Three Intersecting Lives by robert g. ousterhout

2010 marks the centennial of the deaths of two notable individuals and the demise of a career for a third. Osman Hamdi Bey is as famous today as an artist and archaeologist as his contemporary, the photographer John Henry Haynes, is obscure. Their colleague, the Assyriologist Hermann Vollrath Hilprecht, remains at best infamous. Their three intersecting lives are the subject of the exhibition ArchaeologistsArchaeologists & & Travelers in OttomanOttoman Lands Lands to open at the Penn Museum in September 2010.

www.penn.museum/expedition 9 career. UPM Image #149706. #149706. Image UPM career. ca. taken was portrait studio This photography. archaeological his be to proven has contribution lasting his but archaeologist an as recognition sought Haynes Henry John lifetime his During 10 1900, toward the end of his his of end the toward 1900, in rm ilas olg, ans rw oe with bored grew Haynes College, Williams from tion gradua- After unpublished. remained simply it or ers, oth- to credited or anonymously published was work his of Much him. of heard never have you are chances but photography, archaeological American of father the as regarded be might (1849–1910) Haynes Henry John volume 52, number 2 expedition 2 number 52, volume The Photographer. vate on Crete was denied, was Crete on vate exca- to permit a When career. his of the remainder determined this action life, his of caprices significant few very the of One Mediterranean. eastern the to expedition archaeological first American the join to 1880 ship in jumped and cipal prin- school high a as life same, the site offered tantalizing clues to the early history the All attractive. particularly not and tribes, warring by difficult of access, inhospitable in its climate, surrounded the firstAmericanConsulinBaghdad1888. named was Haynes region, the in strategy American the , in which Haynes was a major player. As a part of at excavations the grew which of out , to the mission reconnaissance a 1884–85, of joined Expedition Wolfe He (). Aintab in American school the mission at later and (Istanbul) Constantinople in College Robert at taught Haynes home, return than Rather Mesopotamia. and Syria, , through neys jour- his documenting camera, a with traveled Haynes time, that After 1881–83. excavation, at Studies be photographer to the first American School of Classical to Anatolia northwest in to dispatched sequently he prepared his second Acropolis folio. Haynes was sub- while Stillman William to assistant as working tography, pho- learned he where Athens, in himself found Haynes Located in the swamps of southern Iraq, Nippur was Nippur Iraq, southern of swamps the in Located J.H. Haynes, Haynes, J.H. by Photo wall. city the outside cemetery ancient the of excavation the during poses Clarke J.T. director expedition Here Turkey. northwest in site classical a Assos, at excavations the at photography archaeological began Haynes ca. 1882. UPM Image #185158. #185158. Image UPM 1882.

Penn Museum Penn Museum by J.H. Haynes, 1884. UPM Image #174585. #174585. Image UPM 1884. Haynes, J.H. by Photo Göreme. of north fields the in horseback on pose companions traveling his Here repeatedly. photographed he which settlements, mysterious its and of landscape volcanic eroded the by fascinated was Haynes h ciiie hs nufcet xaain eot and instructed himthat“theCommittee wantstablets.” reports excavation insufficient his criticized who Philadelphia, in Peters from sympathy little found but life his for feared constantly Haynes Murderland.” and “Robberdom termed he what into deteriorated ditions con- local which during (1893–96), season third long a for alone returned Haynes stolid The Peters. for much too were conditions the but found, were tablets 8,000 when (1889–90), season successful more second, Only Peters and Haynes returned reluctantly for a (1859–1925) simply refused to go back to the site. Penn’s Assyriologist Hermann Vollrath Hilprecht resignations. mass in culminating departed, they locals, who robbed them and burned their camp as the of enmity the by exacerbated difficulties their participants, the among infighting by marred was season the continuing; justify to enough barely found (1852–1921), (1888–89), Peters Punnett John expedition by led first The tablets. form cunei- of library a of prospect the by Pennsylvania lured was of University the of (BEF) Fund Exploration Babylon the thus and civilization, of trenches dug by the Penn expedition in search of tablets. Photo by J.H. J.H. by Photo Haynes, tablets. cuneiform of search in expedition Penn the by dug deep the trenches by scarred are mounds the distance, the In sophisticated. were very not techniques excavation early and enormous, was Nippur ancient of site The panionship in his “lonely and desolate life,” as he wrote he as life,” desolate and “lonely his in panionship com- necessary with Haynes provided he importantly, More Nippur. at architecture the clarifying in tributions con- significant made skills graphic and insight Meyer’s expedition. Meyer the join to induced A. he whom (1856–1894), Joseph graduate, of architecture Institute Technology traveling a chance by met ca. uig h sme o 19 i Bgdd Haynes Baghdad, in 1894 of summer the During 1893. UPM Image #141778. #141778. Image UPM 1893. www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition 11 12

his lifeinanasylum. ending illness, mental to succumbed Haynes shambles, in career His discoveries. Haynes’s for claimed responsibility and accomplishments Haynes’s discredited Hilprecht expedition, the of Director Scientific as ever, how- years, next the of course the Over shipment. for of the work was finished, and the tablets had been crated time in eleven years and took charge. By that time, most in Then first the for Nippur extracted. to returned Hilprecht 1900, March were tablets 23,000 which from mother lode: what was alleged to be the Temple Library, the hit Haynes season final the in but bungler, petent Edward Albeeplay. an resemble to and began house dig the Geere, at atmosphere the with infatuation unrequited hopeless, a to Geere accompany developed had Fisher matters, complicate To Nippur). to returned then London, to retreated then Geere, invalid the tended (he cisiveness inde- Fisher’s and “pleur-pneumonia”) in with Baghdad low (laid illness Geere’s to due late, months eight Clarence Fisher and Valentine Geere arrived more than assistants Haynes’s tensions, the to Adding separated. soon they and Nippur, at months long the during rated deterio- quickly relationship Their digger. gold a and floozy a as Cassandria regarded family his catch, great no was Haynes While Nippur. to him accompany she that insisted he BEF, the of thereaf- consternation the shortly To ter. married they and to Smithsonian, visit the a during Smith Artella Cassandria ebullient the met he 50, to close and Taciturn married. got he everyone, of surprise the to States, United recupera- the in and tion rest his during but (1898–1900), son embarrassment oftheBEF. the evacuation—to immediate on imminent insisted and of danger convinced was Haynes 1896, of the spring in arrived finally assistance time the By riorated. dete- condition mental Haynes’s and dysentery, from dead was Meyer however, later, months six than Less excavation. Nippur the of account unpublished his in volume 52, number 2 expedition 2 number 52, volume In his memoirs, Geere portrays Haynes as an incom- sea- final and fourth the for returned Haynes 1894. UPM Image #184827. #184827. Image UPM 1894. Meyer, Joseph by Drawing Nippur. at Temple the of drawing ink this in as remains, architectural site’s the of significance and scale the reveal renderings and sketches remarkable His dysentery. to succumbing before Nippur at months six than less spent Meyer Joseph student architecture MIT The Image #101410. #101410. Image UPM University. the at time little site—and excavation the at time little spent actually He Archaeology.” of Columbus “the as lauded was Hilprecht Vollrath Hermann Assyriologist eminent Pennsylvania’s of University the Nippur, at discoveries the Following

Penn Museum (top), Records of the Past, 1902 (bottom) Penn Museum will die if he does go, and he will die if he does not.” not.” does he if die will he and go, does he if die will hypochon dria, “Hilprecht Provost William Pepper commented, and jealousy, condescension, of nation combi peculiar his Understanding Peters. to mand com in second appointed was he when misgivings his but overcame health,” of because his first “delicate in to the he at participate Nippur, expedition declined to Tapped later of . Professor he was appointed months few A U.S.). the in position such first (the Egyptology in lecturer a as initially Penn, at ately the edit Times School to Sunday U.S. the to came he 1886, in career, his in Early education. European) (i.e. “proper” his on himself prided and Delitzsch Friedrich with Germany in studied had he Assyriologist, talented A coveries.” “dis his for of others work on the depended and field Vollrath the in time little Hermann spent Columbus he although Archaeology,” “the of fame, called his was (1859–1925) of Hilprecht height the At The Assyriologist. and was hired almost immedi almost hired was and - - - - - the next decade. Gradually, he replaced Peters as the as Peters replaced he Gradually, decade. next the for positionthis in continued HeAmericans. the and examine Turks the betweendivided were they to before finds the expense, BEF’s the at Constantinople, in himself position to arranged ingeniously he BEF time, the save to same the atNippur; to returnnot would order expenses,he in that insisted Hilprecht together. expedition the keep to thing only the been have may Peters against rebellion of talk Indeed, began. it before almost ure fail a expedition the calling danger), to him exposed thereby and handgun a with him supply to refused had (who Peters “demonic” particu and dictatorial team, the larly the of ignorance willful the against ters to “my true friend” Pepper back at Penn, he railed let In colleagues. his about mostly but University,” the of that and dignity my “beneath were that condi tions travel the vermin, the paupers, Oriental the about way: the all complained he but went, Hilprecht fe te iatos iae f h frt season, first the of finale disastrous the After fez. UPM Image #102207. #102207. Image UPM fez. a sporting study, Istanbul his in work at hard here, seen is He Museum. Imperial Ottoman new the of holdings the organizing in assisted he where Istanbul, from excavation Nippur the directed Hilprecht Mesopotamia, southern of rigors the face than Rather www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition - - - - 13 14

mously donated to the University. At the same time, he time, same the At University. the to donated mously magnani- then he which of most Sultan,” the of gifts personal “as him to given been had Penn for destined Nippur from antiquities the insisted, he As advantage. his to used Hilprecht practice a “gifts,” as finds their of part them give to authorities Ottoman the of mercy the at were excavators foreign export, their for allow actually spending much time on campus. tiesPennathisbyachievements theiron behalf without authoriimpressthepermits—and tofirmansoressary see the divisions of the artifacts and to negotiate the nec Constantinopleprimepositionovera to inalsowas he In materials.cuneiform of cataloguing the in and tion secMesopotamianthe oforganization the in assisting Museum, Imperial Ottoman new the of Director the Bey, Hamdi Osman to himself ingratiated Hilprecht Haynes, alone at Nippur, were at best vague. Meanwhile, Germany),inhomePhiladelphia. or instructionsHis to distance—fromsafeConstantinople, asecond (his Jena at matters oversee to continued but DirectorScientific volume 52, number 2 expedition 2 number 52, volume Because Ottoman laws regarding antiquities did not did antiquities regarding laws Ottoman Because Fisher, 1900. UPM Image #184826. #184826. Image UPM 1900. Fisher, Clarence by Photo club. golf a brandishing right the to stands Hilprecht while bicycles, with center, at appear Hayneses The 1900. Nippur, at season final the of completion the at portrait group a for pose team Pennsylvania of University the of Members - - - - triumphal return, return, triumphal Hilprecht’s celebrates cartoon newspaper A discovery. the with Hilprecht credited accounts all tablets, cuneiform 20,000 than more found Haynes which in Nippur, at Library” “Temple the of excavation the Following ca. 1900. UPM Image #185159. #185159. Image UPM 1900.

Penn Museum from Peters, Nippur hr ws o oe ot A Ptr’ issec, Penn became that insistence, 1905 March in inquiry formal a intitiated Peters’s At lost. love no was there whom with and Director, Scientific as replaced had had ended up as Hilprecht’s private property. fromexcavationthe neverMuseumthetomadeit and in the bazaar. More embarrassingly, some of the artifacts either they came from elsewhere or had been purchased as illustrations in his book were not from Nippur at all— whatthey represented? Infact, many ofthe tablets used stillcrated at the Penn Museum, so how could he know werewhich of tablets,mostexaminedthe yet not had had discovered the Temple Library; moreover Hilprecht tened to point out, it was Haynes and not Hilprecht who creditedbecesstowasalone. himcriticshis toAs has and ignored all other members of the expedition; its suc Petersand Haynescontributions deprecatedtheof he eries and scholarship in Mesopotamia. At the same time, ingPenn’s success atNippur above allprevious discov to shift. In the book, Hilprecht overplayed his hand, same toutyear, however, public opinion of the scholar began ExplorationsinBible Lands during the19th Century his publication of the With acclaim. great tolectured Hilprecht as Europe around traveled in pair Robinson The 1903. Crozer Sallie heiress the marrying by Philadelphia society in position his securedHilprecht in Constantinople. research conduct to and tablets the catalogue to leave paid three-year a and professorship research a with him rewarded Penn finds. sensational his of and ism leading dangerous expeditions for the past decade Hilprecht excavation, returned home to glory; newspapers wrote of his hero- the rescued personally have to Claiming way. the all criticizing and complaining had been directed from afar for the previous ten years, what order in put to attempting site, the at weeks ten after putting it off as long as possible. He spent a mere of publicationallPenn’scuneiformmaterials. control and to access limit to authority the demanded The most vocal critic was Peters, whom Hilprecht whom Peters, was critic vocal most The 1902, in wife first his of death the Following In March 1900, Hilprecht finally returned to Nippur that - - - -

gain Ee hs oncin wti Philadelphia within connections his Even ignation. res- his accepted trustees the surprise, great his to and protest, in findspot. resigned Hilprecht negligence, to of Accused as unmarked and crates packing their in deteriorating tablets the finding investigated, and locks the changed Museum the of Director with The him. storerooms the to keys the taking Europe, for departed abruptly he the 1910, in tablets Library of Temple care his surrounding arose questions University. When the of side wrong the on himself found ings, buthiscriticswerenotsatisfied. hear- the of transcript edited an published Hilprecht dis- vindicated, himself Feeling unsubstantiated. “literary honesty” of charge the found University the of trustees the Ultimately Mesopotamia. in travails her on clubs ladies’ to lecturing begun had but him with lived longer no who Cassandria, by represented was “mentally unbalanced” to testify on his own behalf; he too declared was Haynes Sadly, him. against testify to happy than more were they and frayed, had students broker, Controversy.” power Hilprecht’s relations with Assyriologist colleagues a and as Peters-Hilprecht role his of conscious “the Although as known While obsequious to a fault, Hilprecht ultimately Hilprecht fault, a to obsequious While www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition #185156 #185156 Image UPM 1891. taken portrait studio a in lectual intel consummate the as appears He arts. fine of emy acad an founded and museum, archaeologcal national a built laws, antiquities Ottoman revised Bey Hamdi Osman archaeologist, and artist, crat, bureau Statesman, ca. - - - 15 16 Effendi, Effendi, Osgan and Bey Hamdi Osman From head. stone giant a on poses He Turkey. southern in Dagı Nemrut at Tumulus Commagene the to Germans the beat to 1883 in mission archaeological first his organized Bey Hamdi Osman

of Americans’ ventures, and at the same thetime became a sortto parallels some offers thus He country. their for mission civilizing a of part as past the of investigation the viewed they him, Like colleagues. European their of achievements the with up catch to attempting ogy, archaeol to newcomers were they him, Like West. and East present, and past bridge to attempting were they him, Like well. as them for sympathy some had surely the zledat the comings and goings of the Americans, but he of puz have must Director Constantinople, in Museum (1842–1910), Imperial Bey Hamdi Osman sional careerendedin1910. in Germany, but for all intents and purposes, his profes- Jena to returned Hilprecht him. save not could society ˘ volume 52, number 2 expedition 2 number 52, volume deus ex machina Le Tumulus de Nemroud-Dagh de Tumulus Le The Artist,Archaeologist, and Bureaucrat. for foreign excavators. . - - spoke French at home, dressed according to European to according dressed home, at French spoke he identity: personal his of component important an and sovereigntyconfrontingtheEmpire. spurred his awareness about issues of identity, authority, and consciousness political his awakened have to seems life Parisian his with contrast dramatic The governor. appointed been had who Pasa, Midhat of retinue the of part as Baghdad to dispatched was he subsequently and in France, the following year his father called him home, remained happily have would he Although Universelle. Exposition the in paintings own his of three exhibited (with whom he may or may not have studied), and in 1867 he Gérôme Jean-Léon by influenced and strongly Boulanger was Gustave Orientalist the with studied He painting. to attracted more much grew he but law, Ottoman Empire, had sent him to Paris in 1860 to study the in Vizier Grand former a father, His archaeologist. eetees Hmi e’ yas n ai created Paris in years Bey’s Hamdi Nevertheless, an become to intended never Bey Hamdi fact, In

Courtesy of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums Courtesy of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums more flexible in practice: “gifts” could be presented to presented be could “gifts”practice: in flexible more to whom all foreign archaeologists had to answer. new discoveries, and Hamdi Bey became the gatekeeper, Europeanallcounterparts,repository itsofthe became ritory. This change meant that his museum, rather than hibiting archaeological finds from leaving Ottoman ter pro 1883–84, inantiquities governinglaw the rewrote archaeologicalOttomanEmpire.He allthewithin sites to claimeffectivelylaying power, of balance the shifted for foreign excavators and treasure-hunters, Hamdi Bey setting passive the be to Empire the allow to continue ingthesitefor his museum andhisnation. Rather than claim tumulus, the in interest German thwarted tion, publica immediate its by followed Dagı, Nemrut the to expedition 1883 His works. archaeological own his began immediately almost and 1908), until expanded 1891, opened first 1881, (beginning expansion quent subse its andbuilding museum new a constructionof the oversaw he latter, the For painting. of Professor as ÉcolethemodelBeauxdesofArts,served where hethe on school a established he former, the of For Empire. the archaeology and art the both over control of tion a vizierial post, he nevertheless found himself in a posi- into father his followed not had he While Arts. Fine of School the of Director 1882 in and Museum Imperial Constantinople, 1877). of and districts European (1876); (the Pera Press and Galata Foreign of Mayor of Bureau the of Head (1875); Affairs Foreign of Ministry the at Foreigners of Bureau the of Head Turquie; la de populaires costumes of publication and exhibit the with cause Ottoman the promoted he which at (1873), Exhibition World Deputy as Vienna the to Commissioner (1871); Protocol of Chief served he perspective: European more a within sovereignty and authority of concerns late situated the employment state of subsequent His contrasts Empire. social Ottoman dramatic the of acutely aware while the all lifestyle, Westernized a enjoyed and French, in correspondence his wrote standards, While the antiquities law was rigid in its terms, it was the of Director named was Bey Hamdi 1881 In ˘ Les - - - - - Bey was elected corresponding member of the Institut the of membercorresponding elected was Bey Hamdi year, following the In satisfy.” to important is pleasing to an artist who can render us services and who quentlycongratulated, because “nothing could be more subse was who Louvre, the at AntiquitiesOriental of Curator Heurzey, Léon of ministrations the through French, the bypurchased was one Paris; d’Industriein Palais the at exhibited were paintings his of two 1892 in example, for Thus, strategy.effective an was lectual intelEuropeanartistanda as BeyHamdiappealing to excavateto exporttoor antiquities quickly realized that and America. Foreigners interested in acquiring permits attention abroad, and were exhibited and sold in Europe gain to beganthey Turkey,paintings within his exhibit nottrainstudents.did FrenchtomannerWhileheand the in paint to continued Bey Hamdi museum, the to of hisnewmuseumwasfoundinownexcavation. including the famed Alexander Sarcophagus. The glory unearthed, were sarcophagi marble grand numerous tion in 1887 at the Royal Cemetery at Sidon, from which Middle East, so did Hamdi Bey, with the major excava- put to full advantage in setting up the new museum. be could that scriptscuneiform andAssyriology of ing withan important bargaining chip—a rare understand arrived he Moreover,identity. European Bey’s Hamdi Europeanalsowasahe gentleman couldwhoappeal to obsequiousness,ofmaster a he was only not forbetter, notmake favorablea impression. Hilprecht fared much did He face. his to it criticizedPeterslegislation, uities not realizing Hamdi Bey was the author of the new antiq Then,rebuffed. was he sale; for was MuseumImperial Constantinoplearrivedin thinkinganythingthatthe in hardlysamestaturetheofHamdi Bey.as Petersturn in was he althoughintevene, later to had Haynes permit; export the issued not had he that Bey Hamdioffended so had Clarke J.T. director young its of effrontery the rewritten,but was law theundertakenbefore been had diplomaticstrategy. TheAmerican excavations Assosat Bey’s Hamdi of part asarchaeologists foreign obliging s one o te r aaey oiial adjacent originally academy, art the of founder As the into activites their expanded Americans the As www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition - - - - 17 de France; the French in turn received a cov- eted antique. The purchased painting was not exhibited and ended up in the Musée des Colonies. In fact, the two paintings had been intended for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago and ultimately Philadelphia, where Penn was following a strategy similar to the French. When At the Mosque Door, an Orientalist genre painting typical of Hamdi Bey’s oeuvre, finally arrived in Philadelphia alone, Peters penned a note to Hamdi Bey enquiring the whereabouts of the other painting. Nevertheless, the Penn Museum purchased the one for 6,000 francs (much more than the French had paid for its com- panion), while offering Hamdi Bey an hon- orary doctorate (1894) and honorary mem- bership in the University Archaeological Association (1895). Viewed from the outside, the diplomacy might seem heavy handed and the motives fairly obvious, and yet Osman Hamdi Bey succeeded in balancing his position between two worlds to satisfy both personal and national agendas. He could coexist as a European gentleman of culture and as an Ottoman diplomat. He recognized that the continuing contacts with the West were a necessary component to modernism, just as his position within the Ottoman bureaucracy was necessary to its success.

The University of Pennsylvania sought Osman Hamdi Bey’s favor by flattering him as an artist and offering to purchase his oil paintings. At the Mosque Door cost Penn 6,000 French Francs, but the purchase helped to secure the export permit for artifacts from Nippur. The lower left corner of this painting is the cover of this issue of Expedition. UPM Image #184892. Penn Museum

18 volume 52, number 2 expedition Haynes’s skills as a landscape photographer are revealed in his many dramatic views of the excavations at Nippur. Although uncredited, his photograph of the excavation at the Temple Court, taken in 1893 (below), was subsequently used as the frontispiece in H.V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands (1903). Photo by J.H. Haynes. UPM Image #185157. Left, Osman Hamdi Bey used Haynes’s photograph as the basis for his oil painting, The Excavations at Nippur of 1903. Originally intended for a projected Nippur Gallery at the Penn Museum, the painting was purchased by Hilprecht’s wife and taken to their home in Jena, Germany. UPM Image #152280.

A Final Intersection.

When Hilprecht’s book Explorations in Bible Lands appeared in 1903, he selected one of Haynes’s photos of the Nippur excavations as the frontispiece. Hilprecht immediately presented a copy of the book to Osman Hamdi Bey, who in turn employed the frontispiece image as the sub- ject of a monumental painting, The Excavations at Nippur, which he signed and dated in the same year. Unique among the artist’s oeuvre in both its subject matter and style, the painting seems to have which had been printed in grainy sepia tones. As an been commissioned by Hilprecht on behalf of Penn, amusing gesture of friendship, Hamdi Bey inserted probably intended as the backdrop for the Museum’s Hilprecht into the painting, depicting him examining display of tablets and artifacts from Nippur. The the pottery in the middle distance. In actual fact, the impressionistic sfumato style distinguishes the paint- frontispiece photograph was taken early in the third ing from the crisp realism of Hamdi Bey’s earlier campaign (1893–96), when Hilprecht was nowhere Orientalist paintings. While the artist commonly used near Nippur. photographs to compose his paintings, in this instance Before the painting could be shipped to the style seems to depend on the frontispiece image, Philadelphia, controversies erupted over Hilprecht’s Penn Museum

www.penn.museum/expedition 19 20 Ousterhout Ousterhout G. Robert Professor Ottoman Lands. exhibition Museum Penn the of centerpiece the be now will painting the publicly, displayed before Never Paumgarten. Robinson Elise ter, granddaugh- Hilprecht’s Mrs. of bequest a as 1948, Museum in Penn the to came finally It husband. her for gift a as it purchased Hilprecht Robinson Crozer Sallie painting, the displaying at balked University the When embarrassment. of source another as serve only could envisioned he gallery Nippur grandiose the scandal, ing brew- the with and favor, of out Hilprecht put Museum the at struggle power A possible. as unfavorably as else everyone painted figuratively had Hilprecht book the in light, favorable a in Hilprecht painted literally had Bey frontispiece whose served as the book basis for the painting. Indeed, just as Hamdi the in dishonesty” “literary volume 52, number 2 expedition 2 number 52, volume r ad rhtcue hs book his Master Builders of architecture, Byzantium was and art Byzantine in specialist A World. Mediterranean the of Archaeology and the Art the of and in chair Art of History Groups is Graduate the He of Pennsylvania. of for University the Center at Studies the Ancient Art of of Director History and the of ousterhout Professor g. robert rhelgss Taees in Travelers & Archaeologists is and family activities from 1 to 4 pm. 4 to 1 from activities family and crafts, dance, music, Turkish talks, curator featuring 26, September on celebration afternoon Delight” “Turkish Special 2011. 6, February to 2010 26, September from running Museum, Penn the at exhibition new this Visit Euphrates P. John Peters, 1996. Press, University Princeton 1800–1930 Life, Intellectual American and East Bruce. Kuklick, Century 19th V. Hermann Hilprecht, Archives. Museum Penn 1884–1900, notebooks, unpublished Henry. John Haynes, Adventure and Discovery Valentine. H. Geere, http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0103/frithsidebar.html 2010): May Gazette Pennsylvania Hilprecht,” Hermann of Fall and Rise “The Susan. Frith, 2004. Press, Isis Istanbul: 121-49. I: pp. Shankland, David 1878-1920 Hasluck, F.W. of Times and Life The Anatolia: and Balkans the in Heritage and Anthropology In (1842–1910).” Bey Hamdi Osman Worlds: Two between Caught Archaeologist Ottoman “An Ehdem. Eldem, Reading Further For Halpern-Rogath CuratorialSeminarintheHistoryofArt. a of assistance Museum the with and Holod Renata Prof. with tion Pennsylvania collabora- exhibit in prepared was Lands Ottoman The in of Travelers 2008. in University Publications by reissued , 2 vols. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897, 1904. 1897, Sons, Putnam’s P. G. York: New vols. 2 , . Philadelphia: A. J. Holman, 1903. Holman, J. A. Philadelphia: . Puritans in Babylon: The Ancient Near Near Ancient The Babylon: in Puritans Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the the on Adventures and Explorations or Nippur By Nile and Euphrates: A Record of of Record A Euphrates: and Nile By (Jan.-Feb. 2003). Accessed online (27 online Accessed 2003). (Jan.-Feb. Explorations in Bible Lands during the the during Lands Bible in Explorations . Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1904. Clark, T. & T. Edinburgh: . , 3 vols., edited by edited vols., 3 , rhelgss & Archaeologists . Princeton: . Archaeology, Archaeology, The The

Robert G. Ousterhout