE-FREE BURUNDI MUSAWENKOSI N. APHANE Submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Professor Mogobe B RAMOSE TABLE OF CONTENTS i Acknowledgements x i CHAPTER ONE: i Preface 1 ii CHAPTER TWO 2 Glossary of Political Role-Players: Past and Present 8 i. at the signing ceremony as witnesses 10 ii. signatory parties 12 iii. co-signatories 13 2.1 Geography, Food Production and the Economy: An Overview 14 2.2 Culture, Identity and Society: An Elemental View 17 2.3 Identities, Associations and Communities Within Burundi: A Prologue 23 2.4 The Ethics of Trust in the Body Politic of Burundi 26 2.5 Pre-Colonial Burundi: An Overview 28 2.6 Background To Burundi’s Pre-Colonial Institutions 30 iii 2.7 Other Support Structures of The Pre-Colonial State System 31 2.8 The Influence of Europeans on The Pre-Colonial State 32 iv CHAPTER THREE 3 Nationalism, Nation and National Identity in Burundi. 38 3.1 Colonialism: Sowing the Seeds of Political Discord 46 3.2 German influence in Burundi. 48 3.3 The Belgian interlude in Burundi. 49 3.4 The Mechanics of Inducing An Identity-Conflict Crisis 52 3.5 One Thousand Days of Political Dissonance. 55 3.6 The Eruption of War in Burundi 60 v CHAPTER FOUR 4 Decolonization of Rwanda 62 4.1 Decolonization of Burundi 63 4.2 Power Politics And The Social Divide In The Country 66 4.3 The Calibration Of The Military And The