Pennant Walters Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Pennant Walters

Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Environmental Statement

April 2009

Entec UK Limited

Copyright and Non-Disclosure Notice The contents and layout of this report are subject to copyright owned by Entec (© Entec UK Limited 2009) save to the extent that copyright has been legally assigned by us to another party or is used by Entec under licence. To the extent that we own the copyright in this report, it may not be copied or used without our prior written agreement for any purpose other than the purpose indicated in this report. The methodology (if any) contained in this report is provided to you in confidence and must not be disclosed or copied to third parties without the prior written agreement of Entec. Disclosure of that information may constitute an actionable breach of confidence or may otherwise prejudice our commercial interests. Any third party who obtains access to this report by any means will, in any event, be subject to the Third Party Disclaimer set out below.

Third Party Disclaimer Any disclosure of this report to a third party is subject to this disclaimer. The report was prepared by Entec at the instruction of, and for use by, our client named on the front of the report. It does not in any way constitute advice to any third party who is able to access it by any means. Entec excludes to the fullest extent lawfully permitted all liability whatsoever for any loss or damage howsoever arising from reliance on the contents of this report. We do not however exclude our liability (if any) for personal injury or death resulting from our negligence, for fraud or any other matter in relation to which we cannot legally exclude liability.

Preface

This Environmental Statement (ES) has been prepared to accompany the application by Pennant Walters Hirwaun to Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council to construct and operate a wind farm at a site known as Mynydd Bwllfa to the south of Hirwaun. The Environmental Statement reports the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment undertaken by Entec on behalf of the developer. It comprises four parts: 1. Non-Technical Summary – summarises the main findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment in non-technical language; 2. Main Volume text – reporting the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment in full; 3. Volume of figures – the figures accompanying the main volume text of the ES; and:A Confidential Bird Annex. This letter contains information on the breeding locations of bird species protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside act 1981 and Annex 1 of the EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (79/409/EEC). It is therefore treated as confidential, and is only circulated to the relevant consultees and is not publicly available. Printed copies of the Non-Technical Summary and the Environmental Statement may be obtained from Entec UK Limited, Canon Court, Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury. The Non- Technical Summary is available free of charge and the Environmental Statement (including figures and appendices) may be purchased for £150 per copy. Alternatively, those documents are available as adobe acrobat files on CD, from the same address for a cost of £10. Copies of the Environmental Statement may be consulted at the following location, by arrangement: Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council Sardis House Pontypridd

In addition to the Environmental Statement a Statement in support of the planning application which interprets planning policies and other material considerations pertaining to the determination of the application has been prepared. A copy of the supporting statement can be made to interested parties by application to Entec UK, cost on application (the report is included in the CD version of the ES).

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Contents

Volume 1

1. Introduction 1 1.1 About this Document 1 1.2 Climate Change 1 1.3 Renewable Energy 2 1.4 Atmospheric Emissions 2 1.5 Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm 3 1.6 Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd 5

2. Environmental Impact Assessment 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The EIA Process 7 2.2.1 Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 7 2.2.2 Key Effects 8 2.2.3 The Scoping Process 8 2.3 Topics to be addressed in the EIA 9 2.4 Approach to the Assessment of Environmental Topics 10 2.4.1 Chapter Structure 10 2.4.2 Significance Assessment 11 2.5 Terminology 12 2.6 The Stages of Development 12 2.7 Structure of Environmental Statement 13 2.8 Technical Reports 14 2.9 The Project Team 14

3. Scoping 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Scoping Opinion 17 3.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Scope 18 3.3 Scoping Response 18

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3.4 Cumulative Assessment 19 3.4.1 Other Cumulative Developments 21 3.5 Consultation 21

4. Planning Policy 23 4.1 Introduction 23 4.1.1 Planning Policy Wales – March 2002 23 4.1.2 Wales Spatial Plan 24 4.1.3 Technical Advice Note 8: Planning for Renewable Energy 24 4.1.4 Other Relevant Technical Advice Notes 25 4.2 Local Plan Policies 26 4.2.1 Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 Adopted Plan January 1999 26 4.2.2 Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 27 4.2.3 Rhondda Cynon Taff Deposit Draft Local Development Plan 29 4.3 Other Local Policy Considerations 29 4.4 Conclusion 30 4.5 References 30

5. Wind Farm Site Selection 31 5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 The Selection Process 31

6. Description of the Proposed Development 35 6.1 Introduction 35 6.2 Wind Farm Design and Principles 35 6.2.1 Wind Farm Principles 35 6.2.2 Wind Farm Design Criteria 35 6.2.3 The Role of EIA in the Design of the Proposed Wind Farm 36 6.3 Design Statement 37 6.3.1 Layout Iterations 37 6.3.2 Micro-siting 37 6.3.3 Selection of Turbines 38 6.4 Wind Farm Construction 38 6.4.1 Programme 38 6.4.2 Construction Times 39 6.4.3 Development Phasing 39

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6.4.4 Dust and Air Quality 39 6.4.5 Site Access and On-site Tracks 40 6.4.6 Turbine Foundations 41 6.4.7 Crane Pads 42 6.4.8 Stone and Concrete Requirements and Sourcing 42 6.4.9 Construction Plant 42 6.4.10 Cabling 42 6.4.11 Sub-station and Grid Connection 42 6.4.12 Erection of Turbines 43 6.4.13 Anemometer Mast 43 6.4.14 Site Accommodation and Temporary Mast 43 6.5 Wind Farm Operation 44 6.5.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics and Meteorological Effects 44 6.5.2 Servicing and Emergency Repairs 44 6.5.3 Extended Services 45 6.6 Wind Farm De-commissioning 46 6.7 Environmental Management 46 6.7.1 Construction 46 6.7.2 Operation 47

7. Noise 49 7.1 Introduction 49 7.1.1 Noise Terminology 49 7.2 Assessment Methodology 50 7.2.1 Construction Noise 50 7.2.2 Operational Noise 52 7.2.3 Operational Noise Modelling 53 7.3 Baseline 54 7.4 Information Gaps 55 7.5 Constraints to Development 55 7.6 Project Assumptions 55 7.7 Predicted Effects 56 7.7.1 Construction and Decommissioning Noise 56 7.7.2 Operational Noise 56 7.7.3 Other Operational Noise Issues 62 7.8 Summary of Predicted Effects 63 7.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 64 7.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 65 7.11 References 65

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8. Landscape and Visual 67 8.1 Introduction 67 8.2 General Methodology 68 8.2.1 Policy and Guidance 68 8.2.2 Scope 69 8.2.3 Viewpoint Selection 70 8.2.4 Survey Methodologies 71 8.2.5 Definition of the Study Area 71 8.2.6 Zones of Theoretical Visibility (ZTVs) 72 8.2.7 Description of the Existing (Baseline) Landscape Resource 73 8.2.8 Landscape Receptors 73 8.2.9 Landscape Effects 75 8.2.10 Visual Effects 78 8.3 Description of the Existing (Baseline) Landscape Resource 86 8.3.1 Baseline Overview 86 8.3.2 Landscape Elements 86 8.3.3 Historic Context and Vegetation Cover 88 8.3.4 Drainage Pattern 90 8.3.5 Topography 90 8.3.6 Land-use Patterns 91 8.3.7 Settlement Patterns 92 8.3.8 Transportation and Public Access Network 93 8.3.9 Other Infrastructure Features 96 8.3.10 Landscape Patterns in the Defined Study Area 97 8.3.11 LANDMAP and Landscape Character 98 8.3.12 Landscape Condition 105 8.3.13 Landscape Value and Local Landscape Designations 106 8.3.14 Landscape Capacity 108 8.3.15 Landscape Planning Designations and Policies across the Defined Study Area 109 8.3.16 Parks and Historic Gardens 112 8.3.17 Historic Landscapes 113 8.3.18 Visibility and the Theoretical Zone of Visual Influence (ZTV) 116 8.3.19 The Influence of Weather (Using Readily Available Met Office Data) 117 8.3.20 Principal Visual Characteristics of the Study Area 117 8.3.21 Cumulative Views 118 8.3.22 Predicted Trends and Landscape Change 120 8.4 Information Gaps 121 8.5 Landscape and Visual Constraints to Development 121 8.5.1 Overview 121

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8.5.2 Turbine Locations 121 8.5.3 Turbine Selection 122 8.5.4 Access Road and Substation 122 8.6 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Incorporated into the Proposed Development 123 8.6.1 Construction 123 8.6.2 Operation 123 8.6.3 De-commissioning 124 8.6.4 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Summary Table 124 8.7 Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequent Effects 125 8.7.1 Introduction 125 8.7.2 Construction Period 125 8.7.3 Operational Period 125 8.7.4 De-commissioning Period 133 8.7.5 Overview of Landscape Changes and their Consequences 133 8.8 Evaluation of Landscape Effects 135 8.8.1 Criteria for Evaluation 135 8.8.2 Construction Period 136 8.9 Predicted Visual Changes and Consequent Effects 168 8.9.1 Construction Period 168 8.9.2 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the Construction Period 168 8.9.3 Operational Period 170 8.9.4 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the Operational Period 170 8.9.5 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the De- commissioning Period 171 8.10 Evaluation of Visual Effects 171 8.11 Cumulative Effects 171 8.12 Analysis of Cumulative Visibility 172 8.12.1 Sequential Visibility 175 8.12.2 Cumulative Landscape Effects 177 8.13 Monitoring 180 8.13.1 Construction 180 8.13.2 Operation 180 8.13.3 De-commissioning 180 8.14 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 181 8.14.1 Landscape 181 8.14.2 Visual 185 8.15 References 189

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9. Cultural Heritage 193 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Assessment Methodology 193 9.2.1 General 193 9.2.2 Policy Context 193 9.2.3 Scope of the Assessment 195 9.2.4 Assessment of Effects 198 9.2.5 Technical Consultations 199 9.2.6 Final Scope 199 9.2.7 Assessment of Significance 201 9.3 Baseline 203 9.3.1 Data Sources 203 9.3.2 Archaeological Resource 204 9.3.3 Site History 209 9.4 Information Gaps 210 9.5 Constraints to Development 211 9.6 Project Assumptions 212 9.6.1 Construction 212 9.6.2 Operation and Decommissioning 213 9.7 Predicted Effects 214 9.7.1 Construction 214 9.7.2 Operation 215 9.7.3 Decommissioning 215 9.8 Summary of Predicted Effects 216 9.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 220 9.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 220 9.11 References 220

10. Biodiveristy 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Assessment Methodology 223 10.2.1 Policy and Guidance 223 10.2.2 Scope 224 10.2.3 Survey Methodologies 227 10.2.4 Assessment Methodology 229 10.3 Baseline 232 10.3.1 Designated Nature Conservation Sites 232 10.3.2 Habitats 233 10.3.3 Fauna 236

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10.3.4 Biodiversity Evaluation 237 10.3.5 Predicted Trends in the Absence of Development 242 10.4 Information Gaps 242 10.5 Constraints to Development 242 10.6 Project Assumptions 242 10.6.1 Construction 242 10.6.2 Operation 244 10.6.3 Decommissioning 246 10.6.4 Enhancement Measures 246 10.6.5 Summary of Project Assumptions 247 10.7 Predicted Effects 249 10.7.1 Construction Impacts 249 10.7.2 Operation Impacts 250 10.7.3 Decommissioning Impacts 251 10.7.4 Cumulative Impacts and Effects 251 10.8 Summary of Predicted Effects 253 10.8.1 Criteria for Evaluation 253 10.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 257 10.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 257 10.11 References 258

11. Ornithology 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Assessment Methodology 260 11.2.1 Policy and Guidance 260 11.2.2 Scope 260 11.2.3 Desk Study 261 11.2.4 Bird Surveys and Assessment Methodologies 262 11.3 Baseline 267 11.3.1 Baseline Description 267 11.3.2 Evaluation of Resources 268 11.3.3 Predicted Trends 272 11.4 Information Gaps 272 11.5 Constraints to Development 273 11.6 Project Assumptions 273 11.6.1 Construction 273 11.6.2 Operational Phase 273 11.6.3 Decommissioning 273 11.6.4 Enhancement Measures 274 11.6.5 Monitoring 274

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11.6.6 Summary of Project Assumptions 274 11.7 Predicted Effects 275 11.7.1 Construction Impacts 276 11.7.2 Operational Impacts 276 11.7.3 Cumulative Impacts and Effects 278 11.7.4 Evaluation of Effects 279 11.8 Summary of Predicted Effects 281 11.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 283 11.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 283 11.11 References 283

12. Traffic and Transport 287 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Scope and Methodology 287 12.2.1 Policy and Guidance 287 12.2.2 Scope 289 12.2.3 Survey Methodologies 289 12.3 Baseline Description 290 12.3.1 Existing Highway Network 290 12.3.2 Existing Traffic Flows 290 12.3.3 Personal Injury Accident Data 291 12.3.4 Evaluation of Resources 292 12.3.5 Predicted Trends 293 12.3.6 Information Gaps 293 12.4 Project Assumptions 293 12.5 Predicted Effects 295 12.5.1 Construction Impacts/ Traffic Generation 295 12.5.2 Off-site Works 302 12.5.3 Operation and Decommissioning 302 12.5.4 Cumulative Impacts 303 12.6 Evaluation of Effects 303 12.6.1 Effects Considered 303 12.7 Summary of Predicted Effects 305 12.8 Monitoring 307 12.9 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 307 12.10 References 308

13. Hydrology and Hydrogeology 309 13.1 Introduction 309

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13.1.1 Legislation and Guidance 309 13.2 Assessment Methodology 310 13.3 Baseline 312 13.3.1 Topography 313 13.3.2 Hydrology and Flood Risk 314 13.3.3 Climate 315 13.3.4 Geology and Soils 315 13.3.5 Groundwater 316 13.3.6 Surface Water Quality 316 13.3.7 Designations 317 13.3.8 Abstractions 317 13.3.9 Discharges 318 13.3.10 Pollution Incidents 318 13.3.11 Hydrological Regime 318 13.3.12 Future Baseline 319 13.4 Information Gaps 319 13.5 Constraints to Development 319 13.6 Project Assumptions 321 13.6.1 Peat Areas 321 13.6.2 Surface Water and Groundwater Quality 321 13.6.3 Flood Risk 323 13.7 Predicted Effects 326 13.7.1 Potential Receptors 326 13.7.2 Potential Effects 326 13.7.3 Assessment of Significance 327 13.8 Summary of Predicted Effects 329 13.9 Further Mitigation Measures 332 13.10 Implementation of Project Assumptions 332 13.11 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 333

14. Socio Economic, Tourism, Recreation and Land Use 335 14.1 Introduction 335 14.2 Scope 335 14.3 Assessment Methodology 335 14.3.1 Assessment Methodology 337 14.4 Baseline 338 14.4.1 Economy and Community 338 14.4.2 Tourism and Recreation 340 14.4.3 Land Use 343

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14.5 Information Gaps 343 14.6 Constraints to Development 343 14.7 Project Assumptions 344 14.7.1 Economy and Community 344 14.7.2 Tourism and Recreation 344 14.8 Predicted Effects 345 14.8.1 Economy and Community 345 14.8.2 Tourism and Recreation 347 14.8.3 Land Use 349 14.9 Summary of Potential Effects 350 14.9.1 Criteria for Evaluation 350 14.10 Monitoring 352 14.11 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 352 14.12 References 353

15. Telecomunications, Infrastructure and Shadow Flicker 355 15.1 Introduction 355 15.2 Scope and Methodology 355 15.2.1 Policy and Guidance 355 15.2.2 Scope 356 15.3 Baseline 356 15.3.1 Evaluation of Resources 358 15.3.2 Predicted Trends 358 15.4 Information Gaps 358 15.5 Project Assumptions 358 15.5.1 Design 358 15.5.2 Construction 359 15.5.3 Operation 359 15.5.4 De-commissioning 359 15.5.5 Implementation 360 15.6 Predicted Effects 360 15.6.1 Construction 360 15.6.2 Operation 360 15.6.3 Decommissioning 360 15.7 Summary of Predicted Effects 361 15.8 Monitoring 361 15.9 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusion 361

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Table 1.1 Emissions to atmosphere if Wind Farm Output Replaces Coal and Gas-Fired Power Stations Output and a Grid Average Based on 36MW Wind Farm Operating at 30% of Maximum Rated Output 3 Table 1.2 Proposed Turbine Locations 4 Table 2.1 Environmental Topics Addressed in EIA 10 Table 3.1 Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius 20 Table 4.1 Indicative Capacity Targets for Strategy Search Areas 25 Table 5.1 A Summary of Main Factors Considered in Site Selection 32 Table 6.1 Mitigation of Potentially Significant Effects through Design 37 Table 6.2 Indicative Programme 39 Table 6.3 List of Expected Wind Farm Operational and Maintenance Activities 46 Table 7.1 Typical Noise Levels 50 Table 7.2 Construction Plant Source Data 51 Table 7.3 Summary of Project Assumptions 56 Table 7.4 Vestas V90 Sound Power Levels 57 -1 Table 7.5 Octave Band Spectra of Vestas V90 at Wind Speed V10 = 8ms 58 Table 7.6 ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Daytime 59 Table 7.7 ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Night-time 61 Table 7.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 64 Table 7.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 65 Table 8.1 Scope of the Landscape and Visual Assessment 69 Table 8.2 Magnitude of Landscape Effects 76 Table 8.3 Sensitivity of Landscape Resources 78 Table 8.4 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors 82 Table 8.5 Magnitudes of Visual Effects 84 Table 8.6 Evaluation of Significance for Landscape and Visual Assessment 85 Table 8.7 Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius 119 Table 8.8 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Summary Table 124 Table 8.9 Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences 126 Table 8.10 Operation Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences 130 Table 8.11 Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction 136 Table 8.12 Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation 149 Table 9.1 Definition of Magnitude Table 202 Table 9.2 Matrix of Significance 202 Table 9.3 Scheduled Monuments within Study Area 203 Table 9.4 Identified Features within Site Boundary 205 Table 9.5 Identified Features within Study Area 206 Table 9.6 Cultural Heritage Constraints to Development 211 Table 9.7 Summary of Project Assumptions 213 Table 9.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 216 Table 9.9 Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect Effects 217 Table 9.10 Implementation of Incorporated Assumptions 220 Table 10.1 Definitions of Nature Conservation Policy Importance/ Sensitivity Relevant to the Proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind farm (adapted from IEEM 2002) 230 Table 10.2 Definition of Magnitude Table 231 Table 10.3 Evaluation of Significance for Biodiversity Assessment 232 Table 10.4 Summary of pSINC Details Overlapping the Application Site 233 Table 10.5 Evaluation of Biodiversity Interest 238 Table 10.6 Summary of Project Assumptions 247 Table 10.7 Information on Developments near to the Mynydd Bwllfa Site (known VER in Bold) 252 Table 10.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 255 Table 10.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions 257 Table 11.1 Definition of Terms relating to Nature Conservation Importance of Site 269 Table 11.2 Conservation Evaluation of the Breeding Bird Populations at Mynydd Bwlfa 270 Table 11.3 Summary of Project Assumptions 275 Table 11.4 Definition of Terms Relating to the Magnitude of Effects 275 Table 11.5 Information on Windfarms within 10km of the Hirwaun Site 279 Table 11.6 Significance Matrix 280 Table 11.7 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 281 Table 11.8 Implementation of Incorporated Mitigation Measures 283 Table 12.1 Traffic Survey Data 290 Table 12.2 Estimated Base Traffic Flows Mon-Fri 12 hour (07:00-19:00)* 291 Table 12.3 Summary of Recorded PIAs on the A465 and the A4059 291 Table 12.4 Predicted Daily Average Baseline Two-way Traffic Flows (2010) 293 Table 12.5 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures 295 Table 12.6 Traffic Generations 299 Table 12.7 Two-way Trips per Month 300 Table 12.8 Daily Two-way Trips per Construction Month 301

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Table 12.9 Predicted ‘Maximum Credible’ Percentage Impact (2010) 302 Table 12.10 Combined Hirwaun and Maerdy Predicted ‘Maximum Credible’ Percentage Impact (2010) 303 Table 12.11 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 306 Table 13.1 Overview of Sensitivity of Water Feature or Receptor 311 Table 13.2 Overview of Magnitude of Potential Effects 311 Table 13.3 Derivation of Significance of Potential Effects 312 Table 13.4 Hydrology and Hydrogeology – Sources of Information 312 Table 13.5 Climate Change Allowances 319 Table 13.6 Summary of Project Assumptions 325 Table 13.7 Sensitivity of Receptors at Mynydd Bwllfa 328 Table 13.8 Magnitude of Potential Effects at Mynydd Bwllfa 328 Table 13.9 Receptors and Evaluation of Significance of Potential Effects 330 Table 13.10 Implementation Project Assumptions 333 Table 14.1 Wind Energy Benefits 2006-2026 338 Table 14.2 2001 Census Population 339 Table 14.3 Tourism Volume and Value 341 Table 14.4 Summary of Project Assumptions 345 Table 14.5 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Economic and Community 350 Table 14.6 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Tourism and Recreation 351 Table 14.7 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Land Use 352 Table 15.1 Location of Properties near Mynydd Bwllfa 356 Table 15.2 Consultations made with Respect to Existing Infrastructure, Telecommunications, Television, Aviation and Safety 357 Table 15.3 Summary of Project Assumptions 360 Table 15.4 Effects and Evaluation of Significance 361

Appendix A Evaluation of Visual Effects: Construction and Operation Appendix B Cumulative Assessment Tables Appendix C Photomontage Protocol Appendix D Glossary of Terms, Landscape and Visual Appendix E ASIDOHL2 Appendix F Outline HMP Appendix G Vantage Point Data Appendix H Brown and Shepherd Results Summary Appendix I Site Hydrology - Photography Appendix J Drainage Calculations

Volume 2

Figure 1.1 Site Location Figure 1.2 Application Site Boundary

Figure 6.1 Typical Wind Turbine Figure 6.2 Environmental Constraints Figure 6.3 Site Layout Plan Figure 6.4 Proposed Site Access Figure 6.5 Typical Permanent Met Mast Figure 6.6 Site Road Cross-Section Figure 6.7 Culvert Detail Figure 6.8 Turbine Pad Foundation Figure 6.9 Crane Hardstanding Figure 6.10 Cable Trench Detail Figure 6.11 Site Control Building & Substation Compound

Figure 7.1 Noise Assessment Locations Figure 7.2 Wind Conditions Encountered during Survey Figure 7.3 Noise Assessment – Bwllfa Farm Figure 7.4 Noise Assessment – Bwlllfa Terrace Figure 7.5 Noise Asessment – Waungron Figure 7.6 Noise Assessment – Cwmdare

Figure 8.1 Landscape & Visual Assessment Study Areas Figure 8.2 Topographical Map of the Detailed Study Area

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Figure 8.3i Annotated Site Photographs Figure 8.3ii Annotaded Site Photographs Figure 8.4 Landscape Context: Long Distance Footpaths and Cycle Routes Figure 8.5 Landscape Context: Historic Parks and Gardens Figure 8.6 Landscape Designations Figure 8.7 Landscape Designation in Detail Study Area Figure 8.8 LANDMAP Visual & Sensory Aspect Areas Within the Detailed Study Area Falling Within the Blade Tip ZTV Figure 8.9 LANDMAP Visual & Sensory Aspect Overall Evaluation Figure 8.10 LANDMAP geological Landscape Aspect Overall Evaluation Figure 8.11 LANDMAP Landscape Habitats Aspect Overall Evaluation Figure 8.12 LANDMAP Historic Landscape Aspect Areas in Relation to Registered Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales Figure 8.13 LANDMAP Cultural Landscape Aspect Overall Evaluation Figure 8.14 Photomontage and Wireframe Viewpoint Locations Figure 8.15 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Blade Tip Height Within the Defined Study Area Figure 8.16 Zone of Theoretical Visibilty to Hub Height Within the Defined Study Area Figure 8.17 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Blade Tip Height Within the Defined Study Area With Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.18 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Hub Height Within the Defined Study Area With Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.19 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Blade Tip height Within the Detailed Study Area Figure 8.20 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Hub Height within the Detailed Study Area Figure 8.21 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Blade Tip Height Within the Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.22 Zone of Theoretical Visibility to Hub Height Within the Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.23 Zone of Theoretical Visibility of Access Road at 2.5m above Ground Level within the Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.24 Zone of Theoretical Visibility of Turbine Bases within the Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.25 Zone of Theoretical Visibility of Northern Access Road within The Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.26 Zone of Theoretical Visibility of Southern Access Road within The Detailed Study Area with Forestry Areas Excluded Figure 8.27i Photomontage View North-West from Viewpoint 1: Castell Nos Scheduled Monument, Upper Cwm Rhondda Fach Figure 8.27ii Photomontage View North-West from Viewpoint 1: Castell Nos Scheduled Monument, Upper Cwm Rhondda Fach Figure 8.28i Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 2: Dare Valley Country Park, Cwmparc Figure 8.28ii Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 2: Dare Valley Country Park, Cwmparc Figure 8.29i Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 3: Carpark on A4233 between Maerdy and Aberdare Figure 8.29ii Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 3: Carpark on A4233 between Maerdy and Aberdare Figure 8.30i Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 4: View West from Junction Dare Road and Bwllfa Road Cwmdare Figure 8.30ii Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 4: View West from Jucntion Dare Road and Bwllfa Road Cwmdare Figure 8.31i Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 5: A4059, Penywaun Figure 8.31ii Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 5: A4059, Penywaun Figure 8.32i Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 6: Swansea Road, Maescynon, Hirwaun Figure 8.32ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 6: Swansea Road, Maescynon, Hirwaun Figure 8.33i Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 7: Park Close to Ty Bruce Road, Hirwaun Figure 8.33ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 7: Park Close to Ty Bruce Road, Hirwaun Figure 8.34i Photomontage View North-West from Viewpoint 8: Rear of Glanville Terrace, Adjacent to Grounds of Ferndale Community School Figure 8.34ii Photomontage View North-West from Viewpoint 8: Rear of Glanville Terrace, Adjacent to Grounds of Ferndale Community School Figure 8.35i Photomontage View south from Viewpoint 9: Southern Edge of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.35ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 9: Southern Edge of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.36i Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 10: Football Ground at Tre-lfor, Llwydcoed Figure 8.36ii Photomontage View South-West from Viewpoint 10: Football Ground at Tre-lfor, Llwydcoed Figure 8.37i Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 11: Coed Morgannwg Way in Cwmbach, Aberdare Figure 8.37ii Photomontage View West from Viewpoint 11: Coed Morgannwg Way in Cwmbach, Aberdare Figure 8.38i Photomontage View North from Viewpoint 12: Junction of A4061 and A4107 at Bwlch y Clawdd Figure 8.38ii Photomontage View North fromViewpoint 12: Junction of A4061 and A4107 at Bwlch y Clawdd

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Figure 8.39i Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 13: Lay-by and Picnic Area on A4059 North of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.39ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 13: Lay-by and Picnic Area on A4059 North of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.40i Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 14: Minor Road between Penderyn and Llwyn-on Reservoir Near Cefn Sychbant Figure 8.40ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 14: Minor Road between Penderyn and Llwyn-on Reservoir Near Cefn Sychbant Figure 8.41i Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 15: Minor Road Near Tir Deweunydd, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.41ii Photomontage View South from Viewpoint 15: Minor Road Near Tir Deweunydd, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.42 Photomontage View Showing Line of Proposed Access Road looking South from Viewpoint 16: A4059 South of Hirwaun Figure 8.43 Wireframe View South from Viewpoint 17: High ground to the North-West of Ystradfellte Figure 8.44 Wireframe View West from Viewpoint 18: Bogey Road Across Merthyr Common, East of Merthyr Tydfil Figure 8.45 Wireframe View South-West from Viewpoint 19: 339m High Point on Minor Road between Pontsticill and Cefn Coed Figure 8.46 Wireframe View North-West from Viewpoint 20: Within CRoW Access Area East of Mynydd-y- Glyn Near Pontypridd Figure 8.47 Wireframe View West from Viewpoint 21: Dowlais Top Retail Park Figure 8.48 Wireframe View North from Viewpoint 22: Mynydd Eglwysilan Figure 8.49 Wireframe View South-East from Viewpont 23: Summit of Fan Gyhirych, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.50 Wireframe View South from Viewpoint 24: Summit of Pen y Fan, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.51 Wireframe view North-West from Viewponit 25: Summit of Garth Hill, West of Taff Valley Figure 8.52 Wireframe View South from Viewpoint 26: Summit of Fan Brycheiniog, Mynydd Du, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.53 Wireframe View North-West from Viewpoint 27: Adjacent to Church at Mynyddistwyn Near Abercarn Figure 8.54 Wireframe View Sotuh-West from Viewpoint 28: B4560 North of Brynmawr, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.55 Wireframe View Wiest from Viewpoint 29: 375mm High Point in CRoW Area on Minor Road East of Newbridge Figure 8.56 Other Wind Farms Within the Cumulative Study Area Figure 8.57 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Taff Ely and Ffynnon Oer Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.58 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Maesgwyn and Maerdy Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.59 Cumulative Zones of theoretical Visibility of Scarwether Sands and Blaengwen Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.60 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Mynydd-y-Betws and Mynydd-y-Gwair Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.61 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Fforch Nest and Pany-y-wal Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.62 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Hirfynydd and Mynydd Marchywel Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.63 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Merthyr Common and Pendragon Fach Wind Farms in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.64 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Maesteg Wind Farm in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.65 Cumulative Zones of Theoretical Visibility of Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm in Relation to Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Figure 8.66 Total Numbers of Turbines Theoretically Visible Within the Defined Study Area (excluding Pen y Cymoedd) Figure 8.67 Total Numbers of Turbines Theoretically Visible Within the Defined Study Area (including Pen y Cymoedd) Figure 8.68 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 1: Castell Nos Scheduled Monument, Upper Cwm Rhondda Fach Figure 8.69 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 2: Dare Valley Country Park, Cwmpar Figure 8.70 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 3: Carpark on A4233 between Maerdy and Abderdare Figure 8.71 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 4: View West from Junction Dare Road and Bwllfa Road Cwmdare Figure 8.72 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 5: A4059, Penywaun Figure 8.73 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 6: Swansea Road, Maescynon, Hirwaun Figure 8.74 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 7: Park Close to Ty Bruce Road, Hirwaun

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Figure 8.75 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 8: Rear of Glanville Terrace, Adjacent to Grounds of Ferndale School Figure 8.76 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 9: Southern Edge of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.77 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 10: Football Ground at Tre-lfor, Llwydcoed Figure 8.78 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 11: Coed Morgannwg Way in Cwmbach, Aberdare Figure 8.79 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 12: Junction of A4601 and A4107 at Bwlch y Clawdd Figure 8.80 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 13: Lay-by on A4056 North of Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.81 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 14: Minor Road between Penderyn and Llywn-on Reservoir near Cefn Sychbant Figure 8.82 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 15: Minor Road near Tir Deweunydd, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.83 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 17: High Ground to the North-West of Ystradfellte Figure 8.84 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 18: Bogey Road across Merthyr Common, East of MerthyrTydfil Figure 8.85 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 19: 339m High Point on Minor Road between Pontsticill and Cefn Coed Figure 8.86 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 20: Within CRoW Access Area East of Mynydd-y-Glyn near Pontypridd Figure 8.87 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 21: Dowlais Top Retail Park Figure 8.88 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 22: Mynydd Eglwysilan Figure 8.89 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 23: Summit of Fan Gyhirych, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.90 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 24: Summit of Pen y Fan, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.91 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 25: Summit of Garth Hill, West of Taff Valley Figure 8.92 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 26: Summit of Fan Brycheiniog, Mynydd Du, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.93 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 27: Adjacent to Church at Mynyddistwyn near Abercarn Figure 8.94 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 28: B4560 North of Brynmawr, Brecon Beacons National Park Figure 8.95 Cumulative Panoramic Wireframe View from Viewpoint 29: 375m High Point in CRoW Area on Minor Road East of Newbridge

Figure 9.1 Features of Cultural Heritage Interest

Figure 10.1 Survey Area and Application Area Figure 10.2 Statutory and Non-Statutory Nature Convservation Designations Figure 10.3a Phase One Habitat Survey of Main Site Figure 10.3b Phase One Habitat Survey of Access Track Figure 10.4 Photographs of Typical Habitats Figure 10.5 Peat Depth and Areas of Blanket Bog Figure 10.6 Results of Protected Species Surveys

Figure 11.1a Bird Survey Area (Application Site) Figure 11.1b Bird Survey Area (Access Track) Figure 11.2a Moorland Bird Survey Results (Application Site) Figure 11.2b Moorland Bird Survey Results (Access Track) Figure 11.3 Target Species Flight Lines (Summer and Winter) & Location of Vantage Points

Figure 12.1 Traffic Count Locations and Accident Assessment Area

Figure 13.1 Hydrological Features Figure 13.2 Solid Geology Figure 13.3 Drift Geology Figure 13.4 Soils Map

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1. Introduction

1.1 About this Document This document forms the Environmental Statement (ES) for the proposed wind farm development on land at Mynydd Bwllfa which lies to the south of Hirwaun. The Environmental Statement reports on the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment which considers the likely significant effects arising from the construction, operation and decommissioning of twelve wind turbines, related infrastructure including access tracks, transformer, meteorological mast and sub-station. Entec UK Limited, an independent environmental and engineering consultancy, has undertaken the Environmental Impact Assessment and prepared this document.

1.2 Climate Change

There is an international acceptance that the rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases is leading to changes in the global climate. At the international conference on climate change held in Kyoto in 1997, the UK government accepted binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and subsequently set a domestic goal of a 20% reduction in such emissions by 2010. Studies into the evidence for and implications of climate change have been largely co-ordinated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environmental Programme. Its remit is to study historical evidence for climate change up to the present, modelling climatic processes and future climate change scenarios, identifying regional variations in climate change, quantifying the risk of potential global and regional effects of climate change and recommending mitigation and adaptation measures for the international community and individual governments. The IPCC has so far reported in 1990, 1996, 2001 and 2007. Evidence that climate change is occurring and that it is outside the fluctuations of natural changes has become recognised more strongly in each of the IPCC reports and the IPCC now states that it is ‘unequivocal’ that it is occurring. Evidence from various sources of global temperatures over the past millennium indicates that: ‘Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.’ Furthermore the IPCC has strengthened its conclusion as to the cause of temperatures rises such that: ‘Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid- 20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. This is an advance since the (Third Assessment Report’s) conclusion that “most of the observed warming over the last 50 years

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is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations”. Discernible human influences now extend to other aspects of climate, including ocean warming, continental-average temperatures, temperature extremes and wind patterns.’ The implications for Wales are well recognised; in February 2007 the First Minister stated that: ‘Climate change is one of the most important challenges facing the world. Global warming will not be curbed by warm words or by hand wringing; it will only be tackled by action. It is not simply an environmental problem; it has profound implications for our economy and society and for the wellbeing of all of us who live in Wales and for people across the world.’ The impacts of climate change in Wales were identified in the report, ‘Climate Change Wales – Learning to Live Differently’. The key impacts identified were those associated with the rise in sea levels, increased winter rainfall, increased occurrence of storms and flooding and the changes in agriculture and habitat likely to result. Furthermore there was expected to be a wide range of economic consequences.

1.3 Renewable Energy The replacement of fossil fuel energy generation with renewables, together with an overall reduction in the energy use is seen as an essential step towards a low carbon economy by Government. In the case of renewable energy, onshore wind power is recognised as being a deliverable, mature technology. In the whole of the UK operational rated capacity of wind farms currently stands at 2,760 MW with a Welsh contribution of 332MW. A further 31MW are under construction and 163MW consented within Wales. The Assembly Government is committed to playing its part by delivering an energy programme which contributes to reducing carbon emissions. It has established specific renewable electricity production targets for Wales of 4TWh per annum by 2010 and 7TWh per annum by 2020. The energy of the wind has been harnessed by man for centuries, and is currently the fastest growing form of power generation worldwide. It produces no waste or emissions to air and hence does not contribute to global climate change. Wales has one of the windiest climates in the UK, giving the Country great potential to use this resource to generate electricity.

1.4 Atmospheric Emissions It is widely accepted that electricity produced from wind energy has a positive benefit with regard to reducing CO2 emissions. In estimating the actual saving, it is important to consider the mix of alternative sources of electricity generation, for example coal powered and gas powered. However no single figure for the amount of CO2 emissions that could be saved as a result of switching to wind generation has been agreed. In the interim the BWEA and ASA have agreed that it is appropriate to compare wind generation against a range of values based on gas powered generation and coal powered generation. In the case of gas, CO2 emissions are estimated to be 370g/kwh, while for coal the emissions are estimated at 860g/kwh. Based on these figures, the savings associated with the generation of renewable energy at the Mynydd

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Bwllfa wind farm are provided within Table 1.1 below. Emissions saved assuming that wind displaces the grid average (430g/kwh) is also provided. These figures assume a maximum rated output of 3MW per machine multiplied by a net capacity factor of 30%. This factor takes into account the intermittent nature of the wind, the down time of the wind turbines due to scheduled maintenance and other energy losses which are inherent in the design and operation of the wind farm (for example losses in cabling, down time due to adverse weather etc).

Table 1.1 Emissions to atmosphere if Wind Farm Output Replaces Coal and Gas-Fired Power Stations Output and a Grid Average Based on 36MW Wind Farm Operating at 30% of Maximum Rated Output

Emissions to Atmosphere Avoided (Tonnes)

Coal Equivalent Annual Total (25 years)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 81,362 2,034,050

Sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) 945 23,625

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 285 7,125

Gas Equivalent

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35,004 875,100

Grid Average

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 40,681 1,017,025 Carbon dioxide is the main gas implicated in global warming. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause acid rain.

1.5 Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The proposal is to construct and operate a wind farm of 12 turbines and associated infrastructure including access tracks, meteorological mast, transformer and a sub-station. The proposed candidate turbine will have a power output of 3 Megawatts (MW), dependant on the final commercial choice (see Section 6.2.5), and therefore a combined maximum rated output of up to 36MW of electrical power. The annual generation expected at the site will be equivalent to the domestic needs of approximately 20,129 average households1 in Britain (Source: British Wind Energy Association2). The wind farm will be designed with an operational life of 25 years. At the end of this period the developer has three options; to decommission the wind farm and dismantle and remove the

1 Assuming maximum rated capacity of 36MW and capacity factor of 30% which takes into account the intermittent nature of the wind, the availability of the wind turbines and array losses. 2 http://www.bwea.com/edu/calcs/html

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turbines; to apply for an extension to the operating period using existing equipment or apply to install new equipment on the site. For the purposes of this assessment it is assumed that the wind farm will be decommissioned. The proposed wind farm site known at Mynydd Bwllfa is located approximately 1.5km to the south of Hirwaun within Rhondda Cynon Taf. The grid references for each turbine are provided within Table 1.2 below:

Table 1.2 Proposed Turbine Locations

Turbine Easting Northing

1 295303 202356

2 294874 202906

3 295025 202653

4 295543 201975

5 294999 202260

6 294743 201991

7 295110 201977

8 295250 201737

9 295602 201632

10 295965 201467

11 296348 201309

12 296448 201080

The site includes part of the previously proposed Hirwaun Wind Farm for which planning permission was sought in 2006 and which was subsequently dismissed at appeal in December 2008. Detailed consideration of the reasons stated within the Inspector’s decision to dismiss the Hirwaun Wind Farm appeal has led Pennant Walters to the opinion that there remains the potential to develop a viable wind farm on land at Mynydd Bwllfa. The original area under consideration for development is known as the study area. Once the baseline studies were complete, and constraints identified, a series of layouts were produced that sought to balance the environmental issues against the objective of maximising the amount of renewable energy that could be realistically produced on the site. The study boundary therefore represents the starting point of the design process for the wind farm and the environmental studies related to the production of this Environmental Statement. Large parts of the eastern sections of the study area have been excluded from development as a result of environmental constraints such as residential properties, birds and habitats. Similarly, areas to the northwest have been excluded from physical development. Further details on the design process are provided in Chapter 6. As a result of the baseline surveys it has been possible to identify a final planning application boundary. This application boundary encloses an area of approximately 242 hectares of which

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approximately 7.8 hectares would be permanently occupied by the development of the wind farm. This application boundary was established following the completion of baseline surveys of the wider study area that comprised some 720 hectares. In total the amount of land developed relates to 3.2 % of the application site. The proposed wind farm layout, including access tracks, sub-station and meteorological mast locations is described in Section 6 and shown in Figure 6.3. The site currently consists primarily of semi-improved grassland used for grazing sheep and cattle. The site also contains a number of relatively minor watercourses and standing water. Existing agricultural practices can continue during and following construction of the wind farm.

1.6 Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd (hereon known as Pennant Walters) is part of the Walters Group. The company was formed in 2004 to pursue Renewable Energy projects by the combination of the interests of Pennant Wind Ltd and Walters. The Walters Group employs 500 people across South Wales and from its head office in Hirwaun, it now has substantial interests in civil engineering, plant hire, land development, mining and renewable energy. Following the commitment by the UK Government to achieving 10% of UK electricity generation from renewable sources and the parallel commitment to the same by WAG by 2010 Walters recognised the opportunity presented by the emerging renewables industry across Wales. Since late 2001 Walters has been working with Pennant Wind Ltd and later Eco2 Ltd on its Pendragon Wind Farm proposal on Walters owned land in Blaenau Gwent. From this business relationship came a thorough understanding of the potential opportunity that the emerging renewable energy development industry presented for the Group in Wales. Significantly Walters also owned 15,000 acres of land throughout southern Wales. Walters Group is one of Wales top 300 companies and in recent years has diversified is interests significantly. The Group remain a very large operator of yellow plant and with over 300 pieces of major civil engineering equipment it is the largest privately owned plant hire company in the UK. Nevertheless the last 10 years has seen the Group broaden its interests significantly beyond the mining industry. Notable projects include:

• The new racecourse and hotel development at Ffos Las near Trimsaran; Carmarthenshire;

• The Castlegate remediation and housing development in Caerphilly County Borough Council;

• Land reclamation projects at Felindre Steelworks Swansea, the old Blue Circle Cement Works at Rhoose Point near Barry, and Rogerstone Power Station near Newport;

• Major roadwork schemes include junction 13 on the M4 motorway, Caerphilly Bypass, Mountain Ash Bypass, Porth bypass and A470 Merthyr–Brecon Road;

• The reclamation of the former Corus steelworks site in Ebbw Vale along with partners Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council and the Welsh Development Agency. The £3.5m value contract involves excavating and removing about

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600,000 tonnes of soil and rubble to create a 50 acre platform for sitting 500,000ft2 of office space and a new 111 bed community hospital;

• The £7m contract for ground preparation at the Pencoed Technology Park. The scheme is being carried out under a partnering agreement with the Welsh Development Agency and sectional agreements with both Bridgend County Borough Council and Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council.

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2. Environmental Impact Assessment

2.1 Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process by which information about the environmental effects of a project is collected, evaluated and taken into account in its design and the decision as to whether it should be given consent. The developer presents the information on the project and its environmental effects in an Environmental Statement (ES). This forms a basis for consultation and enables decision makers to consider these effects when determining the related development application. The EIA process has a number of key characteristics. • It is systematic, comprising a sequence of tasks defined both by regulation and by practice; • It is analytical, requiring the application of specialist skills from the environmental sciences; • It is impartial, its objective being to inform the decision-maker rather than to promote the project;

• It is consultative, with provision being made for obtaining information and feedback from interested parties including local authorities and statutory agencies; and

• It is interactive, allowing opportunities for environmental concerns to be addressed during the planning and design of a project. This final point is particularly important with respect to the design of the wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa, where a number of design iterations have taken place in response to environmental factors identified during the EIA process (see Section 6.3).

2.2 The EIA Process

2.2.1 Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 The EIA Regulations require that all Schedule 1 and certain Schedule 2 developments are the subject of environmental assessment. For all Schedule 2 developments where it is decided that the particular development may have significant effects on the environment, whether on account of its nature, scale or location, an EIA is required. Some effects can be positive, representing environmental gain as a result of the development. The criteria used for determining whether a Schedule 2 development is likely to have significant effects on the environment are not clearly defined and each proposal must therefore be assessed on its merits against various guidelines. For wind farms guidance provided in Circular 15/99 Environmental Impact Assessment (relative to the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 1999) states that an EIA is more likely to be required for commercial developments

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of five or more turbines, or more than 5MW of new generating capacity. Given the size of the proposed wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa, a screening opinion was not sought from Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council as the developer recognised that an EIA would be needed. It was also recognised that the structured EIA processes can play an important role in developing the scheme design to minimise any negative environmental impacts and capitalise on any positive environmental effects of the development. It is to be noted that where it has been determined that there may be significant environmental effects, and that an EIA is therefore required, it does not mean that a significant effect is the ultimate conclusion of the ES. The EIA process facilitates identification of the potential for these effects and then allows mitigation to be incorporated into the design of the scheme or the method of construction and operation which may reduce or eliminate any negative impacts or effects.

2.2.2 Key Effects The key steps which should be undertaken as part of the EIA process are summarised in Box 2.1 (these are based on the EIA regulations, Government guidance and good practice).

Box 2.1 Key Steps in the EIA Process

• Defining the project;

• Considering the need for the project and alternatives for meeting this need;

• Deciding on the potentially significant effects which need to be assessed and how this assessment will be carried out (i.e. Scoping);

• Consultation over the scope of the EIA and refining the scope in response to the comments which are received;

• Describing the baseline environment which is relevant to the potentially significant effects (i.e. that existed before commencement of the project and assumed to develop in its absence) and establishing the sensitivity of identified receptors/resources within that environment;

• Identifying measures to mitigate significant effects and liaising with the project design team to incorporate these (where possible) into the proposals:

• On-going consultation with statutory consultees with other interested parties;

• Assessing the magnitude of predicted environmental effects;

• Evaluating the significance of the predicated effects;

• Collating the findings in an ES and summarising the findings in a Non-Technical Summary;

• On-going environmental monitoring, assessment and other work, as required following the production of the ES.

2.2.3 The Scoping Process One of the earliest steps in the process is to define those environmental effects which need to be assessed as part of the EIA. The focussing exercise is part of the process known as scoping. The context for this focusing exercise is provided in the EIA regulations. The ES should

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include “a description of the likely significant effects of the development on the environment…”. This guidance states that “…in many cases, only a few of the effects will be significant and will need to be discussed in the ES in any depth. Other impacts may be of little or no significance for the particular development in question and will need only very brief treatment to indicate that their possible relevance has been considered”. The focussing exercise is the means by which the likely significant effects are identified. Identifying at the early scoping stage, which effects are likely to be significant might be considered to be premature, given that the best way to make this judgement is to assess each effect in detail and then to decide whether or not it is significant. However, in practice, it is unrealistic to do this given the great number of effects which could result from the proposed development; assessing all of these in detail would be impractical. Against this background, the scoping process therefore plays a critical role in using the best available data to identify these effects which are likely to be of significant concern, which can then be taken forward for more detailed analysis. These effects should include those which are: • Known or likely to be significant;

• Sufficiently uncertain that it cannot be determined at this stage whether or not they are likely to be significant. Other aspects are scoped out of the EIA on the grounds that they are known to be irrelevant or that they will give rise to effects of little or no significance.

2.3 Topics to be addressed in the EIA Matters to be taken into account within the ES are provided under Schedule 3 and 4 of the EIA Regulations (SI No 2000 1927). Schedule 4 specifies that the ES should include those “aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the development, including, in particular population, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, including the architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and the inter-relationship between the above factors”’ In this report, these topics are dealt with under the headings set out in Table 2.1:

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Table 2.1 Environmental Topics Addressed in EIA

Topics in the EIA Regulations Topics in this Report (SI No 2000 1927)

Population Noise, public access, health and safety including electromagnetic safety and air safeguarding, traffic and transportation, socio-economics, including tourism and public rights of way.

Fauna Nature conservation.

Flora Nature conservation.

Soil Geology, to be considered within Hydrology. Impact of loss of agricultural land to be considered within socio-economics.

Water Hydrology and hydrogeology.

Air Health and safety, nature conservation (in relation to construction dust).

Climatic factors Sustainability and the need for development. Landscape and visual effects.

Material assets, including the Cultural heritage and historic landscape character. architectural and archaeological heritage

Landscape Landscape and visual.

The inter-relationship between the The ES cumulative assessment above factors

2.4 Approach to the Assessment of Environmental Topics Each of the separate assessments dealing with environmental topics listed in Table 2.1 has been undertaken in relation to a ‘baseline’. This relates to the existing environmental situation and predicted trends, that is, how this would change if the proposed development were not to go ahead (i.e. the ‘do nothing’ scenario). All of the topic assessments have been undertaken on the basis of a common understanding of the nature of the proposed development (as described in Section 6).

2.4.1 Chapter Structure Each environmental topic chapter follows a common format, as outlined below: Introduction: This provides a pen picture of the site of the proposed development and information about relevant off-site interests which could not be affected by the development; Scope and Methodology: This section summarises the rationale for the definition of the scope of the topic assessments based on the Scoping Report. If consultees to the Scoping Report have commented on the scope relating to the environmental topic being assessed, their comments and the response to them are summarised in this section. Information is included about how the scope has been revised to reflect the project assumptions which have been incorporated into the

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scheme. This section also includes an outlines of the methodology which has been applied in undertaking the assessment, including details of any survey work which has been carried out; Baseline description: The section describes only those aspects of the environment which are specifically relevant to the scope of the assessment (i.e. those ‘likely to be significantly affected). Thus, where effects of one or more aspects of the environment have been scoped out, those aspects will not be described. For those aspects which are described, this section includes information about the current situation and how this might change if the proposed development were not to go ahead. Any information gaps are listed. Project assumptions: This section identifies any project assumptions that have been proposed for incorporation into the development and that the ensuing assessments assume are in place and effective. Implementation of project assumptions: This section sets out whether there are measures which are required to ensure that each of the agreed project assumptions which have already been described will be implemented.

2.4.2 Significance Assessment The ES must define the significance of the consequences which it has assessed. Entec’s approach is to define significance based on the interaction between two factors, namely the: • Magnitude of environmental effect;

• Value of the resource or sensitivity of the receptor affected. The magnitude of the impact refers to the degree of extent of effect, defined where possible in quantifiable terms. The different dimensions of magnitude might include variables such as the area of a particular resource or number of receptors which are affected, or the duration, frequency or extent of an impact. Examples might include the area of land-take, the increase in noise levels or the extent of visibility of new infrastructure. Resource value is determined by reference to criteria such as rarity or sensitivity, or to a geographical hierarchy of designations (e.g. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated under the National Parks and Access to Countryside Act 1949 are of natural landscape value - sites of local or regional landscape value are often identified in County Structure Plans). Receptor sensitivity is related to the type of human use, for example residential dwellings are generally considered more sensitive than commercial premises and schools and hospitals are especially sensitive. These considerations, together with any relevant environmental standards or guidelines, form the basis upon which each specialist basis his or her definition of significance. The following scale is used in the assessment of significance:

• Significance: An effect which is of such significance that this should be a key material factor in the consideration of the development. The EIA regulations state that significant effects should be identified and evaluated;

• Not Significant: in the vast majority of cases, impacts which are not significant will have been scoped out of the EIA.

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2.5 Terminology The terms ‘impact’ and ‘effect’ are often used synonymously and this can lead to confusion. For this assessment they have been defined as follows:

• Impacts: any changes attributable to the proposed development which have the potential to have environmental effects (i.e. they are the cause of the effects);

• Effects: the results of the changes for specific environmental resources or receptors (note that these effects may in turn produce further environmental changes i.e. they may become impacts in their own right. Project Assumptions are characterised as follows:

• Avoidance: Measures taken to avoid impacts which could have negative effects, such as locating the main development and its working areas and access tracks away from areas of visual sensitivity, fencing off sensitive areas during the construction period, or timing works to avoid sensitive periods;

• Reduction: measures taken to reduce impacts that could have negative effects e.g. modifications or additions to the design of the development, such as the creation of silt traps to prevent polluted water from running directly into important water courses; • Offsetting: measures taken to offset residual negative effects that cannot be entirely addressed. These usually take the form of replacing what will be lost e.g. the translocation of existing vegetation to another site, the restoration of damaged or badly managed habitats, or the creation of new habitats. The term is used in place of the more widely used ‘compensation’, which can imply financial compensation, or that measures represent compensation for doing something wrong; • Enhancement is defined as the genuine enhancement of environmental interest e.g. improved management of established habitats or the creation of new habitats over and above what is an assumption within the project and offsetting. Some disciplines adopt slightly different terminology and/or definitions and where this departs from that given above this is noted the relevant technical section.

2.6 The Stages of Development Potential environmental effects have been considered in relation to the following stages of development:

• Construction: This covers the effects arising from the delivery of materials, the construction of foundations, tracks and crane pads. The installation of electrical and other associated infrastructure;

• Operation: Includes for the consideration of land use change and operation of the scheme; this covers the effects which would be associated with land use change (e.g. loss of agricultural land), new infrastructure (e.g. wind turbines on the site)

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and the operation of the scheme (i.e. when construction work is complete and the wind farm is operational);

• De-commissioning: The end of the operational life, the removal of the turbines to ground level.

2.7 Structure of Environmental Statement The Environmental Statement consists of a Non-Technical Summary, a main volume, a volume of figures and a further volume containing appendices. The main volume is divided up into 15 sections as described below: • Chapter 1: Provides an introduction to renewable energy development and wind power in particular. It gives a short overview of UK policy on greenhouse gases and renewable energy, and the potential benefits of the wind farm in terms of reduced emissions of greenhouse gasses and other air pollutants. Some background information about the developer (Pennant Walters), is provided and the section also summarises the different elements of the development; • Chapter 2: Provides an overview of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. It explains the regulatory context for the EIA and also provides an outline of the impact assessment methodology used to ensure a consistent and transparent approach to assessment across topics. It outlines the structure of the ES, defines key terms used and provides brief details on the team which has undertaken the environmental studies and compiled the ES; • Chapter 3: Describes the scoping and consultation process which assisted in the identification of the likely main environmental effects; • Chapter 4: Presents an overview of the relevant national policy, statutory planning guidance and the development plan policies which apply to the wind farm development on the proposed site;

• Chapter 5: Provides details of the wind farm site selection process. It describes the main reasons for the choice of this site, taking into account the environmental effects;

• Chaper 6: Provides information regarding the site and a description of the proposed wind farm development. This includes details of the size, layout and design of the turbines, access tracks, sub-station and cabling. This section also outlines the construction and operational requirements of the wind farm including land-use requirements. It describes the construction programme and provides details of the principal construction operations and the anticipated source of roadstone. It explains the alternatives to the layout and design which have been considered. Chapters 7 to 15 report the findings on each of the topics which were identified for inclusion in the ES process during the scoping exercise. The ES addresses all the topics considered but focuses on those topics relating to the likely significant environmental effects. These topics are covered in the following sections:

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• Chapter 7 covers noise;

• Chapter 8 covers landscape and visual;

• Chapter 9 covers cultural heritage;

• Chapter 10 covers ecology and nature conservation (excluding ornithology);

• Chpater 11 covers ornithology; • Chapter 12 covers traffic and transport;

• Chapter 13 covers hydrology and hydrogeology;

• Chapter 14 covers soci-economics including recreation and tourism;

• Chapter 15 covers existing infrastructure, telecommunications, television, aviation, safety and shadow flicker.

2.8 Technical Reports Detailed technical information relating to individual assessment topics, e.g. an ASIDOHL2 report, are included in the appendices rather than in the ES. A separate confidential annex letter relating to ornithology has been provided for Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council and the relevant principal consultees. This is not available to the general public because its contents may jeopardise the topics reported, for example, location information for sensitive bird species.

2.9 The Project Team Details of the Project Team which were involved in the preparation of the Environmental Statement and associated documents are given below: Entec UK Ltd, Entec is one of the UK’s largest environmental and engineering consultancies. Entec has been responsible for the preparation of the ES and all of its component sections and has advised on a range of environmental issues throughout the scheme design process. The EIA has been project managed by Entec’s David Kenyon BA (Hons) MRTPI, IHBC who has provided overall review and direction. Principal authors and technical reviews for the technical sections were as follows: Landscape and Visual Amenity – Ian Gates, MLd, MLI; Noise – Neil Parnell BSc, MRes, Dip; Ecology and Nature Conservation – Gemma Lee BSc, MSc; Ornithology – Alan Kirby BSc, MSc, PhD; Traffic and Transport – Adrian Simms BSc(Hons) MSc; Cultural Heritage – Simon Atkinson BA, DipEM, AIFA; Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology –Peri Boitsidis BSc, MSc, PhD;

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Socio-economics, Land Use and Public Amenity – Kirsty Tydeman BSc, MA, MRTPI; and Existing Infrastructure, Telecommunications, Television, Aviation Safety, Shadow Flicker and Wind Farm Safety – Kirsty Tydeman BSc, MA, MRTPI.

Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd While the developer has not taken an active role in the preparation of the ES, it has provided key information relating to the proposed development (Section 6), the site selection process (Section 5) and additional information used in Section 1. It has also been critically involved with Entec UK, in the iterative site design process, accommodating mitigation to reduce the impact and effect of the proposed development.

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3. Scoping

3.1 Introduction Scoping is the process of identifying those aspects of the environment and the issues which need to be considered when assessing the effects of a particular development proposal. This recognises that there may be some environmental elements where there will be no significant impacts of effects resulting from the development and hence where there is no need for further investigations to be taken. Scoping is undertaken through consulting organisations and individuals with an interest in and knowledge of the site combined with the professional judgement of the EIA team. It takes account of published guidance, the effects of the kind of development under construction and the environmental resources which could be affected.

3.2 Scoping Opinion Under Part IV Section 10 of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999, a formal scoping opinion was sought from Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council on 23rd January 2009 in order that this Environmental Statement contains the information required for it to evaluate the environmental effects of the proposed development. To assist it in reaching its opinion, and to allow broader consultation on the scope with bodies which may be unfamiliar with the proposals, the following information was provided in a Scoping Report; • The development characteristics;

• The anticipated temporal and technical scope;

• An overview and evaluation of the main environmental issues, including;

- Landscape and visual amenity;

- Ecology and nature conservation;

- Noise;

- Cultural Heritage;

- Traffic and Transport;

- Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Geology;

- Socio-economic, land use and public attitude;

- Existing infrastructure, telecommunications, televisions, aviation and safety.

• An outline of the proposed methodologies for completing the identification of the baseline conditions and the assessment of predicted impacts and effects;

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• A summary of the proposed scope of the EIA.

3.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Scope The temporal scope of the EIA was outlined within the Scoping Request. It covers the period from commencement of the first phase of the development (construction) through to the operational phase (operation), to completion of operations and restoration (de-commissioning). In its broadest sense, the spatial scope of an EIA is the area over which changes to the environmental would occur as a consequence of the development. In practice, and EIA should focus on those areas where these effects may be significant. The spatial scope varies between specialist areas of study. For example, the effect of the proposed development upon the landscape resource and visual amenity is assessed within a zone of up to 30km from the wind farm; whist ecology related effects are assessed within a much smaller area encompassing a zone of no more that 2km from the developable area.

3.3 Scoping Response A scoping opinion has been received from the Council in the form of a series of consultation responses from relevant consultees. The responses do not seek to include additional environmental topics in addition to those identified by Entec in the scoping report. They do however seek to refine some of the assessments as put forward and each environmental topic which is reported within this Statement identifies the relevant scoping response and the subsequent changes which have been made in the assessment approach. Overall it is concluded that potentially significant effects, both positive and negative, are likely to arise from one or more of the following: • The landscape resource and visual amenity;

• Noise;

• Ecology and nature conservation (including ornithology);

• Cultural Heritage;

• Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Geology;

• Existing infrastructure, telecommunications, television, aviation safety and shadow flicker. All of the above are to be subject to detailed investigation as part of the EIA. Environmental topics which are less likely to have the potential to create significant effects are:

• Traffic and Transport;

• Socio-economics.

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3.4 Cumulative Assessment Depending upon the topic under consideration an assessment has also been made of wind farms within an appropriately defined study area that have been built, have planning permission or are the subject of a submitted planning application. These have been included in an assessment of cumulative impacts and effects. Given the level of public consultation and awareness with regard to the Nuon proposals for the Pen y Cymoed wind farm on Forestry Commission land and, in response to the discussions which were undertaken during the inquiry into the Hirwaun Wind Farm, a number of the environmental topics contained within this Statement consider its likely cumulative effect. This is in recognition of the fact that this scheme has not yet been submitted for determination. The cumulative assessment has been done for the following topics where knowledge of the number and location of turbines (provided by Nuon as part of their public consultation exhibition in March 2009) is sufficient to allow a meaningful assessment to be made. These topics are:

• Noise;

• Landscape and Visual; • Ecology. Other topics, such as ornithology, have the potential to have cumulative effects with the Pen y Cymoed scheme but, in the absence of relevant environmental information for it, any meaningful assessment is consider not possible. Individual technical sections have defined different cumulative study areas. Table 3.1 details all wind farms within a 60km radius of the site which has been chosen as the maximum study area and which has been used within the landscape and visual assessment.

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Table 3.1 Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius

Wind Farm Details Comments Site No. BTH HH RD Distance

Existing Wind Farms

Taff Ely, 20 55 35 40 14.8 km Lies to south-west Tonyrefail

Ffynnon Oer, 16 91 60 62 10.6 km Lies to west Resolven

Swansea Docks 1 43 30 26 29.4 km Single small turbine will have minimal cumulative effect

Avonmouth 3 119 78 82 58.4 km On southern side of Bristol Channel hence Docks inevitable weak relationship with other wind farms

Proposed Wind Farms with Planning Consent

Maerdy 8 125 80 90 0.7 km Immediately to the south

Maesgwen 13 115 70 90 9.5 km

Fochriw 2 103.5 60 87.5 14.6 km

Scarweather 30 155 83 104 33.4 km Off shore in Swansea Bay Sands

G24I 1 90 60 60 34.8 km

Solutia 2 130 80 92.5 40.2 km

Blaengwen, 10 110 65 90 57.9 km On far north-western edge of cumulative study Carmarthenshire area beyond Brecon Beacons

Proposed Wind Farms with Planning Application Submitted

Fforch Nest 11 115 70 90 9.9 km

Pant y Wal 14 120 70 100 10.0 km

Hirfynydd 14 125 80 90 14.2 km

Merthyr 9 100 65 70 14.6 km Common

Maesteg 12 125 80 90 18.2 km

Mynydd 11 127 82 90 18.7 km Marchywel

Pendragon Fach 4 91 60 62 25.7 km

Mynydd y Betws 16 110 70 80 28.4 km

Mynydd y Gwair 19 127 82 90 29.3 km

East Radnor 3 91 60 62 59.8 km This has been consented for at least 4 years – Pentre Tump may not ever be constructed

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Table 3.1 (continued) Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius

Wind Farm Details Comments Site No. BTH HH RD Distance

Proposed Wind Farms with Scoping Submitted

Pen y Cymoedd 96 145 100 90 211m Located within Forestry Commission plantations via ‘keyholing’ hence higher turbines

Key: HH Hub Height

No. Number of turbines proposed. RD Rotor Diameter

BTH Blade Tip Height Distance Distance from the wind farm site centre. Note 1: This information has been collected from Planning and Developer sources listed below and as such may be subject to change. Sources: www.bwea.com/map/wales.html, www.yes2wind.co.uk, www.cprw.org.uk/wind/windindc.htm

3.4.1 Other Cumulative Developments In addition to wind farms, the cumulative effects of the Mynydd Bwllfa proposal with other development types may have the potential to cause significant environmental effects. Consideration is therefore given to the proposed A465 duelling at Hirwaun and its resulting habitat loss within the ecology section of this Statement.

3.5 Consultation Pre-application consultation was undertaken with RCT County Borough Council and with CCW at which the design parameters and constraints that would influence the form of the wind farm were discussed. Two public exhibitions were also held at the Hirwaun Village Hall and Coliseum Theatre Aberdare on 25th and 26th March respectively. Results from the consultation exercises have been used to inform the final design.

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4. Planning Policy

4.1 Introduction This section of the Environmental Statement sets out the national, regional and local planning policy context against which the environmental impact of the proposed development as described in Section 6 will be assessed. Planning Policy takes the form of Welsh Assembly Policy and Local Planning Policy.

4.1.1 Planning Policy Wales – March 2002 Planning Policy Wales (PPW) sets out the land use planning policies of the Welsh Assembly Government and was adopted in March 2002. PPW, together with its supporting Technical Advice Notes (TANs) comprise national planning policy which should be taken into account by local planning authorities in the preparation of Unitary Development Plans and Local Development Plans and is a material consideration in the determination of planning applications. Sections 12.8 to 12.10.4 refer to Sustainable Energy; however, following the publication of the Ministerial Interim Planning Policy Statement (MIPPS) 01/2005: Planning for Renewable Energy in July 2005, these sections were cancelled and replaced by those contained within the MIPPS. Paragraph 12.8.6 of MIPPS 01/2005 states that renewable energy projects should ‘generally be supported by local planning authorities provided environmental impacts are avoided or minimised, and nationally and internationally designated areas are not compromised’. And that ‘ in order to meet the 2010 renewable energy target, the Assembly Government’s energy policy is that 800MW of renewables capacity should be provided from strategic onshore wind energy development - mostly in the form of a small number of large wind farms.’ The Welsh Assembly Government has based this policy on the fact that Wales has an ‘abundant onshore wind resource and the fact that onshore wind power is the most viable commercial technology available that will provide a high degree of certainty of meeting the 2010 target.’ Paragraph 12.8.9 states that the Welsh Assembly Government recognises that, ‘in the short term, wind-power offers the greatest potential for an increase in the generation of electricity from renewable energy’ whilst recognising that ‘the introduction of new, often very large structures in the open countryside needs careful consideration to minimise the impact of then environment and landscape.’ Wind turbines are ‘a key part of meeting the Assembly Government’s targets for renewable electricity production….and development of a few large scale (over 25MW) wind farms in carefully located areas offers the best opportunity to meet the national renewable energy target.’ Paragraph 12.8.10 states that development of a limited number of large scale wind farms in the Strategic Search Areas (SSA) outlined in TAN8 will be required to achieve the Assembly Government’s energy target for 2010. The cumulative impact of wind farm developments can be a material consideration within a SSA but must be balanced against the need to meet the

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national target and any conclusions must be fully justified. Developers will need to be sensitive to local circumstances, including siting in relation to local landform and other planning considerations. Paragraph 12.8.12 requires that local planning authorities should facilitate the development of all forms of renewable energy by: • ‘considering the contribution that their authority area can make towards developing and facilitating renewable energy and ensuring that development plan policies enable this contribution to be delivered;

• ensuring that development control decisions are consistent with national and international climate change obligations, including contribution to renewable energy targets, having regard to emerging national and international policy on the levels of renewable energy required and on appropriate technologies; and

• recognising the environmental, economic and social opportunities that the use of renewable energy resources cam make to wider planning goals and objectives and the delivery of renewable energy targets.’ Section 12.9 of MIPPS 01/2005 requires local planning authorities to undertake sustainable energy assessments (including renewable energy resources) and include appropriate policies in local development plans (LDPs). LDPs should provide policies to clarify where large wind energy developments are likely to be permitted within SSAs. Section 12.10 outlines the requirements for local planning authorities to consider the effects of any scheme in relation to sustainable development criteria relating to economic, social and environmental impacts including the need to meet national renewable energy targets.

4.1.2 Wales Spatial Plan The Wales Spatial Plan was adopted by the Assembly in November 2004, and under the provision of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, it is a material consideration for local authorities in developing their plans and making planning decisions. With regard to renewable energy, the Plan identifies that: ‘Wales has the wind and tidal resources to make a major contribution to producing renewable energy and so reducing the emission of greenhouse gas.’ The Plan states that the renewable energy policy and planning guidance for Wales is contained in TAN8: Planning for Renewable Energy.

4.1.3 Technical Advice Note 8: Planning for Renewable Energy Technical Advice Note 8 (TAN8) was published in July 2005, and provides technical advice to supplement the policy set out in PPW and MIPPS. Section 1 of TAN8 reiterates the UK target that 10% of energy should come from renewable sources by 2010 and sets out the Assembly’s target of 4TWh of electricity per annum to be produced by renewable energy by 2010 and 7TWh by 2020. The Assembly Government has concluded that 800MW of additional installed capacity is required from onshore wind sources to meet these targets.

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Section 2 outlines the seven Strategic Search Areas (SSAs) in which large scale (over 25MW) onshore wind developments should be concentrated. For each of the SSAs there are indicative targets of installed capacity as outlined in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Indicative Capacity Targets for Strategy Search Areas

Strategic Search Areas Capacity

A. Clocaenog Forest 140MW

B. Carno North 290MW

C. Newtown South 70MW

D. Nant-y-Moch 140MW

E. Pontardawe 100MW

F. Coed Morgannwg 290MW

G. Brechfa Forest 90MW

Total 1120MW

The site that is subject to this ES lies within Area F. Paragraph 2.10 recognises that there will be local issues regarding wind farms and provides a number of examples which could be addressed by local planning authorities when developing local policy for SSAs.

4.1.4 Other Relevant Technical Advice Notes There are a number of other guidance notes that are applicable to the development of onshore wind farms.

Technical Advice Note 5: Nature Conservation and Planning TAN5 was published in 1996 and establishes the statutory framework for nature conservation within Wales, and provides guidance to local authorities and developers on the various types of site designated for their nature conservation value.

Technical Advice Note 6: Agriculture and Rural Development TAN6 was published in 2000 and provides guidance on agricultural development and development with rural areas. Paragraph 25 identifies a number of operations and uses that should be encouraged to aid farm diversification. One of the identified users is renewable energy.

Technical Advice Note 11: Noise TAN11 provides advice on how the planning system can be used to minimise the adverse impact of noise, without placing unreasonable burdens and applicants. Local Planning Authorities must ensure that noise generating development does not cause an unacceptable degree of disturbance. They should also bear in mind that if subsequent intensification of

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change of use results in greater instruction, consideration should be given to the use of appropriate conditions. Detailed technical guidance on noise from wind turbines is contained in Planning Guidance (Wales), Technical Advice Note (Wales) 8: Renewable Energy.

4.2 Local Plan Policies The site falls within the administrative boundaries of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. Section 38 of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 requires decision on planning applications to be made in accordance with development plan policy unless material considerations indicate otherwise. The Development Plan for the site comprises:

• Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 adopted Plan January 1999;

• Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 adopted January 2004.

4.2.1 Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 Adopted Plan January 1999 The Structure Plan was adopted in 1999 and provides County Borough wide strategic guidance for land use over a period of 15 years;

Key Diagram The Key Diagram identifies the site as lying within a Special Landscape Area and as such Policy EV4 applies which states that development which would lead to visual intrusion, will only be permitted where suitable measures can be taken to reduce such effects to acceptable levels.

Renewable Energy Policies U1 and U2 refer specifically to the provision of renewable energy. These are set out below: U1: The development of renewable energy facilities, including those for wind power, will not be permitted where such development would result in unacceptable levels of damage or disturbance to sites and their settings recognised as having national or international nature conservation, archaeological architectural or historic importance. U2: Proposals for the development of renewable energy facilities and associated development including those for wind power, in areas other than those referred to in U1, will be permitted where:

• The proposal can be located to reduce damage or disturbance to the environment to acceptable levels, particularly the level of visual intrusion likely to result from the proposal taking into account the cumulative effects arising from other existing and approved schemes in the area;

• Conflicts with surrounding land uses can be reduced to acceptable levels particularly where the amenity of residential areas in the locality is likely to be affected adversely;

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• Provisions for the reinstatement of the site when it ceases to operate are considered adequate;

• The availability of identified mineral resources or reserves is not sterilised.

Environmental Policies Policy EV1 relates to development in the countryside and states that development will not be permitted except for a number of development proposals, including the provision of utility services. Policy EV2 states that development which results in the loss of agricultural land of Grade 3a and above will not normally be permitted. Where the loss of such land is involved, development should take places on the lowest grade possible, subject to other environmental constraints. Policy EV5 refers to the conservation of the natural environment and states that developments on or in the vicinity of nationally or internationally recognised sites, which are likely to lead to their destruction, damage or disturbance will not be permitted. Development which would destroy damage or disturb sites of strategic or local importance for nature conservation will only be permitted where suitable measures can be taken to ensure the survival of habitats, species of features. EV6 requires development that disturbs or destroys sites or important nature conservation, to provide detailed evaluation and protect habitats, species of features. Where this is not possible a replacement site should be provided. EV7 favours the proposals for the enhancement and management of existing sites and features of nature conservation. EV10 relates to development on or within major sites or features of historic landscape and identifies that development which is likely to destroy or damage the character of archaeological sites or ancient monuments of national importance, or fails to preserve, maintain or enhance their existing character, will not be permitted. EV11 requires any development which is likely to destroy or damage the character of archaeological sites or ancient monuments to make provision for an archaeological evaluation, preservation in situ, or where not possible, excavation and recording of the site.

Utility Policies Policy U4 refers to the utility services and requires development to have as little adverse impact on the environment as possible. Consideration should be given to the provision of services underground where possible. U5 identifies that development considered likely to lead to deterioration in the quality of underground or surface water will not be permitted.

4.2.2 Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan was adopted in January 2004 and develops the policies and general strategy of the Structure Plan and relates it to precise areas of land.

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Proposal Map The proposal Map identifies that the following policy applies to the majority of the site and land adjacent: ENVP1- Special Landscape Areas

Environmental Policies Policy ENV1 establishes the general development control criteria against which individual planning applications will be assessed which includes ensuring proposals are appropriate to their setting and do not harm the character or appearance of the area. Policy ENV2 states that development outside of identified settlement boundaries will not be permitted except where it is required for utility services, amongst other uses. Policy ENV3 refers to development on sites that are considered to be visually prominent in relation to the boundary of the Beacons National Park. Within such areas particular emphasis will be placed on the siting, design and landscaping of proposals. Policy ENV6 requires existing woodland areas, trees hedgerows and other natural features worthy of retention to be protected. Replacement planting will be required where this is considered necessary. Policy ENV7 relates to planning obligations and conditions and identifies that the Council will seek the provision of associated environmental and community benefits from developers. Policy ENV16 requires proposals to protect the water environment with development only permitted where the proposal would not prejudice the quality of quantity of surface waters or ground water, would not result in an increase in flooding or prejudice existing water features, rivers, or the flora and fauna associated with these features. Policy ENV17 requires development in areas of flood risk to provide flood protection and compensation schemes. Policy ENP1 relates to Special Landscape Areas and identifies that no development that would harm the landscape quality of the area will be allowed.

Utility Policies Policy Env21 refers specifically to renewable energy and states: Proposals for renewable energy schemes will be permitted where:

• The cumulative effect of renewable energy schemes would not harm the landscape; and

• The proposal is accompanied by measures to reduce the impact of ancillary development, such as new roads, tracks, fencing, buildings and grid connections.

Conservation Policies Policy CON3 refers to the sites of national importance for conservation and wildlife, and states that proposals which may harm, either directly or indirectly SSSIs will not be permitted unless the need for the development outweighs the harm.

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CON4 relates to locally designated sites, and only permits development that would affect these sites if measures to ensure the survival of important wildlife or scientific features or qualities are incorporated. Policy CON5 identifies that before development which is likely to affect a site of suspected nature conservation value, a detailed valuation will be required. Policy CON6 regards the protection of agricultural and requires the impact of development on the viability of existing farm units and traditional farming practices to be considered. Policy CON7 states that there is a presumption in favour of the preservation of scheduled or other nationally important monuments. Development which would have an unacceptable adverse effect on sites or areas of archaeological significance will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances. Policy CON8 requires a field evaluation to be carried out, prior to the determination of a planning application, if a development is likely to affect a known or suspected archaeological site. CON10 relates to the setting of Listed Buildings and requires development proposals to respect their character, and where proposals are likely to destroy its settings it will not be permitted.

Recreational Policies Policy R3 seeks to protect existing footpaths and bridleways. Policy R4 identifies that development which would adversely affect public rights of way and bridleways will not be permitted unless it can be demonstrated that the affected route can be conveniently diverted. RP6 relates to cycle routes and states that developments that prejudice the line of cycle routes as defined on the proposals map will not be permitted.

4.2.3 Rhondda Cynon Taff Deposit Draft Local Development Plan This plan will replace the existing development plan framework upon adoption. It was the subject of a six week consultation starting in February 2009. Draft Policy AW13 Large Wind Farm Developments provides the policy context for wind farms over 25MW rated capacity. It states that developments will be permitted providing that they are within the boundary of the refined strategic search area and required to meet the indicative generating capacity. Such locations should be predominantly flat upland areas with a good wind resource, located at least 500m from residential properties and not have an unacceptable effect upon the visual quality of the wider landscape. Furthermore they should not result in the loss of public accessibility to the countryside.

4.3 Other Local Policy Considerations The Rhondda Cynon Taf Improvement Plan; Building on Strong Foundations, 2008 is the key strategic document that sets out the Council’s objectives and reports the Council’s performance each year in achieving those objectives. It brings together various plans and strategies such as the Community Plan and the Welsh Assembly Government Policy Agreement. A key action under the goal “to protect and improve our local environment which we value because of the growing quality of its biodiversity, natural beauty, heritage parks and open spaces, streetscapes and architecture” is to achieve a reduction in energy use and much greater use of renewable energy.

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4.4 Conclusion National and local planning policy actively seeks to support onshore wind recognising that it represents an established technology that can generate renewable energy and thereby address the causes of climate change. The WAG has identified strategic search areas within Wales where onshore wind farms are likely to be supported, subject to detailed consideration. Much of this detailed consideration, the criteria against which individual schemes will be judged, is set out within the detailed policies produced by Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC. The scope of these policies has influenced the topics assessed during the EIA process.

4.5 References Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 199-2006 Adopted Plan January 1999; Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 Adopted February 1998; WAG (1996) Welsh Assembly Government Technical Advice Note 5: Nature Conservation and Planning; WAG (1997) Technical Advice Note 11; Noise; WAG (2000) Technical Advice Note 6; Agriculture and Rural; WAG (2002) Planning Policy Wales; WAG (2002) Technical Advice Note 12: Design; WAG (2004) People, Places, Futures: The Wales Spatial Plan; WAG (2005) Technical Advice Note 8: Planning for Renewable Energy; WAG (2005) Ministerial Interim Planning Policy Statement 01/2005: Planning for Renewable Energy.

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5. Wind Farm Site Selection

5.1 Introduction The approach to site selection is governed by a number of considerations that relate to the availability and reliability of an appropriate wind speed; an interest from landowners and a thorough review of environmental constraints and opportunities. Within Wales site selection has become increasingly informed by TAN8 and the identification of the Strategy Search Areas (SSAs) that are contained within it. TAN8 has therefore provided developers with planning policy direction which provides a further consideration for the site selection process.

5.2 The Selection Process The site selection process for Mynydd Bwllfa follows on from that undertaken to identify the original Hirwaun Wind Farm and the rationale for that selection is provided below. In 2004 Pennant Walters Ltd undertook a regional site finding exercise to identify areas within the greatest potential for wind energy development in southern Wales. Southern Wales was chosen because it has some of the highest wind speeds within Europe and within the UK. Furthermore South Wales also benefits from an existing, comprehensive electricity distribution network, particularly in the former coal mining valleys, something which is absent from large parts of the remoter areas of Wales. Pennant Walters existing presence within South Wales was also a determining factor in this selection process. The site identification process included a high level sieving exercise to identify broad areas of interest and then a more detailed review to identify specific potential sites within those areas. This was followed by a land ownership investigation. The sieving exercise took wind speed as its starting point and excluded any areas where the ETSU NOABL database did not have a mean annual average wind speed above 7 metres per second (considered by Pennant Walters at that time to be the minimum required for a commercially viable scheme). There are several areas of Southern Wales with an average wind speed well above 7m/s. Those areas with wind speeds above 7m/s within the Brecon Beacons National Park, and any other national landscape designations were excluded from the search exercise. Two areas with exceptional wind resource include an area in Rhondda Cynon Taf centred around Mynydd Y Gynon and to the south a ridge known as Mynydd Bwllfa running north south to Cawrnant Y Fforch. During mid 2004 the draft TAN8 document identified a large area around Mynydd Bwllfa in Rhondda Cynon Taf within its Strategic Search Area F where WAG wished wind farms of greater than 25 MW to be located. This was considered to validate Pennant Walter’s search criteria. Discussion with the land agents of relative land holders in this region indicated that non Forestry Commission lands at Mynydd y Gynon and Mynyd Bwllfa were available to wind farm developers.

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The original process of choosing possible sites also included a review of technical factors and a high-level assessment of the landscape impact of each development. The factors Pennant Walters considered in selecting the site are presented in Table 5.1 below:

Table 5.1 A Summary of Main Factors Considered in Site Selection

Assessment Specific Factor Site Performance Category

Wind resource Average annual wind speed 7m/s

Wind direction Predominantly southwest

Electronic Infrastructure Proximity of transmission lines 33 kv and 132 kv cross the site

Proximity of grid connection points Possibility on or adjoining the site

Land Value Land ownership Willingness of landowner

Ecological value Low/moderate

Archaeological value Low/moderate

Landscape value (and designations) Within Special Landscape Area, adjoining a Special Historic Landscape Area and Strategic Landscape Area.

Land Form Size of site, useable area Predominantly flat landscape

Steepness of terrain Steep plateau to the north

Smoothness of hill tops Good

Alignment of high ground to prevailing wind Good

Land use/Land cover Road network and access Classified highway immediately to the north Radio-telecommunications masts None identified Current land use Grazing Proximity of urban settlements Hirwaun 1-1.5km to north, Aberdare 1.5- 2km to east.

The original Hirwaun scheme was considered to offer a good combination of the assessment factors: • Excellent wind resource;

• Within a TAN8 Strategic Search Area;

• Large usable area;

• Relatively remote from urban settlement;

• Good potential access;

• Available existing electronic infrastructure;

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• Not common land;

• Likely very low impact on ecology, archaeology, geology etc. These factors are considered to remain constant for Mynyd Bwllfa with the further addition that the site area, and consequently the layout, can be set further back from prominent ridges with the effect that it is considered that the development will have a lower landscape and visual impact than the previously submitted Hirwaun wind farm. This is of course subject to the findings of the landscape and Visual Assessment. A detailed assessment of the potential impacts of the development on the existing baseline conditions of the site and surrounding area is the subject of the EIA process, reported within this ES.

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6. Description of the Proposed Development

6.1 Introduction This section provides the technical details relating to the construction and operation of the proposed wind farm. These details form the basis for the assessment of likely significant effects upon the baseline situation.

6.2 Wind Farm Design and Principles

6.2.1 Wind Farm Principles Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. Air passing over the blades of a wind turbine causes them to rotate. This low speed rotational motion is stepped up via a gearbox and converted into electrical energy at a voltage of 690V by a generator located inside the nacelle, which is then converted to a high voltage (33kV) by a unit transformer, located either at the base of the turbine or within the nacelle, for transmission across the wind farm. A diagram showing the structure of a typical wind turbine is shown in Figure 6.1. Underground cables link all the turbine unit transformers to a dedicated sub-station on the site where the electricity generated by the wind farm is metered, and if necessary transformed to the same voltage as the electricity grid system to which the wind farm will be connected.

6.2.2 Wind Farm Design Criteria Once a site has been selected, the design of the wind farm is optimised in order to produce a design which maximises the use of the land available for wind power generation whilst minimising the overall environmental impact of the development. The optimal layout of a wind farm depends on a range of technical, economic and environmental criteria as follows: • Ground conditions – ground conditions must be suitable for the installation of wind turbines, access tracks and cables e.g. avoidance of areas of deep peat (typically greater than 5m in depth);

• Site topography – the site topography is computer modelled to establish the wind flow on and around the site to provide guidance on the best locations for the wind turbines;

• Distance between turbines – to minimise turbulence interaction between wind turbines (wake effect), turbines should be separated by set distances both perpendicular to, and in line with, the prevailing wind direction. This design feature is a key factor in maximising the overall power generating capacity of a

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site. Spacing requirements may vary between turbine manufacturers and are also subject to wind conditions;

• Proximity to occupied dwellings – wind turbines have to be located sufficiently far away from houses to protect local amenity;

• Environmental constraints – features and areas of local environmental sensitivity (ecology, archaeology, hydrology etc) are identified and their implications considered; • Landscape and visual design considerations are taken into account and the layout modified accordingly; • Existing land use – whilst the wind turbines and their associated infrastructure typically occupy no more than 2% of the site, the existing use of the land is considered in the layout of tracks and turbines. For example existing track lines are used where practicable. The presence and magnitude of woodland and forestry plantations is also important, as these can reduce energy production from wind turbines; • Proximity to obstructions – such as tall trees or buildings;

• Available spare capacity of the electricity grid to take power from the wind farm;

• Proximity to a road network suitable to allow the transport of construction plant, equipment and wind turbine components to the site. In addition to the above considerations, planning guidance and discussion with statutory and non-statutory consultees and the landowners have an influence over the evolution of the design.

6.2.3 The Role of EIA in the Design of the Proposed Wind Farm The design of the wind farm is informed by a range of potential constraints. The EIA process begins with the collection of data (both primary and secondary) for a study area the geographical extent of which is informed by the development of an indicative turbine layout. The layout is in itself informed by computer modelling of wind speeds and the identification of any obvious constraints. The computer model also takes into account necessary turbine separation, terrain gradient and visibility. Subsequent deign iterations, including the final design are then informed by environmental factors identified during the EIA process. The various design iterations are described in Section 6.3.

Design Constraints Major environmental constraints were identified from a knowledge of the site developed during the consideration of the previous Hirwaun Wind Farm, but informed by additional survey work and data collection. The constraints included features of cultural heritage interest, (particularly in proximity to the access track) and the presence of protected species within the study area. The presence of bog habitat has also had a major impact upon the siting of turbines and tracks. A substantial amount of survey work has been undertaken on the site to measure depths and the results of this survey have been used to inform the location of turbines and tracks. Terrain data is also used to inform the direction of tracks to ensure that they do not cut across steep gradients but following existing contours wherever possible. Guidance provided by the Inspector into the

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Hirwaun Wind Farm suggested a minimum stand-off distance of 500m from the cwms which face north to Hirwaun and east to the Dare Valley.

6.3 Design Statement

6.3.1 Layout Iterations Wind farm design is an iterative process and is influenced by potential environmental effects identified throughout the EIA process. The proposed wind farm layout has evolved from that originally anticipated in response to a number of environmental and technical constraints and landscape design considerations, and as result of consultation feedback from RSPB and other consultees. Table 6.1 below identifies the main iterations and rationale for such changes cumulating with the final wind farm design.

Table 6.1 Mitigation of Potentially Significant Effects through Design

Iteration Comment

Initial layout Produced in response to the conclusions of the Inspector relative to the proposed Hirwaun Wind Farm

Relocation of Turbine 1 Turbnes 1,2,3 were originally placed in the same positions as turbines 11,12,19 in the Hirwaun Scheme. These location were considered to be broadly acceptable by the Inspector. T1 was subsequently moved 60m south to reduce any residual visual impact upon Hirwaun and Penderyn.

Relocation Turbine 6 Moved onto a rocky outcrop to avoid an area of bog habitat

Relocation Turbine 8 Moved northwards to ensure appropriate set-off from Coed Morganwg Way

Relocation of Turbine 11 Moved south away from an area of bog habitat.

Realignment of access track The access track from Hirwaun has been realigned to reduce the visual impact

Realignment of site track The site track was realigned northwards to avoid an area of cultural heritage interest.

6.3.2 Micro-siting Notwithstanding the above the continual refinement of the scheme is likely to extend beyond the production of this ES, in response to the views and requirements of consultees throughout the application process and a final detailed inspection of the location of each turbine base. This inspection would be undertaken immediately prior to the commencement of development to ensure that there have not been any material changes to the environmental baseline. Consequently it is established practice to seek agreement form the approval for the micro-siting of the turbines with a radius of 50m from the approved centre point. In addition to the micro- siting of the turbines bases the developer would also expect the micro-siting to extend to the location of tracks and crossing places for the same reason.

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6.3.3 Selection of Turbines The candidate wind turbine provisionally selected for this site is the Vestas V90 3MW. It is of the horizontal axis type, with a rotor consisting of three blades. The blades are mounted to the wind turbine hub, or nacelle at a height of either 70m or 80m.

6.4 Wind Farm Construction The construction period for the wind farm will last approximately 9 months possibly extending up to 12 months if poor weather conditions are experienced. The construction process will consist of the following principal activities: Up-grading of existing tracks and construction of new access tracks and passing places inter- linking the turbine locations and sub-station; this will require import of suitable roadstone. • Remedial works to public highway to facilitate delivery of turbines;

• Formation of site compound including hard standing and temporary site office facilities; • Construction of crane hardstanding areas to facilitate erection of turbines;

• Construction of turbine foundations and transformer bases;

• Construction of site sub-station;

• Excavation of trenches and cable laying adjacent to site roads;

• Connection of on-site distribution and signal cables;

• Delivery and erection of wind turbines;

• Delivery and erection of permanent meteorological mast;

• Commissioning of site equipment;

• Site restoration.

Many of these operations will be carried out concurrently, although predominantly in the order identified, in order to minimise the overall length of the construction programme. In addition development will be phased such that at different parts of the site, the civil engineering works will be continuing whilst wind turbines are being erected. Site restoration will be programmed and carried out to allow restoration of disturbed areas as early as possible and in a progressive manner.

6.4.1 Programme An indicative ninth programme for construction activities is shown in Table 6.2. The starting data for construction is largely a function of the date that consent might be granted.

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Table 6.2 Indicative Programme

6.4.2 Construction Times For the purposes of this ES construction work which will involve the arrival or departure of HGVs and those which may give rise to noise which is audible at the site boundary will be limited to the hours of 8.00am to 6.00pm Monday to Fridays, turbine deliveries may take place over the weekend with the prior agreement of the LPA and Police. On-site working activities have been assumed to extend outside this time boundary to include the weekend.

6.4.3 Development Phasing There are constraints which will require cessation of construction of specific parts of the site during certain times of the year. These are discussed in later technical chapters, principally that of ornithology. Construction phasing to avoid those constraints will be agreed with the determining authorities and relevant consultees should development consent be agreed.

6.4.4 Dust and Air Quality In the absence of appropriate mitigation there is the potential for an increase in dust during construction. Given the adoption of the project assumptions which are outlined below, it is not expected that the change in air quality, in relation to dust, will be significant. Air quality affects arising from exhaust emissions from construction plant will be insignificant.

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Dust nuisance will not be assessed as part of the EIA, which will instead focus on control of dust at source and not on quantification of likely dust levels in the absence of appropriate controls. This was confirmed in the scoping process.

Control of Dust Effects The main options for mitigation of dust effects which will be considered, where necessary are: • Adequate dust suppression facilities should be used on site. This should include the provision of water bowsers with sufficient capacity and range to dampen down all ares which may lead to dust escape on site;

• Any storage on site of aggregate or fine material will be properly enclosed and screened so that dust escape from this site is avoided. Adequate sheeting should also be provided for the finer materials which are prone to ‘wind whipping’;

• Wheel wash facilities should be installed for vehicles entering and exiting the site where required. This facility should be able to automatically clean the lower parts of the HGVs by removing mud, clay etc from the wheels and chassis in one drive through operation; • HGVs entering and exiting the site should be fitted with adequate sheeting to totally cover any load carried which has the potential to be ‘wind whipped’ from the vehicle; • Good housekeeping or ‘clean up’ arrangements should be employed so that the site is kept as clean as possible. There should be daily inspections of the working areas and immediate surrounding areas to ensure that any dust accumulation or spillages are removed/cleaned up as soon as possible; • Appointment of site contact to whom complaints/ queries about construction dust can be directed. Any complaints to be investigated and action taken where appropriate. Dust and air quality are not considered any further within this ES.

6.4.5 Site Access and On-site Tracks The principal point of access into the site is from the A465, immediately to the south of the settlement of Hirwaun. General construction traffic (site staff) and concrete, stone and turbine deliveries will enter the site at an existing access point albeit that this will be reconstructed to accommodate the type and volume of vehicles proposed. Figure 6.4 provides details of this access. Approximately 8.2km of site access tracks will be created, including some short stretches of existing track that lead from the entrance to the site, (an additional 10% is added to this figure to produce a ‘worst case’). The track construction will be generally 5m wide ranging from 350mm to 425mm depth. Typical track cross sections are shown in Figure 6.6 with details of culvert crossings as Figure 6.7. Further details relating to the movement of traffic on and off the site are reported in Chapter 12 Traffic and Transport.

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Track Layout Design There are various constraints which have influenced the track layout design, come generic and some site-specific. • Track length is kept to a minimum to reduce environmental impact, construction time and material quantities (imported stone); • Gradients are to be kept to less than 8 degrees where possible to accommodate the requirements of delivery vehicles and also to allow construction plant to move safely round the site;

• Track layout is designed to reflect contours and avoid cross slopes and deep cut and fill into existing terrain;

• Tracks are routed to avoid sensitive ecological, archaeological and hydrological features. The final track design resulted from optimisation of these criteria.

Track Construction Methodology The access tracks on site will be 5m wide to accommodate cranes and delivery vehicles required for turbine erection. At bends the tracks will widen as appropriate depending on bend radius and to a maximum of approximately 13m. Additionally passing places, measuring 15m by 5m will be provided every 300m (or as required) to facilitate traffic movement. The edges of the tracks will be allowed to re-vegetate maintaining a minimum width throughout the operation and maintenance period of 5m. All new tracks will be unpaved and constructed form local stone (from local quarries). The access roads will bear direction on to the underlying strata. Excavated topsoil will be used to dress back the sides of the road. From a provisional review it is likely that the road depth will be 350mm to 450mm dependent of ground conditions. In small sloping areas where softer ground is encountered (weak peat over 1m deep) it may be necessary to locally increase the depth of the road. In the few instances where roads will require short crossings of flat, deep peat, floating roads will be constructed using a geogrid system. Water crossings have been avoided in the site layout wherever possible. However, where required due to other micro-siting requirements, a simple culvert type construction will be employed (see Figure 6.7). The size of the culvert will depend on the location and will be based on CIRIA recommendations. Further considerations of the implications of culverts on watercourses are contained within the Hydrology and Hydrogeology section of this ES.

6.4.6 Turbine Foundations The turbines will be installed on foundations, comprising both stone and concrete. These typically measure 15m x 15m in plan with concrete depth of approx 2m, and stone overlay of 1m, dressed back with topsoil to allow re-vegetation. Turbine foundations could be larger or smaller, depending on imposed loadings, ground conditions and drainage design. A typical turbine foundation is illustrated in Figure 6.8.

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6.4.7 Crane Pads Each wind turbine requires an area of hardstanding to be built adjacent to the turbine foundation. This provides a stable base on which to lay down turbine components ready for assembly and erection, and to site the two cranes necessary to lift the three tower section, nacelle and rotor into place. The crane hardstanding will be left in place following construction in order to allow for the use of similar plant should major components need replacing during the operation of the wind farm. These could also be utilised during de-commissioning at the end of the wind farms life. The total area of hard standing at each turbine location including the turbine foundations and the crane pad will be approximately 990m2 (22 x 45m). Approximately a third of this area will be dressed back with topsoil and landscaped into the surrounding area upon completion of turbine erection. A typical crane hardstanding is illustrated in Figure 6.9.

6.4.8 Stone and Concrete Requirements and Sourcing Stone materials for track building are expected to be imported from local quarries. Imported roadstone is expected to be from a quarry to the north of the site. Concrete for construction of the turbine foundations and sub-station structures will be imported to site and is expected to be from a batching plant at Penderyn.

6.4.9 Construction Plant It has been decided that a concrete batching plant should not be established on site. Whilst it offers the prospect of reducing the vehicle movements to some degree it may, on the other hand, introduce additional environmental impacts. A batching plant would require the use of areas for the storage of materials, which may be relatively extensive due to the amount of concrete likely to be required over relatively short time periods with potential for increased noise and dust sources to the area.

6.4.10 Cabling Underground cables will link the turbines to each other and to the on-site sub-station. Detailed construction and trenching specifications will depend on the ground conditions encountered at the time, but typically cables will be laid in a trench 750mm deep and 450mm wide. To minimise ground disturbance, cables will be routed along the side of the access tracks wherever practicable. Figure 6.10 shows a typical cable trench detail.

6.4.11 Sub-station and Grid Connection All wind farms need to be connected into the grid distribution system, though such connections are subject to a different consenting process to the wind farms themselves. The site sub-station will connect the wind farm into the national distribution system on site (to be via a 132kv transformer). The substation is to be located adjacent to the area identified as the temporary construction compound. The sub-station will comprise a hard standing area of approximately 30m x 22m containing the main equipment (isolators, circuit breakers, transformers) a 14m x 10m single storey building which will house switchgear and metering protection and control equipment and also welfare facilities. The sub-station switchroom will be faced in stone with a slate roof, associated fencing will be either moorland green/brown or dark grey in order to blend with either the

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existing landscape colours or traditional building colours for the area. Figure 6.11 provides an illustration of the switchroom and sub-station compound. The applicant is in discussion with Western Power Distribution (WPD) which is the electricity distribution company for South West England and South and West Wales. Discussions indicate that the wind farm will be able to tie into the 132kv network at a point parallel to the site access track; a distance of approximately 100-200m from the substation. This is because the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm benefits from the presence of a 132kv line within its site boundary.

6.4.12 Erection of Turbines Where rockhead, or suitable bearing, is relatively shallow (<2m), the wind turbine foundations will bear directly onto rock. Where rockhead or suitable bearing, is between 2-5m depth, the existing overburden will be excavated and replaced with suitable load-bearing material, most likely to be imported stone. The foundation design will depend on the results from detailed ground investigation, it is currently expected that turbines will not require piled foundations. Should piling be necessary, it is proposed to agree the methodologies for this and any conditions which may be appropriate with the determining authority prior to construction. It is expected that the conditions would vary depending on the relative location of the turbine to potential receptors for any adverse environmental impacts. Foundations will usually comprise a reinforced concrete base slab with dimensions of approximately 15m x 15m x 2m. This will include a circular steel support plinth to suit the base profile of the wind turbine steel tower and will then be overlaid by stone and previously excavated overburden. The design of these foundations in terms of size and depth minimises excavation requirements, minimises visible projection above the ground and allows the re- establishment of surface vegetation following construction. The final choice of foundation design will be based on the most efficient use of materials and local ground conditions. Wind turbine towers, nacelles and blades will be transported to site via low bed trailers, come incorporating rear steering. The towers will be delivered in three or four sections, which will be stored at each turbine lay-down area until lifted into position. Some storage of components may also be required at the site compound dependent on weather conditions and access track construction progress at the time of delivery. Two teams will carry out erection, each using either two road-going cranes (of approximately 100 tonne capacity and 500 or 800 tonne capacity) or crawler cranes. The construction contractors would determine the actual cranes used, together with the exact programme and number of teams on site.

6.4.13 Anemometer Mast A permanent anemometer mast will be erected and operational during the lifetime of the wind farm. It is proposed to locate the mast at a central point within the application site, the precise location being shown on Figure 6.3. The mast will be of the lattice type as shown in Figure 6.5.

6.4.14 Site Accommodation and Temporary Mast A temporary construction compound, approximate dimension 2500m2 will be located within the site as shown on Figure 6.3.

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Other temporary fenced compound areas will be established on turbine craneage areas as appropriate for security of plant in remote parts of the site. These will not require any additional hardstanding to that proposed for the craneage areas.

6.5 Wind Farm Operation

6.5.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics and Meteorological Effects

Wind Turbine Characteristics The power output from a wind farm largely depends on the strength of the wind blowing across the site. Wind turbines start to generate electricity at a wind speed of about 4m/s, their output increasing up to their maximum rated power at a wind speed of about 12m/s. As the wind speed increases further, the output is limited to the maximum until the wind speed reaches 25m/s when the wind turbine shuts down automatically. The proportion of time which the turbines will be generating electricity is therefore dependent on the time that the wind speed is between 4 and 25m/s. Generation output from a wind farm is also seasonally dependent, such that approximately two thirds of the total annual energy yield from the wind farm is expected to be delivered in the six months between October and March, with the remaining six months delivering the other third.

Meteorological Effects Although the wind farms require wind for electricity generation, at high wind speeds (>25m/s or 56mph) they shut themselves down to avoid excessive wear on the components, the rotor is both aerodynamically and mechanically braked. However, modern wind turbines are designed to withstand much higher wind speeds and are normally certified against structural failure for wind speeds up to 150mph. Lightning generally has no effect on turbines, though as with all structures there is risk of damage if hit directly by lightning. Turbines are fitted with a lightning protection system as part of their design. Snow does not generally post problems other than with access to the site. Occasionally very heavy snow and ice may affect the anemometer or aerodynamics of the turbine blades resulting in temporary automatic shutdown. The wind turbine would restart automatically after accumulations have naturally thawed.

6.5.2 Servicing and Emergency Repairs The typical duration of servicing and repair/ replacement procedures together with the equipment and personnel which would be required for different tasks is shown in Table 6.3. It should be noted that these figures are only estimates. Routine maintenance or servicing of turbines is carried out twice a year, with a main service at 12 monthly intervals and a minor service at 6 months. In year 1, there is also an initial 3 month service after commissioning. The turbine being serviced is switched off for the duration of its service. Teams of 2 people with a 4x4 vehicle would carry out the servicing. It takes two people (on average) 1 day to service each turbine.

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6.5.3 Extended Services At regular period through the project life, oils and components will require changing which will increase the service time on site per machine. Gearbox oil changes are required approximately every 18 months. Changing the oil and worn components will extend each turbine service by one day. Blade inspections will occur as required (somewhere between every 2 and 5 years) utilising a ‘cherry picker’ or similar but may also be performed with a 50T crane and a man-basket. It could take 2 or 3 weeks to inspect the turbines on the whole site. Repairs to blades would utilise the same equipment but minor damage on every blade (not expected) would more than double the duration of the inspection period. Blade inspection and repair work is especially weather-dependent. Light winds and warm, dry conditions are required for blade repairs. Hence mid-summer (June, July and August) is the most appropriate period for this work.

Emergency Operations The following factors could have significant effects on the duration of emergency operations: • Working with cranes is highly weather dependant; wind speed and cloud cover being the key factors (due to crane and manhandling safety limits); • The availability of spares will determine delivery times to site for a replacement; and • The duration of repair on a component where there is no spare available is event specific. It has been found that operation in the first three or four years will highlight any manufacturing and/or installation issues which may require multiple replacements. In general, unscheduled maintenance is more likely to be required at the project start up and towards the end of the 25 year period at the end of the design life.

Track Maintenance Frequency of track maintenance depends largely on the volume and nature of the traffic using the track with weathering of the track surface also having a significant effect. Heavy plant is particularly wearing. On-going maintenance will generally be undertaken in the summer months when the tracks have dried out.

Snow Clearance Safe access to the site and especially to the sub-station is required year round. At other sites is has occasionally been necessary to clear snowdrifts to facilitate site access. Snow clearing equipment will be sourced as required. Snow tends to drift in December to March inclusive.

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Table 6.3 List of Expected Wind Farm Operational and Maintenance Activities

Item Personnel Equipment and Operators/ Drivers Duration of Job

Generator 2 x fitters 50T (3 axle) or 100T (6 axle) crane 1 day

10T flat bed lorry

Gearbox 4 x fitters 50T or 100T crane 6 days

10T flat bed lorry

Blade/Rotor 6 x fitters 50T or 100T crane 4 days

Articulated delivery lorry

Transformer 2 x fitters 50T crane and or 20T flat bed lorry with own crane 1 day

Track maintenance Drivers 40T stone delivery lorries, Grader/roller and 5 days excavator

Snow clearance Driver Excavator Conditions specific

Crane Drivers Not always required but some 40T lorries and 2 days to pads/Hardstandings JCB/excavator install/clear and 1 day to reinstate

Dismantling a 8 x fitters 500T crane and supported lorries plus 100T crane 3 days x 10 turbine turbines = 30 days Articulated lorries for components

HV/comms. Cable 6 x fitters Vans or tracked vehicles for off-site work 4 days faults

6.6 Wind Farm De-commissioning The wind farm will be designed with an operational life of 25 years. At the end of this period the developer will have a number of options, however the options for the purposes of this ES is to assume that the turbines will be dismantled and removed. When dismantling and removing the turbines the bases would be broken out to below ground levels and all cables cut at depth below ground level and left in the ground. Roads would either be left for use by the landowner or covered with topsoil. No stone would be removed from the site. The de-commissioning works are estimated to take 6 months. This approach is considered to be less environmentally damaging than seeking to remove foundations and cables entirely. It should be noted that the developer will set up a de-commissioning fund during the life of the project.

6.7 Environmental Management

6.7.1 Construction The contract between the developer and the civil engineers involved in construction of the wind farm will specify the measures to be taken to reduce or mitigate the environmental impact of the construction process. These measures will consist of three main types;

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• Firstly, conditions to be adhered to under development consent;

• Secondly, the requirements of the Environment Agency (EA); and

• Thirdly, any other relevant mitigation measures identified in this Environmental Statement. A copy of any conditions associated with the panning consent will be incorporated into the contract with the company constructing the wind farm, and the company will be required to adhere to these. Selection of the construction contractor will be based partly upon the contractor’s record in dealing with environmental issues, and on its provision of evidence that has incorporated all environmental requirements into its method statements and its staffing and budgetary provision. The developer will retain the services of specialist advisers on e.g. archaeology and ecology, to be called on as required to advise on specific issues, including micro-siting3. More detailed information on the role of such specialist advisors during construction is provided in the relevant technical sections, where appropriate.

6.7.2 Operation A team of 2 people will be employed to manage the wind farm site, and their duties will include compliance with statutory environmental requirements.

3 the term micro-siting refers to the precise locating of turbines at the construction stage to avoid environmental or technical constraints identified on the ground.

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7. Noise

7.1 Introduction Noise can have an effect on the environment and the quality of life enjoyed by individuals and communities. Noise is often therefore an important consideration in the determination of planning applications. This assessment considers the likely noise effects predicted to arise during the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm. The purpose of the assessment is to assess noise levels resulting from the development - as described in Chapter 6 - against relevant guidelines and standards. The receptors considered are residential properties adjacent to the wind farm. Operational noise impact assessment establishes the relationship between wind turbine noise and the naturally occurring background noise, assessing the potential increase in levels against established standards. When operational, wind turbines can emit two types of noise – mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise. The main sources of mechanical noise are from internal components housed within the nacelle, such as the gearbox and generator. Mechanical noise from a modern wind turbine is negligible as the nacelles are insulated to reduce noise emissions and the various mechanical components housed within the nacelle are acoustically isolated to prevent structure borne noise. Aerodynamic noise occurs from the movement of the blades passing through the air. At higher wind speeds aerodynamic noise is usually masked by the increasing sound of wind blowing through trees and around buildings at the receptor location. The level of masking determines the subjective audibility of the wind farm. The noise assessment reported presents an assessment of operational noise from the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa site, together with the consented Maerdy development and the proposed Pen-y- Cymoedd wind farm.

7.1.1 Noise Terminology This section provides a brief explanation of noise terminology used in the assessment. The ratio between the quietest audible sound and the loudest tolerable sound is a million to one in terms of the change in sound pressure. Because of the wide range, a logarithmic scale is used in noise level measurement. The scale used is the decibel (dB) scale which extends from 0 to 140 decibels (dB) corresponding to the intensity of the sound pressure level. It is widely accepted that a change of 3dB(A) is required for a person to perceive the change in a noise level and that an increase or decrease of 10dB(A) is perceived as being twice or half as loud respectively. The ear has the ability to recognise a particular sound depending on the pitch or frequencies found at the source. Microphones cannot differentiate noise in the same way as the ear and to counter this, the noise measuring instrument applies a correction to correspond more closely to the frequency response of the human ear. The correction factor is called ‘A Weighting’ and the resulting measurements are written as dB(A). The dB(A) is internationally accepted and has

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been found to correspond well with people’s subjective reaction to noise. Typical dB(A) noise levels for familiar noises are given in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Typical Noise Levels

Approximate Noise Level, dB(A) Example

0 Limit of hearing

30 Rural area at night, no wind or adverse weather conditions

40 Library

50 Quiet office without noisy machinery, such as typewriters

60 Normal conversation

70 In car noise without radio

80 Household vacuum cleaner

100 Pneumatic drill

140 Threshold of pain Source: Entec The following indices are used when describing noise:

• LW is the sound power level. It is a measure of the total noise energy radiated by a source of noise, and is used to calculate noise levels at a distant location. The LWA is the A-weighted sound power level;

• Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, and is the sound level of a steady sound with the same energy as a fluctuating sound over the same period. It is possible to consider this level as the ambient noise encompassing all noise at a given time. The LAeq is the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level;

• L90 index represents the noise level exceeded for 90 percent of the measurement period and is used to indicate quieter times during the measurement period. It is often used to measure the background noise level. The LA90 is the A-weighted background noise level.

7.2 Assessment Methodology The determination of impact significance is based upon compliance with the operational noise limit; i.e. breach of the noise limits indicates a ‘significant’ effect, whereas compliance with noise limits indicates a ‘not significant’ effect.

7.2.1 Construction Noise Construction and decommissioning noise is a matter which can be controlled easily under the Control of Pollution Act (1974). Section 60 deals with how the local authority would control noise from construction works which are ongoing, and Section 61 provides a means to agree

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suitable controls prior to any works being carried out. A Section 61 agreement would typically be formulated once the construction programme is confirmed and would agree working hours and types of plant to be used. Notwithstanding the above, an assessment of construction noise has been undertaken, based upon the advice and guidance levels given in BS5228-1:2009 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. The construction programme for the site will not be finalised until such time as a contractor is commissioned to build the development, and as such the actual plant to be used is not yet known. The plant list given in Table 7.2 is based upon experience of other wind farm construction projects. The noise emission data quoted is that taken from BS5228-1:2009.

Table 7.2 Construction Plant Source Data

Sound Power Plant LAeq at 10m Number Distance Level dB(A)

Turbine foundation construction

30t tracked excavator 75 1 10 103

ADT (tipping fill) 74 2 10 105

ADT (moving)* 81 2 10 112

Site dumper* 76 2 10 107

Large rotary bored piling rig 83 1 10 111

70t mobile crane 70 1 10 98

Concrete mixer truck 80 2 10 111

Diesel generator 74 2 10 105

Vibrating poker 69 2 10 100

Turbine erection

120t crane 67 1 10 95

600t mobile crane 71 1 10 99

Articulated HGV x 3* 81 3 10 114

Diesel generator 65 1 10 93

*Drive by LAmax level Predictions of noise emissions have been carried out for the two phases listed in Table 7.2, assuming 50% soft ground between receptors and the plant, and that the plant is operating at the point closest approach to each receptor. It is assumed that all mobile plant is operating 66% of the time, and all fixed plant 100% of the time. No detailed assessment of decommissioning noise has been undertaken as it is assumed that noise emissions from this phase of the development will be less than, or at worst comparable to, noise emissions from the construction.

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7.2.2 Operational Noise In Wales, advice specific to operational noise generated by wind energy developments can be found in Technical Advice Note 8 (TAN8) Renewable Energy. Annex C, paragraph 2.16 of this document guides the assessment process as follows: “The report “The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms” (ETSU- R-97), describes a framework for the measurement of wind farm noise and gives indicative noise levels calculated to offer a reasonable degree of protection to wind farm neighbours, without placing unreasonable restrictions on wind farm development or adding unduly to the costs and administrative burdens on wind farm development or adding unduly to the costs and administrative burdens on wind farm developers or planning authorities. The report presents the findings of a cross-interest Noise Working Group and makes a series of recommendations that can be regarded as relevant guidance on good practice.” Consequently, the assessment methodology adopted is that found in ETSU-R-97 The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Windfarms. The advice presented in the document was produced by the Working Group on Noise from Wind Turbines, a body comprising a number of interested parties including, amongst others, wind farm operators, environmental health officers, acoustic consultants and legal experts. The assessment approach was developed to address the shortcomings of other standards in addressing wind farm noise. ETSU-R-97 provides a simplified approach if predicted operational noise levels at receptors are -1 below 35dB LA90,10min in wind speeds up to 10ms at 10m height, whereby it is not necessary to carry out any background noise measurements. For the Mynydd Bwllfa development, the 35dB trigger is only exceeded at Bwllfa Terrace and the properties at Bwllfa Farm. In this situation, the guidance recommends that wind farm noise limits should be set relative to existing background noise levels, subject to a fixed minimum limit, and that these limits should reflect the variation in background noise with wind speed. The wind speeds that should be considered range from the cut-in speed (the wind speed at which the turbine begins to generate power, commonly around 4ms-1) up to 12ms-1. Wind speeds are referenced to a 10m measurement height (V10). The daytime noise limit is derived from background noise data measured during ‘quiet daytime’ at residential properties, which comprise: • all evenings from 18:00 - 23:00; plus;

• Saturday afternoons from 13:00 - 18:00; and;

• all day Sunday 07:00 - 23:00. The data is plotted against the concurrent wind speed data measured at the proposed wind farm site and a ‘best fit’ correlation is established. In low noise environments (i.e. where background noise levels are less than 30-35dB(A)), ETSU-R-97 recommends that wind farm noise for daytime periods should be limited to a lower fixed level within the range LA90,10min 35-40dB or 5dB(A) above the prevailing background, whichever is the greater. The lower fixed limit agreed through consultation with the Environmental Health Officer of Rhondda Cynon Taf for Mynydd Bwllfa is 37dB LA90,10min, reflecting both the scale of the windfarm and the location of the site within a Strategic Search

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Area, and allows consideration of a cumulative noise limit of 40dB LA90,10min for noise from other wind farms. The night-time noise limit is derived from background noise data measured during the night- time (23:00 to 07:00 every day). As with the daytime data, this is plotted against the concurrent wind speed data and a ‘best fit’ correlation established. For night time periods, the recommended limits are LA90,10min 43dB or 5dB(A) above the prevailing background, whichever the greater. The only exception to the daytime and night-time limits outlined above is for properties with a financial involvement in the development, where limits can be increased to 45dB(A). The occupiers of Bwllfa Farm are involved with the scheme, but as there are other properties at this location which are not tied to the development, the non-financially involved noise limits have been applied at this location. The ETSU-R-97 noise criteria provide a means of assessing tonal noise from wind turbines. Where tones are present, a correction is added to the measured or predicted noise level before comparison with the recommended limits. The level of correction depends on the amount by which the tone exceeds the audibility threshold. A warranty will be sought from the manufacturers of the turbine eventually selected for the site that the noise output will either not require a tonal correction or, where tonal corrections are required, the noise criteria will be met having made the appropriate correction for any tonal component.

7.2.3 Operational Noise Modelling The model used for this assessment is that given in ISO 9613-2 Acoustics - Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors - Part 2: General method of calculation. The ISO 9613-2 model takes account of: • geometric divergence (attenuation with distance);

• air absorption;

• barriers (including buildings or topography);

• screening (including vegetation); and

• ground absorption and reflection. For the purposes of the present assessment, all noise level predictions have been based upon the following model parameters: • a receiver height of 4.0m above local ground level;

• mixed ground (G = 0.5); and

• air absorption based on a temperature of 10°C and 70% relative humidity.

ETSU-R-97 states the LA90,10min descriptor should be used for both the background noise and wind farm noise when setting limits, and that the LA90,10min is likely to be about 1.5 to 2.5dB less than the LAeq,10min. The noise model predicts operational noise levels in terms of LAeq,10min, this is converted to LA90,10min by the subtraction of 2dB.

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A recently published position statement (Bowdler, D., Bullmore, A., Davis, B., Hayes, M., Jiggins, M., Leventhall, G. & McKenzie, A., 2009) has been agreed by a number of noise consultants who act on behalf of both developers and opponents of wind farms, many of whom sat on the ETSU Noise Working Group. The statement outlines an agreed approach to a number of topics, drawing upon recent research experience in these areas. The assumptions listed above are all confirmed as the correct approach to modelling wind turbine noise emissions, as follows: “Noise imission levels calculated using these combinations of parameters can generally be relied on for the purposes of noise assessment.” There has been no allowance made for topographical screening within the modelling; some of the turbines modelled will be screened from the receptors and thus noise emissions will be lower than predicted. Furthermore, the noise model predicts noise levels that would be perceived downwind of any turbines. However, parcitularly when considering the cumulative scenario, it is not possible for the properties to be directly downwind of all turbines simultaneously. No allowance has been made for this in the modelling, hence the predicted noise levels given are worst-case, and noise levels in practice are likely to be lower than those stated.

7.3 Baseline In order to ensure that noise conditions are consistent between different applications, the noise monitoring reported herein has been undertaken by Ion Acoustics in support of a future section 36 application for the Pen-y-Cymoedd wind farm development, on behalf of Nuon Renewables. This approach has been agreed with the Environmental Health Officer of Rhondda Cynon Taf. Using the 35dB(A) ETSU-R-97 screening criteria outlined above, it is only necessary for background noise data to be collected at Bwllfa Farm/Bwllfa Terrace. Background noise data have been provided by Nuon Renewables for this location. However, as requested by the Environmental Health Officer, consideration has also been afforded to properties in Penywaun (Waungron) and Cwmdare. These lie outside the 35dB(A) screening criteria, but are included for information. Background noise data have been provided by Nuon Renewables for the Waungron location; whilst the lowest noise limit which would be appropriate is complied with, this is used later in the assessment to allow the noise levels to be assessed in the context of the background noise environment. No background noise data are given for Cwmdare, as the lowest noise limit is complied with. The noise assessment locations are shown on Figure 7.1. The complex topography of the area is such that the potential for enhanced wind shear levels over those used by manufacturers when certifying wind turbine noise emissions is low. Nevertheless, to ensure that the assessment fully addresses the issue, and complies with the guidance in the recently issued position statement (Bowdler et al, 2009, referred to in Section 7.2), the wind speeds against which the noise data have been correlated are derived from the hub height wind speed (determined using the measured wind shear profile from a metmast with anememoters at multiple heights), and converted to a 10m height wind speed using the manufacturers standard shear profile. Figure 7.2 demonstrates the wind conditions encountered during the monitoring period; wind speeds up to around 16ms-1 were measured during the daytime period, and around 12ms-1 at night.

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Figures 7.3 - 7.5 present charts showing the 10 minute average wind speed plotted against noise levels measured for the same period, together with a calculated ‘best fit’ line, for both day and night-time periods at each location. These charts exclude background noise levels measured during periods of rainfall. The values of the best-fit background noise curve and subsequent noise limit derived following the ETSU-R-97 procedure described in Section 7.2 are detailed later in Table 7.6 and Table 7.7.

7.4 Information Gaps The final choice of turbine will not be confirmed until a competitive tendering process has been undertaken after consent has been awarded. Thus, the actual noise emissions cannot be confirmed until a later date. Any turbine selected will be required to comply with the noise limits enforced by planning condition, regardless of the output level. The construction programme for the wind farm will not be finalised until after the contract for undertaking the works is placed. Hence the assessment of construction noise is based upon Entec experience of similar projects.

7.5 Constraints to Development Noise at residential receptors is recognised as a design constraint for wind farm developments. However, the iterative design process followed throughout the development of the wind farm has lead to a layout which takes account of ETSU-R-97 derived noise limits. Consequently any potentially significant impacts were ‘designed out’ before the final layout was determined.

7.6 Project Assumptions Project assumptions are outlined in Table 7.3. Whilst no specific construction noise control measures are required, general good practice site noise control measures are recommended to minimise the disturbance from the development. Construction site working hours are also defined.

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Table 7.3 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Incorporated Measures Likely Potential Effects Effectiveness

Construction Phase

Residential Noise from construction Restriction of working hours (07:00 - 19:00 Fully effective properties activities Monday to Friday, 07:00-13:00 Saturday, no activity Sunday) unless by prior agreement with local planning authority.

General good practice noise control measures as outlined in BS5228-1:2009

Operational Phase

No assumptions Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some effects possible, which are discussed in Section 13.6 Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

7.7 Predicted Effects

7.7.1 Construction and Decommissioning Noise Predictions have been undertaken using the plant list and noise source levels given in Table 7.2, for the nearest property to any of the Mynydd Bwllfa turbines, which is Bwllfa Farm. The following noise levels are predicted.

• Turbine foundation construction - LAeq,1hr 40dB;

• Turbine erection - LAeq,1hr 33dB. The noise predictions confirm that whilst noise effects may occur when work is closest to the receptors, due to the high separation distance between the turbines and the nearest receptors, the noise guideline value of 65dB(A) quoted in BS5228-1:2009 would not be exceeded.

7.7.2 Operational Noise There is a range of turbines that would be appropriate for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm. The final selection of turbine will follow a competitive tendering process and thus the actual model of turbine may differ from that on which this assessment has been based. However, the final choice of turbine will be required to comply with the noise criterion levels which have been established for the site and will be enforced by planning condition. The turbine used in this assessment is a Vestas V90 machine. Noise data for this turbine has been obtained from the following sources:

• Sound power levels for integer wind speeds - General Specification for V90 3.0MW, report no. 950011.R7, 25 January 2005;

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• Spectrum of noise emissions - Measurement of Noise Emission (Test Report), report no. 958492.R0, 29 June 2005. Five different noise output modes are available for the V90 turbine. Reduced noise emission modes bring an associated reduction in power output. This assessment has been based upon the turbine operating with a maximum sound power level of LWA = 107.7dB, the noise output of the turbine can be reduced further if necessary. The noise emissions across the range of wind speeds required by ETSU-R-97 are detailed in Table 7.3. 2dB is added to the values for modelling purposes to account for any uncertainty in measurement.

Table 7.4 Vestas V90 Sound Power Levels

-1 Wind Speed at 10m Height (V10) ms

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

L (dB) quoted by WA 97.0 102.0 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.0 104.1 104.9 105.7 Vestas

LWA (dB) +2dB uncertainty used in 99.0 104.0 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.0 106.1 106.9 107.7 modelling

The sound emitted by a noise source consists of a number of different frequencies, some of which are more dominant than others. These frequencies are grouped together into octave bands. The octave bands are defined by the centre frequency. The addition of the octaves bands will give an overall sound power level for the turbine. The amount of absorption over a given distance depends on the frequency of the noise - high frequencies are absorbed more readily than low frequencies. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, Hertz (Hz). Octave spectra data for the Vestas V90 are detailed in Table 7.5. These were determined in a -1 wind speed of V10 = 8ms . The spectrum is taken from one-third octave measurements conducted of an operating V90 turbine which have been summed to the full octave band values. This results in a total sound power level different to that quoted by Vestas. Thus, the values are subsequently scaled to the appropriate total sound power level detailed in Table 7.4.

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-1 Table 7.5 Octave Band Spectra of Vestas V90 at Wind Speed V10 = 8ms

Octave Band Centre Frequency (Hz) Sound Power Level LWA (dB)

63 96.3

125 98.2

250 101.6

500 102.6

1000 103.9

2000 100.1

4000 97.3

8000 92.8

Noise levels have been predicted for the locations shown on Figure 7.1, as agreed with the Environmental Health Officer of Rhondda Cynon Taf, namely Bwllfa Farm (representative of other properties at this location), Bwllfa Terrace, a property in Cwmdare and a property at Waungron. Table 7.6 (daytime) and Table 7.7 (night-time) present the results of the predictions together with the values of the measured background noise curve, the ETSU-R-97 derived noise limits and subsequent margin by which the predicted turbine noise meets the noise limit. Two sets of predictions are presented: the first is based upon noise emissions from the Mynydd Bwllfa site operating solely; the second includes the contribution of the consented Maerdy turbines and the current layout for the Pen-y-Cymoedd development. The predictions are presented separately in order to allow assessment against the 37dB LA90,10min criteria applicable to Myndd Bwllfa operating alone, and also to demonstrate compliance with the 40dB LA90,10min criteria for the assessment of cumulative noise levels. This data is shown graphically on Figure 7.3 - Figure 7.6; the solid lines are relevant to Mynydd Bwllfa alone, the dashed lines the predicted turbine noise levels and noise limits for cumulative sites. For night-time, no separate cumulative noise limits are proposed.

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Table 7.6 ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Daytime

-1 Wind Speed at 10m Height Adjusted for Effects of Wind Shear (V10) ms

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Properties at Bwllfa Farm

Background noise curve 28.8 30.5 32.2 33.9 35.6 37.4 39.1 40.9 42.7

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa) 37.0 37.0 37.2 38.9 40.6 42.4 44.1 45.9 47.7

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 28.8 33.8 36.2 36.2 36.2 35.8 35.9 36.7 37.5

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -8.2 -3.2 -1.0 -2.7 -4.4 -6.6 -8.3 -9.3 -10.3

Noise limit (for cumulative noise) 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.6 42.4 44.1 45.9 47.7

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 30.6 35.1 38.3 39.3 39.9 40.2 39.8 40.1 40.5

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -9.4 -4.9 -1.7 -0.7 -0.7 -2.2 -4.3 -5.8 -7.2

Bwllfa Terrace

Background noise curve 28.8 30.5 32.2 33.9 35.6 37.4 39.1 40.9 42.7

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa) 37.0 37.0 37.2 38.9 40.6 42.4 44.1 45.9 47.7

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 28.0 33.0 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.0 35.1 35.9 36.7

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -9.0 -4.0 -1.7 -3.4 -5.2 -7.3 -9.0 -10.0 -11.0

Noise limit (for cumulative noise) 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.6 42.4 44.1 45.9 47.7

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 30.0 34.5 37.7 38.7 39.3 39.6 39.3 39.6 39.9

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -10.0 -5.5 -2.3 -1.3 -1.3 -2.7 -4.8 -6.4 -7.8

Waungron

Background noise curve 42.9 43.6 44.4 45.1 45.8 46.6 47.3 48.0 48.7

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa) 47.9 48.6 49.4 50.1 50.8 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.7

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 23.2 28.2 30.6 30.6 30.6 30.2 30.3 31.1 31.9

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -24.7 -20.4 -18.8 -19.5 -20.2 -21.4 -22.0 -21.9 -21.8

Noise limit (for cumulative noise) 47.9 48.6 49.4 50.1 50.8 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.7

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Table 7.6 (continued) ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Daytime

-1 Wind Speed at 10m Height Adjusted for Effects of Wind Shear (V10) ms

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 25.4 29.8 33.2 34.3 35.0 35.3 35.1 35.3 35.6

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -22.4 -18.8 -16.2 -15.8 -15.8 -16.2 -17.2 -17.7 -18.1

Cwmdare (no background noise data for this location, lowest noise limit adopted)

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa) 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 23.5 28.5 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.5 30.6 31.4 32.2

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -13.5 -8.5 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.5 -6.4 -5.6 -4.8

Noise limit (for cumulative noise) 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 27.9 32.0 35.9 37.5 38.4 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.6

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -12.1 -8.0 -4.1 -2.5 -1.6 -1.1 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 # Negative value indicates that predicted turbine noise is lower than applicable noise limit All noise levels dB LA90,10min

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Table 7.7 ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Night-time

-1 Wind Speed at 10m Height Adjusted for Effects of Wind Shear (V10) ms

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Properties at Bwllfa Farm

Background noise curve 27.2 28.8 30.6 32.5 34.7 37.0 39.6 42.3 45.2

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa and cumulative noise) 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.6 47.3 50.2

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 28.8 33.8 36.2 36.2 36.2 35.8 35.9 36.7 37.5

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -14.2 -9.2 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -7.2 -8.7 -10.7 -12.8

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 30.6 35.1 38.3 39.3 39.9 40.2 39.8 40.1 40.5

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -12.4 -7.9 -4.7 -3.7 -3.1 -2.8 -4.7 -7.2 -9.8

Bwllfa Terrace

Background noise curve 27.2 28.8 30.6 32.5 34.7 37.0 39.6 42.3 45.2

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa and cumulative noise) 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.6 47.3 50.2

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 28.0 33.0 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.0 35.1 35.9 36.7

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -15.0 -10.0 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6 -8.0 -9.4 -11.4 -13.5

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 30.0 34.5 37.7 38.7 39.3 39.6 39.3 39.6 39.9

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -13.0 -8.5 -5.3 -4.3 -3.7 -3.4 -5.3 -7.8 -10.3

Waungron

Background noise curve 34.7 36.3 37.8 39.3 40.8 42.3 43.8 45.3 46.7

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa and cumulative noise) 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.3 45.8 47.3 48.8 50.3 51.7

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 23.2 28.2 30.6 30.6 30.6 30.2 30.3 31.1 31.9

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -19.8 -14.8 -12.4 -13.7 -15.2 -17.1 -18.5 -19.2 -19.8

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 25.4 29.8 33.2 34.3 35.0 35.3 35.1 35.3 35.6

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -17.6 -13.2 -9.8 -10.0 -10.8 -12.0 -13.7 -15.0 -16.1

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Table 7.7 (continued) ETSU-R-97 Noise Assessment - Night-time

-1 Wind Speed at 10m Height Adjusted for Effects of Wind Shear (V10) ms

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Cwmdare (no background noise data for this location, lowest noise limit adopted)

Noise limit (for Mynydd Bwllfa and cumulative noise) 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0

Predicted turbine noise (from Mynydd Bwllfa) 23.5 28.5 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.5 30.6 31.4 32.2

Margin by which Mynydd Bwllfa meets noise limit# -19.5 -14.5 -12.1 -12.1 -12.1 -12.5 -12.4 -11.6 -10.8

Predicted turbine noise (including Mynydd Bwllfa, Maerdy and Pen-y-Cymoedd) 27.9 32.0 35.9 37.5 38.4 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.6

Margin by which cumulative noise limits met# -15.1 -11.0 -7.1 -5.5 -4.6 -4.1 -4.6 -4.5 -4.4 # Negative value indicates that predicted turbine noise is lower than applicable noise limit All noise levels dB LA90,10min

7.7.3 Other Operational Noise Issues

Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise Infrasound is generally defined as pressure waves with a frequency below 20Hz. The human hearing threshold is much reduced below 20Hz compared to higher frequencies. The exact definition of low frequency noise varies, but generally spans the infrasonic and audible ranges from around 10Hz to 200Hz. The Department of Trade and Industry commissioned report The Measurement of Low Frequency Noise at Three UK Wind Farms presents the results of a number of measurements taken at sites throughout the UK. The study concluded that modern wind turbines are not sources of infrasound at levels which could be injurious to health of a wind farm neighbour. At all of the measurement sites, low frequency noise associated with traffic movement along local roads was greater than that associated with the wind farm. Following publication of the report (in 2006), the DTI (later BERR, now DECC) published a memo to English Planning Authorities stating that: “The Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) has written to all Local Planning Authorities and the Planning Inspectorate to confirm that the advice in PPS22 and its Companion Guide that ETSU-R-97 should be used for the assessment and rating of noise from wind farms should continue to be followed.” Furthermore, in its discussion of wind farm noise, TAN8 states in paragraph 2.17: “There is no evidence that ground transmitted low frequency noise from wind turbines is at a sufficient level to be harmful to human health.”

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Aerodynamic Modulation To a certain extent the noise limits derived following the procedure recommended by ETSU-R- 97 take into account the phenomenon of aerodynamic modulation (AM, occasionally termed amplitude modulation) to a certain extent and thus afford receptors some protection. However, the DTI study into low frequency noise referred to above also investigated the phenomenon of aerodynamic modulation. It was found that internal noise levels associated with aerodynamic modulation were above the threshold of audibility at some properties. While measurements indicated these were not high enough to wake occupiers of a room, they could result in difficulties returning to sleep once awake. The DTI Noise Working Group commissioned the University of Salford (2007) to investigate the occurrence of the phenomenon in more detail. A survey was conducted of local authorities to investigate the extent of aerodynamic modulation, and complaint histories analysed to determine the number of complainants. The phenomenon was considered to be a factor in four of the sites at which there had been complaints and a possible factor at eight further sites. It was found that meteorological conditions were such that the effect would prevail for between 7-15% of the time, which could persist for several days. The report concluded that given the low incidence of aerodynamic modulation and the low numbers of people involved it is difficult to justify further research; however they do state it may be prudent to attempt to improve our understanding as the phenomenon cannot be predicted at present. Following publication of the report, BERR (2007) released a statement as follows: “Based on these findings, Government does not consider there to be a compelling case for further work into AM and will not carry out any further research at this time; however it will continue to keep the issue under review. Government continues to support the approach set out in Planning Policy Statement 22 - Renewable Energy. This approach is for local planning authorities to ‘ensure that renewable energy developments have been located and designed in such a way to minimise increases in ambient noise levels’, through the use of the 1997 report by ETSU to assess and rate noise from wind energy developments.”

7.8 Summary of Predicted Effects Table 7.8 summarises the predicted noise effects of the Mynydd Bwllfa upon identified receptors.

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Table 7.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Receptor Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude# Significance of or Value* Effect Level Rationale

Construction

Construction -ve Likely Medium Low Not Predicted noise levels noise at Significant comply with BS5228- residential 2009 criteria receptors

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation

Operational noise -ve Likely Medium Low Not Complies with ETSU-R- at residential significant 97 criteria operating receptors alone and cumulatively

Decomissioning (predicted impacts same as construction or less)

Decommissoining -ve Likely Medium Low Not Predicted noise levels noise at Significant comply with BS5228- residential 2009 criteria receptors

Key: Type Probability Policy Importance Magnitude Significance

- ve = Negative Certain International High Significant

+ve = Positive Likely National Medium Not Significant

? = Unknown Unlikely County Low

0 = Neutral District Negligible

Local * Sensitivity or value is defined as medium in each case as the receptors referred to are residential in nature. A high sensitivity receptor would be a hospital or nursing home for example while a low sensitivity receptor would be industrial premises. ** The magnitude of the effects is assessed as low due to compliance with relevant noise limits.

7.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions The following assumptions will be implemented via an agreed construction contract. Hours of operation can be enforced via a planning condition.

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Table 7.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions

Measure/ Monitoring Proposal Responsibility for Implementation Mechanism Implementation

Construction Phase

Restriction of working hours (07:00 - 19:00 Monday Contractor Procurement contract/Planing to Friday, 07:00-13:00 Saturday, no activity Sunday) Conditions unless by prior agreement with local planning authority.

General good practice noise control measures as Contractor Procurement contract outlined in BS5228-1:2009

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation

No assumptions

7.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions A noise assessment has been carried out for the construction and operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm. Due to the high separation distance between the proposed turbines and the nearest receptors, predictions of construction and decommissioning noise lie within the guideline values given in BS5228-1:2009. Operational noise was assessed in accordance with ETSU-R-97 guidance. The design of the scheme is such that, based upon a Vestas V90 turbine, predictions of operational noise levels lie within noise limits derived from measurements taken on behalf of Nuon Renewables for their Pen-y-Cymoedd development, at a number of receptors surrounding the wind farm. It was found that cumulative noise limits will also be met from the Mynydd Bwllfa proposals, the consented Maerdy site and the current Pen-y-Cymoedd proposals. A range of turbines are appropriate for the site, the final model eventually being selected by competitive tender. Any turbine installed will be required to meet the noise limits derived herein, by way of planning condition, inclusive of any penalties for tonal noise. In conclusion, it is considered that the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm will comply with all relevant noise standards and guidelines designed to protect residential amenity.

7.11 References BERR (2007) Government statement regarding the findings of the Salford University report into Aerodynamic Modulation of Wind Turbines Noise [online]. URL: http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file40571.pdf (last accessed 6/4/09).

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Bowdler, D., Bullmore, A., Davis, B., Hayes, M., Jiggins, M., Leventhall, G. & McKenzie, A., (2009) Prediction and Assessment of Wind turbine Noise. Acoustics Bulletin, Volume 34, no. 2, Instititute of Acoustics, London. DTI (2006) Advice on findings of the Hayes Mackenzie report on noise arising from wind farm [online]. URL http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file35592.pdf (last accessed 6/4/09). Hayes Mackenzie Partnership (2006) The Measurement of Low Frequency Noise at Three UK Wind Farms. Department of Trade and Industry. ISO 9613-2 (1996) Acoustics - Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors - Part 2: General method of calculation. International Standards Organisation. Technical Advice Note 8: Renewable Energy 2005 The Working Group on Noise from Wind Turbines (1996) The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Windfarms. ETSU Report ETSU-R-97. University of Salford (2007) Research into aerodynamic modulation of wind turbine noise. Department of Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. van den Berg, G. P. (2004) Effects on the wind profile at night on wind turbine sound. Journal of Sound and Vibration. Number 277, pp 955 - 970. World Health Organisation (1999) Guidelines for Community Noise [online]. URL: http://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html (last accessed 6/4/09)

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8. Landscape and Visual

8.1 Introduction Landscape and visual assessment (LVA) for wind farms forms one of the key components of the EIA process to comply with the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations. The main objectives of this assessment have been to determine the potential landscape effects of the proposed wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa on the existing landscape resource and its visual effects upon the range of potential visual receptors that live, work, travel through or undertake recreational activities within the defined study area. The assessment has been based on the description of the proposed development provided in Section 6, i.e. twelve turbines, three of which have a hub height of 70 m and a blade tip height of 115 m and nine of which have a hub height of 80 m and a blade tip height of 125 m. The proposed wind farm will require a sub-station which will be located besides the northern end of the proposed new main access track from the A465(T) at the eastern end of Hirwaun, i.e. it will be distinctly separate from the location of the turbines on Mynydd Bwllfa and Panwaun Bryn-y-March. It will also require the provision of an estimated 8.1 km of new 5m wide access tracks. During nine to twelve month long construction period there will be a temporary construction compound to be located besides the access road on the northern side of the site, i.e. in the same location as the proposed sub-station. The assessment distinguishes between landscape and visual effects, which are discussed in separate sections (Sections 8.7 and 8.8 for landscape and Sections 8.9 and 8.10 for visual). A further section (Section 8.11) has been included for cumulative landscape and visual effects. At the outset of the LVA it is useful to provide a definition of the terms “landscape effects” and “visual effects”: • Landscape effects: These consist of the changes in the fabric, character and quality of the landscape which it is predicted would result from the construction and operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm; • Visual effects: These are the predicted effects on views available to the public from publicly accessible areas and residential dwellings i.e. visual receptors. Specific effects result from changing the constituent elements within an existing view. This may be caused by the construction of a feature, or the obstruction, or modification of an existing view. The overall effect upon visual amenity can range from degradation to enhancement. The assessment process has been divided into four stages, which include a description of the existing landscape resource i.e. the baseline; project description and landscape design incorporated into the wind farm; landscape and visual assessment; and cumulative visual assessment.

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8.2 General Methodology

8.2.1 Policy and Guidance At the national level the National Assembly for Wales’ TAN 8 (Renewable Energy) states that impacts on special landscape areas and the settings of national trails, whilst material considerations, should not be seen as overriding constraints on wind farm development. The general direction of government policy is such that greater weight is likely to be given to the landscape character-driven approach as embodied in the landscape character areas defined in the LANDMAP landscape characterisation work. LANDMAP work has been undertaken and quality assured across all local authorities in south Wales for all five LANDMAP aspect areas4. Each of the five LANDMAP aspect areas for the detailed study area are shown in Figures 8.8, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12 and 8.13 whilst the four value category evaluation of the critical visual and sensory aspect is shown in Figure 8.9. At the local level the policies set out in the Rhondda Cynon Taff (Cynon Valley) Local Plan with regard to renewable energy (Policy ENV21) recognise that in particular cumulative effects upon the landscape can be important considerations and that as well as the turbines themselves ancillary components can also have important landscape effects. Policy ENV3 recognises the importance of considering views from the Brecon Beacons National Park when assessing development proposals whilst within the Cynon Valley the “highest quality landscape” is designated as Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) where developments that would harm the special landscape qualities will be rejected. The context for the LVA is provided by the Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council - Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1999). However, the distribution of local authorities in this part of South Wales means that the 30 km radius defined study area includes parts of several other local authorities which are subject to their own structure and local plans. Those completely inside this defined study area are Merthyr Tydfil CBC; Neath and Port Talbot CBC and Bridgend CBC, whilst those partially within the defined study area are the City and County of Swansea; Carmarthenshire CBC; the Vale of Glamorgan Council; Caerphilly CBC; Blaenau Gwent CBC; Torfaen CBC; Cardiff Council and Powys County Council. With regard to the latter the portion within the defined study area is located within the Brecon Beacons National Park and with regard to planning is subject to the policies set out in the National Park’s adopted Local Plan5. It is recognised that in accordance with the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, these local authorities are in the process of developing their Local Development Plans. These are being developed using an extensive evidence base, some of which relates to reviews of landscape and visual related issues such as the potential refinement of local landscape designations in light of the availability of LANDMAP data. Nevertheless as none of these have been formally adopted the landscape and visual assessment has been undertaken in the context

4 The five aspects or spatially related datasets are Geological Landscapes; Landscape Habitats; Visual and Sensory Landscapes; the Historic Landscape; and the Cultural Landscape. 5 Brecon Beacons National Park Adopted Local Plan 1996-2006 adopted May 1999.

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of the extant Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council Local Plans6,7many of whose policies have been ‘saved’.

8.2.2 Scope The scope of the Environmental Statement (ES) including the LVA was set out in scoping opinion letter issued January 2009. In line with current best practice this emphasises the importance of considering cumulative landscape and visual effects which would be generated as a consequence of the operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and other existing, permitted wind farms and those for which a planning application has been submitted within a defined area of search which in this LVA is termed the cumulative study area8. The points and comments raised by consultees have been incorporated within this assessment where considered appropriate. The final scope of the LVA is summarised in Table 8.1. The selection of landscape and visual issues has also been informed by the Appeal Decision for the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal9.

Table 8.1 Scope of the Landscape and Visual Assessment

Landscape Issues Description

Landscape Character The effects of the proposed development on the landscape character and quality of the defined study area, as set out in the LANDMAP study and site survey. Also the landscape assessment includes effects upon the number of Historic Landscapes which are fully or partially located within the defined study area.

Landscape Designations Special, Strategic and Local Landscape Areas within Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC

Landscape Elements Direct or physical effects on landscape elements, which may include forestry, upland commons, rocky cwms, field boundaries and existing access.

Visual Issues Description

Local Community Views from local communities, particularly from residential properties in urban areas along the valley bottoms and lower sides. Also views from the small number of more isolated rural properties in the detailed study area (within 10 km of any of the proposed turbines), which tend to be concentrated in the north of the defined study area.

Nationally and Locally Key, publicly available views from the Brecon Beacons National Park and the Special, Designated Landscapes Strategic and Local Landscape Areas as designated by Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC.

Hilltops Views from popular hilltops and walking summits within the defined study area.

6 Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 adopted January 2004. 7 Rhondda Cynon Taf (Rhondda) Local Plan 1991-2006 adopted January 2004 8 We have also included the proposed Pen y Cymoedd wind farm even though a planning application has yet to be submitted due to its scale and proximity to the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application site. 9 Appeal Decision for Appeal Ref: APP/L6940/A/07/2058755 issued 18/11/08.

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Table 8.1 (continued) Scope of the Landscape and Visual Assessment

Visual Issues Description

Historic Parks and Many of these parks and gardens are well screened by their own tree and woodland Gardens planting, however, the assessment examines potential visual effects on vistas and views available to visitors to these locations.

Tourist Destinations Views from popular outdoor tourist destinations which entail an appreciation of the landscape for cultural, artistic or heritage reasons; their setting and visitor experience is examined as part of the assessment, including Dare Valley Country Park

Major Transport and Views from key transport routes within and across the defined study area are considered Tourist Routes in the assessment, in particular the ‘Heads of Valleys Road’ (A465). Also included are all the designated long distance footpaths, tourist routes and National Cycle Routes.

Cumulative Assessment The cumulative assessment includes fixed viewpoint assessment within the defined study area where simultaneous and/or successive views of more than one wind farm may be achieved, and sequential cumulative assessment, where more than one wind farm may be viewed along transport routes (simultaneously or successively).

8.2.3 Viewpoint Selection The selection of viewpoints that was previously undertaken for the 2006 Hirwaun wind farm application was taken as a starting point for this exercise and following the generation of preliminary ZTVs it was considered that many of these would still be valid for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. The 2006 consultation exercise yielded responses from the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) and following local authorities:

• Bridgend CBC;

• Neath Port Talbot CBC;

• Caerphilly CBC;

• Blaenau Gwent CBC;

• Merthyr Tydfil CBC; and • The Brecon Beacons National Park Planning Authority. Hence it is considered that the concerns of these local authorities have been met in the retention of nine of the photomontage viewpoints and eight of the wireframe viewpoints that were used in 2006 LVA. The subsequent SEI and public inquiry in 2008 allowed the refinement of the viewpoint selections. More recently the scoping response to the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm from CCW and a meeting with planning officers at Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC has resulting in the final viewpoint selection of 16 photomontage viewpoints and 13 wireframe viewpoints with a greater bias towards the Brecon Beacon National Park and visual receptors to the north and east in line with issues and comments raised. The 29 viewpoints were chosen based on the following criteria:

• Viewpoints should be representative of the likely visual effects;

• Viewpoints should show a range of different types of views;

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• Viewpoints should be representative of a range of different visual receptor groups;

• Viewpoints should be representative of a range of distances; and

• Viewpoints should be representative of the varying image of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm in the landscape.

On the basis of previous experience we have produced wireframes and photomontages for viewpoints within 10 km of the proposal site, whilst at distances in excess of 10 km wireframes alone have been used.

8.2.4 Survey Methodologies The assessment has been carried out according to the second edition of “Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Assessment” (GLVIA) published in March 2002 by the Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment10. This is an update of the first edition which, since its publication in 1995, has become a widely recognised guideline for landscape and visual assessment. With specific regard to wind farm proposals, Entec’s methodology derived from the principles set out in these guidelines is supplemented by recent guidance published by the CCW11 and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH)12,13,14 which contain many methodological commentaries. We note that this approach was acknowledged as thorough and appropriate in the documentation and report for the 2008 Hirwaun wind farm public inquiry. Nevertheless we are also aware that, as noted in the CCW scoping response, that the LANDMAP information data base for the relevant local authorities in the study area is now complete and quality assured. Consequently the methodology has been expanded to allow for consideration and assessment of all five LANDMAP aspect areas as requested by CCW, although the principal focus remains upon the visual and sensory aspect.

8.2.5 Definition of the Study Area An overall LVA study area of 31.8 km radius from the site centre has been established on the basis of a 30 km distance from each of the proposed turbine locations. This is termed the defined study area. It is illustrated in Figure 8.1 and was selected for the assessment on the basis of best practice advice from across the UK including the SNH guidelines. The study area was further defined for each part of the assessment process as follows:

10 Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Second Edition. Landscape Institute and Institute for Environmental Management and Assessment. E and F Spon. March 2002. 11 CCW Wind Policy and Checklists. Undated CCW publication. 12 Visual Assessment of Wind Farms: Best Practice. University of Newcastle for Scottish National Heritage. March 2002. 13 Guidelines on the Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes. Scottish Natural Heritage. SNH Publications, Perth, Scotland. February 2001. 14 Scottish Natural Heritage Advisory Services Landscape Group. Guidance for the Assessment of Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impacts Arising from Wind Farm Developments. Draft May 2004.

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• Detailed landscape assessment was restricted to the five LANDMAP aspect areas that are completely or partly located within 10 km of the edge of the application area boundary plus the Brecon Beacons National Park. This decision was based upon Entec’s previous experience of undertaking LVAs for wind farms in Wales, in particular the comments received upon the previous LVA for the Hirwaun wind farm. The adoption of a detailed study area is intended to limit the landscape assessment to those landscape receptors that are most likely to sustain a high magnitude of landscape change. Within the LVA this 10 km radius area is referred to as the ‘detailed study area’. Effects upon the many LANDMAP sensory and visual areas beyond the detailed study area have been assessed under the visual assessment through the extensive selection of potential visual receptors; • Visual assessment was restricted to the zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) for blade tips from where potential visual receptors may have a view of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm within the 30 km radius study area; • Cumulative visual assessment has considered existing, consented and proposed (i.e. those wind farms for which a planning application has been submitted and registered plus the adjacent Pen y Cymoedd wind farm) wind farms within a 60 km radius of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm site. This represents the maximum extent of two 30 km study areas around operational or prospective wind farms. Within the LVA this area is referred to as the ‘cumulative study area’.

8.2.6 Zones of Theoretical Visibility (ZTVs) ZTVs for the defined study area were calculated using ‘ReSoft Wind Farm 4.0’ software to produce an area of potential visibility of the proposed wind farm turbines, calculated to blade tips of 115.0 m (Turbines 1-3) and 125.0 m (Turbines 4-12) and to the top of the nacelles at 70.0 m and 80.0 m respectively. These ZTVs are illustrated in Figures 8.15 and 8.16. These ZTVs, however, do not take account of built development and vegetation (including the locally extensive coniferous forestry), which can considerably reduce the area and extent of actual visibility of an object or development. The ZTVs in Figures 8.15 and 8.16 therefore represent a worse case scenario with regard to the visibility of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm in which the extensive tracts of coniferous forestry in the central/ western parts of the defined study area are clear-felled. Hence with regard to the application of the worst case scenario it forms an appropriate starting point for undertaking the visual assessment, although as will be discussed in Section 8.3.3 this situation is highly unlikely to arise. Consequently these ZTVs has been re-calculated in which all the coniferous forestry areas which have at least one axis with a minimum length of 500 m length have been given a height value of 12m. This allows the LVA to gain an understanding of the potential screening role of larger blocks of forestry. These ZTVs with ‘forestry exclusion zones’ for the defined study area are shown in Figures 8.17 and 8.18. Based upon previous experience of undertaking visual assessments for wind farm proposals we have also reproduced the above ZTVs for the 10 km radius detail study area at a scale of 1:25 000. These ZTVs provide a greater level of detail with regard to the potential visual receptors with the greatest propensity to sustain significant visual effects. The detail study area ZTVs are contained in Figures 8.19-8.22.

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In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of different components of the proposal, four additional ZTVs have been produced. ZTVs at nominal heights of 2.5m and 1 m above ground level have been calculated to provide indications of where ground level activities and elements will be visible from which is particularly relevant for the construction period. These are shown in Figures 8.23 and 8.24. Given that the access track from the A465 is largely routed away from the location of the twelve turbines a separate ZTV has been produced in order to aid an assessment of its potential visual effects. This is contained in Figure 8.25. In a parallel exercise a companion ZTV has been produced just for the access tracks between the twelve turbines as site visits indicated that in certain views from the south there would be potential for it to be a visual element were an inappropriate design to be adopted. This ZTV is contained in Figure 8.26.

8.2.7 Description of the Existing (Baseline) Landscape Resource A description of the existing (baseline) landscape resource and visual amenity15 forms a cornerstone of the assessment process and establishes the landscape context and sensitivity of the defined study area. The baseline section refers to the existing landscape character and condition of the landscape and landscape elements on the site and within the surrounding area, as well as general trends in landscape change across the defined study area. The baseline study is presented in five sections: • An overview of the contextual landscape conditions of the defined study area;

• A more specific description of the site area;

• An outline of general visibility across the study area;

• A description of landscape designations which are relevant in the evaluation of the landscape and visual resource providing greater detail about the designations discussed in Section 8.2.1; and • A description of the factors affecting visibility.

8.2.8 Landscape Receptors The introduction of a wind farm on Mynydd Bwllfa will have indirect and direct effects on the landscape, with indirect effects being those which affect the landscape character and direct effects those which physically alter landscape elements. Five aspects of the landscape resource are considered in the assessment, with these being identified through site survey: • On-site landscape elements which may experience direct physical effects as a consequence of the construction or operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm;

15 Visual amenity as defined by the Landscape Institute ‘The value of a particular area or view in terms of what is seen’ and not the more general term.

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• The contextual patterns and broad scale characteristics that are encompassed in the grain of the landscape. These can be found throughout the study area and they may be indirectly affected through the introduction of the wind farm;

• The various landscape character types which have been identified in parts of the defined study area and which may be indirectly altered through the introduction of the wind farm. Landscape character types are drawn from the LANDMAP data and corroborated on site. We also note that the TAN 8 Annex D Study16 was based upon the subdivision of Strategic Search Areas E and F into 62 sub-areas or zones that “… enable discrimination between parts of the SSAs in landscape and visual terms.” Hence the zones which are most relevant to the Mynyndd Bwllfa proposal site have been taken into consideration. The assessment also considers potential effects upon the four historic landscapes as defined by Cadw17 which are located in the defined study area and within the ZTV. A further five historic landscapes are partly within the defined study area but are located well outside the ZTV; • Nationally and locally designated landscapes. The former refers to any National Parks, Heritage Coasts and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty entirely or partly located within the defined study area. The latter refers to local designations that are identified in Structure and Local Plans. The approach adopted in this assessment has been to assess the potential effects upon nationally designated landscapes across the study area, but locally designated landscapes have only been included if they are at least partly located within the 10 km radius detailed study area. With the development of the LANDMAP some local authorities no longer designate local landscapes e.g. Neath Port Talbot CBC, however Rhondda Cynon Taff CBC’s two local plans that cover the majority of the detailed study area include the concepts of Special, Strategic and Local Landscape Areas. These landscapes may be indirectly altered through the introduction of the proposed Hirwaun wind farm. It is noted that the adoption of a more landscape character based approach is not considered to preclude the abandonment of local landscape designations18 and that Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC have refined their existing Special Landscape Areas and incorporate them within their Deposit Draft Local Development Plan19;

• Designated features in the landscape or for which landscape setting is a material planning consideration. These features include gardens and designed landscapes20, conservation areas, scheduled monuments and listed buildings whose setting may be indirectly altered through the introduction of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind

16 TAN 8 Annex D Study of Strategic Search Areas E and F: South Wales Valleys. Final Report by Ove Arup and Partners for the Consortium of South Wales Valleys Authorities. December 2006. 17 www.cadw.wales.gov.uk 18 LANDMAP Information Guidance Note 1. LANDMAP and Special Landscape Areas. June 2008. 19 Deposit Draft Local Development Plan 2006 – 2021. Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. January 2009. 20 As set out in Cadw’s Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

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farm. In line with current best practice Entec’s methodology assesses potential effects upon the settings of listed buildings, conservation areas and Scheduled Ancient Monuments within the Cultural Heritage Assessment contained in Section 9.

It should be noted that the potential impact of the proposed wind farm upon the historic landscape has been assessed using the ASIDOHL methodology also in Section 9.

8.2.9 Landscape Effects

Introduction The landscape effects were assessed by consideration of four criteria: type of effect; probability of effect occurring; the sensitivity of the landscape resource; and the predicted magnitude of change. The assessment also takes account of mitigation incorporated into the wind farm and site design. However, consideration of the sensitivity of the landscape resource against the magnitude of change posed by the development is fundamental to landscape assessment and these two criteria are defined in more detail later in this section.

Types of Landscape Effect The effect of the wind farm on each identified landscape receptor is classified according to its ability to accommodate the consequent effects of the construction, operation and de-commissioning of the proposed wind farm. This ability is expressed using the following definitions: • Positive where it is felt to complement or contribute to the landscape, strengthening it or adding positive characteristics and qualities which were not previously available; • Neutral where it neither contributes to nor detracts from the landscape, and can be accommodated comfortably by the landscape context; • Negative where it introduces elements which are not currently found in the landscape and cannot be accommodated without some detrimental effect. The ability of landscape receptors to accommodate the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm is assessed through professional judgement based on the factors considered in the evaluation of the sensitivity of receptors and the magnitude of the effects and on the knowledge of the study area as a whole which the assessors have gained through site visits and reviewing the considerable amount of information available through previous LVAs, documentation presented in public inquiries and research such as the previously referenced TAN 8 Annex D Study. The significance of the effect of the wind farm on each of these landscape receptors is assessed through a combination of their sensitivity and the magnitude of the landscape change which they will experience.

Magnitude of Landscape Change The magnitude of landscape change is an expression of the degree of addition, change or loss which would be experienced by the baseline landscape conditions and is classified as high, medium, low or negligible.

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The following factors are considered in the evaluation of magnitude of change:

• The nature of the perceived contrast, or integration, of any new features or changes with the existing landscape including the nature of the turbine layout;

• The scale of change in the landscape with respect to the proportion of the landscape resource affected by the wind farm and the degree to which it is affected; • The duration and reversibility of the effect on the landscape. The manner in which these considerations are reflected in the magnitude categories used in the LVA are indicated in the following Table 8.2, although it is recognised that for some developments in certain locations there may be combinations of factors that do not comply with the range of effects set out in the table. In these situations professional judgement has to be made concerning the definition of the level of landscape effects.

Table 8.2 Magnitude of Landscape Effects

Definitions of Magnitude Level

A change that may be large in scale and extent, and include the loss of key landscape characteristics or High the addition of new uncharacteristic features or elements that would lead to a change in the overall landscape quality and character. Other factors to be considered include proposed mitigation measures.

It should be noted that landscapes are dynamic and subject to change over time and that landscape change may subsequently lead to a positive, neutral or negative effect.

A change of more limited scale and extent including the loss of some key landscape characteristics or Medium elements, or the addition of some new uncharacteristic features or elements that would lead to a change in landscape quality and indicate the potential for change in landscape character.

A change affecting small areas of landscape character and quality, including the loss of some less Low characteristic landscape elements or the addition of new features or elements.

A change affecting smaller areas of landscape character and quality, including the loss of some Negligible landscape elements or the addition of features or elements, which are either characteristic of the existing landscape or hardly noticeable.

Landscape Sensitivity The sensitivity of each landscape receptor is dependent on its value and its ability to accommodate the proposed wind farm, and is classified as high, medium or low. This classification is derived from consideration of a number of variables:

• Landscape quality: an appraisal of the state of repair or condition of landscape elements, the integrity and intactness of the landscape, and the extent to which its distinctive character is apparent in a particular area;

• Landscape value: an appraisal of the importance of the landscape, with consideration given to any national and local designations which may apply, the perceived value of the landscape to users and other consultees, and any intrinsic aesthetic characteristics of the landscape such as scenic quality or sense of place. These may be derived from literature, films, television programmes and guides. It should be noted that a landscape of high value may not always equate to areas of

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high landscape quality (particularly if they are designated for other landscape and visual reasons) and that areas of low landscape value may contain areas of higher landscape quality. With regard to the five LANDMAP aspect areas within the study area, as shown on Figure 8.9-8.13 the LANDMAP database contains quality assured evaluations for all aspects except the historic landscape aspect; • Development within the landscape: the ability of the landscape to accommodate the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm can be influenced by the presence and extent of any existing development within the study area, especially in cumulative views. Landscapes which are already influenced by development similar in some way to the type proposed generally have a greater capacity to accommodate the proposed changes, while those lacking any influence from built form or other human elements may be more susceptible. In this assessment the evaluation of the sensitivity of landscape receptors does assume knowledge of the nature of the development proposed; • Scale of the landscape: this also affects the ability of the landscape to accommodate the wind farm. A large scale landscape of simple landform generally has a greater capacity to absorb a development of the scale of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm than a smaller scale, complex setting where misleading comparisons of scale may occur; • Visibility: whilst visibility is primarily a visual concern, the extent of enclosure and variation in topography has a role to play in determining the sensitivity of a particular landscape to change. The manner in which these considerations are evaluated to derive a sensitivity category is set out in Table 8.3, although it is recognised that the categories can only be considered as indicative and there may be situations where due to specific circumstances and the associated need to apply professional judgement result in alternative landscape resource sensitivities being used in an assessment.

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Table 8.3 Sensitivity of Landscape Resources

Principal Attributes of Landscape Sensitivity Categories Level

Landscape character, elements, and associated land-uses where through consideration of the High landscape character, value and quality there would be a lower landscape capacity or scope for landscape change in the form of development and/or enhancement.

Generally, this may include high value landscape, protected at an international or national level (World Heritage Site/National Park), or as defined as outstanding or high by LANDMAP evaluation where the management objectives may be to conserve existing character. Note also that landscapes of high value may not always equate to landscapes of high scenic quality or condition.

Landscape character, elements, and associated land uses where there would be some landscape Medium capacity and scope for development, and/or enhancement.

Generally, this may include medium value landscape protected at a local level (Special Landscape Areas and other similar) or as defined as moderate by LANDMAP or at a non-designated local level where there is evidence of local value and use (popular picnic area or acknowledged as of particular landscape value in guidebooks).

Landscape character, elements, and associated land uses where there would be higher landscape Low capacity and a higher scope for landscape change in the form of development and/or enhancement. Lower value and non-designated landscape, which may have redeeming features, or elements, where the management objectives may be more focused on landscape repair, restoration, and enhancement. These landscapes may also exhibit medium or low scenic quality or be in a poor condition, with higher landscape capacity and scope for landscape change. Aspect areas evaluated as low within LANDMAP.

This category would include derelict, vacant land/urban fringe and industrial land, where the Negligible landscape quality and value would be negligible, combined with a reasonable capacity to accommodate the proposed development. The management objectives may be focused on landscape change, regeneration and/or the creation of a new landscape.

8.2.10 Visual Effects

Introduction Visual effects are recognised by the Landscape Institute as a subset of landscape effects and are concerned wholly with the affect of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm on views and the general visual amenity. Visual effects may include the following:

• Visual obstruction - physical obstruction or blocking of a view, only likely to occur close to the development or within the application site boundary;

• Visual effect - a change in the appearance of the landscape as a result of development (generally one or more of the turbines) appearing in an existing view or the loss of particular landscape elements or features already present in the view;

• Other visual effects - The overall visual amenity of an area may be affected to the extent that the visual appearance of a particular landscape character type or the visual setting, ‘sense of place’21 or of a particular location such as a village is

21‘Sense of Place’ the essential character and spirit of an area or genuis loci.

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significantly changed. Effects on areas of general amenity are considered in the context of landscape change and may also be either negative or positive;

• Cumulative visual effects - The cumulative or incremental visibility of other wind farm developments may combine to have a cumulative visual effect. The cumulative visual effect may be experienced from a single viewpoint, where development may be viewed simultaneously, or from a particular route where development may be viewed sequentially.

Viewpoint Assessment Viewpoint assessment is conducted from particular viewpoints from which the turbines and/or access track to the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would be visible. The purpose of this is to assess both the level of visual effect which would be sustained by particular receptors and to help guide the assessment of the overall effect on visual amenity and areas of particular landscape character or designation within the study area. The visual assessment is conducted in periods of fine weather and assumes good visibility. Following desk and extensive field surveys within the defined study area and the already discussed scoping and consultation exercises, the viewpoints were selected to meet the following criteria:

• A balance of viewpoints from the main directions of view towards the proposed wind farm;

• A balance of viewpoints in the numerous planning authorities within the defined study area;

• A range of fore, middle and background views of the proposed wind farm covering the extent of the ZTV within the defined study area;

• A proportion representing areas known to both the local community and visitors where people will potentially congregate in numbers; • A proportion of viewpoints reflecting those used by witnesses at the Hirwaun wind farm public inquiry held in October 2008; and • A proportion representing sensitive or protected areas of landscape. The locations of the 29 photomontage and wireframe viewpoints are shown on Figure 8.14. Once a viewpoint has been selected, the location is visited to take photographs in order to record the view and viewpoint. The viewpoints are logged on site survey sheets. The final viewpoint selection accords closely to the schedule of viewpoints agreed in consultation with local planning authorities (see Section 5.2.17), however, as is normal practice, the precise location of some of the viewpoints was modified due to actual conditions at the agreed locations. At a small number of viewpoints, e.g. Burton Latimer, nearby screening or accessibility problems led to the viewpoint being relocated to a more suitable nearby location.

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Photographs, Wireframes and Photomontages All photographs included in this assessment were recorded according to best practice guidance22. A digital camera with a 35mm focal length lens (equivalent to 52.5mm lens on traditional film camera) mounted on a tripod with levelling head and panoramic head set to 20° intervals was used. Photography practices and standards adopted in this LVA are included in Appendix C Individual photographs are electronically “stitched” together using software (ArcView Panorama Maker Pro Version 4) to create panoramic photographs. For the nearer agreed viewpoints (Viewpoints 1-16), photographs, wireframes and photomontages have been produced to assist the reader. These are illustrated on Figures 8.27-8.42. For the more distant viewpoints (Viewpoints 17 - 29) photographs and wireframes have been produced. These are illustrated on Figures 8.43 – 8.55. Wireframes and photomontages are produced using “ReSoft Wind Farm 4.0” computer software. Using digital terrain data, computer models of the proposed wind turbine and earth curvature information, the software creates wireframe diagrams from chosen viewpoints of the landscape view including the proposed turbines. With additional instructions on turbine shape, colour, weather, sun location and any obstacles the turbines are rendered, and through controlled position referencing they can be superimposed onto panoramic photographs to create a photo- realistic image (i.e. a photomontage), of the proposed wind turbines in a given view. Digital terrain data is Landform Panorama provided by Ordnance Survey and based on a 50 m grid with vertical accuracy to +/- 8 m23. The photographs and photomontages used in the visualisations have been produced with an included horizontal angle of view of 90º. This angle has been chosen as being able to encompass the entire array of the wind farm and provide contextual information for all of the viewpoints used in this assessment. The same angle of view has been used for all viewpoints to allow ease of comparison between them. The photomontages have been reproduced at a size correct for both 25cm and 50cm viewing distances. The 50cm viewing distance accords with the best practice guidance produced by Scottish Natural Heritage19. The images reproduced at a 25cm viewing distance have been included so that existing photography, wireframe, photomontage and location map may be included on the same A3 sheet. The photomontages

22 Visual Analysis of Wind Farms: Good Practice Guidance. Consultation Draft 22.07.05. Prepared by Horner & MaClennan and Envision for Scottish Natural Heritage, the Scottish Renewables Forum and the Scottish Society of Directors of Planning. 23 Accuracy is a combination of the accuracy of the 1:50,000 scale contours used to create the DTM, and the accuracy of the interpolated DTM grid points falling between these contours. The accuracy of the source contours has been found to be of the order of ±3.0 m RMSE. Variations in DTM accuracy are to be expected depending upon the nature of the ground. DTM height accuracy is typically better than one half of the vertical interval of the source contour data (i.e. ±5.0 m). This figure is quoted in Landform Panorama Data User Guide available at: www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/OSwebsite/products/landformpanorama

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take account of guidance24, contained within the Visual Assessment of Wind Farms: Best Practice (University of Newcastle, 2002).

Types of Visual Effect Visual effects may be positive, neutral, or negative. A positive effect would require development to add to the landscape value, quality, character and or visual amenity of an area. A wind farm may, for example, be viewed as a sculptural addition to the landscape and/or visitor attraction in some locations. Certain types of development and mitigation associated with some wind farm development such as the improvement or upgrade of landscape features could also be regarded as positive. A neutral visual effect would constitute ‘negligible change’ to the existing landscape or view, and would include changes which may be considered as part of the ‘normal’ landscape processes (such as harvesting) or a negligible magnitude of change affecting a view. A negative effect, in the case of wind farm development, may include the loss of landscape elements such as stone walls and hedgerows as part of construction, although usually these types of effects can be avoided. More often in the case of wind farm development, negative or adverse effects are associated with changes to the visual character of a landscape and the setting of valued locations (e.g. Historic Parks and Gardens) through the introduction of new features or elements (e.g. wind turbines) and associated development. However, although these effects may be termed ‘negative’, it may be that a well-designed wind farm can be comfortably accommodated within the scale and character of the existing landscape, bringing about an acceptable evolution or change to the existing view available to receptors. The perception of the viewer and public opinions on wind farms in the landscape can be relevant, albeit outside the scope of this part of the overall assessment, in forming a judgement as to whether a significant visual effect would constitute an acceptable change to the landscape. A number of public attitude surveys commissioned by the Welsh Tourist Board, British Wind Energy Association (BWEA), Friends of the Earth, et al, over the past fifteen years indicate that the majority of visitors consider that wind farms are an acceptable part of the landscape. Public attitude surveys concerning wind farms are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 14. It should be reiterated that although this LVA has considered visual effects from a number of viewpoints, including some from residential properties, planning law confers no right of view. Accordingly a finding that there may be a significant effect upon a view, whether positive or negative, would not be of itself capable of justifying a decision to grant or withhold planning permission.

Visual Sensitivity The sensitivity of each visual receptor or more commonly each group of visual receptors is classified as high, medium or low through consideration of:

24 Visual Assessment of Wind Farms: Best Practice. Report prepared by the University of Newcastle for Scottish Natural Heritage. 2002. 20 Visual Representation of Wind Farms: Good Practice Guidance. Scottish Natural Heritage, March 2006.

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• Visual Importance: the likely importance of the available views in terms of how much this availability is likely to determine the receptors’ presence at that location or the role it could have in determining the enjoyment of the primary purpose they are undertaking at that location. For example receptors walking a long distance footpath are likely to place much more importance on the views available to them than receptors driving on ‘A’ roads through the defined study area on business; • Visual quality: an appraisal of the quality of the view relating to its amenity and its integrity and intactness; • Visual value: an appraisal of the importance given to the view, as indicated by factors such as its recognition as a tourist viewpoint with facilities provided for its enjoyment or its location within an area covered by a landscape designation. Based on the second edition of the “Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Assessment”, the different receptor categories identified in the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm baseline have been ranked in order of their sensitivity to visual effects as set out in Table 8.4. It should be stressed that this table is indicative only as it would be impossible to rigidly tabulate sensitivity to change.

Table 8.4 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Visual Receptor Categories Sensitivity

Designated long distance footpaths High

Summits of hills and mountains ↓ Residential communities (towns, villages and hamlets) ↓ Private residential properties ↓ SAMs, WHS and Historic Parks & Gardens Medium Other Public Rights of Way (PRoWs)/CRoW areas

Public and private recreational open space ↓ Road users ↓ Rights of way associated with highways ↓

Businesses and industry Low

Magnitude of Visual Change The magnitude is described as high, medium, low or negligible, to take account of possible landscape changes, which may affect a view. The magnitude of visual change is described by reference to:

• The scale of change in the view and the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in the composition and extent of view affected. The scale of the wind

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turbines relative to their landscape setting may be more or less emphasised by the presence or lack of scale indicators25;

• The degree of contrast or integration of any new features or changes in the landscape with the existing or remaining landscape elements and characteristics in terms of mass, scale, colour and texture; • The distance between the visual receptor and the development and the frequency and ease with which the development may be viewed from a particular viewpoint taking into account seasonal factors such leaf loss and weather conditions; • The extent of the turbine array within any available view. We note the approach adopted in some of the referenced studies of applying thresholds based upon tightly proscribed angles of view which can vary according to the type or location of the visual receptor but have refrained from applying a rigid set of criteria; • The angle of the main direction of the view and whether the development would be viewed against the skyline or a background landform; • The duration whether temporary or permanent, intermittent or continuous and seasonal changes, due to periodic management (e.g. hedge cutting or laying) and leaf fall; • The potential for indirect effects. The Landscape Institute defines these as effects, which are not a direct result of the development, but are often produced away from it or as a result of a complex pathway. An example may include the potential for visual effects as a consequence of increased traffic levels generated by delivery vehicles during the wind farm construction period. Visual assessment from viewpoints considers the above factors, together with any mitigation incorporated into the design, to arrive at a judgement on the sensitivity of the view and magnitude of change posed by the development. General guidance for this assessment has been provided in Table 8.5 which provides examples of how different considerations interact to produce different visual magnitude categories.

25 Scale indicators are familiar objects in the landscape such as trees and buildings which appear in close proximity to the wind farm and provide and indication of the true scale and height of the turbines.

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Table 8.5 Magnitudes of Visual Effects

Visual Magnitude Categories

High A major change, obstruction of a view or intrusion into a view that is directly visible, likely to appear in the foreground or in a position where the development will dominate the view. Medium A moderate change or partial view of a new element within the view which may be readily noticed, directly or obliquely visible including glimpsed or intermittent views and appearing in the middle ground partly screened or mitigated. Low A low level of change, affecting a small part of the view which may be obliquely viewed or partly screened and or appearing in the background landscape. May include travelling views from roads/rail. Negligible Few viewers affected by a small or intermittent change to the view which may be obliquely viewed and mostly screened and or appearing in the distant background or viewed at high speed over short periods and capable of being missed by the casual observer.

Cumulative Visual Assessment The cumulative visual assessment employs the same methodology described above, but is applied to the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm in combination with other wind farm developments. In line with emerging best practice the cumulative visual assessment incorporates other wind farm developments that are either built or have planning permission as well as other proposed wind farms currently in the planning system, where sufficient information is available i.e. proposals for which a planning application has been submitted. As already noted the adjacent Pen y Cymoedd wind farm proposal has also been taken into account due to its proximity and scale. A shortlist of wind farms included in the assessment is shown in Table 8.7 with their location shown on Figure 8.56. This was prepared through consultation with relevant local authorities and internet searches.26,27 The assessment includes existing and proposed wind farms 30 km from anywhere within the defined study area, i.e. the maximum separation distance between the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and another wind farm would be 60 km. This situation could occur where a visual receptor is located on the edge of the 31.8 km Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm defined study area and 30 km from another existing, consented or proposed wind farm in the opposite direction. In line with the recommendations in TAN 8 Annex D Section 6 and the most recent detailed guidance from SNH published in 200528, two types of cumulative visual effect were considered: • Combined Visibility – where the receptor would be able to see two or more wind farms from a viewpoint within areas of overlapping ZTVs. Combined visibility may be either in combination (where more than one wind farm would be

26 www.yes2wind.co.uk 27 www.cprw.org.uk/wind/windinde.htm 28 Cumulative Effect of Wind Farms: Guidance. Version 2. Scottish Natural Heritage. April 2005.

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simultaneously visible within the receptor’s arc of vision i.e. 90°29) or in succession (successional) where the receptor would have to turn through 360° in order to see the various wind farms;

• Sequential Visibility - the potential situation where a viewer may gain progressive views of two or more wind farms along the course of his/her route. The wind farms may not be inter-visible at the same time, but could combine to have a cumulative effect on the viewer as they drive or cycle through the surrounding area e.g. the A465 or Sustrans Cycle Route 47, sustaining a sequence of intermittent views. Cumulative effects have been further analysed in terms of the TOTAL cumulative effect of one or more wind farms in combination with the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the INCREMENTAL cumulative effect of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm as a component of the total cumulative effect i.e. the contribution the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would make to the total cumulative effect. In some views the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm may be responsible substantially for the predicted visual cumulative effects, in others, turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm may make a negligible contribution to the total cumulative effect and the distinction is hence important.

Evaluation of Significance for Landscape and Visual Effects A general guide to the evaluation of landscape and visual effects is illustrated in Table 8.6. This evaluation determines the level of effect resulting from the combination of sensitivity with the predicted magnitude of change. The range of the significance of the predicted landscape and visual effects has been divided into seven broad levels of effect, defined in this assessment as ‘substantial’, ‘moderate/substantial’, ‘moderate’, ‘moderate/slight’, ‘slight’, ‘slight/negligible’ or ‘negligible’.

Table 8.6 Evaluation of Significance for Landscape and Visual Assessment

Magnitude of Change Sensitivity

High Medium Low

High Substantial Moderate/ Substantial Moderate

Medium Moderate/ Substantial Moderate Slight/ Moderate

Low Moderate Slight/ Moderate Slight

Negligible Slight Slight/ Negligible Negligible

Key: Significant Not Significant

29 The choice of 90° is based upon previous experience and guidance set out in paragraphs 135-143 and Technical Appendix C in Visual Representations of Windfarms Good Practice Guide. March 2006. Scottish Natural Heritage.

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For this assessment and in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment (England and Wales) Regulations (1999), significant landscape and visual effects resulting from the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would be all those effects which result in a ‘substantial’ or a ‘moderate/ substantial’ level of effect. In determining the threshold for significance the landscape assessment has taken account of the existing baseline landscape resources and in particular the inherent landscape capacity within the detailed study area for wind farm development, weighed against the relative sensitivity of the landscape to potential change. The above table does not make allowance for the situation where there can be no possible effects pathway by which a landscape or a visual receptor could sustain any level of effect from the construction or operation of the proposed development. With regard to visual assessment this will normally occur where a receptor is sited well outside any of the ZTVs and the field survey has confirmed that there is no potential for any views to be available of the construction or operational activities, usually due to intervening topography. With regard to landscape assessment this situation is likely to occur where the receptor is not only clearly outside any of the ZTVs but is also located away from any potential noise/ tranquillity effects and any indirect effects. For example, they may be in a location where no views of a development would be available but the landscape receptor could still sustain indirect effects through increased public usage of roads and footpaths to access the development which pass through or close to the landscape receptor. In these situations the assessment still includes these receptors within the evaluation tables but states that there will be no magnitude of change and consequently no level of effect or significance. Receptors are included in the evaluation tables under the principle that the assessment should be comprehensive and to ignore these unaffected receptors would be to give undue emphasis upon the receptors who will sustain some degree of landscape and/ or visual change as a result of the proposed development. A glossary of landscape and visual terms is contained in Appendix D.

8.3 Description of the Existing (Baseline) Landscape Resource

8.3.1 Baseline Overview The baseline study records the existing landscape and visual resource within the 31.8 km radius defined study area and is presented in five sections as listed in Section 8.2.6.

8.3.2 Landscape Elements Landscape elements are the individual components that makeup the landscape such as plantations and woodlands, waterbodies, vegetation patterns, tracks and roads, ditches and buildings.

The Application Site and Wider Area of Study The application area and its context are illustrated in a series of annotated photographs in Figures 8.3i-ii. The site of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the area that immediately surrounds it, is located on the elevated area of Pennant sandstone that is located at the head of the Rhondda

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Fach and Dare Valleys and above the sharp north- (Tarren y Bwlch), east-facing (Craig-yr- ysgol) and north-east-facing (Tarren y Bwllfa) escarpments that slope down into the broad Cynon Valley and its Dare Valley tributary. The upper reaches of the Rhondda Fach form the southern edge of the application area and several of its tributary streams rise within it as does the Afon Dar which flows eastwards through the Dare Valley to join the Afon Cynon. Likewise streams on the slopes of Tarren y Bwlch and the adjacent (but outside the application area) Craig-y-bwlch such as Nant y Bwlch also flow into the Afon Cynon. The highest parts of the application area are located in its north-western part just to the south of Tarren y Bwlch where there is a 512m spot height. There is a trig point at the 510 m AOD spot height at Cefn y Llethr Hir. The southern edge of the application site besides the Afon Rhondda Fach is at ~380 m AOD whilst the northern spur that accommodates the proposed access road and construction compound/substation site descends the northern scarp to 200m AOD where it meets the A465(T). There are no substantial areas of level ground within the application area boundary. The principal land-use within the application area is rough acid grassland and/or purple moor grass dominated unimproved grassland with substantial areas of bog and sedges. There are no tracts of coniferous forestry within the application area but there are substantial areas of coniferous plantation forestry to the immediate south and west. This forestry is the northern extent of the extensive plantations that blanket Mynydd Ystradffernol and Mynydd Tynewydd on the broad ridgeline that separates Rhondda Fawr from Rhondda Fach. Some areas have been subject to recent felling. As with many of the upland areas in the Valleys the application area is relatively isolated with Nant Melyn Farm and two terraces of houses on the north side of Bwllfa Road being the closest residential properties. The main area of settlement with regard to the application area lies to the north and east where the small towns of Aberdare and Hirwaun are effectively linked together by ribbon residential development along the A4059 through Penywaun. Much of the area between Aberdare and the proposal site is now given over to the Dare Valley Country Park. This 200 ha30 Country Park has been developed on an area formerly given over to mining and retains some remnant features such as tips and incorporates a caravan and campsite. The intervening areas between the application area and the nearest settlements are dominated by mining activities and their legacy. For example, within 1.5 km to the north-west the Selar Mine is an extensive area of opencast mining that extends between Rhigos and Hirwaun. Other parts of the area to the immediate north-east are dominated by spoil heaps originating from the deep mining at Tower Colliery which closed in early 2008. Some of this area has been re-vegetated. The Draft Deposit Local Development Plan contains proposals to make part of this area a Strategic Site with proposals including 36 ha of employment development and initially 400 dwellings rising eventually to a thousand dwellings. To the south of Hirwaun and Penywaun areas that were formerly subject to mining and spoil covering have been restored to form pasture complete with a field pattern that is more regular and angular than the other nearby areas where the longer established field pattern has largely

30 http://www.cynonvalley.co.uk/dvcp2/

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survived. Otherwise to the west, south-west and south of the application area there are no settlements with these generally elevated areas being given over to extensive tracts of coniferous plantations or boggy acid grassland and moorland in common with most of the upland areas in the study area. Part of the upland area to the south is the site for the consented Maerdy Wind Farm. The application area and its immediate area is a large-scale landscape with a strong sense of exposure due to the lack of enclosing elements and its relative elevation. The latter is one reason for the low level of visitors to the area, especially the more elevated western parts above the cwms, where panoramic views across the Brecon Beacons National Park are available in clear weather. However we note that in the submissions to the recent Hirwaun public inquiry it was stated that Mynydd Bwllfa and Hirwaun Common to the immediate north-west of the application area are popular walking areas for local people. On our last site visit in March 2009 considerable quad bike activity was noted on the lower slopes of Mynydd Bwllfa (Panwaun Bryn-y-March). Similarly it was observed that the upper section of the Rhondda Fach Valley is used by walkers, mountain bikers and in particular scrambling motorbikes. The latest edition of the 1:25 000 Ordnance Survey map and the maps showing Registered Common Land and Open Country show that under the CRoW Act 2000 the entire proposal site apart form the northern spur is within access land. There is little landscape diversity within or immediately around the application area aside from that provided by the relatively recent forestry and mining land-uses hence the landscape is comparatively simple in terms of the numbers of landscape elements and their potential arrangement into readily discernible patterns. The extensive tracts of acid grassland and moor provide the application area with the rough texture and muted colours that again apply to many of the ridgeline and plateaux areas that surround and separate the Valleys. The simplicity of the landscape elements ensures that it is a generally balanced landscape although this balance can be disturbed by any large-scale activities such as the previously noted open cast mining or the introduction or removal of large compartments of coniferous forestry. Overall a person crossing the proposal site is likely to feel that they are in an exposed and sometimes unsettling landscape, not withstanding the linear presence of the double line of 33kV overhead power lines that traverse the site from south-east to north-west, together with the 132kV that crosses the northern spur and which is visually prominent in southern views from Hirwaun. However visitors to the application area are unlikely to feel that they are in a wild or even a semi-wild landscape. This is because in any views man-made elements such as electricity pylons, the remnants of mining in the Dare Valley, the open cast operations and remnant spoil heaps close to Rhigos and Hirwaun and the traffic movement on the ‘A’ road network will be visually prominent and in some cases audible. In addition the receptors will nearly always be able to see some of the extensive urban developments that characterise the valleys of the surrounding area.

8.3.3 Historic Context and Vegetation Cover The vegetation cover of the application area and the wider context of the upper Rhondda Fach and Fawr Valleys have been determined by sharp topographical contrasts that exist within the application area and within the detailed study area as well as the economic history of Aberdare and Hirwaun over the past two centuries. Whilst industrialisation in South Wales began to expand at a great rate in the beginning of the nineteenth century, Rhondda Fach in particular remained peripheral to large scale industrialisation until the 1860s due to its comparative narrowness and isolation. However, industrialisation came earlier to the Hirwaun and Aberdare areas and by the late nineteenth century there was substantial mining being undertaken across

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the area between the north-eastern edge of the application area and the A4059. There was also extensive mining across the Dare Valley of which the isolated terrace of houses at the western end of Bwllfa Road are one of the few remaining above ground artefacts. Evidence from historical aerial photographs indicates that coal mining continued in the Dare Valley until the early 1970s. Hence the lower areas to the immediate east of the application area would have been a mosaic of mining and agricultural land-uses with an associated depleted vegetation resource. The relatively isolated plateau of occupied by Mynydd Bwllfa, Panwaun Bryn-y-March and Hirwaun Common was not subject to many direct effects from mining. It has been a common since the early medieval period to the middle part of the nineteenth century. Consequently it would have been given over to communal pastoral grazing during summer months, principally of sheep, in a manner that would have been a continuation of agricultural patterns that had been substantially the same since the medieval period. Hence it is a reasonable assumption that the landscape across much of the Mynydd Bwllfa application area has been as open as it is at present since at least the middle of the nineteenth century. Disregarding the distant vehicular movement and noise as well as periodic quad and scramble bike presence, the application area is probably more tranquil at present than it has been since the early decades of the nineteenth century. At present the only tree or scrub cover in the immediate area is found either in patches on the northern side of the Dare Valley or in the hedgerows around Nant Melyn Farm. The application area is devoid of trees and scrub. This absence serves to increase the landscape and visual role of the extensive nearby coniferous forestry. These coniferous plantations are commercially managed and in many parts are monocultures of sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) with deciduous species being largely restricted to some locations of the edges and alongside streams where they can serve to locally soften the visual effect of the plantations. The plantations date only from the late 1960s onwards when extensive forestry was implemented by the Forestry Commission in this part of the Valleys. Hence the plantations that surround the application area are part of a much greater series of interconnected forestry plantations that are the predominant land cover as far west as the Swansea Valley. To the east upland areas have extensive forestry cover as far as the Taf valley beyond which it becomes much more fragmentary and small-scale. Following a meeting with the Forestry Commission in late May 2006 we have been able to review their felling and re-stocking maps for the area bounded by Treherbert, Hirwaun and Aberdare which are valid throughout the proposed operational period of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. In summary these maps show that the Forestry Commission intend to fell the present coniferous forestry in the Flos Fawr area to the immediate west of the application area as a complex series of small coupes over the next decade with some coupes already felled by early 2006. As shown on Figure 8.3ii the March 2009 site visit showed that over half of the forestry area to the immediate west of the application area has now been felled. The felled coupes will be re-stocked with stands of pine or other conifers with an emphasis on the design of the northern and eastern edges i.e. those edges which bound the application area. The design philosophy will be to use a looser pattern of deciduous species around these boundaries to avoid the development of hard lines of coniferous species which were a previous negative visual feature in some views from the north and west. With regard to the forestry to the south-west of the application area that separates it from the consented Maerdy wind farm site, the plans show that this block of forestry will be retained until at least 2012 after which there will be periodic felling of coupes until 2032. The phasing and design of the felling and re-stocking in this area should ensure that the present levels of

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screening and physical separation between the southern slopes of Panwaun Bryn-y-March and the Maerdy wind farm site will remain as under the present baseline situation. With regard to the slightly more open forestry plantations on Garn Wen and Castell y Mawn to the south-east the site visits indicated that it is less mature. Consequently the forestry plans show substantive felling of coupes will not commence until 2032 and that a good proportion will be ‘managed retention’ so that it will continue to fulfil the role shown in Viewpoint F, Figure 8.3ii.

8.3.4 Drainage Pattern Within the proposal site and its immediate environs most of the small streams drain to the north and east towards the Afon Cynon and its tributaries such as the Afon Dare. A smaller number of streams such as the Nant Rhydfelen along the western boundary drain southwards into the upper reaches of the Afon Rhondda Fach. With the exception of the Nant Rhydfelen all this streams emerge from below the cwms, usually from springs. It is to be expected that in many cases their courses have been modified by the mining activities that took place in the areas across which they flow. There are no areas of standing water on the proposal site. There are two ponds in the Dare Valley Country Park formed as a result of the reclamation works, whilst on a larger scale the Lluest-wen Reservoir is located just beyond the southern boundary of the application area on the upper reaches of the Afon Rhondda Fach.

8.3.5 Topography The Mynydd Bwllfa application area and its immediate environs have a complex topography. The plateau attains heights of between 510 m and 515 m on its northern edge before falling away in a regular manner to the west and south towards the head of the valley of the Afon Rhondda Fach. This is essentially a dip slope whose western slopes are outside the boundary of the application area being within the Flos Fawr forestry plantation. The northern and eastern edge of this small plateau is formed by a succession of rocky cwms commencing in the north with Craig-y-bwlch which runs into the Tarren y Bwlch and then further south Craig-yr-Ysgol which in turn runs into the Tarren y Bwllfa whose edge is followed by the Coed Morgannwg Way. These rocky cwms are prominent visual features in many views from the east and north and below all of them there are steep slopes that tend to be slightly concave in form. Despite the previously noted history of mining in these areas these slopes are generally quite regular. Between Tarren y Blwch and Craig-yr-Ysgol, Mynydd, Cefn-y-gyngon forms an eastward spur of higher ground whose north-facing slopes form an extension to those of Tarren-y-Bwlch and Craig-y-Bwlch, whilst its southern slopes form one side of Nant Melyn. Beyond the application area’s boundaries the northern and eastern slopes gradually descend to the Afon Cynon which is at an elevation of ~180 m AOD in Hirwaun but descends downstream to ~120 m AOD when it emerges on the southern side of Aberdare. Beyond the southern and south-western boundaries of the application area the topography is dominated by the upper reaches of the Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fawr valleys which are notable for their narrowness and the steepness of their sides which has important consequences for the availability of views from valley bottom locations and has served to restrict the expansion of the settlements up the valleys’ sides. The two valleys are separated by a wide flat topped ridgeline that includes (north-west to south-east) Mynydd Tynewydd, Mynydd Maerdy and Cefn-y-Rhondda. Whilst Mynydd Tynewydd is at the same height (516 m AOD) as the application area as the ridgeline

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heads in a south-easterly direction it rarely attains heights in excess of ~450 m AOD. To the south-east of the application area the Cynon and Rhondda Fach valleys are likewise separated by higher ground with a series of side valleys that make it topographically complex with no single ridgeline. Elevations in this area rarely exceed ~420 m. In the wider context of the 31.8 km radius defined study area the dominant topographical features are the Brecon Beacons to the north and the array of broadly parallel north to south aligned valleys that link the elevated areas within the Brecon Beacons to the lower, more fertile areas of the Bro Morgannwy alongside the Bristol Channel. The Brecon Beacons National Park covers an area of 1347 sq km (520 sq miles) and comprises a quartet of upland ranges. It is the central massif known as the Brecon Beacons located between Merthyr Tydfil in the south and Brecon in the north which is closest to the application area. This range includes such notable peaks as Pen y Fan, which is the highest mountain in South Wales reaching 886 m AOD, Cribyn and Corn Du as well as the most popular high level ridge walk - the Beacons Horseshoe. The north-south orientated valleys (known as ‘the Valleys’) are the dominant topographical feature of the south-eastern quadrant of the study area although they extend further east. They are generally steep-sided with occasional cliffs or cwms such as Griag Fach and Griag Fawr to the west of Treorchy. As previously noted about Rhonddas Fach and Fawr, these valleys tend to be narrow thereby restricting most development to the narrow flat bottom or the lower slopes of their steep sides. Some of the main valleys have short, closed side valleys, for example the Dare Valley or those now occupied by the settlements of Cwmparc and Blaencwm which form western spurs off the Rhondda Fawr Valley. The geology has ensured that the valleys are separated by tall, often broad ridgelines that allow no visual links between parallel valleys. This topography has dominated the settlement and communications networks with few opportunities for inter valley communications provided by cols or ‘bwlchs’.

8.3.6 Land-use Patterns The application area and surrounding area has a highly distinctive landscape comprising steep- sided hills with gently rounded tops, deep valleys, narrow valley floors and extensive plateaux, all of which contribute to a mosaic of land uses. The dominant land use of the upland landscape within and surrounding the application area is unimproved, common grassland, where coarse grasses such as Purple Moor Grass and sedges predominate. As noted previously, outside the valleys significant proportions of this elevated land have been turned over to forestry with large tracts of land planted with alien coniferous species. In contrast to the uplands, many of which have never been enclosed, the agricultural landscape on the valley sides is dominated by small and medium sized fields where the gradient of the hillsides allow. Also there are some surviving sheepfolds. These lower agricultural areas are overwhelmingly improved or semi-improved pasture with more succulent grass species that provide a contrast in colour with the more elevated unimproved pasture. In addition to agriculture, the rapid and extensive industrialisation of the nineteenth century has had a substantial effect throughout the immediate surrounding area. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Rhondda was the most intensely mined area in the world although mining began to decline in the mid-twentieth century until its effective cessation by the 1990s. Until recently the only remnant of mining activities were at the Tower Colliery located ~2 km west of the northern spur of the application area and the open cast mining that continues with the Selar site to the south of Rhigos and north of Hirwaun Common i.e. within a kilometre of the north of the proposal site. However the former closed in early 2008 although the latter may

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be further extended. In parts of the wider study area the legacies of the area’s mining heritage in the present landscape are extensive. Whilst most of the surface infrastructure associated with mining has been removed in recent decades the landscape reveals many remnant local topographical modifications. These include levelled areas for processing areas, marshalling yards etc and extensive areas of coal tipping such as has taken place on the ridge above Maerdy ~3 km south of the proposal site. In some locations the areas of coal tipping have been re-profiled to give them a more naturalistic topography. The section of the Rhondda Fach valley north of Maerdy which is a principal access route for recreational users of the application area and its immediate surrounds contains a wide range of mining remnants at all scales.

8.3.7 Settlement Patterns The 31.8 km radius defined study area covers some populous areas including the large towns of Neath and Port Talbot in the west, Bridgend to the south and Merthyr Tydfil to the north-east, all of which are ~25-30 km apart. A general overview is that these principal settlements and their associated residential areas (with the exception of Merthyr Tydfil) lie along the coastal plain at the mouths of the main Rivers - the Afan at Port Talbot, the River Neath at Briton Ferry/Neath and the Ogmore at Bridgend. In the east of the study area, ribbons of settlement in the form of small towns extend northwards from Cardiff and Newport along the bottom of the river valleys of the Rhymney, Sirhowy and Ebbw in a distinctive pattern. In contrast to these areas, the Brecon Beacons National Park in the north is relatively unpopulated. Consequently there is a wide range of settlement patterns across the defined study area and this summary will concentrate upon identifying the patterns in the 10 km radius detailed study area. To the south and south-west of the application area the settlement pattern in the upper Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach Valleys is similar to that in the east of the defined study area. Although there has been continuous settlement in the Rhondda since the Neolithic period the Rhondda retained its predominantly rural character with extensive mixed woodland, barren uplands and light settlement density until the mid nineteenth century. Rapid urbanisation following the massive expansion in coal mining from the mid nineteenth century gave rise to the dense linear settlements characteristic of the deep valleys of the South Wales coalfield. Generally the ribbon of settlement expanded most where there was a concentration of collieries, such as at Treorchy or Pentre. In such places such as Rhondda Fawr the consequence has been the development of a single continuous ribbon of urban development for some 16 km from Blaenrhondda in the north to Porth where the valleys of Rhondda Fach and Fawr converge. The topography of the valleys generally prevented the expansion of the settlements up the steep valley sides whilst their rapid expansion necessitated a degree of settlement planning hence many settlements such as Treorchy, Maerdy and Cwmparc retain strong grid-plan layouts. There are slight morphological and historical differences between the Rhondda settlements and those such as Aberdare, Penywaun and Hirwaun to the east and north of the application area. The valley of the Afon Cynon is much wider and therefore does not restrict the expansion of any settlements within it. Hence these settlements have a much looser morphology and a higher provision of open space facilitating outward views. These settlements have a higher proportion of twentieth century housing which provides a wider variety of architectural styles and often a lower density of development. The latter combined with the absence of steep valley sides also facilitates the greater availability of outward views for many of their residents. The ribbon development and isolated terrace along Bwllfa Road to the east of the application area are noted due to their proximity. They were originally constructed to provide nearby accommodation for

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men working at the mines in the Dare Valley and have been retained following the closure and reclamation of the nearby mines. In contrast outside of the valley bottoms there are very low levels of settlement on the upper valley sides and the elevated ridgelines and plateaux. There are a handful of remote farmsteads such as Ty Draw Farm south of Rhigos and Nant Melyn Farm to the north-east of the application area. To the north-east and north the pressures of industrialisation were less severe and some remnants of a more rural settlement pattern have been retained. Hence there are some scattered farmsteads around Llwydcoed and between Hirwaun and Penderyn. The latter is a dispersed village alongside the A4059 with some areas of recent housing interspersed with older properties. Overall Penderyn has an appearance that is more redolent of settlements in the much more rural area of southern Powys than those of the Valleys.

8.3.8 Transportation and Public Access Network With the region’s principal settlement of Cardiff located just south-east of the defined study area, the wider study area has a well-developed road network including the M4 motorway which traverses its southern part in an east-west direction. In the central and southern parts of study area the primary road network, like the settlement pattern, is largely determined by topography. Many of the ‘A’ roads follow the river valleys e.g. the western section of the A465 runs through the Vale of Neath and the A470 which follows the course of the River Taf. The former then becomes the ‘Heads of the Valleys’ road which is a regionally important road linking many of the ‘A’ roads that have ascended from the individual valleys and has been recently upgraded. One of the closest ‘A’ roads to the proposal site is the A4061 whose route goes within a 1.5 km of the application area’s western edge, the A465 and A4059 pass within a 1.5 km of its northern edge, whilst a section of the A4233 is located 1.0 km to the south-east. These ‘A’ roads, along with others in the local vicinity, form a sinuous network of main roads which occupy the tightly packed valley floors. Where they have to ascend out of the valleys these roads are forced to follow steep switchback routes that can provide fines views into and across the valleys and then across the tops of the ridgelines as they traverse or sometimes follow them. The A4233 is a fine example of such a route. Many of the roads that serve the secondary, dead-end valleys are themselves cul-de-sacs that end in small turnaround areas from where bridleways and footpaths ascend e.g. Bwllfa Road in the Dare Valley. Apart from these roads there are very few roads in the northern part of the valleys which serves to emphasise the isolation of the individual valleys. This situation is in contrast to that which applied for much of the preceding periods of settlement in the Rhondda in which the ridgelines as opposed to the often impassable valleys would have formed the principal local and regional communication routes. In the wider context of the 31.8 km radius study area there are several long distance walking and cycling routes. The sections of these long distance footpaths that pass through the study area are highlighted on Figure 8.4: Landscape Context.

• The Coed Morgannwg Way - this long distance footpath passes just within the southern boundary of the proposal site and is a dramatic walk of 36 miles which follows ancient tracks of Celtic origin. Along the route there are several good viewpoints, from which the Brecon Beacons and the Bristol Channel can be seen, although much of the walk like the section closest to the application area is through forestry plantations. The route starts from either Gethin Woodland Park in the east (where it is linked with the Taff Trail) or Margam Country Park in the south where

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it is linked to the Ogwr Ridgeway Walk. Shorter sections can be walked from Dare Valley Country Park just to the south-east of the proposal site;

• The Ogwr Ridgeway - a 13 mile extension at the southern end of the Coed Morgannwg Way that heads east to link with the Taff Trail. One of its main attractions is the fine southern views over the Vale of Glamorgan and the Bristol Channel which lie in the opposite direction from the application area; • The Taff Trail - this 60 mile long surfaced trail runs between Cardiff and Brecon via Merthyr. The section to the south of Merthyr links the Coed Morgannwg Way and the Rhymney Valley Ridgeway providing some fine views of Merthyr and the surrounding historic industrial landscape. The section north of Merthyr is a circular route to Brecon and passes through the Brecon Beacons. Being surfaced the Trail is also suitable for cyclists and is considered to be the most popular long distance path in South Wales31; • The Rhymney Valley Ridgeway Walk - this is a 27 mile long circular walk around the Caerphilly Basin. Its route links three prominent ridgelines and traverses some open hill top commons such as Mynydd-Y-Grug and one of its main attractions is the availability of views both south to the Bristol Channel and north to the Brecon Beacons; • Sirhowy Valley Walk - this is a 26 mile walk that links Newport with Tredegar that includes sections that cross the Mynydd Machen and Mynydd Manmoel ridgelines; • Ffordd-y-Bryniau (Ridgeway Walk) - this is a 21 mile east-west orientated walk between Caerphilly to Mynydd-y-Gaer near Bridgend that as its name implies follows the higher ground wherever feasible crossing a series of open hilltops. A substantial proportion follows the same route as the Ogwr Ridgeway. These provide fine views although the main focus of these views is southwards across the Vale of Glamorgan and the Bristol Channel. The central section passes just south of the existing Taff Ely Wind Farm near Gilfach Goch;

• Beacons Way - this is a recently developed 100 mile linear waymarked walk across the Brecon Beacons National Park between Abergavenny and Llangadog in the Tywi Valley. It is intended as an eight day walk with days 3-5 crossing some of the elevated parts of the Brecon Beacons, Forest Fawr and the Black Mountain that are within the ZTV predicted for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm;

• St Illtyd’s Walk - there is little information readily available on this walk but as marked on OS Explorer Maps 165 and 166 it follows a complex route which it shares with the Coed Morgannwg Way from their start in Margam to Ffynnon Oer on the ridgeline between Glyncorrwg and Resolven (the site of the Ffynnon Oer Wind Farm). From this location St Illtyd’s Walk descends into the Vale of Neath before heading north-westwards crossing the Dulais and Swansea Valleys. It leaves the study area just south of Glanaman;

31 hppt://www.btinternet.com/~cardiff.ramblers/ldwalks.html

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• Cistercian Way - this is a circular route that covers much of South Wales. In the vicinity of the proposal site its route partially follows some of the above routes before it heads west passing through Penrhys and crossing the Rhondda Fawr in Ton Pentre or Ystrad before passing over Mynydd Maendy to Bwlch-y-Clawdd. From this pass it traverses the moors of Mynydd Caerau before heading south to cross the Lynfi Valley near Maesteg; • Sustrans National Cycle Route 47: the Celtic Trail32 - this is a long distance cycle route across South Wales from Chepstow to Fishguard which passes through the study area and has a short section that runs along the southern boundary of the application area along with a section of the Coed Morgannwg Way. The route follows the northern side of the Rhondda Fach Valley to join the Coed Morgannwg Way whose route it broadly follows through the extensive Flos Fawr forestry plantations around Lluest-wen Reservoir to reach the A4061 at Mynydd Beili-glas where there is a car park and some signage and information. There is also a proposed future National Cycle Network Route that broadly parallels the A465 around Hirwaun and along the Vale of Neath. To the south a section of National Cycle Route 4 connects Pontypridd, Bridgend and Port Talbot whose closest section is ~12 km from the application area. The Public Rights of Way (PRoW) network in the immediate vicinity of the application area is shown in Figure 14.1. Within the detailed study area is quite extensive but has a tendency to have a poor level of connectivity and sometimes a lack of apparent logic. There are several instances where PRoWs simply end or else follow convoluted routes. This is probably a consequence of the previous mining works requiring land-take and altering surface morphology. Field surveys suggest that sometimes the extensive coniferous plantations have removed all evidence of the PRoW alignment on the ground for routes clearly shown on the OS maps e.g. in the vicinity of Castell y Nos and Castell y Main regardless of recent signage. Also forestry roads can provide additional confusion on the ground. Likewise field surveys have revealed that some of the footpaths marked on the OS and definitive maps are very difficult to accurately follow on the ground which would indicate that they are not heavily used. Aside from the section of the Coed Morgannwg Way that crosses the southern edge of the application area there are a limited number of public footpaths that cross the site. In the eastern part there are two footpaths (Definite Map references 12/13/10 and 10/7/6) that link Penywaun and the south-eastern edge of Hirwaun with Bwllfa Road (and now the Dare Valley Country Park) with a third footpath (Definite Map reference 8/9) linking these two via Nant Melyn Farm. Separate from this small network there is a signed public footpath (Definite Map reference 2) that leads westwards from the end terrace on Bwllfa Road that ascends the north-eastern scarp at its ‘weakest’ section between Craig-yr-ysgol and Tarren y Bwllfa thereby providing access to Mynydd Bwllfa. The field survey demonstrated that this footpath is readily discernible on the ground as far as its junction with the Coed Morgannwg Way, however, from this point there should be another footpath (Definitive Map reference 1 leading to 22) heading due north over both Mynydd Bwllfa and Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon before descending the scarp slope to Hirwaun. The field survey could find no evidence of this footpath and it is likely that most walkers would opt for following the line of the 33kV overhead power line which broadly

32 www.sustrans.org

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follows in the same direction and is the only readily discernible close by feature on Mynydd Bwllfa. This line of pylons forms the eastern boundary of the central part of the application area. The southern continuation of this footpath towards Mynydd Maerdy is similarly not possible to accurately follow across the featureless uplands of Cawrnant-y-Fforch. Three other PRoWs (Definite Map references 44, 40 and 7) ascend the northern scarp slope to Mynydd Cefn-y- gyngon from Hirwaun and all eventually join up with footpath 22. Given the difficulties in finding the public footpath across the heart of the proposal site it is particularly relevant that under the CRoW Act33 the entire application area is now defined as access land. Consequently the public has ‘the right to roam’ across all the elevated open areas although the tussocks of Purple Moor Grass can often make such roaming hard work and on Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa the absence of features can make navigation difficult.

8.3.9 Other Infrastructure Features The most prominent feature in this category is the 33 kV overhead power line that crosses the eastern part of the application area from the south-east to the north-west. This is a double line of overhead lines carried by simple wooden poles that are ~8 m high. The parallel lines of poles are visually prominent elements in close distance views and lead the viewers’ eye both down the Tarren y Bwlch escarpment to the end of the lines at the former Tower Colliery complex and southwards to where they emerge from the extensive Castell y Mawn forestry plantation on the eastern side of Rhondda Fach (see Internal Viewpoint F, Figure 8.3ii). In the simple, open landscape of the elevated flat ridgelines and small plateaux of the study area’s upland areas such a vertical feature provides a strong visual contrast and tends to become a local focal point. A second line of power cables crosses the northernmost part of the application area, parallel to the access road in a general south-east to north-west direction. This is a 132kV line which is a visually prominent element when looking southwards towards the application area from parts of Hirwaun. Another visually prominent element in many local views is the Byrn Du gas storage facility which is located approximately 5 km to the west of the application area on high ground between Hirwaun and Merthyr Tydfil. Although parts of the defined study area are relatively remote, the desktop study of the relevant Ordnance Survey maps and the subsequent field surveys demonstrate that the presence of communication masts and other vertical features, usually on the highest sections of the ridgelines, are common landscape elements high on valley sides or on the intervening ridgelines. Television and radio reception in the Valleys is provided from the Wenvoe transmitting station in the south and then rebroadcast by several transmitters above the upper reaches of the Rhondda Valleys. The closest transmitters are located at Ton Pentre ~6 km to the south of the application area, Ferndale ~6.5 km to the south-east, Werfa ~8 km to the south- west, two on Mynydd Aberdar ~4.5 km to the north-east and Cefnpennar ~6.5 km to the east. With regards to other wind farms within the defined study area, the UK Wind Energy Database34 provides details of wind farms that are in planning, have gained consent, are under construction or are operational. A review of this database indicates that there is one wind farm

33 Countryside and Rights of Way Act. 2000. 34 http://www.bwea.com/ukwed British Wind Energy Association website.

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currently operational within Rhondda Cynon Taff. This is located at Taff Ely to the west of Tonyrefail, ~15 km to the south of the application area. The 16 turbine Ffynnon Oer Wind Farm located on the ridgeline between the Vale of Neath and Afon Afan ~10.6 km to the west in Neath Port Talbot has been operational since mid 2006. An eight turbine wind farm known as the Arts Factory located on land between Treorchy and Ferndale ~6 km to the south-east of the application area was granted consent on appeal in April 2005. However it understood that this will not be constructed. The eight turbine Maerdy wind farm was granted planning consent in 2007. It is located to the immediate south of the application area on the flat ridgeline between Maerdy in Rhondda Fach and Treherbert in the Rhondda Fawr and when constructed its northernmost turbines will be located within 730m of Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm’s Turbine 12. The other approved wind farm within the detailed study area is Maesgwyn which will be a 13 turbine wind farm located ~9.5 km to the north-west between Glyn-neath and Onllwyn. There are several applications currently in planning at the time of this assessment including an 11 turbine wind farm at Fforch Nest and an adjacent 14 turbine proposal at Pant-y-Wal near Gilfach Goch to the south. As already noted possibly the most important proposal with regard to the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm is the proposed Pen y Cymoedd wind farm which would be located in the Ffos Fawr area of Forestry Commission land to the immediate west of the application area. At present it is proposed that this wind farm would consist of 96 turbines with a blade tip height of 145m which would be ‘keyholed’ into the extensive forestry plantation. Further details are set out in Table 8.7 in Section 8.3.21.

8.3.10 Landscape Patterns in the Defined Study Area The landscape elements briefly described in the previous section combine to generate landscape patterns or characteristics although the extensive presence of a few land-use types results in the patterns being both limited and extensive. For the detailed study area the key patterns that have been identified are: • The contrast in colour and texture between the two dominant land-uses outside the valley bottoms: rough grassland and coniferous forest. The contrast is at its greatest in winter when the grassland has seasonally yellowed. There is also a notable contrast between the areas of improved pasture on the valley bottoms and lower valley sides and the unimproved pasture on the upper valley sides and ridgelines and plateaux. The former tend to be a darker and more intense shade of green throughout the year whilst the latter tend to be paler with a range of paler greens and ochre shades that vary seasonally and have a rougher texture; • Localised patterns caused by remnants of former mining activities including small-scale topographic variations, old trackways and different vegetation types (or occasionally no vegetation) on different spoil areas;

• The sharp contrast between the high density of urban land-uses in the valley bottom and lower sides and the much more extensive land-uses and almost complete absence of settlement on the middle and upper valley sides and ridgelines. This generates contrasts in the grain of the landscape, levels of movement, accessibility and remoteness;

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• The relative absence of field boundaries across all but the northern spur of the application area removes one of the principal means by which landscape patterns are generated at the scale of the detailed study area. Their absence gives the detailed study area a stronger sense of unity.

8.3.11 LANDMAP and Landscape Character

Introduction Landscape character is a product of a combination of a wide range of factors that contribute to the creation of a unique setting. Landscape combines geological features, geomorphic processes, landcover and wildlife associations with social, economic and cultural forces. The LANDMAP approach groups these factors into five aspects against which any proposed development should be assessed. These aspects are: • Geological landscape - ;

• Landscape habitats;

• Visual and sensory landscape;

• Historic landscape; and

• Cultural landscape. The LANDMAP approach identifies discrete geographical areas for each of these aspects. The areas for each of the five aspects within the detailed study area are shown in Figures 8.8, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12 and 8.13. One component of the LANDMAP assessment process provides overall evaluations for each identified aspect area as follows:

• Outstanding – the aspect area is assessed of being of national or international value;

• High - the aspect area is assessed of being of regional value;

• Moderate - the aspect area is assessed of being of local value; • Low - the aspect area is assessed of being of below local value. These values are shown on the above figures for all aspects except the visual and sensory aspect. As this is the aspect with the most areas within the detailed study area (73) and is the most pertinent to most components of the landscape and visual assessment the evaluation is shown on a separate figure: Figure 8.9. It will be noted that Figure 8.8 does not show all 73 visual and sensory aspect areas (VSAAs) that fall completely or partly within the detailed study area. Instead it only shows those 33 visual and sensory aspect areas where in excess of approximately ten percent of that visual and sensory aspect area would possibly be within the ZTV produced by the turbine blade tips as shown in Figure 8.19 i.e. the worst case scenario with regard to the extent of potential visibility

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of the proposed wind farm. This decision reflects the fact that without any component of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm being potentially seen or heard35 it is not possible to identify an effects pathway via which the characteristics of a VSAA could be modified by the operation of the wind farm. As such it has been decided to scope out these VSAAs. In subsequent sections the baseline will give a summary overview of the main characteristics of the aspect areas of each of the five LANDMAP components in the detailed study area with particular relevance to the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area. Once again more emphasis will be given to the visual and sensory aspect areas.

Geological Landscape The detailed study area is underlain by a complex geology whose principal visual manifestation is the series of elevated plateaux and ridgelines and intervening valleys that define the detailed study area. As already outlined in 8.3.7 and covered in greater detail in the cultural heritage chapter the presence of coal measures has had a large direct and indirect effect upon the development of the detail study area and consequently upon each of the other four LANDMAP aspect areas. Figure 8.10 shows that the detail study area is approximately equally divided between geological landscape aspect areas that are evaluated as being of outstanding, high and moderate value with only a section of the bottom of the Afon Taf Valley being attributed a low evaluation. The Mynydd Bwllfa application area is located in two geological landscape aspect areas: • Upper Cynon Valley (GL020) – which applies to the northern part of the application area where only the access road and the substation would be sited. It is attributed with a high overall evaluation due to the presence of glacial features of at least regional importance, including the Pennant Sandstone cirques at Cwm Dare and Craig y Bwlch which should not be damaged by any future development; and

• Rhondda Fach Valley (GL025) - which applies to the southern part of the application area where the turbines and service tracks would be sited. It is attributed with a moderate overall evaluation due to it being a tributary valley with natural crags although it is recognised that the floor has been extensively modified by industrial activities. Both of these geological landscape aspect areas are of average relative size and the parts covered by the application area accounts for only a small proportion of their overall areas.

Landscape Habitats The detailed study area contains a complex mosaic of landscape habitat types and aspect areas whose principal visual effects are related to land cover and vegetation types. As shown in Figure 8.11 the detailed study area is approximately equally divided between landscape habitat aspect areas that are evaluated as being of high, moderate and low value with only a small

35 It has been assumed that noise effects from the operation of the proposed wind farm would be unlikely to sustained at distances in excess of 3.0 km.

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proportion of outstanding aspect areas that are located almost exclusively in the Brecon Beacons National Park in its northern part. The Mynydd Bwllfa application area is located almost entirely within a single landscape habitat aspect area: Cynon LH058 which has been attributed with a high overall evaluation. This is due to its possessing a number of different habitats such as wet heathland, dry heaths and blanket bog as well as large areas of purple moor grass and represents a mosaic of habitats which in the region have often been destroyed by the coniferous forestry plantations established over many similar elevated areas. The application area covers approximately a quarter of the 866ha Cynon LH058 landscape habitat aspect area which extends further across the elevated areas to its south-east and north-west to include Hirwaun Common. The proposed route of the access road would cross three other landscape habitat aspect areas, two of which also have a high overall evaluation (Cynon LH051 and LH054) and one of which has a moderate evaluation (Cynon LH050).

Historic Landscape The historic landscape aspect areas have been defined but not evaluated within the detailed study area. The main part of the application area including all the proposed turbines is within the Rhondda Uplands (Cynon HL687) historic landscape which is described as an extensive area of upland sheepwalk that is a relic upland agricultural landscape with features from most pre-historic and historic periods. The northern part of the application area that would be crossed by the access road is within Hirwaun Common Enclosure (Cynon HL903). This aspect area is characterised by a regular fieldscape that enclosed the former open moorland of the lower parts of Hirwaun Common before the arrival of large-scale industry. The latter development introduced components such as large-scale networks of tram roads, some of which can still be discerned. Consequently the landscape and visual assessment has used cadw’s previously referenced Registered Landscapes of Historic Interests a proxy evaluation as shown in Figure 8.12. One Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest has been defined: The Merthyr Tydfil Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest; and two Landscapes of Special Historic Interest: The Rhondda and the East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd y Glog Landscapes of Special Historic Interest. The southern boundary of the application area runs alongside a section of the north-eastern boundary of the Rhondda Landscape of Special Historic Interest but no part is inside the application area.

Cultural Landscape The detailed study area contains a moderate number of cultural heritage aspect areas as shown on Figure 8.13. The Rhonnda Valley and the Brecon Beacons cultural landscape aspect areas have been attributed with outstanding overall evaluations whilst the majority of the detailed study area is covered by cultural landscape aspect areas that have been attributed a high overall evaluation. The Mynydd Bwllfa application area is entirely located within a single, extensive cultural landscape aspect area: CynonCL056 which extends across the elevated areas around and between the Rhondda Valleys. Its primary attributes as listed in the database relate to those components identified and listed under the other four aspects such as habitats, sensory perceptions and archaeological remains. It has been accorded a high overall evaluation to

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“protect the natural and visual aspects of large areas of landscape from being overrun by development”.

Visual and Sensory Landscape The visual and sensory aspect is concerned with mapping what people perceive through their senses, primarily visual and probably is the most closely related aspect to the established concept of landscape character assessment as implemented in England and Scotland. Whilst concentrating primarily upon visual components of the landscape of the physical attributes of landform and land cover and the resultant visible patterns, the aspect also takes regard of aesthetic and perceptual criteria experienced using the senses of hearing, smell and touch. Given their role in informing the visual and in particular the landscape assessment the baseline affords a greater emphasis on the information contained in the visual and sensory aspect database. As set out above and shown in Figure 8.8 there are 33 VSAAs within the blade tip ZTV in the detailed study area (note that a few VSAAs appear twice, or in the case of Cwm Dar (CynonVS113) three times, in the detailed study area). A full list of the VSAAs that are included the landscape assessment is set out below with their overall evaluation and is shown in Figure 8.9. Subsequently a brief description has been provided for the 14 VSAAs that are partly or completely located in relatively close proximity to the application area and consequently are considered to have the potential to sustain the greatest magnitude of change. • Cadair Fawr (CynonVS735) - high;

• Penderyn (CynonVS833) - moderate;

• Penmoelallt (CynonVS207) - moderate;

• Cwm Dar (CynonVS113) - high;

• Treherbert (CynonVS337) - low;

• Hirwaun Common (CynonVS430) - high;

• Cynon Opencast (CynonVS368)- low;

• Cefn y Rhondda (CynonVS738) - moderate;

• Rhos-gwawr (CynonVS876) - moderate;

• St Gwynno Forest (CynonVS580) - moderate;

• Dare Valley (CynonVS797) - moderate;

• Craig Nantmelyn (CynonVS890) - moderate;

• Hirwaun and Aberdare (CynonVS522) - low;

• Mynydd y Garn (BRCKNVS307) - high;

• Tawe Valley and Cwm Twrch (BRCKNVS436) - moderate;

• Hepste Valley (BRCKNVS473) - high;

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• Nedd Fechan and Mellte Valleys (BRCKNVS876) - outstanding;

• Cefnpennar (CYNONVS140) - moderate;

• Ysysbol (CYNONVS141) - moderate;

• Mynydd y Glyn (CYNONVS142) - moderate;

• Mynydd Ton, Bwllfa, William Meyrick (CYNONVS357) - moderate; • Mynydd Maesteg (CYNONVS496) - high;

• Mynydd Llangeinwyr (CYNONVS622) - high;

• Aberpennar (CYNONVS660) - moderate;

• Garw and Caerau Forest (CYNONVS813) - moderate;

• Abernant and Surrounds (CYNONVS861) - moderate;

• St Tydfil Forest (CYNONVS950) - moderate;

• Vaynor Farmlands (MRTHRVS198) - moderate;

• Vaynor Uplands (MRTHRVS387 - high);

• Taff Fawr (MRTHRVS393) - high;

• Taff/Cynon Ridge (MRTHRVS729) - low;

• Mynydd y Gelli (NPTVS547) - high;

• Banwen Purddin (NPTVS970) - moderate. The summary of the overall evaluations attributed to these VSAAs are: • Outstanding – one;

• High - ten;

• Moderate - eighteen; and

• Low – four.

Penderyn This is an extensive visual and sensory area that has a strong visual link with the upland areas although in the south i.e. towards the proposal site, there are detractive elements associated with the urban area of Hirwaun and the corridor of the A465. The landscape has the large scale associated with most of the region’s upland areas with a strong sense of openness and a scattered settlement pattern mainly consisting of farms. It has a generally low level of public access and detractive elements are restricted to the southern urban edge and associated night time light pollution and the intrusiveness of overhead power lines and their pylons.

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Cadair Fawr Only the southern part of this isolated, elevated area is within the detailed study area. The visual and sensory area consists of undulating rough grassland with frequent rocky outcrops at heights of between 300 m and 485 m AOD with a strong sense of exposure and openness. The upland views are ‘spectacular’ with a strong visual link to the Brecon Beacons to the north. It is a large-scale landscape with very limited public access and any patterns mainly provided by stone walls.

Penmoelallt This is a medium-sized upland visual and sensory area that is dominated by coniferous forestry that covers an undulating topography with valleys and ridges. This extensive tree cover provides a strong sense of enclosure and restricts the availability of outward views except to the west. It also results in little variety and a lack of a sense of place with a corresponding strong sense of unity. There are no settlements in the area hence few detractive visual elements are present and there is very limited public access.

Abernant This is a medium sized visual and sensory area that is focused upon a south-west facing section of the upper Cynon Valley to the north-east of Aberdare. Although the lower fringes have an increasing proportion of urban elements due to the influence of the settlements of Abernant and Llwydcoed the majority of the visual and sensory area retains a strong upland feel that is reinforced by its visual links with most of the other upland areas in the vicinity. The steepest slopes are often under forestry, principally coniferous plantations, whilst the more elevated eastern parts are open with rough grazing. A proportion of the latter is also open access land. The LANDMAP commentary also notes in several places that detractive elements include the urban edge of Aberdare, the lines of pylons that cross the Cynon Valley and the noise and vehicular movement from the A4059.

Cwm Dar This visual and sensory landscape area is split into three with each separate area located at one of the heads of the Rhondda Fawr Valley. The strong upland sense of place is derived from views up to adjacent upland grazing, and the presence of elements and indicators in the form of steep slopes, rock outcrops, scree, waterfalls, and isolated trees. There is some evidence of past industrial activity and mining. With high visual unity, this typical upland valley, relatively unspoilt with a wild ambience and distinctive set of elements is of local importance.

Treherbert The Treherbert landscape character area effectively covers the valley floors of Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fach and the associated ribbon of urban and industrial development. Hence it is an urbanised area located within a relatively narrow valley with an upland feel on the valley tops. The valley floor is dominated by housing and commercial/ industrial development providing a constant level of human access and a level of background noise from the ‘A’ road. The urban area appears to lack a focus/ central area and rather spreads along the valley floor and up subsidiary valleys creating an enclosed elongated feel which is slightly relieved by the attractive views the valley sides and out across the tops. The character area derives some of its sense of place from this wider landscape context of relatively enclosed valley sides, but essentially has few distinctive innate characteristics and no distinguishing qualities.

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Hirwaun Common This visual and sensory character area contains a large-scale dramatic landscape of rough grazed grassland with rock outcrops and some marshy areas lying between approximately 200 m and 515 m AOD. Wind noise is a dominant aesthetic factor which evokes particular experience of exposure and wildness. There are attractive views of the uplands both in and out of the area and attractive rolling terrain to north. The area is largely unspoilt with no settlements and ‘rare’ level of human access as defined by the LANDMAP assessment matrices although the A465 is a visual detractor.

Cynon Opencast As its name implies this small visual and sensory area lying between Hirwaun, Rhigos and the open access land on the Hirwaun Common Escarpment is dominated by former and current opencast and deep mining activities. Consequently it is characterised by a disturbed landform with a resultant coarse texture and an absence of definable pattern or any sense of unity. It contains no settlement but the opencast and deep mining ensure a high level of movement and human activity. The LANDMAP assessment describes the area as ‘unattractive’ with a weak sense of place and a low value.

Cefn y Rhondda This is an upland character ridge with attractive views across to upland but some detractive views down into urbanised valleys. It is within this visual and sensory character area that the proposed Maerdy wind farm site is located. It generally has a typical upland character with rough grassland, expansive views and exposure although areas of conifer plantation limit some views. There are areas of regeneration and restored industrial landscape which detracts from the innate upland character and the urban influences (through the available views) results in a “strange mixture” of upland and urban qualities. The scattered farmsteads that occur are very isolated on hillsides.

Rhos-gwawr This visual and sensory character area is located on upper valley sides and tops ranging between 150 m and 350 m AOD giving a general open sense of enclosure. Land cover is a mixture of rough grazing, bracken with scattered clumps of woodland. Rock outcrops/ small cliffs impart a strong upland character of wild/ remoteness but this sensory quality is conflicted slightly by the presence of the urban edge at base of valley side which detracts from the overall integrity of the area. Views out from the area are similarly polarised into upland and urban with some attractive views out to the neighbouring uplands and slightly detractive views to the urban areas in the valley floor. There area contains scattered farmsteads with steep drives/ access tracks up sloping landform.

St Gwynno Forest This is a large scale upland landscape dominated by coniferous forest with small areas of rough grazing/open land interspersed. A strongly defined undulating topography with ridges and valleys creates a multi-scaled landscape with a variety of spaces but key sensory qualities are of shelter in an enclosed landscape. The area has recreational amenity value indicated by the presence of picnic sites, trails and car parking although the level of human access within the area as a whole is described as rare. The conifer plantation partially filters and screen views out to adjacent upland areas and is generally intact with a moderate sense of place but some dumping of refuse/ cars is a minor visual detractor.

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Dare Valley (Cwm Dar) An upland valley influenced by both the country park and the urban edge, this landscape character area contains a complex mixture of rock outcrops, rough grazing, bracken and broadleaf/ mixed woodland. The valley bottom is situated at approximately 150 m AOD rising up to upper valley slopes at approximately 300 m AOD. There are some attractive views within the woodland but detractive views out to the urban edge however; the relatively unspoilt upland sense of place overrides any urban edge influence

Craig Nantmelyn The Craig Nantmelyn visual and sensory area is located on the lower slopes to the east of Hirwaun Common. It is an open landscape generally consisting of grazing land with bracken and small scattered clumps of woodland. Caught between a mixture of upland on the upper slopes and urban influences on the lower slopes, the general upland feel and scenic quality and integrity is reduced by the urban edge presence to north (Penywaun). Views are similarly polarised into attractive views to the upland areas of Hirwaun Common in the southwest and more detractive views to the urban area to the northeast. There are however, some more distant upland views to the north past Penywaun.

Hirwaun and Aberdare This visual and sensory area comprises an urban development in the floor of a relatively wide valley. The range of built form throughout the towns of Hirwaun, Aberdare and Cwmamam creates visual complexity. Houses, industrial estate and spoil heaps contribute to a sense of enclosure classified as ‘enclosed’ with a weak sense of place and background traffic noise from A4059. The views out to the adjacent upland areas provide a partial antidote to the built environment but these are only of limited visual quality and usually compromised by an element of built form.

8.3.12 Landscape Condition Landscape condition or quality considers the physical state of the identified landscape elements with particular regard to visual and ecological perspectives and their continued ability to fulfil their original functions. Hence it takes account of the degree of management that is being applied to key landscape elements. The baseline has concentrated on the condition of the landscape elements within the proposal site or the 10 km radius detailed study area around the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm site. For areas at a greater distance it is not considered that there is scope for the proposed development to have any direct effects upon the physical integrity of the landscape elements. The range of landscape elements is limited within the detailed study area, especially within the application area. As already noted the application area contains few field boundaries with the few post and wire fences and the boundary stone walls in its northern part being in reasonable condition. Across the site there is little evidence of overgrazing. It is likely that the central and southern parts of the application area receive or require very little active management being given over to seasonal rough grazing. Due to the site’s remoteness and inaccessibility there is very little evidence of it being used for dumping hence litter levels within and around the site are very low apart from some of the previous wooden poles for the 33kV overhead power line that have been left.

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There is evidence of the area’s coal mining history throughout the detailed study area, however, there is also considerable visual evidence of the extensive restoration and clean up works that have been implemented over the past forty years especially in the Dare Valley and to a lesser extent in the upper section of the Rhondda Fach Valley. These take the form of re-profiling and contouring of landforms and valley sides, re-seeding and re-planting on former colliery sites and the demolition and removal of nearly all the buildings and infrastructure that supported the mining industry. Hence it is reasonable to state that across much of the detailed study area the remaining and modified landscape resources are generally in a superior condition compared with the generally prevailing situation since the middle of the nineteenth century.

8.3.13 Landscape Value and Local Landscape Designations Landscape value is concerned with ascertaining the relative value that pertains to different landscapes. This is most readily reflected in the application of national or local landscape designations to areas that are believed to be highly valued by the planners and the general public. The boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park lies just over 2 km to the north of the application area. Whilst within the Rhondda Cynon Taff (Cynon Valley) Local Plan the application area is located within a Special Landscape Area (SLA) as shown on Figure 8.7. This SLA extends further north to the workings of Tower Colliery and the A4059 in Penywaun. SLAs cover a considerable proportion of the rural areas of the Local Plan area (excluding those northern areas that are within the National Park). Of particular relevance to the proposal site are the SLA areas within the detailed study area which includes: • The area between Penywaun, Llwydcoed and the National Park boundary;

• An area to the north-east of Aberdare around Mynydd Aberdar;

• The area to the east of Cwmbach;

• Most of the upland area between the Dare Valley and Cwmaman - this is the southern extension of the SLA that covers the proposal site. Overall there are 23.7 km2 covered by the Special Landscape Areas defined in the Cynon Valley Local Plan within 5km of the application area. In the western part of the detailed study area the Rhondda Cynon Taff (Rhondda) Local Plan designates nearly all the areas outside the valley bottom settlements in Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach as being a Strategic Landscape Area. There are 38.8 km2 of these Strategic Landscape Areas within 5km of the application area. Finally a proportion of the Strategic Landscape Area is also subject to a second landscape designation: Local Landscape Areas of which there are six within the detailed study area. It is understood that in the area covered by the Rhondda Cynon Taff (Cynon Valley) Local Plan the definition of the Special Landscape Areas was influenced by a landscape character assessment undertaken in the mid 1990s36 . It is noted that the provision and definition of local landscape designations is being reviewed across Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC and that this approach reflects the latest CCW guidance with regard to utilising the wide range of data that

36 Cynon Valley Special Landscape Area. Land Design Associates. 1996.

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has been collated in the LANDMAP project37. Following on from two research projects, one at a regional level38 and then one at a borough level39 which contains Statements of Value for the proposed revised Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) across the entire Borough including nine in the Cynon sub-district in which the application area is sited. The outcome of these studies is set out the Natural Environment Topic Paper produced by Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC to feed into the forthcoming Local Development Plan40. As already stated the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm will be assessed against the present planning framework encapsulated in the Rhondda Cynon Taff (Rhondda) Local Plan. Nevertheless it is noted that under the complex, and at times opaque, methodology set out in the two research reports the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area would continue to be within an SLA. The SLA would be called ‘Hirwaun Common’ and amongst its key features as set out in its Statement of Value are the steep glacial cirques, its apparent wildness, availability of extensive views including those to the Brecon Beacons National Park and presence of traditional open common land. The proposed Hirwaun Common SLA would possess broadly the same boundaries as the present Special Landscape Area that is shown on Figure 8.7. However, complete reliance upon landscape designations does not recognise that landscape can be valued for numerous, diverse reasons by different groups of people regardless of the presence or absence of any formal designation. For example the aesthetic benefits derived from a landscape by the people who live and work close to that landscape could be very different from those derived by people who visit that area to undertake a specific recreational activity such as fishing or cycling. The baseline assessment has restricted its consideration of landscape value to the application area and the detailed study area. Beyond this distance it is considered likely that the separation distance is too great and anticipated magnitude of effects will be too low to directly affect the physical integrity of the landscape. The landscape value of the Mynydd Bwllfa application area is considered to be medium primarily due to its being located within an existing Special Landscape Area. However the application area does not contain any obvious tourist attractions and is not easy to access using the PRoW network. Whilst the Coed Morgannwg Way runs along a section of its southern boundary, visual links are limited to northern views up the long featureless southern slope of Panwaun Bryn-y-March and then views from the edge of Tarren y Bwllfa. Any physical links from the Coed Morgannwg Way take considerable effort given the tussocky and sometimes locally boggy ground. Anecdotal evidence is that physical access from the north and west is very difficult. However it is recognised that this isolation and the absence of many surface

37 Countryside Council for Wales. LANDMAP Information Guidance Note 1 – LANDMAP and Special Landscape Areas. June 2008. 38 Development of Criteria for Special Landscape Area Designation for South East Wales Local Authorities. Final Report. TACP for Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. July 2007. 39 Proposals for the Designation of Special Landscape Areas in Rhondda Cynon Taf. Draft Report. Bronwen Thomas Landscape Architect for Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC. February 2008. 40 Natural Environment Topic Paper for the Local Development Plan 2006-2021. Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. April 2008.

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features generates landscape value by themselves but there are a considerable number of sites that share these broad characteristics within the study area, most of which offer easier access for the public. Finally the northern edge of the Rhondda Historic Landscape Area is contiguous with the proposal site’s southern boundary. This is not a statutory designation, however its inclusion in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales suggests that this area close to the proposal site is be considered to be of importance due to its historical role in the development of Wales and its people. The other nine more distant Landscapes of Outstanding or Special Historical Interest located within the study area are shown on Figure 8.6.

8.3.14 Landscape Capacity

Study Area Overview Landscape capacity refers to the potential ability of the landscape, as defined in this case by the LANDMAP visual and sensory aspect areas (VSAAs), to absorb new landscape elements without sustaining unacceptable negative effects on its character. Capacity is usually related to factors such as the scale of the landscape, its degree of enclosure and exposure and the existing presence of other landscape elements of a similar scale and/or visual appearance to the proposed new elements. With regard to the application area and the detail study area, there are some contrasting levels of enclosure and scale between the different VSAAs. A proportion of the VSAAs have a strong sense of openness and exposure with sometimes extensive views north to the Brecon Beacons. Other VSAAs, for example Penmoelallt, Gellicaebryn or St Gwynno Forest have a key sensory characteristic of shelter with only restricted views of their neighbouring areas. Apart from the two operational wind farms at Taff Ely and Ffynnon Oer, none of the detailed study area’s VSAAs have any elements that are comparable with the vertical scale of the proposed turbines, with the most proximate elements being the pylons and overhead power lines although in many cases their routes are specifically designed so that they do not appear on the skyline and hence minimise their potential intrusiveness. More comparable in scale are the transmitter stations that are relatively frequent throughout the study area, although these are usually singular features. However, nearly all of the upland VSAAs, such as the Hirwaun Common VSAA in which the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area is located, are characterised by a strong sense of exposure, a large scale, their simplicity, a low level of human access and a lack of diversity. Such characteristics generally lend themselves to a relatively high capacity to accept developments that are large but relatively simple in form such as a wind farm.

TAN 8 Annex D Study This extensive and complex study and report was undertaken in 2006 with regard to refining the boundaries of strategic Search Areas (SSAs) E and F to provide an evidence base for planning policy formation and decision making. As such it is considerably more than just a capacity study for the SSAs and immediate environs, however some of its methodological components do either implicitly or explicitly assess the concept of the capacity of the SSAs or more accurately 62 defined ‘zones’ within and around them, to accept certain numbers of wind turbines. As it is a relative and strategic study it cannot and does not take into account individual potential wind farm site and proposal characteristics, instead applying uniform assumptions for turbine heights and layouts across its zones. The principal purpose is to define

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and apply a variety of landscape and visual criteria to allow sieving and ranking of the 62 zones to conclude which zones are most suitable for wind farm developments to be permitted. In achieving this outcome the Study seeks to apply the TAN 8 and MIPPS indicative electricity generating capacities (i.e. 290MW for SSA F in which the Mynydd Bwllfa application area is sited) as a means of providing a threshold to the rankled zones below which wind farm development should not be permitted as it is not necessary for the attainment of these indicative electricity generating capacities. The Study concluded that Zone F27 Mynydd Bwllfa within which the application area is located, whilst passing all the acceptability criteria, did not score well enough on the ranking applied to the acceptability criteria to warrant it being ‘above the line’ imposed to show when the indicative electricity generating capacity of the individual zones would cumulatively attain the overall 290MW target defined for SSAF. Hence the application area is outside the refined boundary for SSA, however it has to be emphasised that Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC have not adopted the Study as Supplementary Planning Guidance. It is not the role of an LVA within an ES to review the variety of methodological approaches adopted within this Study. However it should be emphasised that were a small number of criteria adapted to reflect the actual proposed layout for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm (or indeed any other actual wind farm proposal) then it is likely that the results and hence the ranking of the proposed wind farm’s zone would alter.

8.3.15 Landscape Planning Designations and Policies across the Defined Study Area Landscape planning designations and policies are used to provide an indication of the value attributed to the landscape or visual resource by national and local government. Due to the location and size of the study area for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm a number of council districts are covered. These include: • Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council;

• Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council;

• Caerphilly County Borough Council;

• Cardiff County Council;

• Vale of Glamorgan County Borough Council;

• City and County of Swansea Council;

• Carmarthenshire County Council;

• Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council;

• Bridgend County Borough Council;

• Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council;

• Powys County Council; and

• Brecon Beacons National Park Planning Authority.

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For the majority of these Councils it is considered that the separation distance between the closest part of their district and the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area is too great for there to be any potential effects upon their environmental, especially landscape policies with the potential exception of effects upon the setting and integrity of any locally designated landscapes as marked upon Figure 8.5 and 8.6. However, based upon experience from other wind farm assessments and recent guidance and studies into the correlation between distance and effects of wind farm developments41,42, more detailed consideration is given of environmental policies in local plans that are in implementation within 10 km of the application area. The application area itself is located within the boundary of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council and current development plans covering the proposal site and the 10 km radius detailed study area are:

• Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council - Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1999);

• Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council - Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1998); • Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council - Cynon Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 2004); • Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council Unitary Development Plan (Adopted 2003); and • Brecon Beacons National Park Adopted Local Plan 1996-2006 (Adopted 1999). A review of the above development plans has been undertaken, however given that the proposed development will be assessed against the proposals in the Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council - Cynon Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 2004) only the relevant policies contained within this Plan will be set out, along with those of the adjacent Rhondda Local Plan from those in other Plans relating to local landscape designations as discussed in Section 8.3.13.

Cynon Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted January 2004) The application site for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm is within the area covered by the Cynon Local Plan, hence there is potential for the wind farm to affect the following proposals set out in the Cynon Local Plan.

Development Affecting the Brecon Beacons National Park The local plan recognises that whilst the same degree of strict control cannot be exerted over development proposals outside the boundaries of the National Park as is afforded within the Park’s boundary. It is nevertheless considers that views from the National Park are a material consideration in assessing development proposals, which by virtue of their proximity to the

41 Geoffrey Sinclair. Objection to Scarweather Sands Off-shore Wind Farm Proposal. CPRW, March 2003. 42 Environment Information Services. Interliever Forest Wind Farm - Critique of Environment Statement on landscape and visual and miscellaneous matters. January 2003.

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Park’s boundary are likely to have significant impact on the appearance and character of the area. The requirements of this are set out in Policy ENV3.

Renewable Energy Policy ENV21 states that “Proposals for renewable energy schemes will be permitted where the cumulative effect of renewable energy schemes would not harm the landscape, and the proposal is accompanied by measures to reduce the impact of ancillary development, such as new roads, tracks, fencing, buildings and grid connection”43

Special Landscape Areas Policy ENVP1 is included in the Local Plan in order to protect “the most important areas of high quality landscape”44 from the risk of insensitive development and the Council will, where necessary, reject schemes which would harm the landscape quality of such areas. The Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) have “inherently high landscape quality” which contributes to the visual quality of the Local Plan area, the area’s biodiversity, the quality of life of local communities and to provide the landscape framework to support economic development and regeneration in the Cynon Valley. The considerable extent of the Borough’s Special Landscape Areas is shown on Figure 8.7 which shows that it extends over nearly all the proposal site, indeed it appears to extend over all the elevated areas of the local plan area which are not under forestry.

Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted February 1998) The Rhondda Local Plan sets out the Council’s land use policies for the Rhondda Valleys during the period 1991-2006. The Local Plan does not cover the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area, but starts at its southern boundary and covers the areas to its immediate south and south-west. However the scale of the proposals allied to the site’s close location to the boundary of the areas covered by the Cynon Valley and Rhondda Local Plans mean that there is potential for the construction and operation of the proposed wind farm to affect some of the proposals set out in the Rhondda Local Plan. The key policies with respect to the potential landscape and visual effects consequent upon the construction and operation of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm are listed below:

Strategic and Local Landscape Areas Policy ENV2 links in with the Strategic Landscape Area introduced in Policy ENV4 in the Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan and states that “Within the strategic landscape area, development proposals, where acceptable in principle must pay particular regard, in respect of their siting, scale and design, to the special landscape qualities of such areas.”45 The Strategic Landscape Areas consist of the “extensive areas of coalfield plateau and valley sides (that) form a dramatic scenic framework and a setting for the valley communities that is of high landscape value” with the Strategic Landscape Area intended

43 Cynon Local Plan 1991-2006. Adopted January 2004. p29 44 Ibid, p32 45 Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council – Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1998). p16

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to “rigorously protect this area from any development that would compromise this landscape value…” Policy ENV3 introduces the concept of Local Landscape Areas listing twenty two of them. These areas have special local landscape value due to their characteristics, features and/or location and will be given particular protection to ensure a high quality landscape is maintained within the Rhondda. The general principles of the policy are similar to those set out in ENV2. The closest Local Landscape Area is ENV3.22: the Castell-Y-Nos Local Landscape Area which is located ~ 400 m from the southern-most part of the proposal site. The other Local Landscape Areas which are located nearby are: • ENV3.1: Penpych;

• ENV3.2: Cwmsaerbren;

• ENV3.3: Glyncoed/ Fforch Orky;

• ENV3.5: Glyncoli;

• ENV3.6: Tyle-Coch;

• ENV3.7: Cwm Nant-Y-Pentre. These seven Local Landscape Areas are shown on Figure 8.7.

Wind Energy Policy PU10 relating to wind energy states that proposals for wind turbines within Rhondda will be permitted where the development complies with a number of criteria including that the development will not result in an unacceptable intrusion upon the intrinsic landscape quality of the area. Conditions also include the development not having an unacceptable detrimental effect on any scheduled monument, strategic landscape areas or local landscape areas. The development must not unacceptably harm the amenities of neighbouring occupiers by virtue of its visual dominance, shadow flicker or reflected light.

8.3.16 Parks and Historic Gardens These are not identified by the Local Planning Authorities; instead they are listed in the Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales which is produced by Cadw. Amongst the sites in Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC closest to the proposal site is Aberdare Park, a grade II* Victorian public park located in Trecynon. There are a number of other Registered Parks and Gardens within the defined study area but outside the detail study area, indeed with the single exception of Cyfarthfa Castle, Merthyr Tydfil all those listed below are located at least 10 km from the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area:

• Aberdare Park;

• Llanharan House, Rhondda Cynon Taff;

• Miskin Manor, Rhondda Cynon Taff;

• Talygarn, Rhondda Cynon Taff;

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• Ynysangharad Park, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff;

• Cyfarthfa Castle, Merthyr Tydfil;

• Bedwellty Park, Blaenau Gwent;

• The Gnoll, Neath, Neath Port Talbot*;

• Jersey Park, Briton Ferry, Neath Port Talbot; • Margam Park, Neath Port Talbot*;

• Rheola, Neath Port Talbot;

• Talbot Memorial Park, Port Talbot, Neath Port Talbot;

• Victoria Gardens, Neath, Neath Port Talbot*;

• Bryngarw, Bridgend;

• Court Colman, Bridgend;

• Glanrhyd Hospital, Bridgend;

• Merthyr Mawr House, Bridgend;

• Tythegston Court, Bridgend;

• Ruperra Castle, Caerphilly;

• The Van, Caerphilly;

• Coedarhydglyn, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Dunraven Park, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Dyffryn, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Ewenny Priory, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Hensol Castle, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Lanmilhangel Place, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Llantrithyd Place, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Old Beaupre, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Pwll-y-wrach, Vale of Glamorgan;

• Craig-y-Nos Castle and Country Park, Powys*;

• Treberfydd, Powys*;

• Abercynrig, Powys;

• Gliffaes, Powys*.

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The gardens marked * in the above list are also noted by the Welsh Historic Garden Trust46. All these locations are shown on Figure 8.5 in which differential is made between those that are within and outside the Zone of Visual Influence with only the former being carried through into the evaluation exercises.

8.3.17 Historic Landscapes As well as individual parks and historic gardens and the areas which have local landscape designations attached due to their present aesthetic qualities, there are areas of landscape which are considered to be of importance due to their historical role in the development of Wales and its people. These historic landscapes are identified in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales47. This is a non-statutory historical landscape designation which was prepared in 1998 and 2001 by Cadw, the Countryside Commission for Wales (CCW) and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS UK). The Register itself emphasises that inclusion does not imply statutory controls and therefore areas are not ‘designated’. Nevertheless the Register does express the desire that local planning authorities should take account of these historic landscapes “…in considering the implications of developments that are of such a scale that they would have a more than local impact on an area in the Register”. The accompanying list of developments in this category includes power generation projects which could be interpreted as including wind farms. Across Wales the Register identifies 36 ‘Outstanding’ and 22 ‘Special’ Historic Landscape Areas in the hope that greater consideration is accorded of historic landscapes in planning, management, conservation, enhancement and interpretation and generally give historic landscapes ‘greater weight’. However, the organisations behind the Register specifically recognise that landscapes are dynamic and continue to change, therefore the Register does not seek to fossilise them, but to manage change so that the key historical elements are retained. The Register has identified ten historic landscape areas which are either partly or entirely within the defined study area as shown on Figure 8.6. Outstanding Historic Landscape Areas: • 3 Black Mountain and Mynydd Myddfai;

• 12 Merthyr Mawr, Kenfig and Margam Burrows;

• 13 Merthyr Tydfil;

• 16 Blaenavon. Special Historic Landscape Areas:

• 48 East Fforest Fawr-Y-Glog;

46 www.gardensofwales.org.uk 47 Guide to Good Practice on Using the Register of Landscapes of Historical Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. Cadw. 2001.

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• 49 Gelli-Gaer Common;

• 50 The Rhondda;

• 51 Margam Mountain;

• 52 Clydach Gorge;

• 58 Middle Usk Valley: Brecon and Llangorse. With regard to the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the ZTVs shown in Figures 8.15 - 8.26, it is considered that four of these historic landscape areas have potential to sustain indirect landscape effects from the operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. This judgement is based upon their relative proximity and the proportion of their area within the ZTV for the upper blade tip of the proposed turbines. Of the other six historic landscape areas four are completely outside the ZTV, whilst Blaenavon Outstanding Historic Landscape Area and the Clydach Gorge Special Landscape Area are only very partially within the ZTV and at a minimum separation distance of ~28 km it is not considered that there is any pathway by which the operation of a wind farm could have a significant effect upon the attributes of these historic landscape areas. The key attributes of the four historic landscape areas within the ZTV are briefly described below:

• The Rhondda – the geographical area of the Rhondda Special Historic Landscape Area identified in the register comprises the two narrow, steep sided valleys of the Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach and is located just to the south of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. It contains one of the largest and best known mining conurbations and coalfield communities in Britain. Although devoid of its former mining and industrial base, the area remains intact it’s supporting infrastructure, and is the most important industrial and cultural landscape of its kind in Wales. It is the relatively recent human explosion into this once tranquil landscape (population ~1000 in 1851 rising to ~162,000 in 192148) that distinguishes the Rhondda from any other in Wales. The area includes communities of distinctive terraced houses and large numbers of churches and chapels. The landscape description is almost completely concerned with the associated urban and industrial development that was heavily concentrated or ‘shoehorned’ in the valley bottoms and makes no mention of any special qualities applying to the surrounding ridgelines and plateaux that includes the proposal site; • East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg – this Special Historic Landscape Area is located in the southern-most part of the Brecon Beacons National Park and lies either side of the A4059. Superficially it has the appearance of a ‘desolate area of moorland’ and is part of the visually imposing northwards-facing escarpments adjoining the dramatic mountain masses of the Black Mountains, the Brecon Beacons, Fforest Fawr and the Black Mountain that together form a vast natural ridge and physical barrier that divides South from Mid-Wales. The historic

48 ‘The Rhondda’ - The Guide to Good Practice on using the Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. Cadw.2001.

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landscape as identified is a distinctive natural block of upland comprising eastern Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg. The area contains a wide-spread and diverse, well-preserved archaeological evidence for the recurrent, and at times intense, occupation and land use from the prehistoric period through the Bronze Age (burial and ring cairns); the medieval period (rectangular building foundations and house platforms) to the abandoned land intakes, quarrying and burning of limestone in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; • Merthyr Tydfil – this Outstanding Historic Landscape Area is centred upon the town of Merthyr Tydfil and its surrounding natural basin at the head of the Taff Valley. The mineral resources in the surrounding area allowed its rapid development in the latter half of the eighteenth century to become the largest town in Wales in 1801 based upon its primacy in iron-making. The Guidelines49 state that it is ‘the most significant Welsh town of the Industrial Revolution’ and that the town and surrounding landscape remains ‘a permanent reminder of man’s exploitation of the landscape.’ Amongst the individual remnants are ironworks, coal mining, water power leats, an early iron bridge, tram roads and a variety of residential properties from terraced workers’ cottages to the Ironmaster’s house; Cyfarthfa Castle set in 64 ha of parkland; • Gelli-Gaer Common – this Special Historic Landscape Area is a rare example of an area of high upland moor with a diverse archaeological resource. It is a relatively narrow (~1 km) north-south orientated ridgeline attaining 470 m AOD with the valleys of the Cwm Bargoed to the west and Bargoed Rhymni to the east. The area displays a remarkable continuity of occupation resulting in a rich archaeological diversity from Bronze Age burial sites via a small Roman fort and Roman road to an early medieval church (Capel Gwladys), groups of platform houses and medieval field systems through to evidence of later enclosure in the eighteenth century.

8.3.18 Visibility and the Theoretical Zone of Visual Influence (ZTV) The general visibility of a proposed wind farm development will reflect the landform of the contextual area, with any ridgelines, plateaux and valleys being mirrored in the ZTV. Local variations will be caused by the presence of tree cover, especially the prevalent large-scale forestry plantations. Theoretical ZTVs have been calculated for the proposed 12 turbine layout. These depict the visibility of turbines to their blade tip i.e. 115.0 m or 125.0 m; their nacelles i.e. 70.0 m and 80.0 m; and 1 m above ground level in order to ascertain the potential visibility of the ground level infrastructure and the construction/ decommissioning works. It has been produced for the previously defined 30 km radius study area and the detailed 10 km radius study area. These theoretical ZTVs are shown in Figures 8.15 - 8.26. It is important to note that the boundary of the defined study area is nominal and that beyond it receptors are unlikely to be able to obtain any clear views of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. It identifies the area within which the wind farm may have an effect on landscape and/ or visual receptors, although it is noted that the recent SNH guidance states that “Between 15 and 30 km, wind farms are only

49 ‘Merthyr Tydfil’ - The Guide to Good Practice on using the Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. Cadw.2001.

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likely to be seen in very clear visibility conditions…”50 The ZTVs in Figures 8.15, 8.16, 8.19 and 8.20 are theoretical because their calculation takes no account of the potential for screening by existing plantations and tree cover on the valley sides, ridgelines or plateaux or the built development in the settlements on the valley floors and lower sides and therefore it represents a worse case scenario. In order to achieve a more realistic, although still theoretical, prediction these ZTVs have been recalculated with the digital terrain model modified by attributing a conservative height value of 12 m to account for the heights of the forestry blocks in excess of 25 ha. These ‘forestry exclusion ZTVs’ are presented in Figures 8.17, 8.18, 8.21 and 8.22. All the ZTVs for ground level elements and construction activities in Figures 8.23 – 8.26 have forestry areas excluded. .

8.3.19 The Influence of Weather (Using Readily Available Met Office Data) In addition to physical elements of the defined study area affecting the predicted visibility of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm, atmospheric conditions are a crucial consideration upon visibility, especially in long distance views in excess of approximately 15 km. Rainfall and haze will all affect the clarity of which the proposed wind farm would be viewed. Data from the Meteorological Office will provide a broad indication with the nearest weather station to the proposed site located at Cardiff51 (30 km south-east). In addition averages for South West England and South Wales have also been consulted52. The weather station at Cardiff shows an annual average 146 days when there is at least 1mm depth of rain with records indicating that rainy days are particularly prevalent between October and March. It is reasonable to assume that this figure rises inland with the substantial increase to ground elevation and the map showing annual average for days of rain greater or equal to 0.2 mm shows that the proposal site area received an average of 221 – 240 mm of rainfall each year between 1971 and 2000. Rainfall data for 2000 - 2005 from a site at Selar just to the west of the application area indicates that rainfall rates are more evenly spread at the northern end of the Valleys with April to June being the driest months. The visibility of the proposed wind farm could therefore be potentially reduced by atmospheric conditions for approximately sixty five percent of the year. On average there are also 33 days in the year when air frost could have an adverse effect upon visibility in the Cardiff area although again examination of the map for the 1971 – 2000 averages shows that in the vicinity of the application area this figure rises to between 55 and 64 days. During the summer months hazy conditions will also reduce visibility from locations especially those in excess of 15 km from the application area.

50 Guidelines on the Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes. Scottish Natural Heritage. February 2001. Scottish Natural Heritage Publications, Perth, Scotland. 51 http://www.met-office.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/cardiff.html Cardiff (9 m AMSL) 1971-2000 Station Averages. 52 http://www.met-office.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/england_sw_&_wales_s.html.

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8.3.20 Principal Visual Characteristics of the Study Area The regionally distinctive topography of deep, steep-sided valleys and intervening ridgelines which are often relatively broad and flat on top generates distinctive visual characteristics for the defined study area: • Views in the densely settled valleys are usually foreshortened by the nearby steep valley sides framing most middle and long distance views either up or down the valley. It is very rare to have a view of the top of the ridgelines and plateaux from within the valleys;

• The combination of steeply incised valleys and ridge bounded plateaux crates a ‘table top effect’ whereby only the edges of the plateaux are visible from the valley bottoms;

• Within the valleys, especially Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach the high density of the built development frequently further restricts the availability of outward views although the upper valley sides are usually visible above the nearby rooftops;

• The distinctive grid layout of the terrace housing with streets parallel to each other also provides a distinct direction to the views available from these properties. The terrace pattern restricts views to just two aspects of any property (front and rear) and the parallel arrangement of the terraces provides a consistency to the direction of their views; • Extensive, often panoramic views are available from the elevated ridgelines and to a lesser extent from the passes between the valleys. Some passes crossed by key roads such as Bwlch-y-Clawdd and Mynydd Beili-glas have been developed to provide viewing places for motorists; • Where views are orientated northwards or southwards these passes either provide fine views up or down one or more valleys or from the northern elevated parts of the Valleys northwards to the Brecon Beacons. These form the backdrop in many northern views throughout the central part of the study area; • The localised visual importance in the largely barren, featureless uplands of the remnant Bronze Age funerary monuments such as cairns. These can provide focal points, waymarks and a strong sense of time depth; • Where views are orientated west or east it is possible to see a series of receding, undulating ridgelines although the lack of distinctive topographical features on the ridgelines often makes it difficult for the casual viewer to recognise individual ridgelines. One exception is the distinctive conical spoil heap that is located between Tylorstown and Llanwonno ~9 km to the south-east of the proposal site. There are several examples of these extensive views from elevated locations in the photomontage and wireframe views;

• The lack of distinctive summits and hilltops adds to the visual importance of the many telecommunications masts and transmission stations that are located on the elevated areas. In some locations lines of pylons marching across elevated sections of the skyline act as focal points in views;

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• The availability and composition of many views is influenced by the extensive swathes of forestry plantations that are particularly prevalent between the Swansea Valley and the Taff Valley. These tend to draw the eye in middle and long distance views due to their darker, contrasting tones, whilst when closer to the viewer they can frame views. Many of the PRoWs that access and cross the ridgelines and plateaux pass at least partly through such plantations whose density of coniferous planting prevents all outward views throughout the year.

8.3.21 Cumulative Views Opportunities exist for potential cumulative views, where more than one wind farm, including the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area, could be seen either simultaneously or sequentially from major road or rail routes or the long distance routes listed in Section 8.3.8. As a 30 km radius study area has been defined for the assessment of landscape and visual effects, it has to be assumed to theoretically be possible to see wind farms 30 km in any direction which requires a cumulative visual assessment study area of a 60 km radius i.e. 2 x 30 km. Other wind farms in this extended study area which are operational, have planning permission or are awaiting determination of planning permission are set out in Table 8.7 and their location shown in Figure 8.56.

Table 8.7 Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius

Wind Farm Details Comments Site No. BTH HH RD Distance

Existing Wind Farms

Taff Ely, 20 55 35 40 14.8 km Lies to south-west Tonyrefail

Ffynnon Oer, 16 91 60 62 10.6 km Lies to west Resolven

Swansea Docks 1 43 30 26 29.4 km Single small turbine will have minimal cumulative effect

Avonmouth 3 119 78 82 58.4 km On southern side of Bristol Channel hence Docks inevitable weak relationship with other wind farms

Proposed Wind Farms with Planning Consent

Maerdy 8 125 80 90 0.7 km

Maesgwen 13 115 70 90 9.5 km

Fochriw 2 103.5 60 87.5 14.6 km

Scarweather 30 155 83 104 33.4 km Off shore in Swansea Bay Sands

G24I 1 90 60 60 34.8 km

Solutia 2 130 80 92.5 40.2 km

Blaengwen, 10 110 65 90 57.9 km On far north-western edge of cumulative study Carmarthenshire area beyond Brecon Beacons

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Table 8.7 (continued) Wind Farms Included in the Cumulative Assessment within a 60km Radius

Wind Farm Details Comments Site No. BTH HH RD Distance

Proposed Wind Farms with Planning Application Submitted

Fforch Nest 11 115 70 90 9.9 km

Pant y Wal 14 120 70 100 10.0 km

Hirfynydd 14 125 80 90 14.2 km

Merthyr 9 100 65 70 14.6 km Common

Maesteg 12 125 80 90 18.2 km

Mynydd 11 127 82 90 18.7 km Marchywel

Pendragon Fach 4 91 60 62 25.7 km

Mynydd y Betws 16 110 70 80 28.4 km

Mynydd y Gwair 19 127 82 90 29.3 km

East Radnor 3 91 60 62 59.8 km Pentre Tump

Proposed Wind Farms with Scoping Submitted

Pen y Cymoedd 96 145 100 90 211m Located within Forestry Commission plantations via ‘keyholing’ hence higher turbines

Key: HH Hub Height

No. Number of turbines proposed. RD Rotor Diameter

BTH Blade Tip Height Distance Distance from the wind farm site centre. Note 1: This information has been collected from Planning and Developer sources listed below and as such may be subject to change. Source: www.bwea.com/map/wales.html, www.yes2wind.co.uk, www.cprw.org.uk/wind/windindc.htm

8.3.22 Predicted Trends and Landscape Change This sub-section briefly considers the likely predicted trends for the proposed wind farm site at Mynydd Bwllfa and its immediate environs and then in the wider context of the defined 30 km radius study area. As stated in the LVA and cultural heritage baseline studies it is likely that the application area has been used as upland commons for several centuries resulting in limited changes aside from the introduction of commercial coniferous forestry in the surrounding area in the mid-twentieth century. Hence the limited range of landscape elements associated with this land-use are unlikely to be modified in the near future although it is recognised that the Tir Gofal agreements which include the site may provide some small scale improvement to the landscape primarily due to a reduction in grazing density. It is reasonable to assume that there will not be any need to introduce new field boundaries or any new tree or scrub planting and there is no evidence of recent new field boundaries or planting being formed. Any replacement field boundaries are likely to be post and wire fencing. The principal threat to this continuation of the present

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situation could arise as a consequence of large scale changes in the structure and viability of hill farming due to changes in the EU’s support of hill farming. One possibility could be the large scale abandonment of upland grazing which could lead to the gradual reversion of some areas to scrub and eventually to a mosaic of different woodland types and some open areas where wet ground conditions, spoil from previous mining or rock outcropping would prevent regeneration. With regard to the extensive swathes of commercial forestry it is unlikely that there will be any notable future expansion of the existing forestry resource. Instead the forestry felling plans for the nearest forestry areas show that whilst there will be an ongoing programme of felling and re- stocking that will affect the majority of the surrounding forestry blocks over the proposed operational life of the wind farm these activities have been carefully designed in scale and programme to minimise any potential future landscape and visual effects including the setting of the proposal site. As the Forestry Commission seeks to diversify the range of activities and benefits generated by forestry there is potential for the increased public access in areas of forestry through the provision of walking trails, mountain biking trails and orienteering courses all of which would increase levels of public access to upland areas in general. In a similar vein there will be some subtle changes to the appearance of the forestry blocks through the increased adoption of silvicultural practices such as using deciduous species to visually soften the edges of large blocks or selective felling to create glades and rides. With regard to the northern part of the application area note has already been made of the closure of Tower Colliery and the proposed Strategic Site south of Hirwaun in the deposit draft of the Local Development Plan. This development would eventually include 36 ha of employment and up to a thousand new dwellings. In the same area the proposed dualling of the A465(T) to the south of Hirwaun would necessitate an additional 1.4 km of new road.

8.4 Information Gaps No information gaps have been identified.

8.5 Landscape and Visual Constraints to Development

8.5.1 Overview This section briefly considers the constraints to the design and layout of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm which were identified and fed into the design iteration process as a result of the compilation of the landscape and visual baseline. The baseline demonstrates that within the application area there are few landscape elements worthy of protection and therefore few constraints. Turbines, their bases and access routes should be located so as to avoid the loss of any of the small amount of woody scrub on the northern side of the Dare Valley. The importance attached to the Tarren y Bwlch, Craig-yr-ysgol and Tarren y Bwllfa cirques as geological and landscape features in their own right has the consequence that they should be protected from any direct effects during the construction and operation of the proposed wind farm.

8.5.2 Turbine Locations Subsequent to the previous proposal for the Hirwaun wind farm on almost the same application area and the public inquiry in 2008 the proposed layout and access track alignment have been

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designed to avoid or minimise the visual effects that were assessed as generating the greatest levels of adverse visual effects. As well as taking into account the detailed comments that are contained in the Inspector’s Report53 and other expert witness submissions to the public inquiry,54 it has also been possible to draw upon the information contained in many of the reports that relate to landscape and visual issues pertaining to the application area that have already been noted in the baseline. For example as stated in paragraph 27 of the Inspector’s Report both Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC and the Inspector agreed that turbines were acceptable in the south-western part of the proposed Hirwaun application area. This statement concurs with one of the conclusions in the TAN 8 Annex D Study in its potential visual effects section with regard to the application area i.e. Zone F27, i.e. “Turbines on south-west facing slopes would be acceptable”. The net consequence has been that the proposed layout for Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm has retained the location and heights of the three south-western turbines from the proposed Hirwaun wind farm layout. These would be the most elevated turbine locations in the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa layout, consequently the retention of 115m high turbines helps to provide a sense of vertical equanimity amongst the turbine array in views from the south and reduces number of locations to the north and north-east from where only one or two upper blade tips would be visible above Tarren y Bwlch in comparison with situation if 125m turbines were to be used across the layout. In the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm layout these three turbines now become the three northernmost turbines. The remaining nine turbines adopt a broadly linear layout on a north-west to south-east layout which is set well back from Craig-yr-ysgol and Tarren y Bwllfa at elevations from 430m to 380m. This south-western focused layout consequently reduces the visual prominence turbines in views from the Brecon Beacons National Park, Hirwaun and Dare Valley Country Park and removes them completely from views from Penywaun.

8.5.3 Turbine Selection The landscape and visual assessment has been completed on the agreed turbine specification for 3-bladed turbines with a maximum height to blade tip of 125 m. From nearly all viewpoints the turbines would be viewed against the background sky as opposed to either forestry or upland rough grassland. Consequently the turbines are proposed to be coloured pale grey with a semi- matt finish to reduce their potential contrast with the background sky and prevent reflection of sunlight. The turbines would be uniform in colour and would not feature company logos or similar. Where possible (depending upon turbine specification) transformers would be located within the turbine towers as a visual preference, otherwise they would be located at the base of each turbine tower. This proposal is dependent on procurement and final turbine selection for construction.

8.5.4 Access Road and Substation The alignment of the access road from the A465 onto Mynydd Bwllfa has been slightly amended to reduce its overall length and utilises some sections of existing tracks. These

53 Appeal Decision Ref APP/L6940/A/07/2058755 Land South of A465, Hirwaun Rhondda Cynon Taf. November 2008. 54 Landscape and Visual Proofs of Evidence by Simon White and Phillip Roden

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changes should help to reduce the potential visual impact of the access track in some views from the Hirwaun area. Within the main part of the wind farm site the access track has been aligned to minimise its length and hence its land-take. Careful attention to the selection of surface material would minimise its visual contrast with the unimproved grassland through which it would pass. The location of the substation off the elevated plateau will reduce its potential visual prominence that would potentially arise were it to be located upon the plateau where there are no other similar buildings.

8.6 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Incorporated into the Proposed Development

8.6.1 Construction The construction period is predicted to last for nine-twelve months, dependent on weather conditions and there are few practical actions which could reduce the consequent potential negative landscape and visual effects. Potential indirect landscape and visual effects could be generated by the use of lorries to deliver the construction materials to site via a new access track which will ascend to the site from the A465 following the present line of footpath definitive reference no. 40 which is an existing four wheel drive track before ascending to the northern edge of the proposal site by switchback contouring. This route is ~450 m distant from the nearest residential properties on A4059 Hirwaun Road and is screened by a line of mature tree planting along the eastern edge of the track. It is recognised that in ascending the scarp slope the access road has the potential to be visually prominent partly due to the removal of existing vegetation and the exposure of the mineral sub-surface on the up and down slopes either side of the road forming a visual contrast with the retained surrounding improved acid grassland, areas of rush infestation and dwarf scrub heath. Visual contrasts can be heavily reduced by careful design of the road to minimise the need for cut and fill, low bunding on the northern (downslope) side of the track and also ensuring that all exposed surfaces including the bunds are sown with a suitable seed mix to provide a green mantle in middle distance views. The contractors’ compounds and laydown areas have the potential to be visually intrusive and this potential would be minimised by locating them off the main elevated proposal site besides the straight section of the access track. This is at a lower elevation reducing its potential visibility and gives potential for using the existing scattered groups of mature trees to at least partly screen the compound. Also this location means that the delivery lorries will not have to ascend the access track up the proposal site which will be a small-scale reduction in the potential for introducing increased movement into the local landscape and contrast in some views.

8.6.2 Operation Given the scale and location of the wind farm, there are only a limited number of realistic mitigation measures which could be introduced, however, where available opportunities to reduce potential effects in the design and layout of the wind farm have been utilised. These will include:

• Sub-station building to be constructed in a vernacular style using local materials (stone with slate roof) to reflect the local farm buildings and located away from the skyline;

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• Locating the meteorological mast (~65 m high and ~20 cm wide) to the south-east of Turbine 5 on the southern boundary of the application area which is the least elevated part of the application area;

• There is potential for enhancing the public footpaths which traverse the proposal site by providing signage, waymarking and stiles to cross the post and wire fencing. Likewise there is potential for the provision of interpretative signage for people undertaking recreational activities in the vicinity of the operational site; • Ensure that any new gates and fencing is designed in a sympathetic style using appropriate materials as opposed to styles and materials which are redolent of urban fringe locations.

8.6.3 De-commissioning During the de-commissioning period it is likely that similar mitigation measures will be employed as during the construction period with regard to the careful location of potential contractors’ compounds and laydown areas.

8.6.4 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Summary Table The landscape and visual mitigation proposals are summarised in Table 8.8.

Table 8.8 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures Summary Table

Effect Incorporated Extent to Monitoring Mechanism by Mitigation/ Offsetting/ Which Impact Requirements which Mitigation/ Enhancement Mitigated (if any) Offsetting/ Measure Enhancement May be Secured

Construction

Visual intrusion from Location of contractors’ Partial None Specified in contractors’ compound and laydown construction contract. compound and areas on low lying site materials laydown with some nearby trees area and shrub to provide some screening that is absent elsewhere on the site.

Design of access Maximise use of existing Partial None Specified in road from A465 to tracks with existing construction contract. enable it to ascent screening and on new scarp slope of sections minimise cut and Hirwaun Common fill required and provide bunding on downhill side of the track.

Operation

Visual intrusiveness Locate away from skyline Substantial None Planning Permission of the sub-station at the foot of the scarp conditions. slopes and design in a vernacular style using local building materials.

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Increase in visual Turbines to be semi-matt Partial None Planning Permission intrusiveness of and pale grey in colour to conditions. turbines due to reflect prevailing colour contrast atmospheric conditions.

Visual intrusiveness Minimise use of fencing Partial None Planning Permission and undermining of and where necessary try conditions. local landscape to ensure that they utilise character due to appropriate vernacular inappropriate fences materials. and gates

8.7 Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequent Effects

8.7.1 Introduction Landscape effects include the direct and indirect effects upon landscape receptors in the three broad categories as previously set out in the baseline study (landscape elements and patterns; landscape designations; landscape character as defined in the five LANDMAP aspects, with a focus upon visual and sensory aspect areas as shown on Figures 8.8 – 8.13). The effects of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm development may be negative, neutral or positive and may vary in their duration from temporary to permanent.

8.7.2 Construction Period The principal activities which could have an impact upon the existing fabric, quality and character of the landscape during the nine-twelve long month construction period are set out below in Table 8.9. Those associated with the necessary permanent land-take are considered in the subsequent operational section. The table facilitates a brief consideration of the potential landscape changes for each identified construction activity with the potential landscape changes being noted against the three landscape categories of landscape receptors as set out in the preceding baseline section: landscape elements and patterns; landscape designations and landscape character.

8.7.3 Operational Period The principal activities which could have an effect upon the existing fabric, quality and character of the landscape during the twenty five year operation period are set out below in Table 8.10.

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Table 8.9 Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Movement of plant and Landscape elements and patterns - slight increase in numbers of Scale of increase in road traffic would be too small to cause any consequences, but the vehicles along defined vehicles using the closest sections of A465 and increase in movement of men, plant and materials along the access track and within the site will access track from A465 number of different elements and sense of movement present temporarily compromise established characteristics such as simplicity, tranquillity and and within the site. within site, especially the northern part due to location of calm. contractors’ compound. The existing landscape patterns that are Existing pattern is not especially strong and lower part of access track follows field generated primarily by the regular field boundaries will be slightly boundary hence a new pattern will not be imposed on the area. weakened by introduction of a visually prominent serpentine landscape element i.e. the main access track

Landscape designations - reduction in existing levels of calm, Short term modification to a limited central portion of this SLA but western and eastern and tranquillity within a limited portion of the Hirwaun Common & parts will be unaffected. Mynydd Bwllfa Special Landscape Area.

Landscape character - reduction in existing levels of calm, The increased levels of movement by lorries are more redolent of the activities isolation and tranquillity. associated with the neighbouring Cynon Opencast VSAA, hence the consequence may be to extend this VSAA further to the east with a commensurate reduction in the area within the Craig Nantmelyn visual and sensory area.

Use of cranes to set Landscape elements and patterns - introduction of temporary, Temporary prominent landscape elements that will act as visual foci on a small section of turbines in place (one but very tall and visually intrusive elements which will add the (usually southern) horizon. The construction period will be too fluid and short-lived crane will be operational complexity and contrast to existing patterns. for any new patterns to be established. Existing patterns will be retained, but will whilst the second crane temporarily have a reduced visual prominence. will be in the process of Short term modification to a central portion of this SLA but western and eastern extents being either constructed or Landscape designations - reduction in existing levels of calm, dismantled). and tranquillity within a limited portion of the Hirwaun Common & will be unaffected being outside the ZTV generated by the cranes. Qualities of National Mynydd Bwllfa Special Landscape Area. When operational the Park would be unaffected by occasional distant presence of a single crane on southern cranes cold be discernible from some locations in the closest horizon. part of Brecon Beacons National Park.

Landscape character - reduction in existing levels of calm, The use of two cranes will partly extent the urban element present in many of the valley isolation and tranquillity. visual and sensory areas on to an elevated visual and sensory area which has historically been generally separate from such activities (although this contention is partly compromised by the existing presence of the OHL). However there are precedents for tall elements of a similar scale to be temporary and permanent presences in elevated visual and sensory areas in the study area due to the variety of transmitter masts noted in the baseline and pylons supporting OHLs.

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Table 8.9 (continued) Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Construction of crane Landscape elements and patterns - loss of small proportion of Temporary disturbance with colour contrasts from both the roadstone pads and the pads and excavation of the overall landcover that is overwhelmingly rough grassland excavated material. Cumulatively the consequence will be medium-scale but mainly turbine foundations dominated by either purple moor grass or mat grass. No temporary changes to existing pattern landscape features will be lost. With regard to landscape patterns there would be a minor temporary increase in the complexity in an area where the existing pattern is simple due to the lack of variety in the landscape elements present.

Landscape designations - reduction in existing levels of calm, Short term modification to a central portion of this SLA but western and eastern extents and tranquillity within the central portion of the Hirwaun Common will be unaffected being outside the ZTV generated by the cranes. Qualities of National & Mynydd Bwllfa Special Landscape Area. Park would be unaffected as no indirect effects would be discernible.

Landscape character – the movement and noise from the Along with some of the other temporary changes set out elsewhere in this table the excavation coupled with the changes in the proportion of colours construction of the crane pads will cause temporary modification of some of the defining and textures across a proportion of the Hirwaun Common visual components of the Hirwaun Common visual and sensory area. In particular it will require and sensory area could contribute to modifying of the area’s an unprecedented level of activity modified existing levels of calm and tranquillity as well character. as altering the presence balance of colours and textures.

Construction of internal Landscape elements - small-scale loss of some common Temporary introduction of new elements which contrast with existing elements. site access roads. elements, overwhelmingly swathes rough pasture plus the Presence of construction plant and exposed ground will introduce temporary new introduction of temporary new mobile elements (bulldozers, patterns which will change and develop over construction period. dump trucks etc) and static elements (spoil heaps). Exposed subsoil and plant movement will add complexity to the existing simple patterns.

Landscape character - the movement and noise from the As access roads extend across the central portion of this VSAA their construction will excavation coupled with the changes in the proportion of colours cause a reduction in the characteristic sense of isolation and calm. Their construction and textures across a proportion of the Hirwaun Common visual will be one of the elements that cumulatively lead to a temporary modification of the and sensory area could contribute to modifying of the area’s Hirwaun Common VSAA during at least parts of the construction period. character.

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Table 8.9 (continued) Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Materials stockpiles. Landscape elements - introduction of new elements potentially Precise consequences will depend upon the size, height and colour of any stockpiles with contrasting colours and textures. Most of these will be in however the scale of the landscape and the history of large scale mining and industrial and around the construction compound located at a lower activities in and around Hirwaun should allow the temporary new elements to be elevation and well away from the main areas of construction absorbed. Along with other temporary elements and activities in the northern part of the activity. There would be a temporary small-scale increase in application area the stockpiles would temporarily introduce a greater level of complexity complexity of the limited existing landscape patterns. to existing patterns on a localised scale

Landscape designations – as most of the stockpiles would be Minimal landscape consequences for SLA and none for National Park. located on the northern fringe of the SLA at a lower elevation than its main areas they would represent minimal change on their own

Landscape character – temporary introduction of new landscape The materials required for the construction of a wind farm are relatively limited compared elements at a scale that will be very small compared with the with most other types of development scale, hence the temporary changes generated as scale of the LANDMAP aspect areas a consequence of their storage away from the main construction site is unlikely to be on a sufficiently large scale to alter the key visual and sensory characteristics of Cynon VS890.

Contractors’ compound. Landscape elements - introduction of small and incongruous Incremental increase in number of man-made elements however level of effect likely to element away from the main area of construction activity. be reduced by concentrating all facilities in a single location away from the main location Localised increase in complexity of existing landscape patterns. of construction activities on Hirwaun Common. Temporary negative consequences from contrast with existing low key patterns.

Landscape designations - as the compound would be located on Minimal landscape consequences for SLA and none for National Park. the northern fringe of the SLA at a lower elevation than its main areas it would represent minimal change.

Landscape character - increase in ‘clutter’ in the local landscape Incremental changes to landscape character however the cumulative effect of the although such clutter is relatively common in such urban fringe temporary presence of several new landscape elements close to the northern end of the locations and in areas where mining has been a key land-use. new access road may be sufficient to extend the Hirwaun VSAA slightly southwards into the area presently covered by the Craig Nantmelyn VSAA. This change would occur anyway if the A465 is dualled and /or the south Hirwaun Strategic Site is developed.

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Table 8.9 (continued) Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Temporary protection and Landscape elements - introduction of another man-made, Introduction of incongruous temporary, albeit small-scale, landscape elements with security fencing. contrasting element in the probable form of chestnut pale fencing minimal landscape consequences. Another incremental increase in complexity of around excavations and metal fencing around main compound. patterns on the northern spur of the site, but minimal consequences on the main part of Unlikely to be a need for night-time security lighting. Fencing is the proposal site. already a contributory component of the prevalent landscape pattern around the northern end of the new access track. On the main site the need of fencing is likely to be very brief and will not allow sufficient time for them to be perceived as constituent elements in the formation of a new landscape pattern.

Landscape designations – small scale temporary change in own Incremental contribution to the overall temporary changes during the construction period right would represent minimal change in SLA’s principal qualities to the landscape characteristics of the central part of the SLA. Again no consequences for its western and eastern parts. Landscape character - at site scale temporary enclosures will not Dependent upon the scale and design of any temporary enclosures, but on their own any compromise the openness which is a key component of the temporary fencing will not be of a sufficient scale to compromise the Hirwaun Common Hirwaun Common VSAA. VSAA or any of the other LANDMAP aspects.

Disposal areas for Landscape elements - the excavated material will be The size of the site and nature of the construction activities will make it possible to excavated material. incorporated within other construction activities and not dispose of or temporarily store any material without need to introduce potentially transported off-site. The changes would be of insufficient significant elements such as bunds. magnitude to modify existing landscape patterns.

Landscape designations - small scale temporary change in own Incremental contribution to the overall temporary changes during the construction period right would represent minimal change in SLA’s principal qualities to the landscape characteristics of the central part of the SLA. Again no consequences for its western and eastern parts. Landscape character - change of insufficient magnitude to Insufficient magnitude of change to have any consequences for LANDMAP aspect modify existing character of the Hirwaun Common VSAA areas.

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Table 8.10 Operation Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Operation of the turbines. Landscape elements and patterns - introduction of Introduction of large scale structures whose scale is not comparable to other existing landscape major new elements centring upon the twelve elements on the site including the wooden poles that support the existing 33kV overhead power line turbines, plus a meteorological mast. Their scale along the application area’s eastern boundary although their scale is in keeping with the overall scale and movement will introduce a new landscape of Hirwaun Common VSAA’s landscape character. The contrast in the scale of the turbines with the pattern to be superimposed upon the limited existing other landscape elements could form a point of interest. Introduction of new land-use whose patterns at ground level principal elements (turbines) are of sufficient scale to form a new pattern in their relationship to each other and the extensive nearby coniferous plantations.

Landscape designations – the scale of the turbines The existing SLA’s characteristics would be altered although the ZTVs indicate that the turbines will alter some of the characteristics of the central would not be discernible across the entire SLA, although many of the characteristics that are part of the SLA and represent an important change presumed to have been taken into account in the formation of the designation (i.e. those that have at the scale of the SLA. been considered during its redefinition as part of the Local Development Plan process) would remain unaffected. Indeed the presence of the turbines could serve to provide the Mynydd Bwllfa area with a In contrast changes with regard to the southern more readily defined sense of place that would distinguish it from the other elevated SLAs that setting of Brecon Beacons National Park would be currently have similar characteristics. As the Local Plan does not provide a justification for the SLA minimal where some of the turbines would be visible designations it is not possible to assess how these could be affected by the presence of the turbines, and not discernible at all over the majority of the however it is reasonable to suppose that they will not modify key attributes such as exposure and National Park openness, although their presence and the increase in the ease of access will serve to reduce the sense of isolation. There would be small-scale landscape consequences for the southern setting of the Brecon Beacons National Park form the presence of a small number of turbines above a limited section of the southern horizon in some views. One of these would potentially be provision of a more readily discernible boundary to the National Park and a consequent greater sense of contrast for people within the National Park. Their distant presence could psychologically diminish the sense of tranquillity and isolation sought by visitors and residents.

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Table 8.10 (continued) Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Landscape character - large scale change reflecting The landscape consequences will be a substantial modification to the Hirwaun Common VSAA as the dominance of the new turbines within the defined by LANDMAP by reducing its simplicity and increasing the levels of movement. Aside from Hirwaun Common VSAA and also representing the topography and sense of exposure, the turbines will become the dominant landscape element in some change for the landscape habitat, historic its eastern part and it is likely that the application area and its immediate environs would need to be landscape and cultural landscape LANDMAP aspect re-defined under a review of the LANDMAP process, possibly to form two new visual and sensory areas. areas. The eastern part (Mynydd Bwllfa) would retain many attributes of the existing Hirwaun Common VSAA but with modified attributes reflecting the presence of the turbines and access road. The western part (Hirwaun Common) would retain a greater proportion of the present VSAA’s attributes as it would have sustained no direct changes as a consequence of the operation of the wind farm, although the turbines close to its south-east would affect its setting as would the presence of the proposed South Hirwuan Strategic Site The surrounding visual and sensory areas would retain their integrity. Land-take required for Landscape elements - the site contains few None, the seasonal sheep grazing regime will continue around the operational turbines. turbines. landscape elements and the detail layout design will ensure that no elements (other than areas of rough grassland) are lost as a result of the land-take.

Landscape patterns - as no elements will be lost this As above. activity will cause no changes to the existing landscape patterns.

Landscape character - change of insufficient As above – micro-siting would ensure that none of the more scarce habitats in the landscape magnitude to effect established landscape character. habitats aspect would be affected.

Operation of access Landscape elements - very occasional use by None - area already occasionally crossed by farm vehicles (and presumably very occasionally routes and on-site maintenance vehicles. Presence of turbines may maintenance vehicles for the existing 33kV OHL) as well as the quad bikes and scambling bikes maintenance activities. attract increased visits by walkers, mountain bikers observed during the last site visit. and other tourists.

Landscape patterns - vehicular movement levels far None. too low to modify patterns.

Landscape character – presence of access tracks There may be a reduction in sense of isolation as a consequence of the presence of the access will reduce the sense of isolation as they will routes but actual vehicular movements are estimated to be too low to increase the low levels of demonstrate that, if required, there is ready vehicular movement at ground level. Could encourage greater use by quad and scrambling bikes. access across much of Hirwaun Common.

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Table 8.10 (continued) Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences

Identified Activity Landscape Change Predicted Landscape Consequences

Permanent land-take for Landscape elements – introduction of a small Careful attention to design should ensure minimal landscape consequences in an area that has been sub-station. building in vernacular style only just outside the subject to extensive landscape change through industrial activities and subsequent restoration urban envelope of southern Hirwaun activities and is likely to be affected by future proposed changes.

Landscape patterns – a single element of this scale Insufficient magnitude of change to have any consequences for prevalent landscape patterns. will not on its own modify existing patterns or help to create new patterns

Landscape character - assessed on its own the sub- None. station would not change landscape character of Craig Nantmelyn VSAA.

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8.7.4 De-commissioning Period The landscape effects of the short de-commissioning period will be similar to those generated during the construction period. There will be an increase in plant, including cranes, within and around the wind farm site and the associated movement and noise, especially along the main access road. Turbine foundations, access roads and most underground cabling will remain in- situ reducing the potential landscape effects generated by large scale excavations. Upon completion of de-commissioning the site’s landscape will revert to its present elements and patterns.

8.7.5 Overview of Landscape Changes and their Consequences

Construction Period The landscape changes predicted to occur during the construction period will only occur for a maximum of twelve months hence their consequences will be short-lived, thereby reducing their potential to produce significant adverse landscape effects. Nevertheless the consequences will be almost universally adverse. Landscape changes will be at their most extensive during this period and consideration needs to be given to their potential cumulative landscape effect. As shown in the analysis in Table 8.10 the individual activities are rarely predicted to generate substantial adverse landscape effects, however, their cumulative consequent landscape effect will be substantial. The degree of vehicular and human movement associated with the range of construction activities across most of the application area, especially the northern part close to the new access track will considerably exceed the present low levels of movement. This will temporarily compromise key landscape characteristics of calm and tranquillity. Likewise the cumulative effects of the different construction activities will modify the existing landscape character of the application area by adding new landscape elements of varying scale, colour and associations to the few established landscape elements. The landscape changes will, however, be at least partly tempered by the low loss of existing on-site landscape elements. In summary the principal consequences of the predicted landscape changes will be focused upon the Hirwaun Common VSAA with some minor effects upon parts of the Craig Nantmelyn VSAA. The former will temporarily exhibit some of the characteristics that are more readily associated with the industrial and post-industrial landscapes of the valley bottoms and lower sides. These characteristics will include types of prominent landscape elements such as the two cranes, levels of movement, noise levels, visual change and disturbance and increased levels of access. The relative brevity of the construction period and the low loss of existing on-site landscape elements should ensure that there would be minimal or no effects upon aspect areas defined under the other four LANDMAP aspect areas.

Operational Period Unlike the fluid nine - twelve month long construction period, the subsequent, twenty five year long operational period will be a period of stasis. This is because there will be no soft landscape integral or mitigation elements which would establish and mature during the operational period: the landscape situation in its first year will be very similar to that predicted to apply in its twenty fifth year. The only exception would be if any screen planting were to be established around the substation away from the turbines. In itself this sense of continuity (after the changes associated with the turbines outlined below) is in accordance with the landscape character across most of

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the elevated areas in the defined study area where landscape change is usually very incremental (with the exception of forestry planting and felling, new extensive built development and open cast mining). The application area itself will revert to its existing land use of rough grazing, although the turbines and the provision of access tracks could attract increased numbers of visitors, especially mountain bikers and trail bikers. The principal landscape consequences will be those resulting from the presence of twelve 115 m and 125 m high turbines. Their scale will ensure that they dominate the application area and most of the Hirwaun Common VSAA. The existing sense of calm and isolation will be reduced, although it should be noted that as the majority of operational UK wind farms are located in upland areas away from the main population centres, it is possible that paradoxically their presence acts as an indication that the area is remote with a low population. When the turbines are rotating (which is estimated to occur for an average 80% of the time), their movement and to a lesser extent the associated low levels of noise will become an important sensory characteristic. However during the estimated 20% of the time when they are static the present levels of movement and calm will continue to apply. As a consequence it is likely that the LANDMAP visual and sensory description of Hirwaun Common VSAA will need to be substantially revised to reflect these changes, especially the visual and sensory dominance of the turbines and it is preliminarily suggested that the VSAA be sub-divided into two separate VSAAs to reflect the presence of the wind farm. However it is also acknowledged that any such redefinition of LANDMAP aspect areas would need to take into account the likelihood of other wind farms becoming operational within SSA F, in particular the extensive, nearby, proposed Pen y Cymoedd wind farm and the consented Maerdy wind farm. Similarly there will be effects upon the Special Landscape Area (SLA) whose northern portion extends over nearly the entire application area. Although the criteria for the definition of SLAs in the current Cynon Valley Local Plan is not explicit, their distribution indicates that openness and elevation are important attributes and these will not be affected by the operation of the turbines. It is noted that the application area would be retained within the ‘Hirwaun Common SLA’ under the current proposals to redefine the existing SLAs. As indicated in the baseline study the site does not possess above average scenic qualities and the few features it possess are in at best average condition. Its high evaluation for visual and sensory attributes stems primarily from its relative isolation, the presence of the cirques and their visual role and the availability of views towards the Brecon Beacons National Park. Similar reasons underlie its assessment in the TAN 8 Annex D Study. Hence it is contended that the scenic quality of the proposal site will not be fundamentally compromised (although it is acknowledged that such judgements are essentially personal). The other highly evaluated attributes as reflected in all five LANDMAP aspects would remain unaffected with the proposals being carefully designed to ensure no effects to the geological and scenic integrity of the cirques and few cultural heritage features. In contrast to the previous Hirwaun wind farm application this proposal would also minimise or prevent the turbines affecting the skylines as experienced from surrounding VSAAs or the Brecon Beacons National Park. Any landscape changes beyond the strict confines of the application area itself have to be considered in the context that of the definition of SSA F which carries an explicit understanding that some degree of landscape change will take place and that any proposal should seek to minimise those changes.

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8.8 Evaluation of Landscape Effects

8.8.1 Criteria for Evaluation The criteria for the evaluation of landscape effects have been set out in Sections 8.2.8-10. The evaluation is set out in separate tables for the construction period (Table 8.11) and the operational period (Table 8.12). In these tables effects are considered separately for landscape elements and patterns, landscape designations and landscape character. With regard to the latter, the assessment separately considers the closest defined aspect areas in the LANDMAP as briefly described in Section 8.3.12 and illustrated in Figures 8.8 – 8.12. The evaluation tables also consider the significance of the predicted effects upon the nationally designated landscapes present in the study area: the Brecon Beacons National Park and locally designated landscapes (Special Landscape Areas, Strategic Landscape Areas and Local Landscape Areas) whose relation to the application area is shown in Figures 8.6 and 8.7. The local landscape designations include the closest Special Landscape Areas in the Cynon Valley Local Plan area and the closest Strategic Landscape Areas in the nearby Rhondda Local Plan and four historic landscapes that are fully or partly located within the defined study area and are partly within the ZTV thereby providing a possible effect pathway as discussed in Section 8.3.18 and shown in Figure 8.6.

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8.8.2 Construction Period

Table 8.11 Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Landscape elements -ve Certain Low Low Slight Not Very few elements would be lost during construction Significant period and their loss would not alter landscape patterns or character. Landscape patterns -ve Certain Low Medium Slight/ Moderate Not The construction activities and temporary elements Significant provide a range of shifting new patterns, however the parts of the application area where most of the changes will be located does not presently exhibit strong landscape patterns beyond at the macro-scale of rough grassland and coniferous forestry which will not be modified. Nationally Designated Landscapes

Brecon Beacons -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not At the separation distance from the National Park the National Park Significant only effect pathway available would be through visual effects i.e. views of some of the construction activities. The ZTV demonstrates that views of turbines and hence the cranes are restricted to a minority of the National Park. Also only none of these locations have views of all the turbines and therefore all the crane activities, which will only last a couple of months. Therefore over most of the National Park effects will be limited to views a crane intruding above a small section of the distant southern horizon for a few weeks.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

The only exception will be the southern-most part of the National Park around Penderyn and Hirwaun whose relative proximity will mean that the formation and operation of the access road may also be discernible. However in the context of the A465(T) and the well- established open cast workings at Selar with associated plant movement, these changes will not compromise the integrity and qualities of the National Park. Cynon Valley Local Plan Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) - see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Hirwaun Common & -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant Substantial temporary changes to many of the Mynydd Bwllfa antial characteristics of the northern part of this SLA due to increased plant and human movement and a considerable range of new landscape elements. Cefnrhos-gwawr & -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not No direct effects and indirect effects will be limited and Rhos-gwawr Significant mainly associated with the erection of the southern-most turbines and southern extent of the access track which will not be of a sufficient magnitude to significantly compromise the SLA’s qualities. Coetgae Aberaman -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not A small SLA nearly all covered by coniferous forestry so Significant that even though it is within the ZTV outward views likely to be restricted consequently any indirect effects due to temporary presence of cranes likely to be very limited. South of Mynydd -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Indirect effects would be limited to changes to the SLA’s Aberdar Significant setting from the temporary presence of the cranes across the Cynon Valley for at most 10 weeks. In this context indirect landscape effects are likely to be very low. Around Llwydcoed -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not As above Significant

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Rhondda Local Plan Strategic Landscape Areas – see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Strategic Landscape -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/ Moderate Not No direct effects. This SLA covers nearly all the non- Area within detail study Significant urban areas including large tracts of coniferous forestry. area The forestry and distinctive topography result in large swathes of the SLA being outside the ZTV for the crane activities and the ground level construction activities. There could be disruptions to present levels of calm and tranquillity in the area close to Lluest-wen Reservoir and Pont Lluest-wen. Overall the indirect effects across the vast majority of the SLA will be either non-existent or of a magnitude too low to compromise its integrity. Rhondda Local Plan Local Landscape Areas (LLAs) – see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Castell-Y-Nos -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not The small LLA is located approx. 800m from turbine 12 Significant hence there is scope for disturbance during its erection and the construction of the access track. This will compromise the present sense of calm and isolation for a short period, although intervening forestry should reduce these potential effects. Penpych 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not On the western side of the upper Rhondda Fawr this Significant LLA has little direct relation with the proposal site so any effects will be indirect and restricted to any temporary views of crane activities however the hub height ZTV with forestry exclusion (Figure 8.22) which is used as a proxy for crane activities indicates that no activities would be visible. Cwmsaerbren -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not As above with only very small proportion of LLA in the Significant ZTV hence the effects pathway would be very weak. Glyncoed/Fforch Orky 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Differences in elevation and intervening topography Significant combined with separation distance means no effects pathways will be available hence no indirect effects

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Glyncoli 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Differences in elevation and intervening topography Significant combined with separation distance means no effects pathways will be available hence no indirect effects Tyle-Coch 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not At a minimum separation distance of ~4.5 km to the Significant nearest construction activity the only effects sustained could be indirect visual effects but the intervening topography means that the LLA is outside the ZTV. Cwm Nant-Y Pentre 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Same situation will apply as set out for Glyncoed and Significant Glyncoli above. Historic Landscapes as defined by Cadw, CCW and ICOMOS – see Figure 8.6 for distribution

The Rhondda -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Part of the north-eastern edge of this historic landscape Significant is contiguous with the proposal site but effects will be indirect: there will be no loss of any of the elements that contribute to the formation of the historic landscape. The citation is exclusively concerned with the urban and industrial development and its relics which are located in the valley bottoms and on the lower valley sides which are the parts of the historic landscape outside of the ZTV for the cranes hence there will be no effects pathway by which the integrity of the key components of this historic landscape could be compromised during the short-lived construction period. East Forest Fawr & -ve Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Any effects will be indirect ones generated by the Mynydd-y-Glog Significant availability of southern views across this historic landscape in which some of the crane activities will be generally visible. However at such a distance and in the context of all the industrial and urban development that is located in the intervening Hirwaun and Aberdare areas any such changes are incremental and cannot adversely affect that historic landscape’s integrity.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Merthyr Tydfil -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Given the level of ongoing urban and industrial activity in Significant and around Merthyr Tydfil the temporary appearance of one or two cranes in some middle- and long distance views cannot compromise the town’s historic landscape. Gelli-Gaer Common 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not At a minimum separation distance of ~14 km the Significant temporary operation of one or two hardly visible cranes cannot compromise the historic landscape’s integrity LANDMAP Visual and Sensory Aspect Areas within the blade tip ZTV in the detailed Study Area

Penderyn (Cynon VS -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Small-scale indirect effects may arise in the closest 833) Significant and/or most open and elevated parts of this VSAA from the construction and operation of the main access road and the crane activities at the northern-most turbines, although from most accessible parts only activities at three turbines would be potentially discernible. Cadair Fawr (Cynon -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Only some of the south-western portion of this visual and 735) Significant sensory area is within the ZTV for the crane activity and the VSAA is too distant to sustain any indirect noise effects, hence magnitude of change can only be ‘negligible’. Penmoelallt (Cynon VS -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not As most of this visual and sensory area is under 207) Significant coniferous forestry there will be very few locations within it where outward views are available, hence the effects pathway will be very weak.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Abernant and surrounds -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Some of this transitional visual and sensory area is (Cynon VS 681) Significant within the hub height ZTV and the crane activity will be an element in its western setting with which it has a strong visual link across the Cynon Valley. However as noted in the visual and sensory evaluation there are also existing detractive elements in these views from the urban development in the Cynon Valley. Also with a minimum separation distance of 4 km change would only ever be small-scale. Cwm Dar (Cynon VS 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not A fragmented visual and sensory area whose valley 113) Significant bottom location in the upper Rhondda Fawr ensures that it would be well outside the ZTV due to the intervening topography hence there can be no effect pathway. Treherbert (Cynon VS 0 Certain Low Negligible Negligible Not This linear VSAA’s valley bottom location in the upper 337) Significant Rhondda Fawr ensures that it would be well outside the ZTV due to the intervening topography hence there can be no effect pathway..

Hirwaun Common -ve Certain High High Substantial Significant The construction activities are overwhelmingly (Cynon VS 430) concentrated in this VSAA and the magnitude of change during this period with human and plant movement, modification of some existing elements and introduction of new ones will inevitably temporarily modify some of the primary landscape characteristics such as its sense of balance and low levels of human access.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cynon Opencast (Cynon -ve Certain Low Medium Slight/Moderate Not This area is already characterised by large-scale human VS 368) Significant activities that have an adverse effect upon the landscape hence the temporary changes which would be generated by the nearby new access road and contractors’ compound will only be a small incremental increase in the magnitude of adverse landscape effects. No views of crane activities due to topographical ‘table top’ effect.

Cefn y Rhondda (Cynon -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Extensive visual and sensory area whose key VS 738) Significant characteristics will not be significantly modified or compromised by operation of one or two cranes on a section of the northern horizon, especially if consented Maerdy wind farm is also under construction or operational. Ground level activities largely screened by surrounding forestry. Human activities on a similar scale are already a landscape component.

Rhos-gwawr (Cynon VS -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Temporary presence of cranes discernible from limited 876) Significant proportion of this VSAA could temporarily compromise the sense that the western setting of this VSAA is tranquil upland with little human presence, although the outward views that are available in some directions already include some detractive elements.

St Gwynno Forest -ve Unlikely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not This is by far the most extensive VSAA in the detailed (Cynon VS 580) Significant study area whose main characteristic is coniferous forestry hence outward views to surrounding visual and sensory areas are limited and its setting tends to be very tight. Hence views of construction activities likely to be very restricted and they will not alter the main characteristics that are a consequence of the extensive coniferous forestry.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Dare Valley (Cynon VS -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by a 797) Significant proportion of the crane activities, however these will take place above a moderate section of the western horizon which presently has a strong upland feel retaining ‘essential upland wildness’ which will be temporarily compromised. Craig Nantmelyn (Cynon -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Again changes will be restricted to those generated by VS 890) Significant crane activities supplemented in its north-western part by those of the operation of the main access road and contractors’ compound. However this visual and sensory area is bounded by main roads, urban and industrial areas which already give it a transitional character between remote upland and urbanised valley. Hirwaun and Aberdare -ve Certain Low Low Slight Not The views to the surrounding uplands are one of the few (Cynon VS 522) Significant positive landscape characteristics of this urbanised visual and sensory area and these benefits will be slightly compromised when the some crane activities and the operation of the main access road temporarily become discernible from the parts of the VSAA around Hirwaun. However no activities would be discernible from the eastern part around Aberdare.

Cefnpennar (Cynon VS -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by 140) Significant some of the crane activities, however these will take place over a narrow array of the north-western horizon. No other construction activities will be discernible.

Ynysbol (Cynon VS 141) -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by Significant some of the crane activities in some locations and ground level activities in very limited locations, however these will take place over a narrow array of the north- western horizon.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Mynydd y Glyn (Cynon -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by VS 142) Significant some of the crane activities in western part of VSAA and ground level activities in very limited locations, however these will take place over a narrow array of the northern horizon and will be difficult to clearly discern over 9 km. Mynydd Ton, Bwllfa, 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Paucity of all ZTVs in this VSAA would strongly indicate William Meyrick (Cynon Significant that this VSAA will not sustain any discernible changes VS 357) to its setting.

Mynydd Maesteg 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Paucity of all ZTVs in this VSAA would strongly indicate (Cynon VS 496) Significant that this VSAA will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting. Mynydd Llangeinwyr 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Paucity of all ZTVs in this VSAA would strongly indicate (Cynon VS 622) Significant that this VSAA will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting. Aberpennar (Cynon VS 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Valley location of this VSAA is likely to ensure that it will 660) Significant sustain no indirect effects upon its landscape setting from distant temporary crane operations.

Garw and Caeray Forest 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Paucity of all ZTVs in this VSAA would strongly indicate (Cynon VS 813) Significant that this VSAA will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting.

St Tydfil Forest (Cynon -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Most of this VSAA is covered by forestry minimising the VS 950) Significant potential for any landscape changes being discerned from crane operations at least 6-9 km away.

Mynydd y Garn (BRCKN -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Possible occasional presence of a crane 9 km to south VS 307) Significant would represent a minimal change in the VSAA’s setting

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Tawe Valley and Cwm -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Whilst ZTVs show that the construction activities Twrch (BRCKN VS 436) Significant associated with the main access road could be discernible, this would be highly unlikely over a distance in excess of 9 km.

Hepste Valley (BRCKN -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Possible occasional presence of a crane 7.5 km to south VS 473) Significant would represent a minimal change in the VSAA’s setting

Nedd Fechan and Mellte -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only crane activities associated with construction of Valleys (BRCKN VS Significant three northernmost turbines could be discernible. Any 876) activities associated with the access track would not be discernible over distances of 6-10 km Vaynor Farmlands 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Only south-western corner of this VSAA intrudes into (MRTHR VS 198) Significant detailed study area and crane activities at only three turbines would theoretically be discernible. Vaynor Uplands -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only south-western corner of this extensive VSAA (MRTHR VS 387) Significant intrudes into detailed study area and whilst crane activities at associated with all turbines would theoretically be discernible they would be unlikely to affect VSAA’s setting at minimum separation of 8.5 km

Taff Fawr (MRTHR VS 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only a fragment of this low elevation VSAA is within ZTV 393) Significant for crane activities (hub height ZTV) which would be at least 7 km away

Taf/Cynon Ridge 0 Likely Low Negligible Negligible Not Only a fragment of this largely forested VSAA is within (MRTHR VS 729) Significant ZTV for crane activities (hub height ZTV) which would be at least 7 km away

Mynydd y Gelli (NPT VS 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only a fragment of this VSAA is within ZTV for crane 547) Significant activities (hub height ZTV) which would be at least 7.5 km away

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Banwen Purddin (NPT 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Theoretically the access road activities not the crane VS 970) Significant activities could be discernible but this is not likely over a minimal distance of 7 km. LANDMAP Geological Landscape Aspect Areas

Upper Cynon Valley 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Detailed alignment of access road from A465 will ensure (GL020) Significant that there will be no direct effects upon the integrity of the Pennant Sandstone cirques. Rhondda Fach Valley 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Excavation of turbine bases, crane pads and access (GL025) Significant road would have no effect upon geological features

LANDMAP Landscape Habitats Aspect Areas

Cynon LH058 -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Excavation of turbine bases, crane pads and access Significant road would lead to some loss of common habitats but this would not affect the integrity of this LH. Layout and construction activities designed and monitored to prevent any effects upon key or rare flora and fauna.

Cynon LH050 -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The construction and use of a short section of main Significant access road across this LH would generate negligible change.

Cynon LH051 -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Negligible Not The construction and use of a short section of main Significant access road across this LH would generate negligible change.

Cynon LH054 -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Negligible Not The construction and use of a short section of main Significant access road across this LH would generate negligible change.

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

LANDMAP Historic Landscape Aspect Areas

Rhondda Uplands -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not This is an extensive HL aspect area and the construction (Cynon HL 687) Significant activities would not necessitate the loss of any elements of the historic landscape. Hirwaun Common -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The construction and use of the main access road would Enclosure (Cynon HL Significant not affect the integrity of this HL which has been 903) characterised by many similar activities.

LANDMAP Cultural Landscape Aspect Areas

Cynon CL056 0 Cetain High Negligible Slight Not This CL covers a vast area and as such the construction Significant activities could only ever affect a minute proportion of it. Plus its evaluation is a summary of other aspect area attributes and the above assessment has shown that this will sustain negligible levels of change in nearly all cases.

Historic Parks and Gardens (derived from those listed in Section 8.3.16 that are within the hub height ZTV)

Aberdare Park -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not From some locations within the park it is likely that the Significant crane activities could be visible for 6 of the turbines on a section of the western horizon however views will often be screened by surrounding development or the vegetation in the Park. The magnitude of change in the Park’s setting will be far too small to have a significant effect upon people’s enjoyment of and perception of the Park.

Llanharan House -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not At ~20 km separation distance and being on the edge of Significant the ZTV for a maximum of three turbines and therefore their cranes it is unlikely that there will be any changes in the House’s present setting

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Table 8.11 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Construction

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cyfartha Castle, Merthyr -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Situation as above albeit with reduced separation Tydfil Significant distance. Also being located in the middle of Merthyr the Castle has a setting that is partly determined by built development of a similar nature.

Hensol Castle, Vale of -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Same situation will prevail as set out for Llanharan Glamorgan Significant House.

Key: Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance

- ve = Adverse/Negative Certain High High Substantial Significant +ve = Beneficial/Positive Likely Medium Medium Moderate/Substantial Not Significant ? = Unknown Unlikely Low Low Moderate 0 = Neutral See Table 8.3 Negligible Moderate/Slight for definitions Slight Slight/Negligible Negligible

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Table 8.12 Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Landscape elements -ve Certain Low High Moderate Not Very few elements would be lost during construction or Significant operation periods and their loss would not alter landscape patterns or character. However the introduction of a wind farm will result in the modification of the existing LANDMAP visual and sensory area (Hirwaun Common) that covers the proposed wind farm site as discussed in greater detail under the relevant LANDMAP aspect entries. The twelve wind turbines would be major new landscape elements at a scale unrivalled in the elevated parts of the detailed study area except for the turbines that are almost certain to be introduced at other consented and proposed wind farm sites and possibly the cirques. Landscape patterns -ve Certain Low High Moderate Not The operational wind farm, in particular its simple access Significant track arrangement and the cumulative effects of the small- scale ground level elements required will lead to the imposition of a new, more complex pattern within the wind farm’s boundary. The turbines themselves would not contribute to any new patterns due to their scale and form in comparison with other elements.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Nationally Designated Landscapes

Brecon Beacons -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not This level of effect and significance represent the worst case National Park Significant scenario that will only apply to the southern edge of the National Park around Penderyn. In the overwhelming majority of the Park effects will be either considerably lower or non-existent. The National Park covers an area of 1347 km2 of which 928 km2 is sited within the defined study area. . The blade tip ZTV covers 164 km2 of the part of the Park within the defined study area i.e. 17.6% which could therefore potentially sustain adverse landscape effects. However it is unlikely that even under optimum atmospheric and viewing conditions there would be any views from parts of the Park beyond the 31.8 km radius study area (and if they were they could not be significant). Hence it is reasonable to state that if the National Park is to be assessed as a single receptor then potential views of any of the turbines would only be theoretically available from those areas both within the blade tip ZTV and within the defined study area which would reduce the proportion of the National Park from where views could be available to only 12.2% of the Park’s total area55.

55 Note that if the same exercise is undertaken using the hub height ZTV which is a better proxy for visibility for most visual receptors, the total area of the National Park within the hub height ZTV would be only 152 km2 that would be 11.3% of the entire National Park once very long distance views theoretically available form parts outside the 31.8 km radius study area are discounted.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

In all locations effects will be generated exclusively by the visual changes in the Park’s setting due to some or occasionally all of the turbines appearing on a section of the southern horizon. The potential magnitudes of landscape change are indicated in the wireframes and photomontages from a variety of locations within the Park that are contained in Figures 8.35, 8.39, 8.40, 8.41, 8.43, 8.45, 8.49, 8.50, 8.52 and 8.54 ). These demonstrate that from the most elevated locations in the Park (which are likely to be amongst the most visited) the turbines would not intrude above the southern horizon reducing their role in forming the setting. Likewise the majority of the Park is too distant from the turbines for their blades’ movement to be discernible which in turn helps retain any sense of calm and tranquillity.

The type of landscape effect generated by the operation of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would be dependent upon the opinion of the people affected however it should be noted that the area to the south of the Park has been dominated by industrial activities since at least the mid-nineteenth century and that the southern fringes of the Park have always been experienced in this context (e.g. the extensive open cast mining south of Hirwaun), yet the qualities of this part of the Park have remained largely intact. Also whilst some people believe that the presence of turbines represents an ‘industrialisation’ of the landscape other people consider that turbines represent clean renewable energy and that their presence from parts of a National Park is an appropriate reminder of the broader ecological objectives of National Park designation.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Overall even in the limited number of areas where the turbines would be elements in the southern views, it is concluded that their presence would not represent a magnitude of change anywhere near large enough to compromise the essential qualities that led to the designation of the National Park nor would they diminish the ability of the Park’s landscapes to fulfil the range of functions that they currently provide for the visitors and inhabitants. In these terms the landscape assessment must conclude that the operation of the turbines cannot have a significant adverse effect upon the integrity and landscape qualities of the Brecon Beacons National Park.

It is noted that the effects upon the National Park form the revised Hirwaun wind farm proposal were considered acceptable by Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC hence for similar reasons the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm with its concentration of all but three turbines further to the south i.e. away form the Park should likewise be acceptable in landscape terms.

Likewise in his Appeal Decision the Planning Inspector concurred with the opinion that from parts of the Park around Penderyn and Ystradfellte the ‘forward position of the northern-most turbines would be unduly intrusive’. The Mynydd Bwllfa turbine layout has dispensed with the three turbines that previously were located immediately above Tarren y Bwlch and as shown in the five visualisation figures specifically from this area the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa would be notably less intrusive and should consequently be assessed as acceptable in terms of their effects upon these parts of the National Park.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cynon Valley Local Plan Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) - see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Hirwaun Common & -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant The operation of the turbines plus the presence of the Mynydd Bwllfa antial ancillary items in particular the access tracks will modify many of the SLA’s present characteristics. In particular the present sense of relative wildness, isolation and tranquillity will be strongly reduced (they are strong enough to overcome the present relatively small-scale pylons and 33kV OHL) and as already stated the immediate area’s landscape character will alter as a consequence of the wind farm’s presence. Cefnrhos-gwawr & -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant Although the landscape changes will not be direct or of a Rhos-gwawr antial similar scale to those for Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa SLA , the location of Turbines 9 - 12 in particular will make them prominent elements in many views within and out of the SLA and will reduce the sense of remoteness and isolation that is currently provided by the proposed wind farm site. Coetgae Aberaman -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not There will be severely restricted indirect effects Significant generated by the presence of the turbines as this SLA is largely outside the ZTV due to its being mostly under forestry cover. Hence its presence is likely to mostly manifest itself in framed and heavily filtered views and its key attributes will retain intact. South of Mynydd -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not The turbines will be visible in views across the Cynon Aberdar Significant Valley and as such will represent a change in the SLA’s setting however this is subject to such a wide variety of influences that the scale of the change cannot be assessed as being large enough to modify the SLA’s defining characteristics. Around Llwydcoed -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not As above Significant

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Rhondda Local Plan Strategic Landscape Areas – see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Strategic Landscape -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not This is an average for the entire extensive SLA. Whilst Area within 10 km radius Significant the turbines will be visible from most parts of the SLA detail study area outside the extensive tracts covered by coniferous forest, the SLA’s large extent should make its attributes relatively robust to changes of this magnitude and ensure that key attributes such as exposure, isolation and extensive views will not be significantly compromised by the operation of the turbines. Given the future presence of the consented Maerdy wind farm and the possible presence of the extensive proposed Pen y Cymoedd wind farm the setting of this SLA will inevitably change and Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm’s operation would only ever be an incremental component of these changes. Rhondda Local Plan Local Landscape Areas – see Figure 8.7 for distribution

Castell-Y-Nos -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant This small LLA is located within 800m of turbine 12 and antial an indication of the visual change is shown in the photomontage in Figure 8.27. As this LLA is small it is more vulnerable to changes in its setting such as would arise from the visual presence of turbines to the north and north-west. The turbines will compromise the present attributes of relative calm and tranquillity and reduce the LLA’s sense of isolation.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Penpych -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not As it is separated from the application area by the Significant Rhondda Fach and the extensive coniferous forestry on Mynydd Ystradffernol this LLA only has a weak relationship with it. The blade tip ZTV in Figure 8.21 indicates that there would be no visual relationship due to forestry screening. Should there be extensive felling the situation would potentially change. Cwmsaerbren -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Similar situation to Penpych LLA. Significant Glyncoed/Fforch Orky 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Differences in elevation and intervening topography Significant combined with separation distance means no effects pathways will be available hence no indirect effects Glyncoli 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Differences in elevation and intervening topography Significant combined with separation distance means no effects pathways will be available hence no indirect effects Tyle-Coch 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not At a minimum separation distance of ~4.7 km to the Significant nearest turbine the only effects sustained could be indirect visual effects but the intervening topography means that the LLA is outside the ZTV. Cwm Nant-Y Pentre 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Same situation will apply as set out for Glyncoed and Significant Glyncoli above.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Historic Landscapes as defined by Cadw, CCW and ICOMOS

The Rhondda -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not The operation of the turbines can only be indirect effects Significant as it will require the loss of none of the elements that contribute to this historic landscape which are exclusively concentrated in the valley bottoms and are concerned with the valleys’ industrial heritage. The ZTV for the turbines does not extend to the bottoms of Rhondda Fawr or Fach so the critical parts of the historic landscape will sustain no adverse effects. Also as the designation refers to the area’s industrial development it could be argued that the turbines represent the latest stage in Rhondda’s development into a post-industrial era. East Forest Fawr & -ve Certain Medium Low Moderate/Slight Not Indirect effects could be generated as a consequence of Mynydd-y-Glog Significant the some of the turbines’ presence on a section of the southern horizon. In this location they will be perceived in the same context as the industrial and urban development of Hirwaun and Aberdare and as such represent some form of historical continuum and reinforce the area’s location between the summits of the Brecon Beacons and the industrial heartland of the Valleys. In this context and given the clear separation between the turbines and the historic landscape their presence cannot compromise the historic integrity of the East Forest Fawr and Myndd-y-Glog Merthyr Tydfil -ve Likely Medium Low Moderate/Slight Not Effects will be restricted to indirect landscape effects due Significant to the visual presence of the turbines in a minority of the historic landscape. Given the context of Merthyr Tydfil and its industrial heritage and generally poor quality built environment the small magnitude of change represented by the turbines’ presence cannot significantly compromise the historic landscape’s integrity.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Gelli-Gaer Common -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Whilst some of the turbines will be visible from some Significant parts of Gelli-Gaer Common Historic Landscape, at a minimum separation distance of ~14 km their presence will only be a negligible change in the overall extensive setting of the Common. LANDMAP Visual and Sensory Areas Penderyn (Cynon VS -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not As discussed above this VSAA represents the closest 833) Significant part of the National Park and the part with the greatest availability of views in which at least some of the turbines will be visible. The minimum separation distance between the southern edge of the National Park north of Hirwaun and the nearest turbine will be ~2.0 km with the town, A465(T) and, at present, open cast works combining to form a buffer and ensure that there are no acoustic effects. As with the National Park, the Penderyn VSAA has long existed in the context of extensive human development and resource exploitation both within it and to the south of it. The operation of the turbines is the latest manifestation of this activity but their presence on a section of the southern horizon will not fundamentally compromise the primary attributes of this visual and sensory area which will remain its upland feel and low level of human access. It is also noted in the visual and sensory description that there are already detractive views outwards over the urban edge i.e. Hirwaun to the south.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cadair Fawr (Cynon -ve Unlikely High Low Moderate Not Only a proportion of this VSAA is within the ZTV and its 735) Significant main association is with the more elevated parts of the Brecon Beacons that are in the opposite direction to the turbines. Their potential presence at a minimum separation distance of ~4.5 km is assessed as being unlikely to significantly compromise key attributes such as its exposure, wildness and the availability of views of the Brecon’s main summits. Penmoelallt (Cynon VS -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not As with the construction period the fact that one of the 207) Significant key defining elements of this visual and sensory area is its extensive forestry landcover is likely to severely restrict the availability of the views which are the only effects pathway by which the operation of the turbines could affect its integrity and modify its key characteristics. As this potential effects pathway will be very weak the landscape effects will not be significant. Abernant and surrounds -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not The parts of this transitional VSAA that are not covered (Cynon VS 681) Significant by forestry are within the ZTV and the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm will be an element in its western setting with which it has a strong visual link across the Cynon Valley. However as noted in the visual and sensory evaluation there are also existing detractive elements in these views from the urban development in the Cynon Valley. Cwm Dar (Cynon VS 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The northern-most fragment of this dispersed visual and 113) Significant sensory area is ~2 km from the nearest turbine and given the differences in elevation there is no effects pathway with the VSAA well away from the ZTV. Consequently the operation of the turbines would have no effect upon the area’s setting or attributes.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Treherbert (Cynon VS -ve Certain Low Low Slight Not The ZTVs and wireframes show that any potential views 337) Significant of any turbines will be theoretically available from only a very small proportion of this VSAA towards the top of the Rhondda Fach Valley around Maerdy. Any partial and glimpsed views will accord with the defined characteristic of discordance and its “visually unattractive built form”. Hirwaun Common -ve Certain High High Substantial Significant All the turbines and nearly all the ancillary elements will (Cynon VS 430) be located within this VSAA with a resulting high magnitude of change due to their individual scale and their widespread distribution. Consequently whilst retaining its “vast” sense of scale Hirwaun Common VSAA’s other defined attributes such as unity, rare human access and sense of balance would be reduced and altered. It would become a wind farm landscape where the turbines would be a co-dominant landscape attribute along with the existing ones of exposure and vast scale.

Cynon Opencast (Cynon -ve Certain Low Medium Slight/Moderate Not This is a visual and sensory area with a “weak” sense of VS 368) Significant place, few positive elements and strong sense of disturbance and human activity. In these circumstances the nearby presence of the turbines could only be an incremental increase in what may be perceived of as negative landscape elements. However the level of change will be reduced by the way in which the steep scarp slope means that only the upper parts up to three turbines would ever be seen from small parts of the VSAA.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cefn y Rhondda (Cynon -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant The northern edge of the eastern part of this extensive VS 738) antial upland VSAA is located within ~700 m of the closest turbine and turbines will all be clearly visible from nearly all the northern portion of the eastern part of this VSAA. At these close and medium distances there is potential for the operation of the turbines to be audible which would compound the effects for their visual prominence. This portion will also be the location of the consented Maerdy wind farm which should serve to reduce the magnitude of change generated by the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. The consequence could be that the Cefn y Rhondda VSAA is sub-divided with the northern portion becoming a VSAA in which the turbines are co-dominant landscape elements along with the existing elements and attributes such as exposure, elevated outward views and coniferous plantations.

Rhos-gwawr (Cynon VS -ve Likely Medium Low Moderate/Slight Not Due to a minimum separation distance of ~2.5 km and 876) Significant the topography and forestry cover within this VSAA the presence of the turbines will only be discernible over a small proportion of this VSAA. The scale of the turbines will not allow them to be dominant landscape elements and the prime attributes of this VSAA will remain as set out in the LANDMAP description.

St Gwynno Forest -ve Likely Medium Low Moderate/Slight Not Although it shares the longest borders with the Hirwaun (Cynon VS 580) Significant Common VSAA that covers much of the application area it is assessed that due to the extensive coniferous forestry that characterises the St Gwynno Forest VSAA the presence of the turbines will not modify its existing key attributes. The forestry cover would mean that in most locations the presence of the turbines could be neither seen (due to screening) or heard (dominance of noise of the wind through trees). Hence when assessed as a whole the operation of the turbines cannot significantly modify the existing landscape character.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Dare Valley (Cynon VS -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subst Significant The operational turbines will be present above a ~50° 797) antial array of the western horizon for nearly all locations within the Dare Valley. They will represent a partial change in the setting of the Valley which is characterised by its relative openness and a comparative low level of built development. The setback to the key glacial cirques Tarren y Bwllfa and Craig-yr-ysgol results in a smaller relative scale compared to the cirques. Craig Nantmelyn (Cynon -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not The main access road passes through this VSAA and VS 890) Significant the substation would be located within it. Some, usually just three, of the turbines will be elements in some southern and south-eastern views. The periodic presence of a small number of blade tips would not be sufficient to generate a significant change in the VSAA’s setting and the presence of the main access road and substation would not be discernible from the same parts as the blade tips.

Aberdare and Hirwaun -ve Certain Low Medium Slight/Moderate Not This is an extensive VSAA but at least some of the (Cynon VS 522) Significant turbines will be visible from nearly all locations within it, although all of them would only be visible from around Aberdare and only three would be discernible from the western half. The separation distance will ensure that the turbines are not of a scale where they could be dominant or co-dominant landscape elements and they will always be seen in the context of Hirwaun, Penywaun or Aberdare. Nevertheless the attractive views out to the uplands are one of the few positive attributes of this VSAA and the sense of nearby wildness will be reduced.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cefnpennar (Cynon VS -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by 140) Significant some of the turbines, however these will take place over a narrow array of the north-western horizon. No other construction activities will be discernible.

Ynysbol (Cynon VS 141) -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by Significant some of the turbines in some locations and ground level elements in very limited locations, however these will take place over a narrow array of the north-western horizon. Mynydd y Glyn (Cynon -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Changes to setting restricted to those generated by VS 142) Significant some of the turbines in western part of VSAA and ground level elements in very limited locations, however these will take place over a narrow array of the northern horizon and will be difficult to clearly discern over 9 km. Mynydd Ton, Bwllfa, 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The extremely limited extent of the blade tip ZTV in this William Meyrick (Cynon Significant VSAA would strongly indicate that it will not sustain any VS 357) discernible changes to its setting.

Mynydd Maesteg 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not The absence of all ZTVs with forestry exclusion included (Cynon VS 496) Significant in this VSAA would strongly indicate that it will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting.

Mynydd Llangeinwyr 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not The extremely limited extent of the blade tip ZTV in this (Cynon VS 622) Significant VSAA would strongly indicate that it will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting.

Aberpennar (Cynon VS 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The absence of all ZTVs with forestry exclusion included 660) Significant in this VSAA would strongly indicate that it will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting..

Garw and Caeray Forest 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The extremely limited extent of the blade tip ZTV in this (Cynon VS 813) Significant VSAA would strongly indicate that it will not sustain any discernible changes to its setting.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Mynydd y Garn (BRCKN -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Potential presence of some turbines in southern views VS 307) Significant 9 km to south would represent a small-scale change in the VSAA’s setting Tawe Valley and Cwm -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Upper blade tips of up to three turbines could be Twrch (BRCKN VS 436) Significant discernible, but they would be unlikely to affect the setting of the south-eastern corner of this VSAA over a distance in excess of 9 km. Hepste Valley (BRCKN -ve Likely High Low Slight Not Potential presence of some turbines in southern views VS 473) Significant 8 km to south would represent a small-scale change in the VSAA’s setting. Nedd Fechan and Mellte -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Up to nine of the turbine blade tips but only three Valleys (BRCKN VS Significant nacelles could be discernible from the most elevated 876) parts of this highly evaluated landscape but their small scale and limited array would ensure that they would not significantly alter the southern setting of this VSAA. Any activities associated with the access track would not be discernible over distances of 6-10 km

Vaynor Farmlands -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Only south-western corner of this VSAA intrudes into (MRTHR VS 198) Significant detailed study area and the upper blade tips of only three turbines would theoretically be discernible.

Vaynor Uplands -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Only south-western corner of this extensive VSAA (MRTHR VS 387) Significant intrudes into detailed study area and whilst all twelve turbines would theoretically be discernible from west – facing slopes they would be too small scale to affect the VSAA’s setting at minimum separation of 8.5 km Taff Fawr (MRTHR VS -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Only a fragment of this low elevation VSAA is within ZTV 393) Significant for the upper blade tips which would be at least 7 km away

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Taf/Cynon Ridge -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Negligible Not Only a fragment of this largely forested, east-facing (MRTHR VS 729) Significant VSAA is within ZTV upper blade tips which would be at least 7 km away to the west.

Mynydd y Gelli (NPT VS -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Only a fragment i.e. the most elevated part of southern 547) Significant edge of this VSAA is within ZTV upper blade tips which would be at least 7.5 km away. Banwen Purddin (NPT -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Potentially up to three upper blade tips would be VS 970) Significant discernible from the south-eastern parts of this VSAA over a minimal distance of 7 km but the resultant magnitude of change would not affect the VSAA’s setting. LANDMAP Geological Landscape Aspect Areas

Upper Cynon Valley -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not Detailed alignment of access road from A465 will ensure (GL020) Significant that there will be no direct effects upon the integrity of the Pennant Sandstone cirques. The setting back of the turbines from the northern and eastern edges of the Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa plateau will help to retain the sense of scale and prominence of the cirques, especially Tarren y Bwllfa and Craig-y-bwlch.

Rhondda Fach Valley 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The principal geological landscape features which are (GL025) Significant the crags alongside the upper Rhondda Fach Valley would not be directly affected or have their settings modified. LANDMAP Landscape Habitats Aspect Areas

Cynon LH058 +ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Implementation of a habitat management plan during the Significant operational period could generate localised improvements in landscape habitat.

Cynon LH050 -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The periodic use of a short section of main access road Significant across this LH would generate negligible change.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Cynon LH051 -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Negligible Not The periodic use of a short section of main access road Significant across this LH would generate negligible change. Cynon LH054 -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Negligible Not The periodic use of a short section of main access road Significant across this LH would generate negligible change. LANDMAP Historic Landscape Aspect Areas

Rhondda Uplands -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Negligible Not This is an extensive HL aspect area and the operation of (Cynon HL 687) Significant the wind farm would not necessitate the loss of any elements of the historic landscape. The perception that the turbines are a product and manifestation of the modern post industrial period could be interpreted as forming a discontinuity with the long established continuous use of parts of the HL area as a sheep walk, notwithstanding the large scale changes bought about by extensive forestry over the past forty years. Alternatively their presence could be perceived as extending the historic land-use paradigm of exploiting the upland commons in a sustainable manner.

Hirwaun Common -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not The periodic use of the main access road would not Enclosure (Cynon HL Significant affect the integrity of this HL which has been 903) characterised by many similar activities and would be experienced in the context of extensive changes being likely around southern Hirwaun during the operational period.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

LANDMAP Cultural Landscape Aspect Areas

Cynon CL056 0 Cetain High Negligible Slight Not This CL covers a vast area and as such the operation of Significant the wind farm would only ever directly affect a minute proportion of it. The aspect definition is pen to a wide range of interpretations including the one that it is a cultural imperative to resist any landscape change. Nevertheless another interpretation would be that, as outlined for the Historic Landscape aspect, the operation of a wind farm could be perceived as extending the historic and there fore cultural land-use tradition of exploiting the upland commons in a sustainable manner. Historic Parks and Gardens (derived from those listed in Section 8.3.16 that are within the upper blade tip ZTV)

Aberdare Park -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not The presence of up to six turbines and a further six Significant blade tips on a 35-40º portion of the western horizon at a minimum separation distance of ~3 km will only represent a small-scale change in the urban context of the Park. In many parts of the Park views of the turbines will be filtered by the Park’s own mature trees. Their presence will not affect any of the Park’s constituent elements or the manner in which it is used and perceived by the public.

Llanharan House -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not At ~20 km separation distance and being on the edge of Significant the ZTV for a maximum of three turbines it is unlikely that there will be any changes in the House’s present setting or its attraction for private and public visitors.

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Table 8.12 (continued) Landscape Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Operation

Landscape Type Probability Policy Magnitude Level of Significance Receptors of of Effect Importance of Change Effect Effect Occurring or Level Rationale Sensitivity

Hensol Castle, Vale of -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Same situation will prevail as set out for Llanharan Glamorgan Significant House.

Key: Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance

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8.9 Predicted Visual Changes and Consequent Effects

8.9.1 Construction Period This section of the assessment considers the predicted effects of the twelve month construction period which would be required for the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm upon identified visual receptors within the ZTVs across the defined study area (see Section 8.2.5). A total of 78 potentially key groups of visual receptors, plus 31 routes (long distance footpaths and cycleways, PRoWs and roads), were identified during the baseline survey. These are set out in Table A8.13. In most cases individual visual receptors have been grouped together and a worse case scenario assessed.

8.9.2 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the Construction Period Given that the visual effects of the introduction of the turbines will be considered under operation period effects, the scale of the construction works means that they have the potential to be visually intrusive over only a very small proportion of the defined study area. The key ZTVs for the construction period are those for ground level construction activities in Figure 8.23; the use of the main access road in Figure 8.25; the construction and subsequent use of the access track between the turbines in Figure 8.26 and the turbine hub heights with forestry areas excluded for the detailed study area in Figure 8.22 as a proxy for crane activity visibility. Ground level construction activities will not cause dramatic changes in the views of the large majority of potential visual receptors. This is because as the turbines and internal access road are to be sited on what is essentially an elevated plateau, there are very few locations where the application area’s ground surface is readily visible. This situation does not however apply to the main access road running south from the A465 in Hirwaun up the Pennant Sandstone scarp. Consequently, it is predicted that most adverse visual effects will be caused by the use of the two construction cranes with their associated periodic intrusion on a section of the skyline. It is anticipated that crane activity will last for only about ten weeks during the construction period during which period the two cranes ( one of which would usually be in the process of being dismantled or erected) would form a focal point, especially in middle distance, southern views available in arc clockwise from the north-west to the north-east. This would include the some parts of the settlements of Hirwaun and Penderyn and elevated areas on the southern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park. For the majority of potential middle distance visual receptors in this area the cranes will be the only visual evidence of the construction works as they will be too distant to clearly see either the upper reaches of the main access track or the vehicles using it. Conversely in the case of some of the closer distance visual receptors such as those on the southern edge of Hirwaun or north-western Penywaun the principal visual changes in their views would be the construction and subsequent use of the main access road as it ascends to the site from the A465. In contrast to the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal these visual receptors would be unlikely to have views of the crane activities because the turbine locations have been moved away from the northern edge of the Hirwaun Common/Mynydd Bwllfa plateau. This amendment allows the ‘tabletop effect’ to come into operation whereby the cranes (and other construction activities) are effectively screened by the sharply rising topography in the middle ground. This is demonstrated in the absence of the hub height ZTV around Hirwaun and Penywaun in Figure 8.22.

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Table A8.13 indicates that apart from those receptors within close proximity (i.e. within a nominal 2.5 km of its edge) to the south and, to a lesser extent, to the west and the east of the application area, the level of visual effects which would be experienced by most of the wide range of potential receptors living, working and undertaking recreational activities within the defined study area will be reduced by a combination of factors. Key factors in reducing the magnitude of the construction period visual changes will include: • The screening provided by the forestry plantations that cover many of the upland parts of the study area. As a comparison between the ZTVs in Figures 8.15 and 8.16 with those in Figures 8.17 and 8.18 demonstrates that this extensive planting substantially reduces the availability of close and middle distance views to the west and east of the application area, especially with regard the extensive tracts of forestry on and around Mynydd Ystradffernol, Mynydd Tynewydd, Mynydd Blaenrhondda, Mynydd Ty-isaf and the St Gwynno Forest;

• The topography of the surrounding area with the application area being located on an elevated area bounded by a pronounced, steep scarp on its north-western, northern and eastern sides, whilst to its west and south-west there is a strong slope down to the upper Rhondda Fach and then a further, often very steep descent into the upper Rhondda Fawr. Consequently there are no locations that provide close distance, elevated views across the site in which uninterrupted views of the ground level construction activities would be readily available; • The characteristic distribution of settlements which are almost exclusively restricted to lower elevations especially the valley bottoms with the consequence that their residents do not have views that extend beyond the edges of the elevated areas i.e. across the construction site i.e. a wider manifestation of the tabletop effect. As already noted the exception is provided by the sections of the main access road and construction compound at lower elevations as shown in Figure 8.25; • A final factor which will play a significant role regarding visibility of crane activities will be the weather. Many of the potential visual receptors are located over 15 km away from the application area; a distance at which prevailing weather conditions especially as fog, rain and haze will significantly reduce visibility of the site and activities which occur within it. Overall the receptors which are predicted to sustain the greatest changes to their existing views are located within ~10 km to the north and east and include: • The limited number of people accessing the upper Rhondda Fach Valley north of Castell Y Nos including the surrounding Cawrnanat Fforch and Garn Wen areas and the section of the Coed Morgannwy Way between Lluest-wen Reservoir and Tarren y Bwllfa;

• Some parts of the settlements in the Cynon Valley including Hirwaun, Aberdare and Cwmbach;

• Some parts of outlying settlements including Penderyn and Llwydcoed;

• The scattered residential receptors in properties to the north-eastern side of the Cynon Valley between Hirwaun and Cwmbach.

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At greater distances from the application area there are likely to be some views of the short- lived periods of crane activities, but these will be a small scale intrusive element above the middle or far horizon which could draw the visual receptors’ eye but not alter the balance of present views and will be at a smaller scale than the communication masts and/ or transmitter stations that are elements on a section of the horizon in almost every elevated view in the study area.

8.9.3 Operational Period This section of the assessment considers the predicted effects of the twenty five year operational period of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm upon the same range of potential visual receptors. In order to aid visualisation the predicted views for agreed key groups of receptors are shown in photo viewpoints with a photomontage in Figures 8.27 – 8.42 or as wire frame illustrations in Figures 8.43 – 8.55.

8.9.4 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the Operational Period At heights of 115.0m and 125.0m the proposed turbines are of a scale which has the potential to be visually prominent over a considerable proportion of the study area. Where close distance views are available i.e. most locations to the west, south and east which are outside of coniferous forestry plantations but within 2.5 km of the edge of the application area, it will be inevitable that considerable visual effects will be sustained by many of the potential visual receptors. Review of the various ZTVs, the visualisations and the number of documents and studies that pertain to wind farm development proposals in this approximate location identify some key factors that would determine the availability and magnitude of the likely visual effects in addition to those applicable to the construction period. These include: • The detailed morphology and topographical setting of the largest towns in the study area (Brecon, Ystradgynlais, Pontardawe, Neath, the eastern edge of Swansea, Maesteg, Porthcawl, Bridgend, the north-western edge of Cardiff, Caerphilly and the string of settlements in the bottom of the Taff, Rhymney, Sirhowy, Ebbw Fawr and Ebbw Fach Valleys or Vales) which ensures that there will be no views of the turbines from within any of these settlements; • The manner in which the limited settlement in the southern part of the Brecon Beacons National Park is heavily concentrated in the handful of north-south orientated valleys such as those of the upper Afon Taf and the Afon Mellte with the more elevated and open intervening areas from where more extensive southern views are more readily available being largely devoid of residential settlements or even isolated properties;

• Similarly to the south and south-east the ZTV is very fragmented concentrating upon the tops of ridgelines and isolated hills where the level of exposure, poor access and infertile soils have historically mitigated against any type of permanent settlement;

• The high levels of forestry cover across the elevated areas to the west of the application area which once taken into account reduce the ZTV to a handful of isolated, bare summits;

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• The manner in which in many of the remaining potential long distance views the only part of the proposed development which would be theoretically visible will be the blades and their associated movement protruding above a narrow section of the distant horizon. However, their visibility in these situations would be even more dependent on atmospheric conditions and the angle of the light. Practical observations on existing Welsh wind farms over the past five years have indicated that under normally prevailing conditions it is difficult to clearly discern static or moving blades at distances in excess of approximately 20 km. It is likely that this distance is less for casual viewers as opposed to those who are deliberately seeking wind farms in their views. The receptors which are predicted to sustain the greatest changes to their existing views would include all those listed under the construction period above. In addition notable visual changes would be sustained by those receptors in the following locations: • Motorists and their passengers driving west on the section of the A4233 that crosses Cefnrhos-gwawr and west on the section of the A465 from the B4276 roundabout until the eastern edge of Hirwaun i.e. for approximately 3.5 km ; • Walkers and cyclists using the section of the Coed Morgannwg Way in the vicinity of Lluest-wen Reservoir; • Residents in the properties alongside the Bwllfa Road, Cwmdare;

• Visitors to the Dare Valley Country Park.

8.9.5 Overview of Predicted Visual Changes during the De-commissioning Period Details of the de-commissioning period are not currently available, but it is assumed that it will be shorter than the construction period i.e. less than six months, and will utilise a similar range of plant. It is anticipated that it will be necessary to utilise cranes in the dismantling of the turbines. Overall a worst case scenario would be that the magnitude of the predicted effects will be the same as for the longer construction period. Hence negative visual effects sustained by receptors will not exceed those levels predicted in the following Table A8.13 and a separate de-commissioning period visual effects evaluation table has not been produced.

8.10 Evaluation of Visual Effects The significance of the predicted visual effects is evaluated in Appendix A Tables A8.13 and A8.14 for the construction and operation periods respectively.

8.11 Cumulative Effects The cumulative assessment includes all existing wind farms and those which have planning permission, or for which a planning application has been submitted, (or appeals lodged), at the time of the assessment (April 2009). In addition, the assessment also includes the proposed 96 turbines of the Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm located on Forestry Commission land extending from Mynydd Nant-y-bar to the west of Glyncorrwg to Pen Foel Aman to the east of the

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Mynydd Bwllfa application site. Information on the location, number and height of turbines has been obtained from a variety of information sources including Environmental Statements or notification upon the previously referenced wind farm websites. Other wind farms may be subsequently confirmed or proposed since the date of the assessment. In line with previously referenced best practice guidance the distance within which wind farms were considered has been set at twice the radius of the study area i.e. 60 km from the Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm site. The relevant details the wind farms identified within this extended study area are set out in Table 8.7 above with their locations shown on Figure 8.56.

8.12 Analysis of Cumulative Visibility To assist in the cumulative assessment Figures 8.57 – 8.67 have been prepared to illustrate the cumulative ZTVs for the identified wind farms within the extended study area of 60 km radius around the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm site. When reviewing these figures it should be noted that although the cumulative study area has a 60 km radius, the radii for the ZTVs for individual wind farms has been kept at a 30 km radius. This is because guidance and practical experience demonstrate that turbines are rarely visible at distances in excess of 30 km even in optimum visual conditions. An analysis of the cumulative effects from viewpoints that have been used for wireframes and photomontages is contained at Appendix B. This identifies which turbines would be visible from each viewpoint and provides commentary in respect of the nature of cumulative effects. Figures 8.68 – 8.95 provide wireframe views of all the wind farms visible from these viewpoints. Figure 8.57 illustrates the interaction between the ZTVs of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the two closest operational wind farms; Ffynnon Oer and Taff Ely. The figure shows that the ZTV for Mynydd Bwllfa has a greater correlation with that of Ffynnon Oer, located ~11km to the south-west, than with Taff Ely, ~15km to the south. Both Mynydd Bwllfa and Ffynnon Oer wind farms would be visible from many of the most elevated areas in the northern and eastern parts of the study area as illustrated by the wireframe views from viewpoints 15, 17, 23 and 26 (Figures 8.82, 8.83, 8.89 and 8.92). These wireframes show that both wind farms would appear as minor elements in the landscape, with no potential to generate significant cumulative visual effects. Areas from where both Mynydd Bwllfa and Taff Ely will be visible are of limited extent and confined to the south-eastern quadrant of the study area. Views from the closest of these areas, such as the elevated ground to the east of Tylorstown will be characterised by the limited visibility of both wind farms and a resultant low level of potential cumulative visual effects. The ZTV shows that there would be only a very limited number of locations to the south where all three wind farms would be visible. Due to the limited availability of these possible views and the scale of the changes due to distance cumulative effects would be negligible. Figure 8.58 illustrates the interaction between the ZTVs of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the consented wind farms of Maerdy and Maesgwen. Maerdy is the closest consented wind farm to Mynydd Bwllfa, with only ~740m separating the nearest turbines of the two schemes. As such, the two wind farms will often appear as a single array, which has the potential to become extensive at close distances. This is illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 1 and 3 (Figures 8.68 and 8.70), which show that significant cumulative effects may

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be generated by the combined visibility of these two wind farms at these locations. The potential for significant effects diminishes in proportion to distance. This is illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 10 and 12 (Figures 8.77 and 8.79), where the nearest turbines are ~5km away and where the cumulative visual effects are moderate. The continuing diminution of effects with distance is further illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 18 and 28 (Figures 8.84 and 8.94). The potential cumulative visual effects associated with the combination of Mynydd Bwllfa with Maesgwyn are reduced by the greater distance between these two developments. The areas between the two wind farms are characterised by extremely limited visibility of turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa, whilst at locations where both wind farms are clearly visible (e.g. viewpoint 10), Maesgwyn is too distant and too low on the horizon to make a significant contribution to cumulative effects. The mitigating effects of distance also dictate that there no significant cumulative visual effects are experienced in the elevated areas in the north of the study area where all three wind farms would be visible. Figure 8.59 shows the interaction between the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the two other consented wind farms in the study area; Blaengwen and Scarweather Sands. Scarweather Sands has a restricted ZTV on its landward side and as a result has a minimal interaction with the Mynydd Bwllfa ZTV. Blaengwen is located ~58km from Mynydd Bwllfa and as such any cumulative effects would be negligible. Figure 8.60 illustrates the interaction of the Mynydd Bwllfa ZTV with those of the proposed wind farms at Mynydd-y-Betws and Mynydd-y-Gwair. These wind farms are separated from Mynydd Bwllfa by ~28km and 29km respectively and have the potential to generate only negligible cumulative visual effects in combination with the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa. These effects are illustrated by wireframe views from viewpoints 13, 23 and 26 (Figures 8.80, 8.89 and 8.92). Figure 8.61 illustrates the interaction between the ZTVs of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the proposed wind farms of Fforch Nest and Pant-y-wal. There is a large amount of overlap between these two proposed developments, which are both located ~10km to the south of Mynydd Bwllfa. As a result of this overlap, both proposed developments exhibit very similar visibility characteristics and can be treated as a single development for the purposes of this assessment. The relatively low elevation of these two wind farms ensures that they are only visible with any turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa from the most elevated areas in the north of the study area and from restricted high points to the east. From the east, visibility of Mynydd Bwllfa is limited by the intervening topography, while to the north the areas where the Fforch Nest/Pant-y-wal development would be visible in the same field of view as Mynydd Bwllfa would be too distant for significant cumulative visual effects to be generated. Figure 8.62 illustrates the interaction between the ZTVs of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the proposed wind farms of Hirfynydd and Mynydd Marchywel. Both proposed developments lie to the west of Mynydd Bwllfa; Hirfyndd at ~14km and Mynydd Marchywel at ~19km. Mynydd Marchywel would only be visible in combination with Mynydd Bwllfa at distances of 20km or greater and would therfore make a negligible contribution to cumulative visual effects. Hirfynydd would be visible in combination with Mynydd Bwllfa from extensive areas to the north of the application area, including some settlements in the Cynon Valley as well as more elevated areas. Hirfynydd’s relatively low lying position dictates that it would be a minor element in views from these settlements, as illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoint 7 (Figure 8.74). From the more elevated locations to the north, Mynydd Bwllfa will

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be too distant to make a significant contribution to cumulative visual effects, as illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoint 23 (Figure 8.89). Figure 8.63 illustrates the interaction of the Mynydd Bwllfa ZTV with those of the proposed wind farms at Merthyr Common and Pendragon Fach. These wind farms are separated from Mynydd Bwllfa by ~15km and 26km respectively and have the potential to generate only negligible cumulative visual effects in combination with the proposed turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa. These effects are illustrated by wireframe views from viewpoints 19, 21 and 22 (Figures 8.85, 8.87 and 8.88). Figure 8.64 illustrates the interaction of the Mynydd Bwllfa ZTV with those of the proposed wind farm at Maesteg, which is ~18km south-east of Mynydd Bwllfa. Other than within areas of forestry, Maesteg is visible in combination with Mynydd Bwllfa only at distances of over 28km and will generate negligible cumulative visual effects. These effects are illustrated by wireframe views from viewpoints 23 and 25 (Figures 8.89 and 8.91). Figure 8.65 illustrates the interaction of the Mynydd Bwllfa ZTV with those of the planned wind farm at Pen y Cymoedd. This wind farm located on Forestry Commission land extending from Mynydd Nant-y-bar to the west of Glyncorrwg to Pen Foel Aman to the east of the Mynydd Bwllfa application area. The planned Pen y Cymoedd scheme presently consists of 96, 145m tall turbines, some of which are immediately adjacent to the Mynydd Bwllfa application area and the nearest of which are within 500m of the proposed turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa. The two wind farms will be visible in combination with each other from extensive areas in the north and west of the study area. Pen y Cymoedd is likely to generate significant cumulative visual effects in combination with the twenty turbines at the Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa wind farms from areas to the immediate south and south-west. However, the contribution made by Mynydd Bwllfa to these effects would be not significant. These visual effects are illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 1 and 3 (Figures 8.68 and 8.70). In the vicinity of Cwmdare, to the immediate west, the combination of turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa and Pen y Cymoedd wind farms would be also likely to generate significant visual effects and, in this area, the incremental effect of the Mynydd Bwllfa turbines will be significant. These effects are illustrated in viewpoint 4 (Figure 8.71). Pen y Cymoedd also has the potential to generate significant cumulative visual effects in some middle and long distance views to the north and north-west. In these views, the effects would be generated by the extensive Pen y Cymoedd turbine array in combination with a number of other wind farms. The incremental effect of the introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa in these contexts would not be significant, with any visible Mynydd Bwllfa turbines being effectively absorbed by the much longer Pen y Cymoedd turbine array. These effects are illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 10, 13, 14, 15, 21, 23 and 24 (Figures 8.77, 8.80, 8.81, 8.82, 8.87, 8.89 and 8.90). In summary, there are two contexts within which the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind farm may result in significant cumulative visual effects. The first is in combination with the consented Maerdy wind farm, where, when viewed at distances up to ~3km from the south and west, the introduction of turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa will substantially extend the visible turbine array. These effects are illustrated in the wireframe views from viewpoints 1 (Castell y Nos, Figure 8.68) and 3 (the car park on the A4233 between Maerdy and Aberdare, Figure 8.70). The second context is in combination with the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm when viewed from the vicinity of Cwmdare. In these views, significant cumulative visual effects may be generated by the extension to the visible array caused by the introduction of the Pen y Cymoedd turbines.

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No significant visual effects will result from the introduction of the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa into views from the Brecon Beacons National Park. In these views, Mynydd Bwllfa’s turbines will appear as a minor element in the landscape and, while significant cumulative visual effects may be experienced from more elevated areas, the incremental effect of the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa will be slight or negligible.

8.12.1 Sequential Visibility Sequential visibility refers to the potential for users of the regional road or long distance footpath/ trail network to have repeated, periodic views of wind farms during their journey within the cumulative study area. These views may be of the same wind farm, or different wind farms, with the resultant potential for walkers, riders and motorists and their passengers to perceive that they are travelling through an area dominated by turbines with possible consequent negative connotations. A review of cumulative ZTV in Figures 8.57 - 67 in which the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm will be one of the component wind farms has therefore been undertaken with regard to the ‘A’ and ‘B’ roads that cross the defined study area and the long distance footpaths and trails shown in Figure 8.4. Probably the key route with regard to people passing through the cumulative study area is the A465(T). A review of the cumulative wireframes from close to the A465(T) and Figures 8.66 & 8.67 indicates that cumulative views would include at least some of the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would potentially be visible between Pontneddfechan at the northern end of the Vale of Neath to Cefn-coed-y-cymmer west of Methyr Tydfil in the west and then intermittently to as far east as Byrnmawr. However with regard to the western views from the eastern sections of the A465(T) the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would be very small- scale elements in the view and closer proposed wind farms at Fochriw, Pendragon and Merthyr Common would be more visually prominent. Likewise for the west-bound motorists driving on the section between Hirwaun and Glyn-neath the proposed Maesgywn wind farm would be more prominent in views until the section within the Vale of Neath where the operational Ffynnon Oer wind farm would become more visually prominent. Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would only be the most prominent wind farm whilst motorists drove along the ~3 km long section of the A465(T) between Hirwaun and Cefn-coed-y-cymmer. Were the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational it would extend (in its present form) from the area above the Dare Valley in the east to south of the Ffynnon Oer wind farm above the Vale of Neath i.e. close to the south and east of a 20-22 km long section of the A465(T). Figure 8.65 indicates that whilst the ‘tabletop effect’ would prevent continuous views being available, it is likely that turbines from Pen y Cymoedd would have a principal role to play in providing users of this section of the A465(T) with the sense that they were travelling through a wind farm landscape (although it should be noted that they would indeed be passing close to SSAs E and F) Some of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm’s turbines, mainly just their blade tips, would be visible to southbound users of the A4059 from most sections south of the Ysrtradfellte turning. The cumulative ZTV figures show that at least some turbines could be potentially visible for nearly the entire length of this ‘A’ road. Those associated with Ffynnon Oer, Mynydd y Betws, Hirfynydd and Mynydd Marchywel wind farms would all be partial and small scale due to separation distances and would probably not be readily discernible to casual viewers. Turbines at the closer Maesgwyn and Merthyr Common wind farms could be more

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prominent although the latter would only be visible from the northern section of the A4059. Also were the planned Pen – y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational a considerable number of its turbines would also be visible to southbound drivers for nearly the entire A4059. In all circumstance the separation distance would ensure that the turbines would be relatively small scale visual elements and that those at Mynydd Bwllfa would only ever make an incremental contribution along the A4059’s southern section and as such would not make the difference between cumulative effects being significant or, more likely, not significant. Once the A4059 continues south of Hirwaun, past Aberdare and as far south-east as Nelson it would regularly be on the edge of ZTV for Mynydd Bwllfa although the visual assessment shows that its turbines would be minor elements where views are available. There would also be periodic views of the more distant Maerdy turbines in the same field of view, Also were Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational its eastern turbines would extent across a proportion of the western horizon subsuming the much smaller number of visible turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa. With regard to other main roads Figures 8.66 and 8.67 demonstrate that either their valley bottom alignments would ensure that they would remain largely outside of the cumulative ZTV or that the proposed Hirwaun Wind Farm would only rarely be the only wind farm in a view and as such would not makle a great contribution to sequential visibility. A review of the long distance walks and cycle routes illustrated in Figure 8.4 it is concluded that the greatest potential for additional sequential cumulative visual effects would apply to the Beacons Way; the Coed Morgannwg Way and the Sustrans National Cycle Route 47 with most of the other routes remaining substantially outside the cumulative ZTVs to which Mynydd Bwlffa’s turbines would contribute. With good atmospheric conditions walkers on the Beacons Way would have up to 200 turbines in panoramic views which would increase to approximately 280 turbines were the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational. None of these will be prominent elements in views and the presence of the twelve turbines at the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would have only an incremental contribution to cumulative sequential effects of the potentially visible wind farms. When assessing the potential effects upon the Coed Morgannwg Way and the Sustrans National Cycle Route 47 it should be noted that the majority of these routes pass through coniferous forestry plantations that would severely restrict the availability of views of any developments. Where views would be available, the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would often be seen in tandem with the consented Maerdy wind farm with the result that the availability of sequential wind farms views along these routes would only be considerably reduced if neither of these two wind farms were to become operational. Once again the potential presence of the 96 turbines at the planned Pen y Cymoedd would substantially alter this situation with the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa rarely being seen without at least a proportion of the turbines at Pen y Cymoedd also being visible. In such circumstances Mynydd Bwllfa (and Maerdy) wind farms would be perceived to be part of a single extensive wind farm. Overall it is concluded that the likely level of wind farm development within the cumulative study area given that it contains two Strategic Search Areas and part of a third is such that the operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would only have a small incremental effect upon the availability of potential sequential cumulative visual effects especially given that in its immediate vicinity the Measrdy wind farm would be operational and there is the possibility of the much more extensive Pen y Cymoedd wind farm whose ZTVs are generally contiguous with the ZTV of Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. The scale of the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm is such that its operation would substantially affect most of the cumulative

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visual conclusions that would apply to the present assumed cumulative scenario taking into account just operational, consented and proposed wind farms. .

8.12.2 Cumulative Landscape Effects The assessment of the potential cumulative landscape effects has been based on the guidance provided by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) who are widely acknowledged as being at the fore front of technical advice on the environmental assessment of wind farm planning applications.56 The latest SNH guidance suggests that potential cumulative landscape effects should be assessed against various landscape considerations of which the most relevant to the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and its defined study area would be:

Landscape Designations - National Tables 8.11 and 8.12 set out how the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm is predicted to effect a range of landscape designations identified within the defined study area. The key national landscape designation is the Brecon Beacons National Park which will sustain no direct cumulative landscape effects from the operation of any of the operational, consented, proposed and planned wind farms as they are all outside its boundaries. Indirect cumulative landscape effects are concerned with the potential for there to be a threshold of indirect landscape effects beyond which the intrinsic qualities of the National Park would be likely to be undermined. As well as simply taking into account the number of wind farms (or more relevantly the numbers of turbines) such a threshold would be dependent on the scale of the turbines as experienced from within the National Park in absolute terms and in reference to other landscape elements; the presence of any antecedent landscape elements; and the layouts of the wind farms. A review of the cumulative wireframes produced from nine key viewpoints within the National Park shows that the relatively small operational, consented and proposed wind farms would individually and cumulatively be too distant and consequently too small scale to amend the key characteristics of the National Park. This situation applies when the proposed turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa are included in the assessment. Nevertheless the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm would alter this conclusion by virtue of its large number of taller turbines (96 no. turbines that would be 145m to blade tip as opposed to 19 no. turbines that it would be 127m to blade tip at the next largest proposed wind farm: Mynydd y Gwair that could be seen from any part of the National Park). The scale and extent of the array of Pen y Cymoedd wind farm would potentially be sufficient to significantly alter the setting of some southern parts of the National Park on its own. This potential would be increased in combination with some or all of the other wind farms. As evidenced in the nine cumulative wireframes produced from viewpoints within the National Park, the turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa would always be seen in the context of the surrounding Pen y Cymoedd turbines. They would therefore be perceived as part of this surrounding much larger wind farm but there could be no situation where the presence of the Mynyd Bwllfa turbines would be responsible for incrementally increasing the magnitude of adverse effects upon the National Park’s southern setting or integrity change from being not significant to significant.

56 Guidance: Cumulative Effect of Windfarms. Volume 2 revised 13.04.05. Scottish Natural Heritage, 2005.

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Landscape Designations – Local The cumulative effects upon the range of local landscape designations (Special Landscape Areas; Strategic Landscape Areas; and Local landscape Areas) would be dependent upon which other wind farms become operational in addition to the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm. Most of the wind farms set out in Table 8.7 would be sufficiently distant from these local designations that there could be no reasonable effects pathways by which their operation could potentially undermine the integrity of these local designations. The one definite exception will be when the consented Maerdy wind farm becomes operational close to the south. Its location is such that it would be within the Rhondda Local Plan Strategic Landscape Area which is an extensive designation and as such would not necessarily be significantly undermined by the presence of eight turbines within it. However the very close presence of a further twelve turbines would have the potential to cross the magnitude of effect threshold to generate ‘significant’ effects upon the local designation (and any successor Special Landscape Area which is likely to be designated within the forthcoming Local Development Plan). The operation of the proposed Maerdy wind farm would also increase the already ‘significant’ adverse landscape effects assessed for the Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa Special Landscape Area; the Cefn-rhos-gwawr and Rhos-gwawr Special Landscape Area and the Castell-y-Nos Local Landscape Area. However the operation of both the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa and Maerdy wind farms is not assessed as being likely to cumulatively generate any ‘significant’ landscape effects upon the integrity of any of the other local landscape designations that have otherwise been assessed as sustaining ‘insignificant’ effects as a consequence of the operation of only one of either Maerdy or Mynydd Bwllfa wind farms.

Once again the above situation would be likely to change if the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm were to become operational at anything approaching the scale of its present plans. However with regard to an assessment of the potential cumulative landscape effects that would arise as a consequence of the operation of Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm, it is important to note that no local landscape designations would sustain cumulative landscape effects purely as a consequence of the incremental landscape effects that would be generated by the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm in addition to the landscape effects from the operational of Pen y Cymoedd alone or in combination with Maerdy wind farm.

Designed Landscape Interests The only potential design landscape interest that is located within the detailed study area would be Aberdare Park. This is assessed as sustaining ’not significant’ landscape effects from the operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm on its own. Cross referencing with the cumulative ZTVs shown on Figures 8.57 – 8.65 shows that apart from the planned Pen y Cymoeddd wind farm, no other wind farms would be visible from within or close to the Park. Also it is likely that the only turbines at Pen y Cymoedd that would be discernible would be the six turbines that would form an outlying eastern group as opposed to the main group of turbines. If this situation were to arise it is concluded that the two groups of turbines would be likely to be perceived as a single wind farm as they would form a continuous array in the same south- eastern direction and the consequent magnitude of landscape change would remain insufficient to have a significant effect upon the Park’s setting.

Landscape Character (LANDMAP) As shown in Table 8.12 the landscape assessment already concludes that the operation of the proposed Hirwaun Wind Farm on its own would be likely to have ‘significant’ effects upon

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three of the closest LANDMAP visual and sensory areas (Hirwaun Common VSAA; Cefn-y- Rhondda VSDAA; and Dare Valley VSAA) and to require the potential redefinition of some of the existing LANDMAP visual and sensory areas leading to the formation of a new LANDMAP visual and sensory area reflecting the landscape importance of the proposed turbines. When the consented Maerdy Wind Farm becomes operational in the Cefn-y-Rhondda VSAA, it would exacerbate the changes in landscape character that would drive this redefinition of the LANDMAP visual and sensory areas, however the cumulative effect of these two wind farms being operational with the resultant twenty turbines would not generate ‘significant’ landscape effects for any of the other LANDMAP visual and sensory areas in the detailed study area due to their spatial separation from the wind farms, the importance of local topography and their robustness. All the other wind farms set out in Table 8.7 are too distant from the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm for there to potentially be sufficient change in landscape characteristics to cause any other LANDMAP visual and sensory areas to require redefinition.

With regard to any of the other four LANDMAP aspect areas it is assessed that there would be minimal potential for significant cumulative effects upon geological landscapes given that there would be no additional effects upon the key geological element of the cirques. Likewise there would be no cumulative effects upon landscape habitats because the Meardy and Mynydd Bwllfa wind farms would be in separate, non-contiguous LHAAs and there is little scope for indirect effects to arise with regard to LHAAs. There is greater potential for the operation of the two wind farms to have a cumulative effect upon the historic landscape aspect area as they would both be within the same HLAA, however as both wind farms have been designed to minimise direct losses of historic landscape elements and the HLAA is both relatively extensive and robust, it is assessed as unlikely that significant cumulative effects would arise. Finally it is difficult to evaluate the potential for cumulative effects to arise with regard to the cultural heritage aspect area given that its characteristics remain somewhat ill-defined in the LANDMAP database. Whilst it covers an extensive area and should therefore have the capacity absorb changes that directly affect only a small proportion of its extent, it has been noted that its primary defining criteria is the perceived need to protect upland landscapes against being “overrun by development”. A consideration of whether the presence of the two wind farms would constitute this effect taking place is difficult to evaluate and is outside the scope of this LVA. Once again should the planned Pen y Cymoedd wind farm become operational its scale would have the potential to directly affect at least some of the aspect areas on its own. As with other cumulative landscape receptors the initial assessment would be that it is unlikely that the operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would ever generate the incremental cumulative effect that would lead to an insignificant effect with just the Pen y Cymoedd wind farm operational becoming a significant landscape effect if both Pen y Cymoedd and Mynydd Bwllfa wind farms were operating.

Sense of Remoteness or Wildness In the main landscape assessment these attributes are covered in the assessment of the effects upon the LANDMAP visual and sensory areas and it is difficult to assess them separately and objectively. However it is concluded that the separation distances and generally weak relationship between the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the other potential wind farms would make any additional cumulative effects upon these attributes over and above those effects from the operation of each individual wind farm unlikely to occur. The only exception

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would again be the potential for cumulative effects as a consequence of the operation of both the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa and Maerdy wind farms. Once again were Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational with anywhere near the present planned number of turbines there would be considerable potential for the area’s sense of wildness and remoteness to be affected regardless of the presence of twelve turbines at Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm.

Summary It is assessed that there would only be very limited potential cumulative landscape effects as a consequence of the operation of some or all of the existing, consented and proposed wind farms in the cumulative study area. This is because the characteristics of the cumulative study area, in particular its topography, mitigate against there being a strong landscape relationship between the relatively disparate wind farm sites. The principal exception to this potential situation would arise when the nearby proposed Maerdy wind farm becomes operational. In this situation a small number of landscape receptors would sustain ‘significant’ landscape effects that would not occur were only one of the wind farms become operational. This is because for these receptors the two potential wind farms would effectively be perceived as a single large wind farm consisting of twenty turbines. This situation would potentially apply to considerably more landscape receptors if the much larger scale Pen y Cymoedd wind farm becomes operational to the immediate west and south-east of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm.

8.13 Monitoring

8.13.1 Construction Site activities would be logged and recorded as part of the normal project and environmental management of the site to safeguard landscape features and ensure the faithful translation of the wind farm design on to the ground.

8.13.2 Operation The operational period of the wind farm will include a five year establishment programme for the proposed screen planting around the sub-station. This will be in addition to the continuation of normal land management activities including Tir Gofal, to ensure the adequate maintenance of site access tracks, boundaries, gates, and signage etc. In addition the applicant’s intention to produce a Habitat Management Plan will provide opportunities to monitor the quality of the immediate landscape within the site, with particular regard to an increased diversity of plant species.

8.13.3 De-commissioning De-commissioning will include site monitoring to ensure adequate restoration and removal of remaining above ground structures.

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8.14 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions

8.14.1 Landscape

Construction The landscape assessment has shown that, whilst the construction and operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm will have landscape effects, there will be a minimum loss of landscape resources during the life-span of the wind farm, with a corresponding retention of existing, albeit limited, landscape patterns. There will be a greater number of changes to the existing landscape character during the twelve month long construction period with the movement and level of on-site activity. Nevertheless the temporary and intermittent nature of the majority of the landscape effects (the two cranes will only be on site for approximately ten weeks), has the consequence that the magnitude of the consequent landscape effects will have to be very high in order for them to be significant. Given that the presence of the turbines is assessed under the operational period, the other construction activities are not assessed as being individually likely to cause a sufficient magnitude of change to have significant effects upon the existing landscape elements. However when all the predicted construction period landscape effects are considered cumulatively, it is assessed that the LANDMAP visual and sensory area in which the activities will be concentrated: Hirwaun Common VSAA will be significantly affected. This is because of its high degree of openness and the lack of landscape elements which provide it with a low capacity for absorbing temporary changes that will be a consequence of the range of construction activities. Individually most of these activities would only generate small-scale landscape changes but cumulatively they will significantly reduce the Hirwaun Common VSAA’s more aesthetic qualities such as calm, isolation, simplicity and unity. The comparative isolation of the application area and the location of the majority of the construction activities on an elevated plateau surrounded by forestry and to a lesser extent open cast mining will ensure that no other LANDMAP visual and sensory areas or the National Park will sustain significant adverse effects during the construction period. With regard to the aspect areas of the other four LANDMAP aspects it is concluded that none of the potentially directly affected geological landscape, landscape habitats, historical landscape or cultural landscape aspect areas would sustain more than ‘low’ magnitudes of change, indeed most would sustain only ‘negligible’ magnitudes of change due to a combination, in many cases, of their large geographical extents combined with minimal or no direct effects upon geological, habitat or historical resources. The only other landscape receptors that are assessed as likely or certain to sustain significant landscape effects are the Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa portion of the Special Landscape Area as defined in the Cynon Valley Local Plan. This would be for the same reasons that apply to the Hirwaun Common VSAA which covers essentially the same area. It should be borne in mind that given the extent of the SLA designation within the Local Plan area under landscape assessment criteria almost any significant development within the Cynon Valley Local Plan area would have an adverse effect upon the designation. At present with the assessment having to cover potential effects upon both the LANDMAP aspect areas and the numerous local landscape designations in Rhondda Cynon Taff such as Special Landscape Areas there is an element of double counting in the assessment, although it is acknowledged that with the forthcoming redefinition of Special Landscape Areas in Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC

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partially using LANDMAP criteria this situation would be likely to pertain for a good proportion of the operational life span of the proposed wind farm. .

Operation In contrast to the fluctuation and change of the construction period, the predicted landscape effects during the twenty five year long operational period will be much more constant which adheres to the sense of landscape permanence that is a landscape characteristic that prevails over at least the elevated parts of the defined study area. The operational turbines will undoubtedly provide a strong landscape contrast because of their ergonomic design and choice of materials which could allow them to be perceived as being manufactured and as such providing a contrast to the other landscape resources commonly located either on the ridges and plateaux that separate the Valleys or in the Brecon Beacons National Park to the north. However it has to be noted that the valley bottoms and lower sides have been characterised by intense urban and industrial activities which have necessitated long-term construction and operational activities on at least a comparable scale, many of which have left legacies in the present landscape some of which are now highly valued in the historic and cultural LANDMAP aspects. These legacies are often statutorily protected under cultural heritage criteria and are locally valued. Likewise it has been noted that whilst not at comparable densities to turbines in a wind farm, many of these elevated areas are the locations for various forms of communication masts and transmitter stations that have a similar structure and height to turbines. Also the application area/ Special Landscape Area/ Hirwaun Common VSAA is already crossed by 33kV and 132kV linear overhead power lines with supporting poles and pylons. Also the application area is surrounded by large tracts of coniferous forestry within which many coupes have recently been felled or will be felled in the next decade. Just to the south of the application area the large scale legacies of the century and a half of mining activities in the upper Rhondda Fach such as reservoirs, re-profiled slopes and changed vegetation pattern have also affected the local landscape character in a manner that could be interpreted in both a beneficial and an adverse manner. These are all ‘alien’ landscape elements that have now been largely absorbed into prevailing landscape patterns and landscape characters. In the same manner the interrelationship between the individual turbines, and to a lesser extent, the access roads and anemometer mast, will introduce a new landscape pattern. One of the key landscape consequences of the wind farm’s operation will be the need to redefine the visual and sensory characteristics of the Hirwaun Common VSAA. In this redefined VSAA the proposed wind farm will become the dominant landscape element by virtue of its vertical scale; its exact repetition of its principal elements i.e. the turbines; and the degree of contrast with the neighbouring visual and sensory areas (although this latter contrast would not arise were the adjacent extensive Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to become operational). The landscape assessment concludes that the operation of the turbines will also have significant effects upon the characteristics of two of the adjacent LANDMAP visual and sensory areas: Cefn-y-Rhondda VSAA and Dare Valley VSAA. It is assessed that for parts of these VSAAs the turbines will become co-dominant landscape elements. With regard to the extensive Cefn-y-Rhondda VSAA it should be emphasised that the high magnitude of landscape change would only be sustained in the northern portion of its eastern part i.e. around Cawrnant y Fforch and would effect no more than an estimated twenty percent of the overall VSAA. Also this part of the VSAA will sustain a substantial change to its existing visual and sensory attributes when the consented eight turbine Maerdy wind farm becomes operational.

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Although direct landscape effects will be severely limited, the indirect effects will modify people’s perception of the visual and sensory attributes of these VSAAs such as levels of human access, availability of attractive or detractive outward views, sense of place, trend, level of existing management and overall scenic quality. Hence whilst the visual and sensory areas remain valid in their present forms, their detailed visual and sensory attributes will need to be revised. As the landscape assessment methodology consistently adopts a worst case approach the need to revise the visual and sensory characteristics of these three areas is assessed as being a negative effect, however in reality the effects upon the attributes listed above would not necessarily be universally adverse and the type of effect will in some cases be dependent upon the opinion of the person(s) experiencing these attributes. It also needs to be noted that the LANDMAP process recognises that landscapes are not static and that some of the five aspect areas,, including visual and sensory aspect areas, will require periodic updating and potentially revising. The likelihood of a VSAA needing to be redefined, sub-divided and all amalgamated with another VSAA should therefore not necessarily be interpreted as automatically an adverse landscape effect. Given the level of landscape change that is highly likely to occur as a consequence of the definition of SSA F and the consequent introduction of a considerable number of turbines within the detailed study area, the present VSAAs will need to be reviewed to remain valid. The result of such a review is likely to be that parts of several existing VSAAs are amalgamated to form one or more VSAAs in which the dominance or prominence of turbines is one of the principal characteristics. Also that even if the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm were not to be consented and subsequently operational, the nearby presence of Maerdy wind farm and potentially Pen y Cymoedd wind farm with its associated effects upon the structure of the forestry plantations in the area immediately to the west of the Hirwaun Common VSAA would lead to the latter’s revision. None of the other LANDMAP VSAAs are assessed as likely to sustain significant adverse consequences, even as a result of indirect changes. This conclusion applies because it is assessed that these VSDAAs are either adequately large and robust not to have their characteristics significantly modified by the indirect effects of the turbines and, to a much lesser extent the access road, upon their setting and/ or the predicted magnitude of effect has been reduced due to existing landscape characteristics. These are generally a combination of mature forestry being the dominant land-use; the varied topography and its effects upon lines of site and view availability; and the legacy of large scale industrial and mining activities. In line with the scoping request by CCW and emerging best practice in Wales the operational proposal has also been assessed against the four other LANDMAP aspect areas: geological landscape; landscape habitats; historical landscape; and cultural landscape. Some of these aspect areas that apply to the application area have a high evaluation and are therefore more likely to be sensitive to change. Nevertheless the assessment concludes that none of these aspect areas would sustain significant adverse effects. The potentially most sensitive aspect area is the geological landscape due to the presence of the Pennant Sandstone cirques close to the north and east of the application area. In contrast to the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal the proposed turbine layout for Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm takes note of the comments resulting from the Hirwaun public inquiry and sets the turbines well back from the top edges of the cirques. This would reduce the potential for the presence and scale of the turbines to somehow diminish the scale and overall landscape role that is presently attributed to the cirques (Craig-y-bwlch; Tarren y Bwlch; Craig-yr-ysgol; and Tarreny Bwllfa). The landscape assessment also concludes that the wind farm proposals will have no direct effects upon the integrity of the Brecon Beacons National Park, a proportion of which is within

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the defined study area and various ZTVs. Landscape effects will be indirect and exclusively visual. One or more of the turbines will be theoretically visible from an estimated 17.6% of the total area of the National Park. This compares with 23.3% of the National Park under the previous proposed Hirwaun wind farm. The affected areas of the National Park would be heavily concentrated in its central southern parts. With the possible exception of the area between Hirwaun and Penderyn, the magnitude of change in available southern views and consequently in the southern setting of the National Park would never exceed low. As such it would be insufficient to compromise the National Park’s valued characteristics. Any designated area of the scale of the Brecon Beacons National Park, especially when located in proximity to a major industrial and urban area such as the Valleys, will almost inevitably have had built development of this scale periodically undertaken close to its fringes. Some future development is almost inevitable, especially in the case of the Brecon Beacons National Park as a consequence of the designation of SSAs E and F to its immediate south, regardless of any amendments adopted under the TAN 8 Annex D Study. It should also be noted that the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm’s proposed turbine locations have been specifically designed to site the turbines to the south of the Pennant Sandstone scarp. This geological and topographical feature is a prominent component of the National Park’s southern setting as was emphasised in the Hirwaun wind farm public inquiry and subsequent Inspector’s Report. In their revised locations the ‘tabletop effect’ has been utilised to ensure that the prominence of the turbines has been substantially reduced, especially from the closest parts of the National Park around Hirwaun and Penderyn. The assessment therefore concludes that the Brecon Beacons National Park’s landscape characteristics are sufficiently robust to not be undermined by the limited presence of up to twelve turbines operating on the lower, south- western slopes of Mynydd Bwllfa. There is more potential for adverse landscape effects to compromise some of the extensive local landscape designations (Special, Strategic and Local Landscape Areas) as defined in the Cynon Valley and Rhondda Local Plans. Despite their relative proximity many of these locally designated landscapes will sustain limited or no effects due to intervening topography and the extensive forestry. However the closest locally designated areas share the same general elevation as the application area and do not have complete forestry cover. As a consequence the presence of the turbines by virtue of their scale and movement and operational noise will inevitably generate a magnitude of landscape change that will significantly modify some of their characteristics. These locally designated landscapes are Hirwaun Common and Mynydd Bwllfa Special Landscape Area; the contiguous Cefnrhos-gwawr and Rhos-gwawr Special Landscape Area and the much smaller Castell y Nos Local Landscape Area. However as the detailed designation criteria are not set out in the Local Plans it is not possible to specifically identify which of their most important characteristics will be affected by the predicted large magnitude of landscape change that will be the consequence of the construction and operation of the proposed wind farm. It is noted that there are proposals to slightly amend and retain Special Landscape Areas in the forthcoming Local Development Plan based upon a number of studies and taking LANDMAP data and evaluations into account, although once again no consideration has been given to the changes that will be an inevitable consequence of the development sanctioned by the presence of SSA F regardless of whether its boundaries encompass the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application site or are amended to be just to its west. Finally the potential for adverse cumulative landscape effects has been considered as a consequence of interaction between the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm and the other operational, consented and proposed wind farms in southern Wales. With regard to the detailed

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study area, in particular the portion of the Brecon Beacons National Park around Penderyn, Hirwaun and Ystradfellte the key consideration would be the incremental cumulative effects of the Mynyd Bwllfa wind farm in comparison with the possible 96 turbine Pen y Cymoedd wind farm to its immediate west. Even if the latter proposal does not become operational the results TAN 8 Annex D Study make it clear that the development of SSA F to meet the capacity required to meet 2010 renewable energy generation targets will necessitate wind farms being introduced in three ‘zones’57that are located along the elevated northern edge of SSA F and therefore are highly likely to be discernible from parts of the Brecon Beacons National Park. In this context the landscape cumulative assessment concludes that the Mynydd Bwllfa proposal of twelve turbines would only ever make a small-scale, incremental contribution to cumulative landscape effects upon the setting of the National Park or upon any other landscape receptors located beyond its immediate environs. In summary, the assessment recognises that there will be unavoidable adverse landscape effects, some of which will be significant with regard to the LANDMAP visual and sensory area within which the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would be principally located and two of the neighbouring VSAAs during the operational period. Nevertheless it is concluded that for a strong majority of potential landscape receptors the predicted level of landscape effects will be well below the magnitude that would be required to make them significant. Whilst the operation of the wind farm will alter the characteristics of three LANDMAP visual and sensory areas it should be recognised that the LANDMAP process is intended as a tool to facilitate the consideration of landscape issues within the planning process, and that LANDMAP is not intended purely as a mechanism to preserve the existing landscape character they describe.

8.14.2 Visual In accordance with established best practice the visual assessment has been undertaken within a 30 km radius defined study area58. However, the series of ZTVs that have been generated demonstrate that the upper blade tips of the operational wind farm would only be theoretically visible from considerably less than a fifth of the defined study area (10.2%). Once account is taken of the screening that would be provided by the extensive forestry cover in parts of the study area the percentage of it within the blade tip ZTV declines to 7.3%. The ZTV for both the hub and the upper blade tips has a distinct pattern being concentrated in an arc from the north-west clockwise to the north-west (roughly bounded to the south by the line of the A465(T) in both directions). In this area its distribution not surprisingly closely accords with the prevailing topography being mainly concentrated upon the south-facing slopes of the west-east aligned massif of the Brecon Beacons. In this area the north-south aligned valleys as well as all the north-facing slopes are excluded from the ZTV. To the south of the A465(T) and east of Ogmore Vale the ZTV is very fragmented adhering to the most elevated areas which generally are the ridges that separate the distinctive series of valleys. This distribution of the ZTV results in most settlement being outside it as they have a strong propensity to be sited

57 Zones 17, 25 and 26 58 Note that in order to have a study area that includes any location within 30 km of any of the twelve proposed turbines the radius of the actual defined study area is 31.8 km

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along the valley bottoms and lower sides. Finally to the west of the Ogmore Vale and south of the western section of the A465(T) and Ystradgynlais the ZTV is almost completely absent. Following the assessment and evaluation contained in Table A8.13 it is concluded that during the construction period the following visual receptors are likely or certain to sustain significant visual effects: • Walkers using the section of the Coed Morgannwg Way between the A4061 and the A4233; • Walkers using PRoWs 2; 22 & 1; and 40. During the operational period Table A8.14 shows that the numbers of visual receptors likely or certain to sustain significant visual effects increases as it consists of:

• Walkers using the section of the Coed Morgannwg Way between the A4061 and the A4233; • Walkers using PRoWs 2; 22 & 1; and 5;

• Some of the residents of Aberdare;

• Some of the residents in and immediately around Llwyncoed;

• Some of the residents of Cwmdare;

• Some of the residents of Abernant;

• Residents living in the terrace and farm at the western end of Bwllfa Road; and

• Residents living in the terrace besides the eastern end of Bwllfa Road. The study area’s distinctive local topography allied with its unique history of industrial and urban development has resulted in the overwhelming majority of its population are located in dense settlements sited at low elevations in river valleys in its southern half. Some such as the valley of the upper Afon Cynon are relatively broad however the majority of the valleys are narrow with steep sides such as the valleys of the Rhondda Fach and the Rhondda Fawr. As such settlements in the steeper sided valleys are outside the ZTV even when the proposed development generating the ZTV is located relatively nearby. Importantly there are few locations where just the rotation of the upper blade tips would be visible above the horizon formed by the top of the valley side which can be visually confusing. The construction period would be relatively brief i.e. a maximum of twelve months with crane activities restricted to less than three months and this period will be characterised by rapid changes across parts of the application area. Given the relative brevity of this period any significant visual effects are likely to be of lower material concern that the same receptor sustaining an equivalent magnitude of adverse effects for the much longer operational period. The construction period visual effects evaluation table concludes that visual effects will be mainly sustained by walkers using six local public rights of way that cross the site, run close to its boundary and in one case runs along the northern section of the main access road. The other group of visual receptors would be the walkers, riders and cyclists using the closest ~9 km long section of the Coed Morgannwg Way. It is estimated would take about two hours to walk and less to ride. Views would be retained for a longer period by westbound users as from the east

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users suddenly emerge besides the south-western edge of the application area from the extensive forestry plantations. It is possible that the construction (and subsequent operation) of the wind farm cold be perceived positively as a point of interest along the Walk. The construction and use of the main access road and the contractors’ compound will be an element in some receptors views from south Hirwaun and the PRoW network south of the A465(T) but this area is capable of absorbing such relatively small-scale and temporary visual elements. All the other visual receptors within the hub height and upper blade ZTVs would be limited to views of some, or in rare instances all, the crane activities in erecting the turbine towers and then their blades. As such any visual effects would be restricted to a maximum of three months. The key consideration is visual effects generated by the operation of the wind farm which are almost entirely as a consequence of the presence and movement of the twelve 115 m and 125 m high turbines. As these would be located on an open, elevated site with a south-western aspect, there will be minimal opportunities for mitigation through provision of screening. The turbines will be visually dominant elements in the views of the very small number of very close distance receptors which are generally the same as those who will sustain significant effects during the construction period. These are receptors that are sited at the same elevation as the proposal site on Hirwaun Common which will facilitate them having views of the ancillary ground level elements especially the access tracks which will otherwise not be visible. In addition at separation distances of under a kilometre the scale of the turbines will make them the dominant visual elements changing the entire composition of the views Notwithstanding the above, the key aspect of the visual assessment focuses upon the much greater numbers of potential visual receptors located away from the immediate environs of the operational turbines. In light of the comments received on the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal, in particular those summarised in the Inspector’s Report following the public inquiry held in October 2008, the layout of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm has been designed to reduce or avoid the adverse visual effects that would have been sustained by these visual receptors by the operation of the previous rejected proposal. In addition the proposed layout reflects some of the principals that were identified, and to an extent quantified in the recent TAN 8 Annex D Study59 in order to reduce or avoid visual (and landscape) effects that would be sustained by visual receptors to the north of the application area. In summary the Mynydd Bwllfa layout seeks to make maximum use of the application area’s geological and topographical characteristics to reduce the visibility of the turbines by utilising the ‘tabletop effect’. This has been achieved by locating the turbines on the south-western parts of the application area as far as possible from the edges of the plateau (or ‘tabletop’) whose edges are

59 Note - As previously stated, a review the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm’s acceptability against the criteria utilised in this study is outside the parameters of this EIA. However, a preliminary review of the Study’s methodologies with regard to determining comparative visual effects of turbines sited in each of its defined zones indicates that were the turbine layout adopted by the Mynydd Bwllffa wind farm proposal to be used in the visual assessment exercises as opposed to a simple grid layout across the entire zone (which threfore includes Hirwaun Common and locations close to the northern plateau edge), the proposed wind farm’s host zone (Zone 27) would emerge from the review processes with better visual scores. Consequently Zone 27 would move up the rankings that have such a key role in the Study’s approach and its revised conclusion would be that Zone 27 would be placed within the upper tier of zones above the cut off point below which zones are not needed to obtain the stated renewable electricity generating capacity for SSA F.

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formed by Pennant Sandstone cirques or crags: Craig-y-bwlch, Tarren y Bwlch, Craig-yr-ysgol and Tarren y Bwllfa which are prominent visual elements in many views from the north and east. The consequence is that, particularly in northern and northern eastern close and middle distance views, the cirques or crags foreshorten potential views of the turbines or reduce them to one or two upper turbine blade tips. Hence the cirques retain their visual prominence in these views and their sense of scale is much less likely to be diminished by the presence of turbines immediately above them. A review of the considerable number of photomontages and wireframes that have been produced from viewpoints to the north demonstrates that none of the turbines would become fully visible in receptors’ southern views until those receptors are located at least 5 km to the north i.e. north of Penderyn. Similarly the full turbine array would not become visible until receptors were at locations at least 8-12 km to the north of the turbines. The wireframes from the main summits in the Brecon Beacons show that at distances in excess of ~15 km the turbines form a tight array on a narrow section of the horizon and often some or all of them are below the southern horizon which would further reduce their prominence in such views. Consequently the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm represents two important changes with regard to potential visual effects upon visual receptors within the Brecon Beacons National Park in comparison with the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal. Firstly, the ZTVs for the turbines’ hub height and blade tip would reduce from covering 17.6% to covering 12.2% of the National Park. Secondly, the magnitude of visual change and therefore levels of visual effects sustained by visual receptors residing, undertaking outdoor activities or travelling through the residual 12.2% of the National Park would in most cases be considerably reduced due to the reduction in the amount of turbines visible and reductions in the length of their array. This would be particularly applicable to those receptors in the closer, southern parts of the National Park. The latter effect applies even more to the visual receptors residing in the relatively populous settlements of Hirwaun and Penywaun. The operation of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm would result in no more than three upper blade tips ever being visible from any location in these settlements. In reality the presence of other nearby property and garden, park and street trees would usually screen all potential views. The concept of the ‘tabletop effect’ also applies to the smaller number of visual receptors in and around Aberdare and Cwmdare, however the assessment and visualisations show that it would not reduce operational magnitudes of visual change to a similar extent. As the topography at the head of the Dare Valley is not as steep as that below Tarren y Bwlch the sense of ‘tabletop edge’ is not as sharp as it is in northern views. Hence whilst the location of the turbines has been pulled on average 500-600m to the south-west compared with the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal, this has not had the consequence of allowing the cirques or crags to completely foreshorten views from locations within the Dare Valley and some parts of Aberdare. The turbine array in western views has reduced however and they have become smaller in scale and therefore more in scale with Tarren y Bwllfa and Craig-yr-ysgol. Consequently, the resultant magnitude of visual change is reduced although it is still considered to be sufficient to generate significant visual effects for those receptors with extensive or well-framed western views. As already noted the availability of views from the much more populous southern part of the study area will be severely restricted. As a consequence of the sharp topographic variations the ZTV will be very fragmented being concentrated upon the most elevated areas. In this situation the visual receptors are more likely to be recreational receptors as opposed to residential

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receptors especially following the introduction of open access areas under the CRoW Act. The majority of views in which the turbines will be visible will be in excess of ~18 km i.e. long distance views in which some or all of the turbines will form a small cluster on a small section of the north or north-western horizon. In many of these views the wireframes and photomontages show that the more southerly turbines at slightly lower elevations will be sited below the horizon making them very difficult to pick out in normal weather conditions. Once again the magnitude of visual change at these distances will always be ‘low’ or ‘negligible’ and their visual effect comparable to other, albeit closer, elements that commonly appear in these panoramic views such as the numerous communications towers and transmitter stations and lines of pylons, as well as potentially other wind farms.

8.15 References Welsh Assembly Government. Planning Policy Wales Technical Advice Note 8: Planning for Renewable Energy. July 2005. Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 - Adopted January 2001. Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council - Cynon Local Plan 1991-2006 - Adopted January 2004. Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council – Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 - Adopted 2003. Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council Unitary Development Plan - Adopted 2003. Brecon Beacons National Park Local Plan - Adopted May 1999. Draft Planning Policy Statement 7: Sustainable Development in Rural Areas. OPDM. 2003. Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Second Edition. Landscape Institute and Institute for Environmental Management and Assessment. E and F Spon. March 2002. CCW Wind Policy and Checklists. Undated CCW publication. The LANDMAP Information System, CCW with the Wales Landscape Partnership Group. 2001 with subsequent amendments. Visual Assessment of Wind Farms: Best Practice. University of Newcastle for Scottish National Heritage. March 2002. Guidelines on the Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes. Scottish Natural Heritage. SNH Publications, Perth, Scotland. February 2001. Scottish Natural Heritage Advisory Services Landscape Group. Guidance for the Assessment of Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impacts Arising from Wind Farm Developments. Draft May 2004. CPRW Objection to Scarweather Sands Proposal. Geoffrey Sinclair, Environmental Information Services. March 2003. Inverliever Forest Wind Farm - Critique of the ES on landscape and visual effects and other miscellaneous matters. Environmental Information Services. January 2003.

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CADW Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. Guide to Good Practice on Using the Register of Landscapes of Historical Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. CADW. 2001. TAN 8 Annex D Study of Strategic Search Areas E and F: South Wales Valleys. Final Report by Ove Arup and Partners for the Consortium of South Wales Valleys Authorities. December 2006. LANDMAP Information Guidance Note 1. LANDMAP and Special Landscape Areas. June 2008. Deposit Draft Local Development Plan 2006 – 2021. Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. January 2009. Visual Representation of Wind Farms: Good Practice Guidance. Scottish Natural Heritage, March 2006. Cynon Valley Special Landscape Area. Land Design Associates. 1996. Countryside Council for Wales. LANDMAP Information Guidance Note 1 – LANDMAP and Special Landscape Areas. June 2008. Development of Criteria for Special Landscape Area Designation for South East Wales Local Authorities. Final Report. TACP for Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. July 2007. Proposals for the Designation of Special Landscape Areas in Rhondda Cynon Taf. Draft Report. Bronwen Thomas Landscape Architect for Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC. February 2008. Natural Environment Topic Paper for the Local Development Plan 2006-2021. Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. April 2008. Appeal Decision Ref APP/L6940/A/07/2058755 Land South of A465, Hirwaun Rhondda Cynon Taf. November 2008. Landscape and Visual Proofs of Evidence for the Hirwaun Wind Farm Public Inquiry by Simon White and Phillip Roden www.yes2wind.co.uk www.cprw.org.uk/wind/windinde.htm www.walkingworld.com www.carmarthenshire.gov.uk www.ceredigion-coastal-footpath.com http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/stdavidswalk/index.html www.forestry.gov.uk www.gardensofwales.org.uk http://www.met- office.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/england_sw_&_wales_s.html.

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www.sustrans.org www.btinternet.com/~cardiff.ramblers/ldwalks.html www.cadw.wales.gov.uk

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9. Cultural Heritage

9.1 Introduction This section assesses the cultural heritage of the proposed development. An assessment has been undertaken of any direct effects on features of cultural heritage interest and this has been completed in accordance with the principles laid down in the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments (IFA, 1999). An assessment of indirect effects on offsite designated features and areas of cultural heritage interest have also been carried out and are included in this section. In line with the consultation response from Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, effects on the Rhondda and East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog Landscapes of Special Historic Interest (LSHI) have benn assessed in line with ASIDHOL2 guidance and this is included as Appendix E. The results are incorporated within the overall assessment in this chapter. Figure 9.1 shows the location of features of cultural heritage interest discussed in the text. This is an indicative plan for ease of reference and should not be used in isolation for micro-siting purposes during construction. Figure 9.1 also shows the survey area used by this assessment, which was based on a 500 m buffer around the original area considered for the wind farm site, and 250 m buffer around the potential access routes. This therefore includes areas which will not be directly affected by the wind farm.

9.2 Assessment Methodology

9.2.1 General Cultural heritage is represented by a wide range of features, both visible and buried, that result from past human use of the landscape. These include standing buildings, many still in use, sub-surface archaeological remains and artefact scatters. It also includes earthwork monuments as well as landscape features such as field boundaries and industrial remains.

9.2.2 Policy Context

Legislation The importance of cultural heritage remains is recognised in legislation as well as national and local policy. Certain features that are deemed to be of particular importance are given legal protection through legislation. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (AMAAA) 1979 provides for a schedule of monuments which are protected. Under this Act, local planning authorities are required to take into account the impact of proposals upon scheduled monuments and their setting when they consider planning applications.

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Similarly, the Planning, Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act 1990 (as amended) provides for the identification and protection of listed buildings and conservation areas. In exercising their planning functions, local planning authorities shall “have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of architectural or historic interest which it possesses” (Section 66(1)). Similarly, in respect of conservation areas, Section 72 provides that in the exercise of functions under Planning Acts special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of any such area. Certain land boundaries are protected for their historic interest under criteria in Part 2 of the Hedgerows Regulations (1997) for determining ‘important’ hedgerows. A subsequent amendment to the regulations (DEFRA, 2002) concluded that a hedgerow dating to before 1845 may be considered important. Under these Regulations the removal of any hedgerow covered by the regulations is prohibited unless a ‘hedgerow removal notice’ is submitted to the relevant local authority, allowing a determining period of 42 days. In this respect, the removal of hedgerows is permitted in development for which planning permission has been granted.

National Policy Policy guidance on how cultural heritage should be treated in Wales is given in Chapter 6 of Planning Policy Wales (PPW) (2002). This states the Welsh Assembly’s objectives to ‘…preserve and enhance the historic environment…’, to ‘…protect archaeological remains, which are a finite and non-renewable resource…’ and to ensure the protection of historic buildings and conservation areas. Further advice on planning and the historic environment is given in W.O. Circular 61/96: Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas (and amendment Circular 1/98). TAN8 identifies the key issues to be assessed and taken into account with respect to wind farm proposals. It sets out strategic areas for onshore wind farms and the methodology adopted for identifying them. The strategic locations avoid a number of constraints that include sites of cultural heritage interest such as registered parks and gardens and Heritage Coastlines.

Regional and Local Policy The following Development Plan policy is relevant to the scope of this assessment. • Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan (1999); • Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan (2004).

Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan (1999) Policy U1 This policy resists renewable energy developments that will have unacceptable levels of damage to or disturbance of sites of conservation, architectural, archaeological or historic importance.

Policy EV10 This policy relates to development on or within major sites or features of historic landscape and identifies that development which is likely to destroy or damage the character off archaeological

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site or ancient monuments of national importance, or fails to preserve, maintain or enhance their existing character will not be permitted.

Policy EV11 This policy relates to development which is likely to destroy or damage the character of archaeological sites or ancient monuments to make provision for an archaeological evaluation, preservation in situ, or where not possible excavation and recording of the site.

Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan (2004) Policies CON7/8 These state that there is a presumption in favour of the preservation of scheduled or other nationally important monuments. Development which would have an unacceptable adverse effect on site or areas of archaeological significance will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances. Policy CON8 requires a field evaluation to be carried out, if a development is likely to affect a known of suspected archaeological site.

9.2.3 Scope of the Assessment The presence of cultural heritage features is a consideration in determining planning applications, and early consultation with the local authority is encouraged in planning guidance (consultations undertaken during this assessment are detailed later in this section). In this case there was reason to believe that cultural heritage features may be affected by the development proposal and therefore a desk-based assessment supplemented by a site visit, has been undertaken. This has involved the collection of existing information which can assist in the assessment of the likely or potential impact of the development. A site walkover has been undertaken in conjunction with the desk-based assessment in order to visit known features of cultural heritage interest, check and update recorded data and assess general ground conditions. In completing a desk-based assessment of the effects of any development on cultural heritage it is important to identify the known and potential nature of features that may be involved. This requires consideration of a number of factors: • Development can affect features of cultural heritage interest not only through direct impacts (e.g. land take) but also indirect impacts, such as the setting of monuments; • Desk-based assessment involves a review of current information only and there may be further features within the application area that are not yet known. The potential for this may be assessed from ground conditions, features within the wider area and a history of land use within the area of proposed development. A site walkover can assist in this respect. Legislation and policy sets out appropriate responses to potential direct effects on features in accordance with their importance, as set out below.

Sites of National Importance By legal definition, scheduled monuments are considered as being of national importance. As the process of scheduling is ongoing, there are further features which are not scheduled but which may also meet the established criteria and may also be of national importance.

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All listed buildings are given equal protection by law and are of special architectural or historic interest, although the buildings are graded in importance, with Grades I (most important), II*, and II. Buildings listed at Grade I and II* are of greatest interest and therefore these are considered as being of potential national importance for the purposes of this assessment.

Sites of Regional and Local Importance Archaeological sites of regional or local importance are those which do not merit scheduling but which are nevertheless of interest. Conservation areas are normally designated by local planning authorities and National Park Authorities and maintained on county registers, and are therefore considered to be of local or regional importance. For the purpose of this assessment, Grade II listed buildings are also considered to be of local or regional importance.

Non-statutory Registers The non-statutory Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is maintained by CADW. Similar to listed buildings, these sites are graded in importance according to a scale of I, II* and II and therefore Grades I and II* may be considered to be of national importance, with Grade II being of regional or local importance.

Sites of Lesser Importance This includes sites where their presence is of some historical note, although the feature itself is of no intrinsic interest.

Direct Effects Information is required on any features that are known to be or could potentially be within areas where ground may be directly disturbed as a result of the proposed development. With a wind farm development this includes the footprint of the turbines, access tracks and associated infrastructure, e.g. substation, transformers, borrow pits, cables, etc. Under the relevant legislation, specific consent is normally required for works which directly affect scheduled monuments or listed buildings. PPW (2002) additionally states a presumption in favour of the physical preservation in situ of nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not (paragraph 6.5.1). PPW (2002) (paragraph 6.5.1) states that where archaeological features of less than national importance may be affected, planning authorities should weigh up the importance of the archaeology against the need for the proposed development. There will be times when the physical preservation of a cultural heritage feature will not be justified in the case that proposed development would result in the loss of the feature. In such cases it is important that relevant information on the archaeological resource will have been provided and that appropriate excavation and recording should take place prior to development (PPW 2002, paragraph 6.5.3).

Indirect Effects Indirect effects on features of cultural heritage interest can occur as a result of changes to the setting of a feature, whether permanent or temporary. The setting of a feature can be considered whether or not it is legally protected, although setting is most relevant to designated features such as scheduled monuments, listed buildings (W.O. Circular 61/96, paragraph 11) and sites on the Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens in Wales (W.O. Circular 61/96, paragraph 16).

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The setting of non-designated features may also be considered, particularly where these are identified as being nationally important, for example through scoping responses and/or designations of particular importance at a local or county level.

Scheduled Monuments The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 makes no reference to the protection or even existence of a setting, therefore this is a matter which is addressed purely in policy. PPW (2002), paragraph 6.5.1, states that: Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are likely to be affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation in situ. During this assessment, it is taken that in order for development to have a significant effect on the setting of a monument, the current setting of the monument must be readily apparent and it has to include visible surface remains. The sensitivity of a feature to change will be affected by the degree and ease of its visibility and inherent in this is whether the feature is clearly apparent or only under close scrutiny by a trained archaeologist.

Listed Buildings The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 makes reference to the setting of listed buildings in s.66(1), in that it includes a requirement to have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting in considering any proposed development which may affect these (also cited in W.O. Circular 61/96, paragraph 11). There is therefore a legal requirement to consider possible effects on the setting of listed buildings, though this falls short of a legal presumption that they need always be preserved.

Conservation Areas Section 72 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 places a general duty in planning functions to pay attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas.

Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest Areas of landscape which are considered to be of importance due to their historical role in the development of Wales and its people are identified in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding and Special Historic Interest in Wales60. This is a non-statutory historical landscape designation which was prepared in 1998 and 2001 by Cadw, the Countryside Commission for Wales (CCW) and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS UK). The Register itself emphasises that inclusion does not imply statutory controls and therefore areas are not ‘designated’. Nevertheless the Register does express the desire that local planning authorities should take account of these historic landscapes “…in considering the implications of developments that are of such a scale that they would have a more than local impact on an area in the Register”.

60 Guide to Good Practice on Using the Register of Landscapes of Historical Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. Cadw. 2007.

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The accompanying list of developments in this category includes power generation projects which could be interpreted as including wind farms. The Guide to Good Practice on the use of the register sets out a method for assessing assessing the impact of development on historic landscape areas (known as ASIDOHL2). This method involve an assessment of direct (physical) impacts and indirect (including visual) impacts on specific areas, together with an assessment of the relative importance of these areas in the local and national context in order to derive an overall significance value for the predicted effect.

Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens in Wales As a non-statutory register there are no legal controls, but W.O. Circular 61/96 (paragraph 16) states that local authorities should take into account registered parks and gardens and their settings in preparing local plans and determining planning applications.

9.2.4 Assessment of Effects Potential effects on registered landscapes of special historic interest are assessed using the methodology set out in ASIDOHL2. However, other designated features (such as scheduled monuments) are located outside of the registered landscapes and there may also be effects on the settings of these features. In assessing the effect of a development on the setting of a feature, it is useful to distinguish between its ‘immediate setting’ and its wider landscape context. The immediate setting of a feature comprises land from which it is visually prominent, and which may contain archaeological or topographic elements with which it is directly associated. The extent of this will depend on the scale of the feature and appropriateness of its current surroundings. In the case of designated features, elements which are key to the character and immediate setting of a feature may be reflected in the official schedule or listing description. The wider landscape context includes broader views of the landscape from a feature and may also include views of other cultural heritage features and historic and topographic elements within the surrounding landscape. Changes to the setting of a feature can occur as a result of inter-visibility or direct views between the feature and the development, or as a result of changes to the view of a feature from a third viewpoint. The latter may be more difficult to assess as there may be many viewpoints from which a development and the location of a cultural heritage feature form part of the same view. Therefore it is important to identify relevant views, such as those between monuments which were intended to be intervisible or from points where the vista or sight line is relevant to the setting of a particular feature. The latter can be particularly relevant to historic parks and gardens. In the assessment of effects on setting, it is important to consider the eventual appearance of the development, and how this will appear in views from the features being assessed. This depends to a large extent on the distance between the development and a given feature (see below). Other relevant factors include:

• The size, nature, layout and appearance of the development;

• The presence of any intervening buildings, vegetation or local topography, which will affect the visibility and prominence of the development from a feature;

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• The extent to which the development reflects or alters the key characteristics of the setting of the feature whose preservation is being sought; • The extent to which the existing landscape reflects the original, or an appropriate, setting for the feature; and • The proposed duration of the development or potential effect; effects that will be temporary are likely to be considered less significant than if they were to be permanent. The visual prominence and therefore significance of a wind farm development diminishes over distance and in most landscape settings the wind farm will become increasingly visually separated from a feature by topography and other features (whether natural or anthropogenic) over distance. It is difficult to set a distance at which effects on the setting of designated features cease to be of potential significance and the methodology used during this assessment is discussed below. However, it is considered a wind farm being visible from a given receptor does not necessarily result in an effect on its setting. At 5 km, even given clear views toward the wind farm, it will form a small part of the overall view within the wider landscape composition. At this distance the weather also becomes a more relevant factor, where the wind farm will only be visible in clear conditions. Therefore over 5 km from turbines the potential for significant indirect effects is considered to be substantially reduced. This assessment accordingly considers indirect effects on the setting of designated cultural heritage features within 5 km of proposed turbine locations.

9.2.5 Technical Consultations A scoping report was sent to Rhondda Cynon Taff Council on 23 January 2009 and a response regarding cultural heritage was sent by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) on 16 February 2009. GGAT provides advice to the council on cultural heritage-related issues. This assessment has been carried in compliance with the comments provided by GGAT. CADW are responsible for the conservation, presentation and promotion of scheduled monuments and listed buildings, whilst CADW have not responded with any specific requests, although have supplied data on designated features.

9.2.6 Final Scope

Desk-based Assessment For the purpose of this assessment the following sources were consulted:

• Nationally- and regionally- based registers of known archaeological and historical sites;

• LANDMAP;

• Cartographic and historic documents;

• Aerial photographs;

• Place and field name evidence; and

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• Published sources. These were obtained from the following organisations:

• CADW (Scheduled Monuments and listed buildings data);

• Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW), including the National Monuments Record Wales (NMRW); • Central Register of Air Photography for Wales;

• National Library of Wales;

• Glamorgan Gwent Historic Environment Record (HER); • CCW; and

• Glamorgan Record Office. The assistance of these bodies is gratefully acknowledged. GGAT maintains the Historic Environment Record (HER) for the County, in addition to providing planning advice on archaeological and cultural heritage matters. The full NMRW database and an aerial photographic collection are maintained by the RCAHMW. LANDMAP is a system devised by CCW to gather, organise and evaluate information about landscape and present this in a nationally consistent data set. LANDMAP contains subsets of information, which include cultural and historical elements of the landscape.

Direct Effects In order to place the development in context and to attempt to identify the potential for unknown archaeological remains, data was collected for a study area extending 500 m radius from the site. In addition, data was collected for recorded cultural heritage features in locations proposed for highway works (locations both in the ES and SEI). A site visit and walkover was originally undertaken on as part of a previous assessment on 20 April 2006 by an Entec archaeologist. This was aimed at confirming the presence, condition and extent of previously recorded features of cultural heritage interest and identifying any other visible features of cultural heritage interest, in addition to noting the general ground conditions. A further site visit and walkover was undertaken on 13 March 2009 in order to assist in the assessment of the current proposed site layout. A written description of visible features of cultural heritage interest was made and photographs taken where considered necessary. The location and extent of recorded features within the site was checked using a hand-held global positioning system (GPS) when the accuracy shown was with an error of less than 10 m.

The walkover survey has covered all land within the site boundary.

Indirect Effects In addition to the 500 m study area, indirect effects on the settings of designated features within the extended study area of 5 km radius from turbines were also considered as part of this

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assessment. The assessment of indirect effects has been undertaken in close cooperation with the LVA (Chapter 8). The potential for effects on the Rhondda and East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog landscapes of historic interest have been used using the ASIDOHL2 methodology and the results are incorporated in this assessment. The ASIDOHL2 includes an assessment of effects on the settings of designated features (scheduled monuments and listed buildings) within the registered historic landscape areas. Therefore, in order to maintain a consistency of approach, effects on the setting other designated features within 5 km of proposed turbine location have also been assessed using the relevant ASIDOHL2 methodology and the results are summarised in Table 9.9 of this chapter. The assessment of effects on setting is made, in the first instance, with reference to the calculated Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) for the wind farm. It is acknowledged that the ZTV provides an unrealistic ‘worst case’ image as ‘bare earth’ ZTVs are used in the assessment; no allowance is made for the screening or filtering effect of woodland, afforestation, settlement, development, tree belts, hedgerows and minor variations in topography, which may in fact preclude views of the development. Features outside the ZTV, where no relevant third viewpoint was noted (i.e. an important location from which the wind farm and the feature are visible), have been discounted from the assessment. Subsequent to this and according to the stated methodology, features have been discounted from assessment according to the following criteria:

• Where there are no visible remains;

• Where their setting is sufficiently limited that there is no reasonable expectation of any effect on their setting, such as listed mileposts; and • Features whose setting is defined by their relationship to another building, such as walls and gateposts (the latter are considered as a group where the principal building is listed). Following the elimination of features from consideration for the reasons given in paragraph 6.2.46, site visits were made on 18-19 April 2007 in order to define the key characteristics features where a potential effect on their setting was identified in order to further assess the likely significance of the effect as a result of the proposed development. Wireframes calculated from the locations of those features visited were also used in this assessment. Features were visited where publicly accessible, or from the nearest accessible viewpoint(s).

9.2.7 Assessment of Significance The assessment of significance of any effect is largely a product of the importance/ sensitivity of a feature, as informed by legislation and policy, and the magnitude of the effect on it, qualified by professional judgement. The sensitivity of a cultural heritage features is judged on a scale of national, regional and local importance. The assessment of the importance of non-designated features relies on professional judgement. This can be a subjective process, with features being assessed in terms of their rarity, state of preservation, date, group value and historical associations. In completing the assessment, features of national importance are considered as being of high sensitivity, features of regional importance as of medium sensitivity and local importance of low sensitivity.

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Effects on receptors are assigned to one of four classes of magnitude, defined in Table 9.1 below.

Table 9.1 Definition of Magnitude Table

Magnitude Definition

High Total or substantial loss of a feature or complete loss of the characteristics of a feature’s setting.

Medium Partial loss or alteration of a feature. Substantial change to the key characteristics of a feature’s setting, or a more total loss which is temporary and/or reversible.

Low Minor loss to or alteration of a feature. Changes to a setting which does not affect the key characteristics, or which is short term and reversible.

Negligible Minor alteration of a feature. Minor and short term, or very minor and reversible changes to its setting which do not affect the key characteristics.

As noted above, the assessment of magnitude of an effect essentially relies on professional judgement rather than any scoring of the criteria. With respect to potential effects on the setting of designated features, the magnitude of an effect reflects the extent to which the key characteristics of the setting (the ‘immediate setting’) will be altered. As set out above, this is judged on a range of factors including the degree of inter-visibility (direct views) between the feature and the development, inter-visibility between features where this was intended and the effect on views towards features or groups of features from tertiary locations. Effects are considered to be significant or not significant according to the matrix below. For this assessment, only changes of high magnitude may result in effects of significance, depending on the importance of the feature and the exercise of professional judgement. This is shown in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2 Matrix of Significance

High Not significant Significant Significant

Medium Not significant Not significant Significant

Low Not significant Not significant Not significant Magnitude Magnitude Negligible Not significant Not significant Not significant

Local Regional National

Policy Importance

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9.3 Baseline

9.3.1 Data Sources

Designated Features There are no designated features within the site boundary, though three scheduled monuments are within the 500 m study are and these are listed in Table 9.3

Table 9.3 Scheduled Monuments within Study Area

Reference Location Name/ Description Distance from Site Boundary

GM564 SN 942 035 Craig y Bwlch round cairn [SMR 1101, NMRW 305647] 250 m

GM565 SN 948 034 Tarren y Bwlch round cairn [SMR 1105, NMRW 305648] 625 m

GM541 SN 945 022 Rhondda Fach Cairn, Bronze Age 250 m

These are all round cairns of probable Bronze Age date. Two of these are located within the north west of the survey area at the top of the north-facing escarpment. Craig-y-Bwlch Cairn (GM 564) is located to the west of the escarpment and Tarren-y-Bwlch Cairn (GM 565) is located to the east. A further cairn, Rhondda Fach Cairn (GM 541) is located c.1 km south of these. This is now located within the commercial forestry to the west of the site and it is unclear to what extent it was originally associated with the other cairns. A single Grade II listed building (53/A/42(1)) is located within the study area, to the immediate south of the site boundary. This is an early to mid nineteenth century single arched, single track bridge known as Pont Lluest-Wen and is located at SN 9565 0145. Further designated features are located within the extended study area, up to 5 km from the site boundary, and these are listed in Table 9.9.

Glamorgan-Gwent Historic Environment Record There are features recorded on the Glamorgan-Gwent Historic Environment Record within the site and study area and these are incorporated in this baseline description.

Aerial Photographs A comprehensive search of aerial photographs was undertaken at the NMRW. The search resulted in 66 vertical photographs, dating from 1946 to 1971 and two oblique photographs of the Tower Colliery and associated tipping of spoil within the survey area. The search made at the NMRW incorporated those photographs held at the Central Register of Air Photography for Wales. No additional features within the site were identified as being located within the site. The evidence of the Post-Medieval coal mining both within Area 1 and Area 2 (as shown on Figure 9.1) is clearly visible on most of the aerial photographs. Remains can be seen in large

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amounts of ground disturbance and tipping, although virtually no standing features were visible at this time. Later 20th Century tipping is also visible to the north west of the survey area, at the base of the escarpment. The pattern of the dumping of spoil shows that the material was transported to the top of the escarpment by bucket conveyor and deposited in distinctive linear mounds. The formation of the area of forestry to the west of the site can be seen on the aerial photographs. Planting of the trees has been identified from photographs taken in 1969, with a large area of the forest appearing to be ploughed with deep furrows during the early stages of the forestry operations. No features or cropmarks representing earlier archaeological features were identified within the survey area.

Site Walkover The majority of the site is covered by grasses of various heights, including areas of bog and acid grass in some areas. There is little evidence of recent development on the site, apart from a power line on wooden poles located on the north-south axis of the site, and some fencing of the land west of the site. To the north of the site along the access track there is an area of scattered rocks along the escarpment. Beside this area there are a number of sub circular stone features consisiting of low stone walls approximately 3 m in diameter. These features are located within 150 m of the recorded settlement (SM 1851), which still exists as a series of low stone walls. It is possible that these structures represent shelters and make up a hafod or seasonal settlement for shepherds. There are also a number of other small linear stone walls which appear to be sheep shelters. No evidence of the sheepfold (Entec 17) near to the access track was noted during the site walkover.

9.3.2 Archaeological Resource Identified features within the site boundary are included in Table 9.4.

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Table 9.4 Identified Features within Site Boundary

Reference Source Location Name/ Description

1851 HER SN95730340 Mynydd Cefnygyngon: Remains of an Iron Age enclosure, identified by a bank of stone walls.

8188 HER SN95400210 Lluest-Wen reservoir: prehistoric lithic tool

308286 NMRW SN95650146 Pont Lluest-Wen, Rhondda Fach: Post-Medieval bridge

8395 HER SN96000130 Pont Lluest-Wen: Unknown prehistoric lithic tool

1154 HER SN96050141 Pont Lluest-Wen: Bronze Age cairn, consisting mostly of a grass covered mound with large slabs of sandstone

14185 HER SN95970500 275 Tramway Branch – Hirwaun Common Railway

Entec 1 1st Edition SN96020469 Blaen-gwnangon farmstead Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 4 Site Walkover SN96130389 Building platform - concrete floor within field

Entec 5 Site Walkover SN96140389 Brick Level water outlet pipe

Entec 6 Site Walkover SN96110382 Linear Bank which follow line of tipping

Entec 11 Site Walkover SN95770359 Possible clearance cairn and adjacent circular stone feature

Entec 12 Site Walkover SN95770355 Small circular stone feature c. 3m diameter

Entec 13 Site Walkover SN95940350 Small circular stone feature c. 3m diameter

Entec 14 Site Walkover SN96140348 Stone low wall - possibly a sheep shelter

Entec 15 Site Walkover SN95690348 Linear stone wall - possible sheep shelter

Entec 16 Site Walkover SN95650346 Linear stone wall - possible sheep shelter

Entec 17 1st Edition SN95800345 Sheepfold Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 19 1st Edition SN95370330 Sheepfold Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 24 Site Walkover SN95750150 Small stone dam structure across a vertical ridge, with later drainage pipe fitted at its base

Entec 25 1st Edition SN95730147 Unidentified building at Pont Luest wen Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 26 1st Edition SN95850145 Pont Lluest-wen Cottage Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 27 1st Edition SN95860136 Unidentiffied structure, part of Water system Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 29 Site Walkover SN95940119 Small brick structure

Entec 30 Site Walkover SN95250344 Possible burnt mound. Low circular mound of burnt stones with a diameter of approximately 3 m and height 0f 0.10 m.

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Table 9.4 (continued) Identified Features within Site Boundary

Reference Source Location Name/ Description

Entec 31 Site Walkover SN95610355 Possible clearance cairn, c.2 m diameter.

Entec 32 Site Walkover SN95620354 Possible clearance cairn, c.1 m by 2 m.

Entec 33 Site Walkover SN95650353 Possible clearance cairn, c.2 m diameter

Entec 34 Site Walkover SN95780355 Small circular arrangements of stones. Probable sheepfold.

Entec 35 Site Walkover SN95790351 Small circular arrangements of stones, 5 m in diameter. Probable prehistoric hut at the northern nedge of the group of features which form part of HER1851.

Entec 36 Site Walkover SN95810349 Small circular arrangements of stones, 5 m in diameter. Probable prehistoric hut at the northern nedge of the group of features which form part of HER1851.

Entec 37 Site Walkover SN96010367 Remains of dry-stone building. Appears to be related to former coal working but unknown function.

Entec 38 Site Walkover SN95970369 Spoil mound. Associated with former coal working.

Further features within the study are are included in Table 9.5.

Table 9.5 Identified Features within Study Area

Reference Source Location Name/Description

14198 HER SN95780514 255 Railway A. Aberdare & Rhondda Railway

14193 HER SN95810512 255B Tramroad B – Branch of the Aberdare & Rhondda Tramroad

14225 HER SN95870510 255C Tramroad C

13967 HER SN95820506 226 Culvert, Aberdare-Rhondda Tramroad

14178 HER SN96170500 277 Hirwaun Common Railway (Branch Line)

14193 HER SN95810512 255B Tramroad B – Branch of the Aberdare & Rhondda Tramroad

91587 NMRW SN94140476 Tower Drift Mine, Hirwaun: Post-Medieval coal mine

91588 NMRW SN93570470 Tower Graig level, Hirwaun: Post-Medieval coal mine

8476 HER SN94150442 Crawshays Tower: c.1820. Structure remains within 12ft of ground level; considered suitable for listing.

7204 HER SN96700440 Pen-Y-Waun: Deserted Medieval settlement. Reported location just outside enclosed bank-and-ditch fields on N slope of Mynydd Cefn-y- Gyngog.

260 HER SN94200400 Twynybloedd: Mesolithic flint scatter associated with fire reddened stones and charcoal

8881 NMRW SN97000400 Cwm Mission Hall (independent) Pen-Y-Waun: Post Medieval: Chapel

85001 NMRW SN97070295 Windber colliery: Post Medieval: Coal Mine

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Table 9.5 (continued) Identified Features within Study Area

Reference Source Location Name/Description

17039 HER SN96950176 Stone as noted on OS 6 inch 1st edition 1885 map.

16506 HER SN96840113 Post-Medieval Trig point as noted on OS 6 inch 2nd edition 1900 map.

1158 HER SN96470083 Garn Wen Cairn: Bronze Age cairn, appears to be in the form of a low ring bank.

7778 HER SN96200085 Garn Wen: Unknown prehistoric lithic tool

8391 HER SN96200110 Pont Lluest Wen: Bronze Age flint artefacts

16512 HER SN95880126 Post-Medieval quarry as noted on OS 6 inch 2nd edition 1900 map.

308286 NMRW SN95650146 Pont Lluest-Wen, Rhondda Fach: Post-Medieval bridge

16545 HER SN94990113 Post-Medieval Trig point as noted on OS 6 inch 2nd edition 1900 map.

17033 HER SN94590152 Post-Medieval Trig point as noted on OS 6 inch 1st edition 1885 map.

309952 NMRW SN94800170 Rhondda Fach Water Scheme, Pontypridd water works company reservoir

8113 HER SN94200200 Neolithic flint remains: Fragmentary battered back microliths of grey chert. 1 complete crescent, 4 fragmentary battered back points.

8415 HER SN94500210 Twyn Rhondda Fach, Mynydd Bwllfa: Find spot of a fragment of Neolithic chert found in rough pasture, now plantation, to the north of the Lluest-wen Reservoir.

8419 HER SN94400230 Mynydd Bwllfa: Neolithic flints found in rough pasture, now plantation, on the lower slopes of Mynydd Bwllfa, to the north of the Lluest-wen Reservoir, consisting of a scraper, arrowhead and several flakes.

4982 HER SN94400250 Two Mesolithic tranchet axes were found at Mynydd Beili Glas.

7218 HER SN94500280 Lluest Wen: An unpolished discoidal knife found near Lluest Wen Reservoir

7214 HER SN95700140 Pont Lluest-Wen: Bronze Age flint arrowhead

8436 HER SN94500330 Bwlch-Y-Lladron: Find spot of a Mesolithic or Neolithic flint scraper found in rough pasture on the edge of Hirwaun Common, near a dyke at Bwlch y Lladron.

213 HER SN95110351 Iron Age Settlement: Huts, below Tarren y Bwlch, at circa 460m above O.D. on a steep N-facing slope, about 600m E of 712. 4 huts lie on small shelves in very broken ground.

86950 NMRW SN95000400 Hirwaun Common: Common Land

9872 HER SN94300370 Post-Medeival dry stone hut with fireplace recess in SW gable part of S wall rebuilt very ruined sheepfold attached

1138 HER SN94450355 Padell-Y-Bwlch: Remains of a possible Iron Age hut, about 7.3m long by 2.4m

6060 HER SN94200350 Craig-Y-Bwlch: A fine example of a polished-edge discoidal knife, rare in Wales, dated to the Neolithic

8912 NMRW SN98190337 Nebo Welsh Baptist Chapel, Cwmdare Road, Cwmdare: Post- Medieval Chapel

9366 HER SN94660335 Bwlch-Y-Lladron: Dyke of unknown date Within site boundary

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Table 9.5 (continued) Identified Features within Study Area

Reference Source Location Name/Description

8883 NMRW SN97970324 Elim Welsh Independent Chapel, Bwllfa Road, Cwmdare, aberdare: Post Medieval: Chapel

54116 NMRW SN97940324 Bwllfa Road, 85, Cwmdare: Post Medieval: Dwelling

5402 HER SN93700300 Hirwaun Common: Prehistoric flint arrow head found

8885 NMRW SN98000300 Gobaith-Y-Cwm: Post Medieval chapel

85003 NMRW SN97490272 Nantmeylyn colliery: Post-Medieval coal mine

85002 NMRW SN96960241 Bwllfa Dare Colliery: Post-Medieval coal mine

33698 NMRW SN97000240 Winding Engine House, Bwllfa 1 Colliery: Post Medieval engine house

54115 NMRW SN97020201 Bwllfa House, Cwmdare: Post Medieval dwelling

6084 HER SN97000200 Bwllfadare No1 Colliery: Post-Medieval Colliery

17042 HER SN97230176 Post-Medieval sheepfold as noted on OS 6 inch 1st edition 1885 map.

17036 HER SN97130171 Post-Medieval Trig point as noted on OS 6 inch 2nd edition 1900 map.

309952 NMRW SN94800170 Rhondda Fach Water Scheme, Pontypridd water works company reservoir

16506 HER SN96840113 Post-Medieval Trig point as noted on OS 6 inch 2nd edition 1900 map.

7778 HER SN96200085 Garn Wen: Unknown prehistoric lithic tool

Entec 2 1st Edition SN94390418 Sheepfold Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 3 Site SN94900399 Sheepfold, unknown date walkover

Entec 7 Site SN95150373 Dismantled Tramway walkover

Entec 8 1st Edition SN96910400 Line of boundary stones shown on 1st Edition Map Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 9 Site SN94930367 Sheepfold walkover

Entec 10 1st Edition SN97630366 Lluestai-llwydion: farmstead and enclosure Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 20 1st Edition SN97690323 Air shaft Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 21 Site SN94890305 Earth mound, unknown date walkover

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Table 9.5 (continued) Identified Features within Study Area

Reference Source Location Name/Description

Entec 22 Modern SN96210238 Sheepfold and enclosure Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 23 Site SN96560158 Small circular cairn approximately 2m in diameter walkover

Entec 28 1st Edition SN95860126 Quarry Ordnance Survey Map

Entec 18 1st Edition SN96820339 Cefn-y-Gyngon Farmstead and Sheepfold Ordnance Survey Map

9.3.3 Site History The site is located partly on Hirwaun Common, a large area of common land, consisting mostly of marsh and moorland. The name Hirwaun can be translated to a long area mountain pasture, which would suggest that the area has a historic of grazing. Originally consisting of an estimated 3,000 acres of grazing land, this had been available for a long time until the Enclosures Act of 1869 (Lewis, 1959). At this time the Cwndare Valley to the East was already known as a source of coal, within the opening of the “Four Feet” seam at Nantymelwyn, Cwmdare, in 1866.

Prehistory The site forms a part of the broader Rhondda uplands (though is outside of the historic landscape character area of that name), which is an area containing evidence for occupation from the Mesolithic period (c. 10000-4400BC) onwards. There is considerable evidence for occupation of the higher ground during the this period, with recorded finds of assemblages and individual finds of flint, including cores, blades, flakes, scrapers and microliths. There have been no recorded Mesolithic finds within the site boundary, but within the study area two Mesolithic tranchet axes were found at Mynydd Beili Glas (HER4982) and a possible Mesolithic scraper was found at Bwlch y Lladron (HER8436).

Artefacts have also been found from the Neolithic period (c. 4400 to 2400BC), including a scraper, arrowhead and several flakes found on the lower slopes of Mynydd Bwllfa (HER8419). More visible remains are present within the site and study area dating to the later Prehistoric periods (Bronze Age and Iron Age). The most visible manifestation of the Bronze Age period within the upland area consists of the round cairns, many of which are likely to have contained burials. As well as the scheduled cairns that are within the study area, a round cairn is also located within the southern part of the site (HER1154). This comprises a grass covered mound with large slabs of sandstone. A ring cairn (HER1158) is located a short distance to the south at Garn Wen. Bronze Age artefacts have also been found, including a flint arrowhead at Pont Lluest-Wen (HER7214).

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Iron Age occupation is represented by settlement remains, most notably at Mynydd Cefn-y- gyngon (HER1851) where the settlement remains include a group of stone walled enclosures alongside a group of ‘hut’ features. These are located approximately 150 m to the south of the edge of the north facing escarpment, and further settlement remains are present within the steeply sloping ground of the escarpment, including a group of huts below Tarren y Bwlch (HER213).

Medieval There are few recorded features of Medieval date within the site or study area, but elsewhere within the wider Rhondda uplands Medieval settlement is represented by building platforms, at least some of which are likely to represent seasonal settlements linked to a pastoral economy.

Post Medieval Agricultural The tithe map of 1847 Ystradyfodwg shows the site in some detail, although only a small number of features are shown consisting of rivers and the Blaen Gwnangon Farmstead (Entec 1). The tithe apportionment records that the majority of the land within the wider survey area was owned by Phillip Morgan and was named as simply “Y Mynydd”, or the moorland. The site was separated into large, open areas, suggesting that there was little or no enclosure of the land at the time the Tithe was surveyed. The 1st Edition OS (1885) map shows a number of sheepfolds within the site including examples at Entec 19 and Entec 17.

Mining The 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1869 shows the area developing with a number of coal and ironstone working to the north of the site (Area 1). This area included the Bryn-Gwyn Colliery, Slade Patch, New Drift, the Bryn-Gwyn Level and Bryn-Gwyn patches. The map shows both built development and large areas of spoil and quarrying within these areas. Crossing the site of these collieries is a boundary line running in an east-west orientation, with boundary stones marked on the map (Entec 8). To the north of this, the railway lines identified on the SMR are also shown. To the east of the site in the Cwmdare valley a line of collieries and reservoirs are shown along the length of the valley, and including the Bwllfa, Nant Melin, Merthyrdare and Cwmdare Collieries. (Area B). As with Areas A, the map shows a number of built elements to the collieries, associated housing, and large areas of spoil tipping and quarrying. The 2nd Edition map OS (1900) identifies no further features within the site area. The map shows a reduction in the coal mining activity in the area with the coal mining area in Area 1 appears to have been merged into one large area called Slade Patch, and with most of the workings being labelled as in disuse.

9.4 Information Gaps There is no further information that could usefully or reasonably have been collected as part of this desk-based assessment.

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Where reasonably practicable and where such items exist and were available for the application area, the list of sources stated in the brief prepared by GGAT Curatorial, have been consulted. Exceptions are as follows: • A number of sources of information suggested by GGAT were not available from either the County Records Office, the National Library of Wales or the NMRW; • Aerial photographs held by NMRW (RCAHMW), Central Register of Air Photography for Wales and GSMR, including those from the OS, RAF and commercial photographs were consulted as part of this assessment. This is considered sufficient for the purposes of this assessment.

9.5 Constraints to Development Constraints to development are summarised in Table 9.6. Only features in close proximity to built elements of the wind farm, upon which the potential for a direct effect has been identified, have been included in the table below. Cultural heritage constraints are also shown in Figure 9.1, which shows the location of all known environmental and technical constraints and was used to develop the final layout of the turbines and the location of the access tracks.

Table 9.6 Cultural Heritage Constraints to Development

Constraint Features affected within Rationale Area Currently Occupied by Turbines and Access Tracks

Features to be avoided by turbines and access tracks:

Nationally important features None identified within the site, W.O. Circular 60/96 states a presumption in identified within the site although care should be taken to favour of preserving in situ sites of national avoid GM565 which is located in importance. No direct effect on such features is close proximity of the site planned, but protective measures may be boundary. required to ensure that no disturbance to the monument will occur.

Areas to be avoided by turbines and access tracks as far as possible, although preservation by record should represent sufficient compensation of their loss/ partial loss:

All features of regional Two identified features may be Both of these features will be avoided and importance regarded as being of regional protective measures will be put in place. importance. A prehistoric settlement site (HER1851) is near to the access track at Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon. A Bronze Age cairn (HER1154) is at Pont Lluest-Wen, near to the site of Turbine 10.

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Table 9.6 (continued) Cultural Heritage Constraints to Development

Constraint Features affected within Rationale Area Currently Occupied by Turbines and Access Tracks

Areas to be avoided by turbines and access tracks if possible but where preservation by record would be acceptable:

All features of local importance A number of recorded features The access track at Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon has or less (Entec 11, 12, 14, 15, 31-40) are been carefully routed to minimise disturbance. in close proximity to the access track. Preservation by record as part of the construction programme is likely to be required if features cannot be avoided Features excluded from the table are those where direct effects are not an issue according to known features and the proposed layout

9.6 Project Assumptions For the purpose of this assessment mitigation is understood to involve the avoidance of effects on features of cultural heritage significance, effecting preservation in situ. Offsetting measures would involve the creation of a record of features whose loss is unavoidable, referred to as ‘preservation by record’. A summary of those measures incorporated into the project description is provided in Table 9.7.

9.6.1 Construction It is anticipated that any direct impacts on cultural heritage would occur during the construction phase as that is when the land take will occur. Planning guidance (W.O. Circular 60/96) states that there is a presumption in favour of preserving in situ archaeological sites of national importance. The Scheduled Monument GM565 is located adjacent to the site boundary and may require protection to ensure that the monument is not disturbed. No other designated features are likely to be disturbed by the development. Archaeological remains are present within the Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon, where the access track would cross this range of higher ground. This principally comprises an Iron Age settlement site (HER1851) consisting of a stone-walled enclosure and a number of huts. A number of outlying features which may be associated can also be seen in this area, such as small possible clearance cairns (Entec 11, 31 and 32), and more recent structures such as sheep shelters are also present in this area (eg Entec 14). The primary mitigation for this area is the routing of the access track to avoid the principal features of archaeological interest, and the full extent of the Iron Age settlement will be avoided. The principle outlying features, including clearance cairns will also be avoided and features will be identified and marked on the ground by an archaeologist prior to the construction of the track in order to ensure this.

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Construction may, however, result in damage or loss of a number of features of lesser importance within this area (Entec 12, 14) which are located to the north of the site. If possible any direct disturbance to these features will be avoided by micro-siting the track away from them. However, where disturbance of the features becomes unavoidable then a detailed recording and excavation of these features will take place. No other known features within the site would be affected, though the presence of a number of prehistoric finds on the site, and the absence of recent development, suggests that there is a potential for unidentified archaeological features to be present. The maintenance of a watching brief would allow any features encountered to be recorded and provision will also be made for the recording of any features identified during the construction process.

9.6.2 Operation and Decommissioning It is anticipated that there will be no additional effects on the features of cultural heritage interest during the operational phase of the development. Whilst it is not anticipated that there will be any additional effects of any features of cultural heritage interest during the decommissioning phase of the development, the same protection of adjacent features of cultural heritage interest which was given during the construction stage should also be applied at this stage.

Table 9.7 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effectiveness Effects

Construction Phase

Archaeological No features of national importance Avoidance Fully remains of National are present within the site. The importance scheduled monument GM565 is Protective fencing may be, near to the site and will be fenced subject to the requirements of CADW, though the monument is outside of the site boundary.

Known Construction of the access track Avoidance Fully archaeological track across Mynydd Cefn-y- remains of regional gyngon has the potential to disturb Prior to construction, the importance remains associated with Iron Age visible remains will be Settlement HER1851. marked on the ground and temporary fencing erected in order to avoid accidental damage

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Table 9.7 (continued) Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effectiveness Effects

Known Construction of the access track Micro-siting will be used to Substantially archaeological track across Mynydd Cefn-y- minimise disturbance to remains of local gyngon has the potential to disturb known features of cultural importance remains of local importance. heritage interest, which may also require protective fencing.

Archaeological monitoring (i.e. a ‘watching brief’) on intrusive construction works and the preservation by record of any remains whose loss is unavoidable.

Previously Construction of turbines, access Archaeological monitoring Substantially unrecorded tracks and other site infrastructure (i.e. a ‘watching brief’) on archaeological could disturb any previously intrusive construction works remains unrecorded archaeological remains and the preservation by record of any remains whose loss is unavoidable. Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

9.7 Predicted Effects This section takes into account the project assumptions described in the previous section and hence forms an assessment of residual impacts and effects once these measures have been taken into consideration.

9.7.1 Construction The land-take associated with intrusive elements of the proposed development, namely turbine footings, crane pads and new access roads would be expected to remove any currently unrecorded features of cultural heritage that may be present in those areas. Features within the site boundary are listed in Table 9.4 and include: • 275 Tramway Branch – Hirwaun Common Railway (SMR 14185);

• Blaen-gwnangon farmstead (Entec 1);

• Possible clearance cairn and adjacent circular stone feature (Entec 11);

• Small circular stone feature c. 3m diameter (Entec 12);

• Small circular stone feature c. 3m diameter (Entec 13);

• Stone low wall - possibly a sheep shelter (Entec 14);

• Linear stone wall - possible sheep shelter (Entec 15);

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• Sheepfold (Entec 17);

• Sheepfold (Entec 19);

• Pont Lluest-Wen Bronze Age cairn (HER 1154). Some potential for disturbance to known areas of archaeological interest has been identified according to the proposed layout. In particular, there is a potential for a number of features (eg Entec 12, 14) to be damaged by the development. The preservation by record of remains affected will represent sufficient compensation of their loss. There may be some potential for an effect on hitherto unrecorded remains, although the scope for such an effect is reduced by the relatively small areas of ground disturbance that would be entailed by the proposed development.

9.7.2 Operation Operation of the proposed wind farm and its subsequent decommissioning is not anticipated to have further direct effects on cultural heritage, as no further land take will occur during these stages. Indirect effects on designated features of national importance have been assessed as part of the ASIDOHL assessment in Appendix D and are summarised in Tables 9.8 and 9.9 below.

9.7.3 Decommissioning No further effects will are anticipated from the eventual decommissioning of the site.

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9.8 Summary of Predicted Effects

Table 9.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Receptor Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Significance of or Value Effect Level Rationale

Construction

Direct effects on known features -ve Likely Local Low NS The site layout has attempted to avoid known features of cultural of less than national importance heritage where possible, in consideration of other constraints. The preservation by record of remains encountered during construction should represent sufficient compensation of effects which cannot be avoided through micro-siting

Direct effects on presently -ve Unlikely Unknown Low NS The small areas of intrusion necessitated by the development are unrecorded archaeology unlikely to have a major effect on archaeological remains. Preservation by record will represent sufficient compensation in the event that unexpected remains are encountered as a result of the above watching brief

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation

Effects on Rhondda Landsacpe of -ve Likely National Low NS An ASIDOHL2 assessment has identified a slight impact on this Special Historic Interest historic landscape area.

Effects on East Fforest Fawr and -ve Likely National Low NS An ASIDOHL2 assessment has identified a slight impact on this Mynydd-y-glog Landsacpe of historic landscape area. Special Historic Interest

Key: Type Probability Policy Magnitude Significance - ve = Negative Certain Importance High Significant +ve = Positive Likely International Medium Not Significant ? = Unknown Unlikely National Low 0 = Neutral County Negligible District Local

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Table 9.9 Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect Effects

Receptor Magnitude of Significance Comment Change

GM564 SM Craig y Bwlch round High Significant The nearest turbine will be approximately 200 m from the cairn, and with turbines to the west, east cairn and south there can be expected to be a clear sense of being overlooked, which is currently absent. In addition, turbines would be prominent features in views of the cairn as well as from the cairn to related features such as GM565.

Currently, the cairn is not a prominent feature in the landscape and as a grassed mound it is best viewed at a distance of less than 50 m. It does not therefore dominate this area and its principal setting can not be described as being extensive. In addition, the location of the cairn appears to be primarily determined by its relationship to the crag, and this key relationship would not be affected.

GM565 SM Tarren y Bwlch round High Significant As above cairn

GM404 SM Rhos-Gwawr cairn Low Not Significant The cairn cemetery comprises a series of cairns located within five discrete areas within rough cemetery pasture to the southwest of the A4233 between Maerdy and Aberdare.

The cemetery is on the edge of visibility of the wind farm. Therefore when approaching it or moving through the area there would be some views of turbine hubs and blades, though these would be far from prominent.

GM438 SM Gadlys Ironworks Negligible Not Significant The setting is defined by its urban location, and though some blades would theoretically be visible (Remains of Blast Furnace) they would not impinge on the setting of the monument.

GM347 SM Iron Tram Bridge, Negligible Not Significant The monument comprises a small bridge within amenity woodland. Therefore though turbines Robertstown would theoretically be visible, screening by trees would prevent views of them when at the bridge or approaching it along the footpath.

GM411 SM Gelli-Isaf Tramroad Negligible Not Significant The monument comprises a small bridge within amenity woodland. Therefore though turbines Bridge, Abernant Tramroad would theoretically be visible, screening by trees would prevent views of them when at the bridge or approaching it along the footpath.

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Table 9.9 (continued) Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect Effects

Receptor Magnitude of Significance Comment Change

GM533 SM Remains of Gamlyn Medium Not Significant The monument comprises a viaduct and includes lengths of grassed embankment prominently Railway Viaduct located on the edge of a residential area. The monument forms part of a relict industrial area within the Cynon Valley and relates closely to other lengths of disused railway. The setting is therefore principally defined by this and its relationship to the adjoining residential area.

Though eight turbines would be visible at a minimum distance of 2.3 km it is not expected that this would affect the key visual relationships of this monument.

BR157 SM Site of Hirwaun Medium Not Significant The ironworks site is located adjacent to the River Cynon within a built-up area and the principal Ironworks setting is defined by the adjoining streets and houses.

Though nine turbines would be visible at a minimum distance of 2.3 km it is not expected that this would affect the key visual relationships of this monument.

GM523 SM Round Cairn and Ring Low Not Significant The cairns occupy open ground at Mynydd-y-glog to the north of Hirwaun. There are wide views Cairn South of Twyn-y-Glog from and when approaching the cairns and turbines will be visible in a constrained field of view looking to the south. However, as the nearest turbine os over 5 km, they will not be prominent features.

GM524 SM Ring Cairn and Round Low Not Significant As above Cairn on Southern Side of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM525 SM Three Round Cairns Low Not Significant As above on the Southern Side of Mynydd-y- Glog

GM526 SM Two Round Cairns on Low Not Significant As above the Summit of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM235 SM Foel Chwern Round Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it. Cairn

GM541 SM hondda Fach Cairn Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it.

GM101 SM Blaenrhondda Negligible Not Significant No turbines would be visible from SM GM101 and nor would turbines be visible in key views to it. settlement

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Table 9.9 (continued) Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect Effects

Receptor Magnitude of Significance Comment Change

GM118 SM Ffos Ton-Cenglau Low Not Significant Occupies an east facing slope extending over a distance of approximately 1 km from north to south. 10 turbines would be most visible from the northern end of the scheduled area, but much less so from the south where visible earthworks are located. It is therefore considered overall that the development would have only a low visual impact on the archaeological resource of this monument.

GM234 SM Bachgen Carreg Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it. Round Cairn

GM259 SM Twyn y Bridallt Roman Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it. Camp

GM330 SM Pebyll Ring Cairn Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it.

GM408 SM Castell Nos Medium Not Significant Substantially enclosed by forestry though there are clear views up and down the Rhondda Fach. However, the essential setting of the monument is confined to the valley side on which it sits. Eleven turbine hubs would be visible from the monument and would form a prominent feature, albeit in an already human modified landscape. As a result of the surrounding forestry, the only views of the monument are from the valley floor or the higher ground on the opposite side of the Rhondda Fach, and the Hirwaun wind farm site would not feature in any of these. Overall, it is therefore considered that there would be a medium visual impact on the monument.

GM508 SM Incline Haulage Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it. Systems, Cefn Ynysfeio, Treherbert

GM509 SM Locomotive Type Negligible Not Significant No turbines would be visible from SM 509 and nor would turbines be visible in key views of it. Steam Boiler, Blaen Rhondda

GM539 SM Garn Bica Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it.

GM541 SM hondda Fach Cairn Negligible Not Significant Located within forestry which restricts views into and out of it.

GM575 SM Tarren Maerdy cairn Negligible Not Significant No turbines would be visible from Tarren Maerdy Cairn

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9.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions

Table 9.10 Implementation of Incorporated Assumptions

Assumption/ Monitoring Proposal Responsibility for Implementation Mechanism Implementation

Construction Phase

Archaeological monitoring Developer Planning Condition

9.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The site design process has attempted to avoid known features of cultural heritage interest where possible. There is some possibility for direct effects on a cluster of small, stone features to the north of the site and a small cairn to the south of the site. The exact nature of any remains associated with these features is not known, although as they are of less than national importance, it is appropriate that any unavoidable effect arising as a result of construction be offset by their preservation by record, which could be achieved prior to or during construction. Given the proven potential for archaeological features within the wider area there is considered to be some potential for further archaeological remains that have not previously been identified to be present within the site. However, given the small scale of intrusive works entailed by the development, archaeological monitoring of intrusive groundworks (commonly referred to as an archaeological ‘watching brief’) would enable the identification of archaeological remains and their preservation by record, where their loss cannot be avoided through micro-siting.

9.11 References DOE (1990). Planning Policy Guidance (PPG Note 16): Archaeology and Planning. DOE (1994). Planning Policy Guidance (PPG Note 15): Planning and the Historic Environment. DOE (1997). The Hedgerow Regulations English Heritage (undated). Thematic Survey of Military Aviation Sites and Structures Field, J (1989). English Field Names. Sutton. Forestry Commission (1995). Forests and Archaeology –Guidelines IFA (2001). Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk Based Assessments Lewis E.D. 1959 The Rhondda Valleys Published by Ebenezer Baylis and Son Ltd

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Palmer R and Cox C (1993). Uses of Aerial Photography in Archaeological Evaluation. IFA Technical Paper 12 Scottish Natural Heritage (2001). Guidelines on the Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes

Cartographic Sources Early Maps Thomas Taylor, 1718, New map of Glamorganshire with its Hundreds George Yates, 1879, A Map of Glamorgan Williams, J.T., 1847, Plan of the Parish of Ystradyfodwg in the county of Glamorgan

Ordnance Survey (OS) Maps OS 1st Edition, Surveyed 1868-75. Sheet: XI (Glamorgan) OS 2nd Edition, Revised 1897. Sheet: XI (Glamorgan) OS Edition of 1919. Sheet: XI (Glamorgan)

Internet Sources http://www.ggat.org.uk/CADW/historic%20landscapes/Rhondda/English/Rhondda_021 .htm http://www.amlwchdata.co.uk/place_names.htm

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10. Biodiveristy

10.1 Introduction The proposed development could have effects on flora and fauna (biodiversity) within the site and/or the surrounding area. This section of the Environmental Statement assesses these potential effects. It does not consider potential effects on birds which is the subject of Chapter 11. Initially this chapter summarises the relevant policies and legislation and describes the methods of baseline data collection. It presents information on the baseline condition of flora and fauna within and surrounding the site. These baseline conditions have been identified through a Scoping Study, consultations with nature conservation organisations, a desk-based review of existing biological survey data relating to the site and the surrounding area and from field surveys. The biodiversity value of these habitats and species has been evaluated against standard local, regional, national and international importance criteria. The project assumptions with respect to avoiding or minimising adverse effects on, and where possible enhancing the biodiversity value of, habitats and species within the site are identified and the effects of the development are described and assessed. This chapter concludes with a summary of the likely effects of the development on flora and fauna, identifying those effects that are likely to be significant. Biodiversity is a material consideration in determining planning applications and therefore has to be examined during the development process. It encompasses habitats and species that are legally protected and those that are of nature conservation value, both of which have to be taken into account in the definition of the scope of the EIA. Baseline reports describing in detail the results of the ecological surveys that were undertaken over the period December 2004 to June 2006 have been produced by Pryce Consultant Ecologists and are available on request.

10.2 Assessment Methodology

10.2.1 Policy and Guidance The ecology chapter of the EIA takes account of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations, 1999, and has particular regard to the requirements of, and advice given in:

• The Welsh Office Technical Advice Note (TAN) 5;

• Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) (as amended);

• Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CRoW Act);

• Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (NERC Act);

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• The EC Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC) as transposed into UK law by the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations (1994) (as amended); • Protection of Badgers Act (1992);

• The Hedgerows Regulations (1997);

• The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP); and

• The Rhondda Cynon Taff Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP). Baseline survey generally follows the nationally recognised Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment (Institute of Environmental Assessment, 1995) and has due regard to the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management Guidelines on Ecological Impact Assessment 2006.

10.2.2 Scope

The Scoping Process The initial scope of this assessment, before formal consultation, was derived from a general knowledge of wind farm/ ecology interactions and the potential for nature conservation receptors to be significantly affected, combined with a desk study and a general consultation exercise. Pryce Consultant Ecologists were commissioned, in December 2004, by Pennant Walters to undertake ecological surveys of land which includes the proposed development site. In December 2005, Entec was commissioned to undertake the EIA and to produce the ES for a different wind farm scheme which included land within the current application boundary (Hirwaun Wind Farm). Entec also conducted the scoping process on behalf of Pennant Walters Ltd for this earlier scheme. The consultees included Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), Environment Agency and Rhondda Cynon Taf (RCT) County Borough Council. Subsequent to the rejection of the application for the Hirwaun Wind Farm, a further scoping exercise has been completed for this, Mynydd Bwllfa, scheme. For this, the same consultees were contacted again, with details of the results of the previous surveys and the conclusions drawn from them. Throughout these processes, Entec has undertaken additional ecological consultations to determine survey requirements, assessment methodologies and to request any baseline data the consultees held on the site and surrounding area.

Desk Study A data gathering exercise was undertaken to obtain information relevant to the proposed development relating to statutory and non-statutory nature conservation sites and records of habitats and species that are considered to be legally protected or are otherwise notable in nature conservation terms (see Box 10.1).

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Box 10.1 Designated Wildlife Sites and Protected/Notable Habitats and Species

Statutory Nature Conservation Sites The Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) notifies sites that are of international or national importance for nature conservation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) (although some sites that are of national importance for certain species have not been so designated). Internationally important sites may also be designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs) or Ramsar sites.

Non-Statutory Nature Conservation Sites Non-statutory sites in RCT are known as Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs). They are designated using guidance provided in the publication “Criteria for the Selection of Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation in the County Boroughs of Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhondda Cynon Taf (the ‘ Mid-Valleys Area’)”, June 2008. All the SINCs are currently Proposed, but are currently progressing through the Local Development Plan process and it is anticipated that will become designated as part of that process.

Legally Protected Species Many species of animal and plant receive some degree of legal protection. For the purposes of this study, legal protection refers to: • Species included on Schedules 5 and 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), excluding species that are only protected in relation to their sale (see Section 9[5] and 13[2]), reflecting the fact that the proposed development does not include any proposals relating to the sale of species; • Species included on Schedules 2 and 4 of The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (SI 1994 No. 2716); and • Badgers, which are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992.

Notable Habitats and Species There are a number of habitats and species, which, whilst not receiving statutory protection, are of importance to nature conservation. These are referred to in this report as notable, and include: • UK and local Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority habitats and species; • Habitats and species of principal importance for the conservation of biological diversity in Wales. These are required to be considered under Section 42 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 and were published in 2007 by the Welsh Assembly Government. • Species listed in the relevant UK Red Data Book (RDB); and • Nationally Scarce species. These are recorded from 16-100 10km squares of the national grid

Data were requested in 2006 for sites of nature conservation interest, notable habitats and records of protected and other notable species from the following: • Countryside Council for Wales (CCW);

• Environment Agency (EA);

• Rhondda Cynon Taf (RCT) County Borough Council; and

• The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales (WTSWW). In general, a 2km search area from the boundary of the site was used when requesting baseline data. It is considered that potentially significant impacts further afield than this could only affect wide-ranging fauna such as otters, bats and migratory fish. Therefore, a further search of 10km around the site boundary was also conducted to identify any European designated sites designated for otter, bats or migratory fish. Further information relevant to the scoping process, the evaluation of the nature conservation features that could be affected by the development and the assessment of its effects upon them, was obtained through Internet, literature and database searches.

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Rhondda Cynon Taff Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) priorities The Rhondda Cynon Taff Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) in conjunction with data from RCT Council was used to identify habitats and species deemed to be of importance to the district. Criteria used to determine importance include the rarity of a species or habitat on the national or local scale and whether or not the species or habitat is declining. However, some species that are not rare or known to be declining are included in the LBAP because they are typical of a particular habitat or are valued by the public.

Tir Gofal Tir Gofal61 management plans covering both Nant Melyn and Bwllfa farms were reviewed. Information on agreed stocking densities and management advice for a range of habitats that are present were included. Habitats for which management prescriptions have been produced include unimproved acid grassland, marshy grassland, dwarf shrub heath and blanket bog. Typical prescriptions include ‘do not plough, install new drainage, burn vegetation or apply herbicides or pesticides without prior permission’. The Livestock Unit (LSU) for the Nant Melyn farm has been set at 226 LSU or a stocking rate of 0.54LSU/ha. The Tir Gofal management plan was used to provide background information regarding the habitats and management of the site and to inform any further proposed habitat management recommendations.

Result of the Scoping Process The result of the consultations and collation of baseline data for the previous, Hirwaun Wind Farm, scheme was a scope that encompassed the following: • a full survey of the habitats at the site, using Phase 1 Habitat Survey methodology, NVC sampling and assessment, and the identification of all BAP habitats to be taken into account in an assessment of the implications on the habitats should the development take place; • surveys for badger (Meles meles), otter (Lutra lutra) and water vole (Arvicola terrestris) if appropriate, with reference to potential disturbance during works and loss of habitat; • a minimum of three visits to survey for bats and a roost assessment if potential roost sites are present; • surveys for reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates, if appropriate, particularly in relation to marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia); • consideration of impacts, direct and indirect, during construction and post- construction on all species and details of mitigation, enhancement and monitoring if required. Also cumulative effects of proposals with other developments in the area.

61 Tir Gofal is the all-Wales agri-environmental scheme, the aims of which include protecting and enhancing habitats and landscape features, contributing to the UKBAP targets and supporting the rural economy.

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Based on the previously collected data, the scope described above for the Hiwaun scheme and comments from consultees regarding the Mynydd Bwllfa scoping letter, the result is a scope for this scheme that encompasses the following: • consideration of hydrological impacts on and off-site during construction and operation and how these will be mitigated (EA); • assessment of impacts on habitats (including peat bog) as a result of revised scheme (CCW and RCT Ecologist); • additional survey work in relation to bats (CCW). The scope of the bat surveys will be discussed and agreed with CCW. Whilst RSPB have requested additional non-ornithological survey it has been confirmed by CCW and EA Wales that further survey work in relation to protected species is not required.

10.2.3 Survey Methodologies

Survey Area Ecological surveys were conducted over a wider area than the final wind farm footprint. This is because ecology surveys tend to precede other forms of survey at proposed wind farm sites as they can be constrained by the time of year and therefore can require a long lead in time. All areas within a land holding (or number of land holdings) that are potentially available to a developer are typically surveyed prior to engineering and other constraints being identified. The additional information on ecology afforded by this extended survey, together with perimeter zones of various widths depending on the survey method employed, provides valuable contextual data on the surrounding habitats and fauna populations. The survey area is shown in Figure 10.1.

Vegetation A Phase 1 Habitat Survey of the main survey area was carried out in September 2005 (Pryce Consultant Ecologists, 2006). A Phase 1 Habitat Survey of the access track survey area was carried out in March 2006. Standard Phase 1 Methodology (JNCC, 2003) was used to map the habitats present within the site and target notes were made of features of nature conservation interest. Additional walk over visits of the site by an Entec ecologist to determine whether any changes in the habitat types or condition had occurred were conducted in January 2006 and April 2008. CCW staff also visited the survey area in July 2007 and collected data on upland vegetation, including characteristic species and peat depths and, in some locations, likely National Vegetation Classification (NVC) communities. This information was provided to Entec.

Peat Depths Peat depth surveys have been undertaken within the survey area in 2006, 2007, May 2008 and January 2009. The initial two surveys used a GPS to follow the proposed route of the access tracks and to locate the turbine positions (in relation to the previous proposed scheme). Peat depths were taken at regular intervals along the route using a bamboo cane and their location was accurately recorded on the GPS.

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The survey in 2008 collected peat depths in a grid layout around the proposed access routes in areas of sensitive vegetation (again in relation to the previous scheme). Peat depths were taken every 100m along each grid line with a graduated marked steel spike and recorded using a GPS. A further peat depth survey was completed in January 2009. Similarly to the previous surveys, a bamboo cane (marked every 10cm) was used to determine the approximate peat depth at locations recorded using a GPS. The peat depth survey encompassed the likely turbine and access track areas and adjacent areas based on an earlier iteration of the current Mynydd Bwllfa scheme. The results from all three surveys have been grouped into categories (0-50cm, 51-100cm, 101- 150cm, 151cm+) and plotted on a basemap overlain with the turbine and track layout.

Mammals Surveys to assess the habitats within the site for their potential to support mammal species and surveys to determine actual presence, where potential was identified, were conducted for otter, water vole, badger and bats in 2005. Standard survey techniques62 were used to search for signs of otter, water vole and badger and included looking for signs of foraging (e.g. snuffle holes, spraints and feeding remains) and occupation (e.g. setts, burrows and holts) and these surveys were conducted concurrently with the other ecological surveys of the site (e.g. vegetation and birds). Signs of badger, otter and water vole were also looked for during the January 2006 and April 2008 visits. Specific visits were made to the site to undertake the bat surveys. These comprised a day time survey to identify any potential roost sites and three flight activity surveys, during which a bat detector was used to record bat activity along transects through, and adjacent to, the site. The activity surveys were completed in May (one) and October (two) 2005, as per the Bat Surveys – Good Practice Guidance document (BCT, 2007). The scope of a 2009 bat survey is being discussed with CCW.

Reptiles The habitats at the site were assessed for their potential to support reptiles and opportunistic turning over of stones and other potential refugia was undertaken. The site was considered to have low potential to support a significant population of reptiles and therefore no specific reptile survey was carried out.

Amphibians There are no ponds within the survey area in the vicinity of the turbine locations. Although small pools are present throughout this area, these are temporary and shallow and are likely to provide suitable habitat only for common frog (Rana temporaria) and not species such as great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and as such no specific newt surveys were undertaken. Two ponds were highlighted as present within 500m of the access track route (Pryce Consultants Ecologists, 2006). One of these dries out during the spring and is considered to be

62 As detailed in guidance documents such as The Water Vole Conservation Handbook (Strachan and Moorhouse, 2006) and Monitoring the Otter (Chanin, 2003).

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unsuitable for amphibians because of this. The other pond holds water longer as it is partially connected to a ditch and was subject to a screening survey on the 7th June 2006. This survey was used to assess the potential for the pond to support great crested newts, for example, whether large numbers of fish or wildfowl were present, which generally limit the potential for newts. During the screening survey egg searching, torch surveying and netting techniques were used to sample the pond for amphibians. The warm weather conditions and low level of water in the pond made bottle trapping unsuitable.

Invertebrates The habitats at the site were assessed for their potential to support protected or notable invertebrates during the other surveys of the site. The assessment concluded that the habitats within the site had low potential to support invertebrates of nature conservation interest and that specific surveys were not required. The presence of marsh fritillary in the vicinity of the site was noted. However, this species has very specific habitat requirements (relating to specific food plants and micro-climates), and it is considered that the vast majority of the habitats at Mynydd Bwllfa are unsuitable, because they are over-grazed and/or do not support the plant species that marsh fritillary requires. Only one area of habitat within the application area (adjacent to the start of the access track) was considered to have the potential to support marsh fritillary and a transect survey was carried out in this area on the 8th of June 2006, during the core time the adults are on the wing.

10.2.4 Assessment Methodology The methods used to assess the biodiversity value of the habitats and species present at the site are given below.

Biodiversity Methodology A key consideration in assessing the effects of any development on flora and fauna is to define the areas of habitat and the species that need to be considered as part of the assessment. In identifying these resources, it is important to recognise that a development can affect flora and fauna not only within the area of land-take required for the development but also ‘off-site’ (e.g. noise generation on the site of the development could affect bird populations that occur off-site).

Valued Ecological Resources It is impractical and inappropriate for an assessment of the ecological effects of a development to consider every species and habitat that may be affected. The approach that has been taken in this ES is to identify ‘valued ecological resources’ (in accordance with guidelines produced by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management [IEEM], 2006), focusing on the ecological resources that meet one of three criteria;

• species populations, habitats or designated nature conservation sites that are of sufficiently high value in terms of ‘biodiversity conservation’ (which relates to the need to conserve representative areas of different habitats and the genetic diversity of species populations) that an effect upon them could be significant – in these cases, the species population/habitat/site is treated as a resource in its own right;

• species populations, habitats or sites that provide social benefits (e.g. relating to the enjoyment of flora and fauna by the public) or economic benefits (e.g. relating to

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angling or other activities that make use of ecological resources) that are of sufficiently high value that the effect of an ecological change could significantly affect the social or economic benefits – in these cases, the people affected are the resource(s); and • legally protected species. The approach taken in this report is that only effects on valued ecological resources may be significant, and are therefore subject to further consideration. Both species’ populations and habitats have been valued using the following scale: international/ national/ County/ district/ local/ less than local (See Table 10.1). The approach taken in this report is that a species population that is considered to be of county or greater importance in biodiversity conservation terms is considered to be a valued ecological resource. Therefore if a species population is considered to be of district value or less, no significant effect can occur. The exception to this is if it has been identified as having high social or economic value or if the species is legally protected. For habitats, the approach that has been adopted is that a habitat of district or greater importance is considered to be a valued ecological receptor. No significant effect can therefore occur to an area of habitat of local value or less unless it has economic or social value (e.g. an open space that is used extensively for informal recreation by local people, where the area’s wildlife is an important contribution to this value). Species’ populations and habitats have been valued using the scale set out in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1 Definitions of Nature Conservation Policy Importance/ Sensitivity Relevant to the Proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind farm (adapted from IEEM 2002)

Level of Value Examples of Definitions

International (UK and Europe) An internationally important site e.g. SPA, SAC, Ramsar (or a site meeting the criteria for such designation);

A viable area of a habitat type listed in Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive, or smaller area of such habitat which are essential to maintain the viability of a larger whole.

A regularly occurring, substantial population of an internationally rare species

National (Wales) A nationally designated site e.g. SSSI, or a site meeting the criteria for such designation;

A viable area of a priority habitat type identified in the UK BAP, or of smaller areas of such habitat which are essential to maintain the viability of a larger whole.

A regularly occurring, substantial population of a nationally rare species

County (Mid Glamorgan) Areas of internationally or nationally important habitats which are degraded but are considered readily restored;

A site designated as an actual or proposed Wildlife Site or Site of Interest for Nature Conservation (SINC);

A regularly occurring, substantial population of a nationally scarce species.

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Table 10.1 (continued) Definitions of Nature Conservation Policy Importance/ Sensitivity Relevant to the Proposed Mynydd Bwllfa Wind farm (adapted from IEEM 2002)

Level of Value Examples of Definitions

District (Rhondda Cynon Taf) A regularly occurring, substantial population of a regionally scarce species. Viable areas of RCT BAP priority habitat, or smaller areas of such habitat which are essential to maintain the viability of a larger whole;

A regularly occurring, substantial population of a species scarce in the District

Local Areas of internationally or nationally important habitats which are degraded and have little or no potential for restoration.

A good example of a common or widespread habitat in the local area.

A small population of a species scarce in the district.

Legal Protection of Species The majority of legally protected species (see Box 10.1) are also of biodiversity conservation value, and so would be subject to assessment. However, some species are not considered to be valued ecological resources for biodiversity conservation, and therefore any effects on these species would not be assessed to be significant. However, it is necessary to consider how these species may be affected by the proposed development in order that measures can be taken to ensure that contravention of the relevant legislation is avoided and this is documented within this ES.

Magnitude of Effect Ecological resources are usually sites, habitats, species assemblages/ communities or populations or groups of a species. Effects can be permanent or temporary; direct or indirect, and can be cumulative. These factors are brought together to assess the magnitude of the impact on particular valued ecological resources and, wherever possible, the magnitude of the impact is quantified. Professional judgement is then used to assign the effects on the receptors to one of four classes of magnitude, defined in Table 10.2.

Table 10.2 Definition of Magnitude Table

Magnitude Definition

High A permanent or long-term effect on the extent/size or integrity of a site, habitat, species assemblage/community, population or group. If adverse, this is likely to threaten its sustainability; if beneficial, this is likely to enhance its conservation status.

Medium A permanent or long-term effect on the extent/size or integrity of a site, habitat, species assemblage/community, population or group. If adverse, this is unlikely to threaten its sustainability; if beneficial, this is likely to be sustainable but is unlikely to enhance its conservation status.

Low A short-term but reversible effect on the extent/size or integrity of a site, habitat, species assemblage/community, population or group that is within the range of variation normally experienced between years.

Negligible A short-term but reversible effect on the extent/size or integrity of a site, habitat, species assemblage/community, population or group that is within the normal range of annual variation.

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Significance of Effect The significance of an effect is largely a product of the policy importance/ sensitivity of the ecological resource and the magnitude of the effect on it, moderated by professional judgement. Table 10.3 illustrates a matrix, which can be used for guidance of assessment of significance. Effects are considered to be of major or minor significance, or not significant.

Table 10.3 Evaluation of Significance for Biodiversity Assessment

Magnitude of Change Sensitivity

International/National County/District District (species)/ (habitats) Local

High

Medium

Low

Negligible

Key: Significant Not Significant

10.3 Baseline This section describes the current situation with regard to the designated sites, habitats and species of importance (the resources) on the Mynydd Bwllfa site and survey area. It is based on both the findings of the scoping desk studies and consultations, and the various field surveys. The biodiversity importance of each of these receptors is then evaluated. Full details of the vegetation survey and faunal surveys are provided in Pryce Consultant Ecologists, 2006, and are summarised here.

10.3.1 Designated Nature Conservation Sites

Statutory Sites There are three statutory designated sites within 2km of the boundary of the proposed development. These are Craig y Llyn SSSI and Cors Bryn-y-Gaer SSSI, which is part of Blaen Cynon SAC (Figure 10.2). Craig y Llyn SSSI is located to the south-west of the site (approximately 2km away) and comprises high cliffs, ravines, flushes and plateau habitats supporting an range of low growing and aquatic species including quillwort (Isoetes lacustris) and roseroot (Sedum rosea). Cors Bryn-y-Gaer SSSI lies to the north of the site (approximately 1km away) and Hirwaun village. The SSSI supports lowland bog, areas of soligenous flush, marshy grassland and neutral and acid grassland in a close mosaic, with well displayed transitions between the habitats. The site is also of note for marsh fritillary, which is, in addition, the primary reason for the designation of Blaen Cynon SAC (which has the same boundary as the SSSI). The SSSI and SAC support one of the largest metapopulations of marsh fritillary in South Wales.

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There are no European sites specifically designated for otters, bats or migratory fish within 10km of the site.

Non-statutory Sites There are three pSINC sites that overlap with the application site boundary. The majority of the application site lies within Mynydd Bwllfa/Mynydd Cefn f Gyngon pSINC. One turbine is located within Mynydd Ystradffernol pSINC and parts of the access track lie within Hirwaun Common pSINCs. Table 10.4 provides a summary of the pSINCs.

Table 10.4 Summary of pSINC Details Overlapping the Application Site pSINC Area (ha) Reason for Designation

Mynydd Bwllfa / 347 The pSINC has been designated as an expanse of upland vegetation Mynydd Cefn f supporting a mosaic of habitats including acid grassland, marshy grassland Gyngon and bog habitats.

Mynydd Ystradffernol 1048 This pSINC supports a wide range of habitats including conifer plantation woodland, marshy grassland, ffridd communities and bog habitats. The site also comprises watercourses and two large reservoirs (including Lluest Wen to the south of the site).

Hirwaun Common 853.1 Hirwaun Common is a diverse pSINC comprising an upland mosaic of marshy and acid grassland and heathland supporting a range of locally rare species, and lower slopes supporting further marshy grassland with Sphagnum pools and heathland / acid grassland mosaics. Marsh fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary and grayling butterflies have been recorded.

Further pSINCs occur in the wider area as much of the upland around the application site has been designated.

10.3.2 Habitats

Summary The Phase 1 Habitat survey map for the area is provided as Figures 10.3a (main site) and 10.3b (access track). Figure 10.4 comprises photographs illustrating examples of some of the typical habitat types present. The dominant habitat within the survey area is unimproved acid grassland, which is mainly dominated by purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea). In addition there are smaller areas of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), improved grassland, marshy grassland, swamp, heath and conifer plantation. A number of small watercourses flow across the area, with some originating from within the site. Felled conifer plantation surrounds the survey area to the south and west, Lluest wen Reservoir is present to the south-west and the settlement of Hirwaun is located to the north of the site. The application site supports predominantly unimproved and semi-improved acid grassland and modified blanket bog, with smaller areas of marshy grassland, bracken, heathland mosaic and scree. These habitats are described in further detail below.

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Species-Rich Semi-Improved Acid Grassland Species-rich semi-improved acid grassland occurs in the south western and eastern parts of the application site and along the access track. This type of habitat shows signs of agricultural improvement by supporting species such as perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens) and annual meadow grass (Poa annua), but also retains species indicative of acid grassland, such as sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), broad buckler fern (Dryopteris dilatata), greater bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus) and sharp-flowered rush (Juncus acutiflorus).

Unimproved Acid Grassland A large proportion of the application site is vegetated by unimproved acid grassland, with large swathes occurring on the hillsides and smaller pockets in the drier areas throughout the site, including the access track. Three distinctive types of acid grassland were identified based on the dominant species present. The predominant type of acid grassland is dominated by purple moor-grass and soft rush (Juncus effusus). The range of associated species is generally lacking in diversity with acidic species such as wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), heath rush (Juncus squarrosus) and tormentil (Potentilla erecta) all frequent, with occasional cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix). In the second type of acid grassland, purple moor-grass and rushes are less frequent, instead the sward is dominated by heath bedstraw (Galium saxatile) and mat-grass (Nardus stricta). Tormentil and heath rush are still frequent with the grasses common bent (Agrostis capillaris), sweet vernal grass and sheep’s fescue (Festuca ovina) occasional to abundant. Green-ribbed sedge (Carex binervis) and common yellow sedge (Carex viridula) are also locally frequent. In areas where grazing is less and the drainage is good, occasional heather (Calluna vulgaris), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and bracken occur. The final type of acid grassland recorded is an intermediate between those above and is dominated by purple moor-grass and mat-grass. Grasses characteristic of acidic conditions such as sheep’s fescue and sweet vernal grass are again frequent with additional species present including sheep’s sorrel (Rumex acetosella), wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) and occasional heather.

Modified Blanket Bog Distinct areas of blanket bog have been identified within the application site, with the larger areas occurring in the southern part of the site on areas of flat ground. The largest area is located to the north-east of Lluest-wen Reservoir. Peat depths in this area vary from less than 50cm to over 150cm deep, creating a complex mosaic of predominantly bog (and has been mapped as bog) with small areas of wet heath, marshy grassland and acid grassland (which are too small to map using the Phase 1 methodology). The entire area is dominated by purple moor-grass, but in the areas of deeper peat (that appear a dark green on the aerial photograph) a range of species indicative of blanket bog habitat also occur, such as common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), cross-leaved heath and Sphagnum subnitens, with frequent hare’s-tail cottongrass (Eriphorum vaginatum), deergrass (Trichophorum cespitosum) and small amounts of round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) and bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum). In the areas of shallower peat (where the underlying strata is nearer to the surface), a greater proportion of acid grassland species occur and the characteristic bog species reduce in abundance, because the ground is less saturated. This area

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was classified by CCW as a variant of the NVC community M25 Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire, which may have derived originally from the M17 Scirpus cespitosus – Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire. In 2008 the entire area (and further parts of the site) had been subject to burning. The second area of blanket bog is smaller than that described above and comprises two core areas located between Tarren y Bwllfa and Garn Wen, partly within the application site. This area is dominated by deergrass, with frequent purple moor-grass and species such as common cottongrass, round-leaved sundew, cross-leaved heath and Sphagnum (including Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum cuspidatum and Sphagnum fallax). This area had not been damaged by burning at the time of the 2008 visit by Entec. Again the peat depths vary, but in the central and southern parts of this area are over 150cm in some locations. Smaller patches of blanket bog occur along the ridge along the eastern boundary of the application site (located mainly to the west of the existing power lines), corresponding mainly to the localised distribution of peat in this part of the application site (and too small to map within the Phase 1 plan). These areas also support dominant purple moor-grass, with abundant deergrass. Species indicative of blanket bog, including hare’s-tail cottongrass, cross-leaved heath, Sphagnum cuspidatum and Sphagnum subnitens, are infrequent and tend to be low- growing in response to the grazing pressure and previous burning episodes. In all locations, the blanket bog is considered to be degraded/ modified due to the prolonged heavy grazing and burning pressure exerted on it.

Heathland Mosaics Acid grassland occurs in mosaics with both wet heath (predominantly in the south and west of the site) and dry heath (predominantly in the north of the site and along the access track). Both types of mosaic are characterised by supporting frequent to abundant ericoids including heather, cross-leaved heath, western gorse (Ulex galli) and bilberry. In addition to the ericoids, the wet heath mosaic also supports common cottongrass, green- ribbed sedge, deergrass and Sphagnum subnitens (and equates in places to the blanket bog identified by the Tir Gofal management plan). The dry heath contains more acid grassland species alongside the heather, including heath bedstraw, tormentil, yellow sedge and sheep’s fescue. On the access track route in the northern part of the site, dry heath occurs on the steep slopes and cliffs. It is dominated by heather and bilberry with occasional wavy hair-grass, sheep’s fescue and heath bedstraw with sheep’s sorrel and common dog-violet (Viola riviniana) rarely recorded.

Marshy Grassland Marshy grassland is scattered throughout the site. Soft rush is the dominant species, with frequent common bent and mat-grass and occasional compact rush (Juncus conglomeratus). Tormentil, wavy hair-grass and heather bedstraw also occur.

Purple Moor-Grass Dominated Pasture Small areas of species-rich purple moor-grass dominated habitat occur along the access track to the north of the main site. Purple moor-grass dominates the sward, with acid grassland species such as sweet vernal grass, mat grass, tormentil and field wood-rush (Luzula campestris) also

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present. Species indicative of rhôs pasture such as devil’s-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis) and sharp-flowered rush occur only rarely.

Other Habitats A small number of ditches occur within the western part of the application site. These are typically vegetated by rushes, including soft rush, sharp-flowered rush and jointed rush (Juncus articulatus). Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and greater bird’s-foot-trefoil also occur occasionally.

10.3.3 Fauna

Badger No signs of badger were found during the survey of the application site and the wider area. Although the application site contains a large amount of wet, boggy habitat that is unlikely to be suitable for locating setts or foraging, there are drier areas that could support badger setts and provide suitable foraging habitat along the lower parts of the access track route. However, given the lack of badger activity recorded during the surveys, it is likely badgers are not currently present on site and they are not considered further within the assessment. The adjacent areas of habitat to the east and the conifer plantations to the south, however, have greater potential to support this species, hence there is potential for badger to colonise at a later date.

Water Vole No signs of water vole were found within the site and immediate area. There is limited suitable habitat for water vole, confined to the few watercourses and areas of marshy grassland, and no records of the species nearby. Although remnant populations of water voles can survive in upland areas (where habitat destruction and predation of mink have not occurred), it is considered the lack of signs found indicates that water voles are not present on the site and this species is not considered further within the assessment.

Otter No signs of otter were found during the survey. Otters have large linear territories (up to 40km) and will utilise a range of watercourses and tributaries within that area depending on food availability throughout the year. No potential holt or resting places were found and there is very low potential for them to occur in the habitat within the site. However, otters have been recorded to the west and south of the site and, given the territory sizes, it probable the site is used infrequently by this species for foraging.

Bats No features considered to be suitable for roosting bats were found within the site boundary. No bats were recorded flying or foraging within the application site. Common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) were recorded on nine occasions in sheltered areas outside the site boundary, namely in the plantation forestry to the west of the site and around the Dare Valley Country Park to the east of the site (Figure 10.6). No bat registrations were recorded during the May 2005 visit. Four registrations were recorded in the early October 2005 visit and five registrations (including social calls near Dare Valley Country Park car park) were recorded during the mid October 2005 visit.

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Most of the application site comprises exposed, open ground, which is unlikely to offer good foraging potential for bats or suitable roost sites. It is possible bats will occasionally traverse the site or forage if conditions are suitable but they are unlikely to use the site extensively. The suitability of the site for bats has been further reduced as the vast majority of the immediately adjacent conifer plantation has now been felled, creating a larger expanse of open and exposed ground.

Reptiles Although no specific reptile survey was conducted, a number of common lizards were observed on the lower slopes in the northern part of the site in April 2006 (during a bird survey of the site). The lower areas of the site (and especially the slopes) are likely to provide better conditions for reptiles than the higher ground, because they will be more sheltered and drier. Given that reptiles have not been observed on the higher ground within the site during the many other visits that have be made, it is considered likely that only small numbers of reptiles are present in this area and the original conclusion that surveys are not required remains valid.

Amphibians No evidence of newt presence was found in the single pond during the screening survey, although frog tadpoles were recorded. It is considered unlikely that the pond provides suitable habitat for newts for a number of reasons. First, the pond surveyed forms part of a watercourse, which was dry at the time of survey, but when the watercourse does hold water it is likely the pond would become unsuitable for newts due to the flow of water through it. Also, at the time of the survey the pond held little water and the water clarity was poor, which may inhibit breeding behaviour (great crested newts require deep and clear water to display) and also, although suitable egg laying media was present, no eggs were found. It is therefore considered the pond has very limited potential to support great crested newt and this species is not considered further within the assessment.

Invertebrates A single marsh fritillary butterfly was seen during the survey at the beginning of June at grid reference SN958047. Other invertebrates seen were large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae), meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina) and common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus). The area of habitat in which the marsh fritillary was seen provides suitable habitat for this species, being dominated by purple moor-grass and with common devil’s-bit scabious. However, as previously stated, the remainder of the site provides poor habitat for marsh fritillary due to the lack of species-rich marshy grassland supporting the specific food plants required.

10.3.4 Biodiversity Evaluation This section evaluates the biodiversity interest of the site in relation to the designated sites identified and for the habitats and species it supports in terms of its relative importance in a geographical context (see Section 10.2 for a description of the evaluation criteria). Table 10.5 provides an evaluation of the habitats and species, at the site.

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Table 10.5 Evaluation of Biodiversity Interest

Resource Evaluation Rationale Site Value for Valued Resource? Resource

Designated sites Statutorily designated sites These sites have been designated nationally and internationally on the basis of the International - Yes, however these sites are rare or species-rich habitats and species they support. National outside the application site boundary (over 1km away) and no impacts or effects are predicted on these sites. Therefore, they are not considered further.

Non-statutorily designated sites All the pSINCs that overlap and lie adjacent to the application site have been County Yes preliminarily designated at the county level for the range of habitat types and fauna they support. Habitats Semi-improved acid grassland These are extremely common habitats on a local, regional and national scale. At the Less than Local No (upland) site they are relatively species-poor, containing only commonly found plant species.

Unimproved acid grassland Upland acid grassland is one of the main habitat types of the enclosed mountains of Local No (upland) the Glamorgan uplands, of which RCT is part (from the LBAP). Therefore, this is a common and widespread habitat type on at least a County level, and given the amount of acid grassland habitat within Wales (around 252,800ha from the Countryside Information System63), on a national level as well.

Whilst the acid grassland on site is considered to be unimproved and relatively species-rich, resulting in characteristic upland grassland, it is a little degraded through overgrazing and as a result is considered to be of no more than local value.

63 The Countryside Information System is a geographical database application which enables information providers to process, store and distribute spatial information relating to the United Kingdom countryside, and users to access this information to answer key questions they may have about the countryside. In this instance it is used to determine the area of different key habitat types as mapped during the Countryside Survey 1990.

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Table 10.5 (continued) Evaluation of Biodiversity Interest

Resource Evaluation Rationale Site Value for Valued Resource? Resource

Modified Blanket bog Blanket bog is an Annex 1 habitat (under the Habitat Regulations) and is listed on the County Yes UKBAP and the LBAP, which reflects its restricted distribution within the UK (RCT is at the southern edge of upland bog in Wales) and its vulnerability through damage and disturbance.

All of the blanket bog at the site has suffered disturbance in some form (i.e. through burning, grazing and historical atmospheric deposition) and is fragmented and therefore has been modified to some degree. Hence, it is not considered to be of international or national value (and be worthy of statutory designation). However, much of the habitat nonetheless supports peat forming species and is therefore considered to be active blanket bog, the quality of which could be improved through appropriate management.

The blanket bog within the application site covers an area of approximately 36ha. According Priority Habitats of Wales (REF) there is approximately 842ha of upland bog in RCT (of which 790ha is modified). Therefore, the bog at the site represents 4.2% of the district resource.

Despite the limited area of bog within the site (compared to the district resource) and its degraded status, it is nonetheless a primary reason for the SINC designation and it is therefore considered that the application site is of county biodiversity value with respect to the blanket bog present.

Heathland mosaics Heathland (encompassing both lowland and upland examples) is listed on the RCT District Yes LBAP as a notable habitat type as it can form important elements within other habitat types (e.g. ffridd, rhôs pasture and re-vegetated coal spoil).

At the application site, heathland habitat (14ha) is fragmented and limited in distribution across the site, but supports abundant ericoids, which are uncommon within the site boundary. It also forms mosaics, primarily with acid grassland, but also occurs in areas of deeper peat and is present with species indicative of blanket bog. Therefore the habitat at the site should be considered to equate to the LBAP habitat type and is considered to be of district value.

Marshy grassland Marshy grassland is a very common habitat locally and nationally and the example at Less than local No Mynydd Bwllfa is particularly species-poor.

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Table 10.5 (continued) Evaluation of Biodiversity Interest

Resource Evaluation Rationale Site Value for Valued Resource? Resource

Purple moor-grass dominated The small area of purple moor-grass dominated grassland at the site (at the bottom of Local No pasture the access track) is relatively species-poor and supports only small amounts of species characteristic of rhôs pasture, including devil’s-bit scabious (which is important for marsh fritillary).

Purple moor-grass and rush pasture is a priority habitat type on both the UKBAP and RCT LBAP due to its species-richness and importance for fauna. Whilst this type of BAP habitat is present at the site, it is clearly degraded (as evidenced by the restricted species) and is very limited in extent. Therefore, this area is considered to be of local value only.

Other habitats The Rivers and Streams Habitat Action Plan within RCT LBAP focuses primarily on the Local No larger watercourses within Rhondda. Whilst ditches are integral to the wider water resource, those found on site are very small and species poor and considered to be of local value.

Species

Otters Although otter has not been recorded within the application site, there are records of Local No (but legally protected) this species to the west and south. Given the large territory sizes of otters, in combination with an increasing national population, the potential for the site to be used by otter remains. However, given the limited suitable habitat, the site is unlikely to be used extensively and any occurrence of otters is therefore likely to be infrequent. Any otters using the site would form a small proportion of the Wales and UK population.

Otters are fully protected via inclusion on Schedule 5 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and Annex IV of the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994. Otter is also a UK BAP and LBAP key species.

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Table 10.5 (continued) Evaluation of Biodiversity Interest

Resource Evaluation Rationale Site Value for Valued Resource? Resource

Bats A single bat species (common pipistrelle) was recorded during the surveys, using the Local No (but legally protected) sheltered areas outside the application site boundary. All bat species are listed under the LBAP as all are vulnerable to land-use changes and the use of RCT by bats is largely unknown. Certain species of bat (but not common pipistrelle) are listed on the UKBAP as priority species.

Given the very limited likely use of the site by a common bat species, it is considered the site is of no more than local value for bats.

All UK bats are fully protected via inclusion on Schedule 5 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and Annex IV of the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.

Marsh Fritillary The marsh fritillary butterfly is listed on the UKBAP and the LBAP as a priority species District Yes due to its restricted distribution. The area of suitable habitat present adjacent to the access track is unlikely to support a large population due to its small size and limited abundance of suitable food plants. However, Blaen Cynon SAC is located within 2km of this area of habitat and any butterflies present adjacent to the application site are likely to form part of the wider Hirwaun area metapopulation. Due to the development sites’ likely contribution to the local metapopulation, it is considered to be of district value for marsh fritillary.

Marsh fritillary is fully protected via inclusion on Schedule 5 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and when a component if a SAC designation by inclusion on Annex II of the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.

Other fauna The site has been found to support a limited range of other fauna e.g. common lizard Local No (but reptiles are legally and common frog, which are listed on the UKBAP (Common lizard) and LBAP protected) (amphibians and reptiles). As only small numbers of these species were found, the site is considered to be of local value only.

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10.3.5 Predicted Trends in the Absence of Development The Tir Gofal management plan will continue to apply to the central area of the site until 2013 and as such the prescribed management advice and stock density will remain relatively constant. As a result, the habitats at the site, and its immediate environs, are also likely to remain in their current condition, although the reduced grazing, as part of Tir Gofal, may encourage a more diverse sward over time. After 2013 the Tir Gofal management plan could be renewed or replaced with something similar (which may continue to increase diversity in the habitats) or the land owner may not wish to be involved in an agri-environment scheme anymore (which could have a detrimental effect on the habitats). Overall, it is likely the site will remain predominantly upland grazing land in the absence of development. Otters are fairly widespread in Wales but are still increasing in numbers and it is possible that the site may be used more as the population increases. It is unlikely the faunal component of the site would change if the land is continued to be grazed, although there is potential for badgers to colonise the drier areas, as the number of badgers in Wales also increases.

10.4 Information Gaps No significant information gaps have been identified.

10.5 Constraints to Development The presence of blanket bog (and associated deep peat), although degraded, within the application site is considered to be an ecological (and also hydrological) constraint to development due to its biodiversity importance and the difficulties associated with construction affecting this habitat. For this reason, the wind farm and access track layout has been designed to avoid as far as possible the deepest areas of peat and areas of bog habitat. The route of the access track from the main road to the wind farm has also been chosen to minimise the disturbance of the more species-rich habitats (e.g. heathland mosaics), by using the route of an existing track.

10.6 Project Assumptions This section describes the environmental measures proposed to avoid or reduce impacts on features of nature conservation interest that will be incorporated into the development during the construction and operation phases. Environmental measures to avoid or reduce impacts on birds are described in Section 11.6.

10.6.1 Construction This section describes the environmental measures that will be incorporated into the development during the construction phase to reduce impacts on flora and fauna.

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Minimisation of Damage to pSINCs Given the location of the pSINCs in relation to the application site, potential direct effects cannot be completely avoided. However, damage to these sites will be minimised by using existing tracks and creating new tracks on areas of previously disturbed land (e.g. the former tram way). The size of all the working areas around the track and turbine bases will also be restricted as far as possible. Measures to minimise affects on surrounding areas of pSINC will also be employed, e.g. by implementing pollution prevention measures (see below).

Avoidance of Damage to Valued Ecological Resources (Habitats) The wind farm layout has been designed using the baseline information collected to avoid wherever possible sensitive habitat features (e.g. the modified blanket bog and heathland). However, at a number of locations construction activities within these habitats will be required. Potential impacts on blanket bog and heathland as a result of this will be minimised in accordance with the measures described below. Given the scattered occurrence of modified blanket bog across the site, the new infrastructure is not considered likely to directly sever or fragment the bog further. However, the areas of bog may be hydrologically linked and to prevent indirect disturbance to modified bog (e.g. through drying), tracks will be suitably graded or cambered where necessary to allow rainwater to be shed and maintain natural drainage pathways. Where gradients are present on the tracks, lateral drains will intercept flow along the track. A drainage ditch will be formed on the upslope side of the site track where required, dependent on detailed drainage design. Cross pipes will be laid as required on site to permit good site track drainage and will be introduced where the position of the site track could cause ponding on one side. Where the track slopes downhill, 'waterbars' will be placed to divert the flow into naturally occurring channels. Where cables are laid, trenches will be dug in drier periods, in sections and open for only a short space of time. Slit trenches or clay bunds will be provided where necessary. In areas of shallower peat, the peat will be removed such that the track or turbine is located directly on the underlying strata. The excavated peat will then be used to dress back the sides of the road and left to colonise naturally. The temporary construction compound has been located outside bog and heathland habitats to reduce potential construction activity effects. The peat survey results have been used to ensure the infrastructure has not been located on areas of deepest peat. Therefore, the use of floating roads is not considered achieveable. In addition, construction activity and storage of materials outside the construction compound will be confined to the immediate area around the turbine bases and the access roads to minimise disturbance to the surrounding vegetation. Although great care has been taken during the site design process to avoid sensitive habitats, micro-siting64 of turbines during the construction phase will be carried out in order to further minimise effects. This will take account of small-scale variation in vegetation quality and peat depth in order to ensure that turbines are located away from areas of higher vegetation quality

64 The term micro-siting refers to the precise locating of turbines at the construction stage to avoid environmental or technical constraints identified on the ground.

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(e.g. the wettest areas). An ecologist will be present during the construction period to advise on micro-siting to reduce effects on bog vegetation.

Avoidance of Negative Impacts on Watercourses Although there are only a few watercourses within the application site, or immediately adjacent, there is the potential for construction to have negative impacts on these watercourses and/or areas of wet ground (e.g. marshy grassland or blanket bog), via chance pollution incidents, which could lower the water quality. Reduced water quality on-site could have knock-on effects on off-site watercourses and on species such as otter, which rely on good water quality to support their prey items. To limit the likelihood of a pollution incident, a buffer zone of 20m around all watercourses will be observed, except where crossing points are required, and appropriate EA pollution prevention guidance will be implemented (PPG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 21). Further details are included in Chapter 13 Hydrology and Hydrogeology.

Disturbance of Protected Species Construction activity avoids a 20m buffer around all watercourses, except where crossing points are required. This will minimise the risk of disturbance to otters using the watercourses for foraging or commuting. The potential for holts or resting places is considered to be very low. However, it is possible an otter could temporarily use the thick rushes, adjacent to the watercourses, as a resting place. Therefore, a survey of the watercourses in the immediate vicinity of crossing points or access tracks will be carried out immediately prior to construction, and in the unlikely event of an otter being present, advice will be sought from CCW as to the best way to proceed (e.g. whether licensing could be required). Marsh fritillary is only likely to be present in a small area of suitable habitat adjacent to the northern part of the access track. This area of habitat will be clearly demarcated during construction to ensure no machinery or equipment is stored here and the habitat remains undisturbed. Should construction occur in areas of suitable habitat, they will first be hand searched by an ecologist to relocate any caterpillars or pupa found to adjacent suitable habitat (outside of the working area). It is considered that small numbers of reptiles may occur within the application site boundary. Therefore, a reptile mitigation plan will be produced as part of the site Environmental Management Plan (EMP). This will describe the measures that need to be employed to reduce the potential for harm or injury to reptiles as a result of the site clearance, including undertaking phased vegetation clearance in the areas with higher potential to support reptiles. Construction will not affect any potential bat roost sites or significant areas of important foraging habitat.

10.6.2 Operation This section describes the environmental measures that will be incorporated into the development during the operational phase to reduce impacts on flora and fauna. Apart from the operation of the wind turbines and general maintenance of the turbines, there will be little on- site activity during the operational phase and therefore the potential for damage or disturbance to Valued Ecological Resources is limited. In addition to the buffer zones around watercourses (below) all working areas will be clearly defined and storage of hazardous materials will be restricted to areas of hardstanding.

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Loss of Habitat within pSINCs Given the location of the pSINCs in relation to the application site, potential effects cannot be completely avoided. However, the access track through the wind farm area has been designed to ensure the most direct route between the turbines is used (taking into account avoidance of the areas of important and sensitive habitat) to minimise the amount of habitat loss. Following construction works re-instatement work will be undertaken. The following structures/locations will be top dressed with top soil/ peat from the site to encourage re- vegetation and therefore minimise the area of permanent habitat loss: • the turbine (15-18m square) foundations;

• crane pads;

• on site access reduced to 4m wide by top soil (including the much wider sections at bends); • peripheral foundations of substation; and

• the construction compound. Topsoil and turf will be replaced where possible, to reinstate the former soil profile and vegetation characteristics. Soil movement will be undertaken with reference to best practice guidelines available from DEFRA in the form of the Good Practice Guide for Handling Soils (MAFF, 2000), specifically relating to storage location and size of soil mounds resulting from excavations.

Loss of Valued Ecological Resources (Habitats) through Land-take Permanent loss of modified blanket bog and heathland habitat has been minimised through the site design process using information gathered from the Phase 1 and peat depth surveys, such that infrastructure has been located away from these areas as far as possible and, where not possible, on shallower peat. The length of access track has also been minimised due to the linear design of the wind farm and the use of existing tracks where possible.

Loss of Habitat Suitable for Marsh Fritillary The access track may need to be upgraded in places, including widening and the addition of passing places. Only one small area of habitat is considered suitable to support marsh fritillary, and this lies adjacent to the northern part of the access track (Target note 5 on Figure 10.3b). The vegetation immediately adjacent to the remainder of the track is dominated by rushes and has less potential to support marsh fritillary. Also, the widening of the track in this location (if required) will occur to the east, away from the more suitable areas of marsh fritillary habitat.

Avoidance of Negative Impacts on Watercourses During the operation of the wind farm the potential for chance pollution incidents will be minimised by again ensuring there is a buffer zone of 20m around all watercourses, except at crossing points, and appropriate EA pollution prevention guidance will be implemented (PPG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 21). Further details are included in the Hydrology, Hydrogeology Section of this ES (Chapter 13).

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Harm or Injury to Foraging and Commuting Bats It has been recognised that in mainland Europe and North America bat collisions with turbines have occurred. This potentially significant negative effect has not been studied in detail in the UK, although it is thought that the bat species occurring here may behave differently to those on mainland Europe. In the absence of detailed research data, guidance has been produced by Natural England (and adopted by the other UK Statutory Nature Conservation Organisations) to provide information on siting wind farms in locations that are less likely to negatively affect bats (Natural England, 2009). Using this guidance, it is considered the likely threat to bats within the turbine area of the Mynydd Bwllfa application site is low to medium because this area is exposed, is mostly located at least 50m from areas of good suitable habitat (e.g. woodland or hedgerows) and supports no roosting features. At present no bats have been recorded using the site, although there is potential for occasional use by common pipistrelle. This species is considered within the NE guidance to be at medium risk from harm or injury by wind turbines. However, due to the relatively large UK population size, the common pipistrelle population is considered to be at low risk. Taking into consideration the existing data and the NE guidance, it is considered the risk to bats as a result of the wind farm is low.

10.6.3 Decommissioning During the eventual decommissioning of the site potential effects on biodiversity would be expected to be similar to those during the construction phase and thus similar environmental measures are likely to be required. In particular, decommissioning will be limited as far as possible to those areas that have already been disturbed during the construction phase, for example the original construction compound will be re-instated if still available. Also, the onsite cables will be neutralised and left in situ rather than removed to reduce the environmental effects of excavation. Any new legislation or guidelines published prior to decommissioning will be adhered to and incorporated into mitigation design prior to decommissioning taking place. A re-survey of the site for protected species, and particularly otter and badger, would also be undertaken.

10.6.4 Enhancement Measures The Tir Gofal management plan notes that the stocking density over part of the wind farm site has reduced over the past 11 years, resulting in increased heather growth and a more diverse sward structure (CCW, 2003). The Tir Gofal scheme for the site aims to continue to the keep stocking densities at an appropriate level that will encourage growth of dwarf shrubs over the next four years, when the scheme is in force and potentially result in enhancement of the habitats at the site. Overgrazing across the entire survey area has historically had a detrimental effect on the vegetation, resulting in the degradation of the habitats by reducing the species-diversity e.g. within the marshy and acid grasslands. The introduction of the Tir Gofal scheme across the centre of the site is the first step to potentially restoring the habitats and increasing the floral diversity, which will also benefit the faunal species present at the site, in particular invertebrates and birds. However, the parts of the site that are outside the Tir Gofal scheme currently have no management prescriptions and may still be subject to overgrazing. Further, sympathetic

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management of the site is only secured until 2013, after which it is unknown how the stocking densities or land use could change. Therefore, in order to secure future management of the application site for the life of the wind farm, a Habitat Management Plan (HMP) will be produced, in consultation with the landowners and relevant nature conservation organisations (e.g. CCW and RCT council). An outline HMP has already been drawn up in consultation with CCW and is included within Appendix F. This describes broadly how the application site will be managed to re-create, restore and enhance the existing habitats, primarily the areas of modified blanket bog, heathland and species-rich purple moor-grass dominated grassland. It also sets out how the HMP will be integrated with the existing Tir Gofal scheme and how the extent and population size of the habitats and species targeted by the HMP will be monitored.

10.6.5 Summary of Project Assumptions Table 10.6 provides a summary of the project assumptions and their anticipated effectiveness in mitigating the effects and their impact.

Table 10.6 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Project Assumptions Likely Potential Effects Effectiveness

Construction Phase pSINCs Disturbance to Scheme design has used existing tracks and Partially effective habitats and habitat previously disturbed land. mosaic part of the pSINCs designation

Valued Degradation of Scheme design avoids areas of sensitive habitat Substantially Ecological valued habitats where possible. effective Resources through disturbance (Habitats) during construction Lateral drains, cross pipes and waterbars will be used to maintain the flow of water across the site and prevent drying of the wetter habitats.

Construction activity and equipment storage will be restricted to areas around turbines and roads.

Micro-siting (supervised by an ecologist) to minimise disturbance to areas of higher vegetation quality

Water features Decrease in water Appropriate pollution prevention controls including Fully effective quality from polluted buffer of 20m around all watercourses. Covered in site run-off or more detail in the Hydrology section of this pollution incidents. assessment.

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Table 10.6 (continued) Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Project Assumptions Likely Potential Effects Effectiveness

Protected Disturbance or Buffer zone around watercourses to minimise Fully effective species harm/injury to disturbance to otter. Otter survey prior to construction to protected species determine if resting sites are present in vicinity of works. on-site through site clearance and Suitable marsh fritillary habitat demarcated to avoid construction disturbance of vegetation by machinery or equipment. Hand search for caterpillars and pupa where works could affect areas of suitable habitat and relocation to habitat outside works area.

Reptile mitigation plan (within EMP) to inform site clearance methodology minimising potential for harm to reptiles.

Operational Phase

SINC Permanent loss of Scheme design has ensured shortest route between Substantially habitat through land turbines (also considering other constraints). effective take for infrastructure Areas will be re-instated after construction to reduce the area of permanent land-take.

Valued Permanent loss of Scheme design largely avoids areas of sensitive habitat. Substantially ecological habitat through land effective resources take for (habitats) infrastructure

Marsh fritillary Permanent loss of Area of suitable habitat will be avoided. Fully effective habitat effecting the viability of the local metapopulation

Watercourses Decrease in water Appropriate pollution prevention controls including buffer Fully effective quality from polluted of 20 metres around all watercourses. Covered in more site run-off or detail in the Hydrology section of this assessment. pollution incidents.

Bats Harm or Injury Turbines located away from features likely to be used by Substantially through collision with bats and site assessed as being low-medium risk to bats effective turbine. (based on characteristics),

Decomissioning

Valued Disturbance and or Works associated with decommissioning restricted as far Substantially Ecological damage to habitats as possible to the areas previously affected during effective Resources during removal of construction e.g. Original construction compound used. infrastructure Re-survey for protected species, particularly otter and badger.

Underground cables neutralised and left in-situ.

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Table 10.6 (continued) Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Project Assumptions Likely Potential Effects Effectiveness

Enhancement

Valued Re-creation, An outline Habitat Management Plan (HMP) has been N/A Ecological restoration and produced describing the management and monitoring Resources enhancement of techniques that will be employed at the site post existing site habitats construction. A detailed HMP will be produced once consent has been received. Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some residual effects possible, which are discussed in Section 10.7 Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

10.7 Predicted Effects In predicting the impacts and effects of the proposed wind farm it has been assumed that the project assumptions described above will be fully implemented, including the measures described to ensure compliance with the relevant protected species legislation. This section is therefore an assessment of the residual impacts and effects once these measures have been taken into consideration. As stated in Section 10.2.4, potentially significant affects can only occur on those biodiversity features considered to be Valued Ecological Resources (VERs). Therefore, potentially significant effects on the pSINCs, modified blanket bog, heathland and marsh fritillary (all evaluated as being VERs) are considered below in relation to the construction, operation and decommissioning stages of the scheme.

10.7.1 Construction Impacts

Disturbance of Vegetation within pSINCs (including modified Blanket Bog and Heathland) Access tracks Construction activity will cause limited disturbance to vegetation either side of the access tracks (in addition to the actual conversion of vegetated land to track, which is covered under operational impacts since it constitutes permanent land take). The access from the main road on to the site will utilise an existing track for a short distance. The remainder of the track will be constructed and will predominantly disturb unimproved acid grassland (including areas dominated by purple moor-grass) and marshy grassland with small areas of dry heath, modified blanket bog and heathland mosaics also affected.

Wind turbines and crane pads During construction, the area surrounding the turbine bases and crane may be subject to some disturbance. This is likely to affect mainly unimproved acid grassland (nine turbines), modified blanket bog (one turbine) and semi-improved acid grassland (one turbine). Turbine six is also

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shown as being located within modified bog. However, at this location the underlying geology is very near to the surface resulting in a rocky outcrop (such outcrops are common throughout the site), shallow peat and few species indicative of bog occurring, such that the habitat type in this exact location is more aligned with acid grassland (purple moor-grass, mat grass and heath rush are common). The area of activity and storage will be limited as far as possible, reinstatement will be undertaken with top soil dressing and re-vegetation, and it is considered that the disturbed areas will recover rapidly.

Substation The substation is due to be located at easting 296067, northing 204444 (Figure 6.3) and will be constructed in the centre of an area of improved acid grassland. The substation and its compound will cover an area of approximately 660m2. No other habitat types are likely to be affected by the works in this area.

Electric cables Where trenches have to be dug there will be unavoidable temporary disturbance to the vegetation. All the electric cables will be laid adjacent to the access tracks to minimise the disturbance to vegetation and will therefore predominantly affect unimproved acid grassland.

Borrow pit There will be no borrow pit within the site boundary, instead stone for access road and turbine base construction will be sourced from outside the site. This is likely to come from Gelligaer, Merthyr and will comprise millstone grit, which is acidic, and therefore is unlikely to affect the pH level of the surrounding land.

Disturbance of Marsh Fritillary The employment of the measures described in Section 10.6 (and Table 10.6) should ensure that negative impacts on marsh fritillary are fully mitigated, and that all wildlife protection legislation can be complied with. Therefore, it is considered that likely significant effects on the marsh fritillary that may form part of the Blaen Cynon SAC will not occur and a Habitats Regulations Assessment is not required.

10.7.2 Operation Impacts

Permanent Habitat Loss within pSINCs (including Modified Blanket Bog and Heathland) Access tracks The total length of access track within the wind farm site will be approximately 8.2km, consisting predominantly of new tracks. The access roads are likely to be 5m wide and up to 13m on bends, with a number of additional passing places. Based on the worst case assumption that the access tracks network has a width of 8m (5m track widths with 13m corners) along the total length, the total landtake will be 6.56ha. The habitats that will be predominantly affected are unimproved acid grassland (including areas dominated by purple moor-grass) and marshy grassland with small areas of dry heath, modified blanket bog and heathland mosaics also affected. Approximately 358m of track will cross bog habitat (0.79%of bog habitat on site) with 569m crossing heathland.

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Wind turbines and crane pads The area of hardstanding at each turbine location, including the turbine foundations and the crane pad, will be approximately 990m2. Therefore, the total landtake due to 12 turbines is approximately 1.18ha. This will result in the permanent loss of approximately 0.98ha of unimproved acid grassland (including turbine six for the reasons described above), 0.09ha of blanket bog (turbine four resulting in 0.25% of the total within the application site) and 0.09ha of semi-improved acid grassland. It should be noted that approximately one third of the hardstandings associated with the turbines will be dressed back and revegetated.

Substation The substation will be built on improved acid grassland and will be 14m by 10m in size contained within a compound giving a total area of 660m2. This will result in a loss of 140m2 of species-poor habitat of limited biodiversity value.

Summary In total approximately 7.8ha of land will be lost to the development. This relates to 3.2% of the application site.

10.7.3 Decommissioning Impacts The eventual decommissioning of the wind farm may involve some disturbance during the dismantling of the turbines. This may result in potential disturbance to the pSINCs, the valued habitats (blanket bog and heathland) and marsh fritillary, although it should be possible for most activity to be restricted to existing tracks and hardstanding, thus minimising impacts on these features.

10.7.4 Cumulative Impacts and Effects As significant effects can only occur on valued ecological resources (VER), it follows that significant cumulative effects can only occur on ecological resources present and considered to be valued on two or more development sites. Therefore, the cumulative assessment focuses on the valued sites, habitats and species identified at Mynydd Bwllfa, i.e. the designated sites (SSSI, SAC and SINC), modified blanket bog, heathland and marsh fritillary. There are two other wind farm proposals in close proximity to Mynydd Bwllfa; Maerdy, which has planning permission and Pen y Cymoedd, which is under development. Also adjacent to the Mynydd Bwllfa site is the proposed route of the new alignment of the A465 around Hirwaun associated with the duelling of this road. These developments are listed in Table 10.7, along with any relevant information available including the number of turbines (if applicable), approximate total permanent land-take (with the habitats affected if known) and any protected species or designated site information. Note that no publically available ecological survey information was available for the Pen y Cymoedd wind farm or the A465 duelling at the time of writing; therefore the cumulative impact has been assessed using broad conclusions based on the current proposed layout/location. Temporary impacts on the ecology of these sites that might occur during construction are not considered in this section because they are generally reversible and short term.

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Table 10.7 Information on Developments near to the Mynydd Bwllfa Site (known VER in Bold)

Development Approximate Number Approximate Protected Species Designated Distance from of Land Take (and Information Sites Mynydd Turbines Habitats if (excluding Birds, Information Bwllfa Known) which are Covered in Chapter 11)

Mynydd Bwllfa - 12 7.8ha Marsh Fritillary and Site overlaps four reptiles pSINCs. Unimproved and semi-improved acid grassland, modified bog and heathland.

Maerdy Adjacent to the 8 8.9ha No confirmed Wind farm site south protected species, forms part of Cefn Acid grassland, potential for otter. Y Rhondda wet modified bog Upland pSINC. and marshy grassland

Nuon South and East 98 119ha (turbines Unknown. High Unknown. Part of of site only)* potential for badger site overlaps and bats and likely Mynydd Conifer plantation use of watercourses Ystradffernol and felled conifer by otter pSINC (described plantation. above). Two nearby SSSIs.

A465 Duelling Adjacent to - 5.1ha (around Unknown. Potentially Unknown. (and Hirwaun access track, Hirwaun only)** marshy fritillary, Located near to bypass) north of main reptiles, badger, otter Blaen Cynon SAC site Likely to affect and bats and pSINCs broad-leaved woodland and scrub, improved, species-rich and marshy grassland, *Based on a turbine footprint similar to Mynydd Bwllfa of 1215m2. **Based on route from proposed RCT LDP route and approximate distances of 2.1km of widened existing road and 1.5km of new road (around Hirwaun only) and an approximate width of duel carriage as 20m. Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa are located in upland fringe locations and support a broadly similar range of habitats. At both of these sites, modified bog is a VER, small amounts of which will be lost as a result of the developments. From the aerial photograph of the A465 duelling route it does not appear that bog or heathland would be affected. The Pen y Cymoedd wind farm would be located almost exclusively on conifer plantation, which is not affected as a result of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm (or the A465 duelling and Maerdy) and not a VER. However, much of the plantation near to Mynydd Bwllfa (including Mynydd Ystradffernol) is planted on deep peat which would have been blanket bog previously and therefore could contribute to the loss of modified bog habitat that could be restored. The schemes considered under the cumulative assessment, in addition to Mynydd Bwllfa, appear to affect a range of habitat types and are therefore unlikely to result in a significant impact on a single habitat type cumulatively. The approximate amount of modified bog lost as a result of Mynydd Bwllfa and Maerdy is (0.38+0.5ha), which is 0.1% of the total resource within Rhondda and is considered to have a negligible long term affect on this vegetation type. Further deep peat could be lost from the Pen y Cymoedd wind farm, but this would not be classed as modified bog (as it is planted with conifer) and it cannot be quantified at this stage.

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Marsh fritillary is the only species VER on the Mynydd Bwllfa site. Marsh fritillary was not found at Maerdy and is unlikely to occur at the Pen y Cymoedd wind farm site, as suitable species-rich marshy grassland does not appear to be present (from the aerial photograph of the area). However, the A465 duelling is located in proximity to Blaen Cynon SAC (designated for marsh fritillary) and there is potential for further areas of suitable habitat for this species to occur along the proposed new section of the road south of Hirwaun (near where marsh fritillary was found for the Mynydd Bwllfa scheme). Notwithstanding the unknown potential effects on marsh fritillary as a result of the A465 duelling, the assessment for Mynydd Bwllfa has concluded that significant effects on marsh fritillary are unlikely to occur. It is considered that cumulative effects cannot therefore occur on marsh fritillary as a result of both the Mynydd Bwllfa and A465 duelling developments. All the developments listed above have the potential to affect designated sites, either statutory or non-statutory or both. Mynydd Bwllfa will affect four non-statutory designated sites (pSINCs), although it has been concluded that, with the project assumptions in place, the effect will not be significant. A similar conclusion was reached within the Maerdy ES with regard to the pSINC present. The Pen y Cymoedd wind farm is likely to affect Mynydd Ystradffernol pSINC (which is also partly affected by Mynydd Bwllfa) and the A465 duelling may also affect Hirwaun Common pSINC adjacent to the access road to Mynydd Bwllfa. However, as significant effects are not predicted on designated sites as a result of Mynydd Bwllfa, it is considered that cumulative effects on the pSINCs overlapping the site as a result of the other developments in the area cannot occur. In summary, it is considered that no potentially significant cumulative effects will occur.

10.8 Summary of Predicted Effects

10.8.1 Criteria for Evaluation As described in Assessment Methodology (Section 10.2), the significance of the effect depends primarily on:

• The policy importance or sensitivity of the resource under consideration, in a geographical context: international (UK and Europe), national (Wales), County (Mid Glamorgan), district (RCT), local (site and its vicinity, including areas of habitats contiguous with or linked to those on site) or less than local (see Table 10.1); • The magnitude of the effect in relation to the resource that has been evaluated. The definition of magnitude is different for each potential impact. A scale of high, medium, low or negligible is used and the rationale explained (see Section 10.2). In order to fully assess the significance of the effects, two further criteria are included in Table 10.8:

• The type of the effect, i.e. whether it is positive, negative, neutral or uncertain;

• The probability of the effect occurring using a scale of certain, likely or unlikely. Further aspects of change, e.g. whether the effect is temporary or permanent, are taken into account in using professional judgement to give an assessment of significance for each effect.

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Effects are considered to be significant or not significant (see Table 10.2). A brief rationale for the conclusions is given in the final column of the table.

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Table 10.8 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Receptor and Potential Effect Type of Probability Sensitivity or Magnitude Significance Effect Value

Level Rationale

Construction pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Likely County Negligible Not Whilst the pSINCs are of county biodiversity value, given significant the location of the works and project assumptions, it is Removal of soil and changes in unlikely the integrity of the habitat mosaic will be vegetation either side of access damaged by the temporary disturbance during tracks due to construction activity construction because the vegetation is likely to re- for access tracks and laying of colonise quickly. electric cables pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Likely County Negligible Not Whilst the pSINCs are of county biodiversity value, given significant the location of the works and project assumptions, it is Disturbance of habitats around unlikely the integrity of the habitat mosaic will be turbine bases and crane pads and damaged by the temporary disturbance during substation. construction because the vegetation is likely to re- colonise quickly.

Marsh fritillary -ve Unlikely District Negligible Not Careful design of infrastructure and project assumptions Significant in place to prevent disturbance. Thus wildlife protection Disturbance of individuals during legislation can be complied with. construction

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Certain County Low Not Whilst the pSINCs are considered to be of county significant biodiversity value, only a small proportion of the total Land take due to new access tracks area will be permanently lost and infrastructure largely avoids the more sensitive areas (e.g. the modified bog). In total 0.28ha of bog and 0.45ha of heathland may be lost to the development.

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Table 10.8 (continued) Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Receptor and Potential Effect Type of Probability Sensitivity or Magnitude Significance Effect Value

Level Rationale pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Certain County Low Not Whilst the pSINCs are considered to be of county significant biodiversity value, only a small proportion of the total Land take due to turbine bases and area will be permanently lost and infrastructure largely crane pads avoids the more sensitive areas (e.g. the modified bog). pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Unlikely County Negligible Not No effects on the pSINCs or habitats are predicted Significant during operational maintenance of the wind farm. Damage to vegetation during maintenance of wind farm

Decomissioning pSINCs, bog and heathland -ve Likely County Negligible Not Although it is not certain this far in advance it is likely Significant the vegetation types will remain the same during the Disturbance of vegetation operational period; thus only small amounts of vegetation of up to county value would be affected.

Marsh fritillary -ve Unlikely District Negligible Not Although it is not certain this far in advance, provided Significant suitable mitigation is implemented there is unlikely to be Disturbance of individuals. disturbance. Thus wildlife protection legislation can also be complied with.

Key: Type Probability Policy Magnitude Significance - ve = Certain Importance High Significant Negative Likely International Medium Not Significant +ve = Unlikely National Low Positive County Negligible ? = District Unknown 0 = Neutral

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10.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions Table 10.9 indicates who is responsible for implementing the project assumptions and the mechanism for the implementation.

Table 10.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions

Project Assumption Responsibility for Implementation Mechanism Implementation

Construction Phase

Re-survey for badgers prior to commencement of Developer Planning Condition construction

Scheme design uses existing tracks and previously Developer Planning condition disturbed land and avoids areas of sensitive habitat

Measures to ensure unimpeded water flow, works Developer / Principle Planning condition requiring activity and materials storage restricted to areas Contractor Environmental Management Plan. around turbines and roads

Micro-siting of turbines Developer Planning condition. Ecologist to supervise.

Implementation of appropriate PPGs and buffer Developer / Principle Planning condition requiring zone around watercourses Contractor Environmental Management Plan.

Areas of suitable marsh fritillary habitat demarcated Developer / Principle Planning condition requiring and production of reptile mitigation plan Contractor Environmental Management Plan. Ecologist to supervise.

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation

Scheme design avoids areas of sensitive habitat Wind farm owner Planning condition requiring (including that potentially used by marsh fritillary) Environmental Management Plan. and areas will be re-instated

Implementation of appropriate PPGs and buffer Wind farm owner Planning condition requiring zone around watercourses Environmental Management Plan.

10.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The scope of the ecological assessment was determined through a combination of desk study, to identify existing biological data relating to the site and surrounding area, and through consultation. A Phase 1 Habitat Survey was undertaken across the whole site, during which signs of badger, otter and water vole were looked for and the potential for amphibian and reptiles was assessed. Two statutorily designated sites lie in proximity to the proposed wind farm site. However, the nearest is approximately 1.8km away from the nearest turbine location, hence these sites are unlikely to be affected. Three locally designated pSINCs overlap the application site boundary. These are considered to be of County biodiversity value and are valued ecological resources. The site supports modified blanket bog habitat and heathland mosaics, both of which are LBAP

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habitats and are considered to be of County and District biodiversity value respectively. Therefore, both these habitats are considered to be valued ecological resources. The remaining habitats at Mynydd Bwllfa are considered to be of no more than local nature conservation value. The site and its immediate environs support a very restricted range of protected species, limited to occasional common bat species, common lizard, marsh fritillary and probably otter. The common bat species, common lizard and otter are considered to be of local importance for nature conservation. The presence of marsh fritillary is considered to be of district importance, although this species is likely to have a very restricted distribution within the site. Proposed environmental measures primarily comprise minimising the disturbance to vegetation and protected species. The exact location of the turbines will be micro-sited to avoid the areas of greatest floral diversity and all construction activity and storage of materials will be confined to the area around the turbine bases or those habitats of less than local nature conservation value. Buffer zones around the watercourses will be maintained and Pollution Prevention Guidelines will be utilised to prevent pollution incidents. Further surveys for otter holts or resting places will be undertaken prior to any works near watercourses or marshy areas, areas of suitable marsh fritillary will be demarcated and a reptile mitigation plan will be implemented. Negative effects on designated sites and habitats during the construction phase relate to the removal and disturbance of small areas from three pSINCs, comprising primarily unimproved acid grassland, but also blanket bog, semi-improved acid grassland, heathland mosaics and marshy grassland. However, it is considered the works are unlikely to affect the integrity of the habitat mosaic and hence are not significant. Measures proposed to enhance the site following the construction of the wind farm include production of a habitat management plan to strengthen Tir Gofal, with the aim of increasing the diversity of the habitats within the site, and thereby the species that may use it.

10.11 References Anon (1995). Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report (2 volumes). HMSO, London. Countryside Council for Wales (2003). Tir Gofal Management Plan for Nantmelyn Farm. CCW Swansea. Institute of Environmental Assessment [IEA] (1995). Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment. E&FN Spon. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (2002). Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment: Amended Pilot, November 2002. Unpublished report. Natural England (2009). Bats and onshore wind turbines – interim guidance. Joint Nature Conservancy Council (2003). Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat Survey. Peterborough, UK. Pryce Consultant Ecologists (2006). Proposed Hirwaun Windfarm – Ecological Assessment. Stace, C (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.

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11. Ornithology

11.1 Introduction This section describes and evaluates the ornithological interest of the site and the immediate surrounding area and assesses the predicted effects of the proposed development on this interest. The key issues relating to birds and wind farms are as follows: • The effects of direct habitat loss due to land take by wind turbine bases, tracks and ancillary structures; • The effects of indirect habitat loss, i.e. the displacement of birds from the proximity of the wind turbines. Such disturbance may occur as a consequence of construction work, or due to the presence of the wind farm close to nest or feeding sites or on habitual flight routes;

• The effects of collision with rotating turbine blades, power cables, guy lines and fencing (i.e. killing or injury of birds), which is of particular relevance for sites located in areas known to support raptors or large concentrations of waterfowl. In order to assess the potential impacts of a wind farm, both the value of the site itself to birds and the level of flight activity within and around the site should be determined. In the UK it is a generally accepted practice to use guidance provided by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) to assess the potential impacts of proposed wind farms on ornithological receptors65. This guidance suggests that assessment should concentrate on ‘target’ species, for example those specially protected or those which occur at a site in regionally or nationally important numbers. Species that qualify as target species under SNH guidance are detailed in Section 11.3.2. During the surveys at the site peregrine were observed on a number of occasions. Due to the high level of protection peregrine receive, and at the request of the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), information regarding this species that may allow nest sites to be identified are provided in a confidential bird annex to this ES. The potential impact of the proposed Mynydd Bwlfa wind farm on birds has been fully assessed in this ES.

65 SNH (2000) Windfarms and Birds: Calculating a theoretical collision risk assuming no avoiding action. Battleby, Scotland. SNH (2006) Assessing significance of impacts from onshore windfarms on birds outwith designated areas. Battleby, Scotland. SNH (2006) Assessing Significance of Impacts from Onshore Windfarms on Birds Outwith Designated Areas. Inverness, UK.

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11.2 Assessment Methodology

11.2.1 Policy and Guidance The ornithological assessment has taken account of the requirements of, and advice given in: • Significance of impacts on birds outwith designated areas (SNH 2006);

• Survey methods for use in the assessment of the impacts of proposed onshore windfarms on bird communities (SNH 2005);

• Windfarms and Birds: Calculating a theoretical collision risk assuming no avoiding action (SNH 2000);

• Developing field and analytical methods to assess avian collision risk at wind farms (Band et al 2005);

• Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds (the Birds Directive);

• The Welsh Office Technical Advice Note (TAN) 5: Nature Conservation and Planning; • The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c) Regulations 1994 (as amended);

• Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended);

• The Countryside and Rights of Way (CROW) Act (2000); and

• The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) and Rhondda Cynon Taff Local BAP.

11.2.2 Scope Given the low levels of recorded collisions and the limited disturbance to the majority of bird species from wind developments to date, SNH guidance (2006) suggests that assessment should concentrate on the following target species: • species protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (as amended); • species listed on Annex 1 of the Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the Conservation of Wild Birds; • regularly occurring migratory species which are either rare or vulnerable, or warrant special consideration on account of the proximity of migration routes, or breeding, moulting, wintering or staging areas in relation to the proposed wind farm; and

• species occurring at the site in nationally or regionally important numbers. The scope of the assessment for this assessment was determined through knowledge of the findings of the previous Environmental Impact Assessment (and subsequent Public Inquiry) that was focused on land which included areas within the Mynydd Bwllfa application boundary. It is also determined by the Scoping report issued in January 2009.

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The Public Inquiry (for the Hirwaun wind farm) held in October 2008 identified that there were no significant impacts upon birds. It is also of interest to note that neither CCW nor the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) objected to this previous scheme on grounds of ornithology. Given the history of the site a general scope which encompassed the following was considered appropriate: • a description of the bird community associated with the site and wider survey area;

• an assessment of the presence, numbers and distribution of target species based upon this desk study and the results of these surveys; and • An assessment of how birds will be affected by the proposed development, with particular reference to potential displacement from the site, direct and indirect habitat loss and collision risk to species of high nature conservation value. The Countryside Council for Wales, ecologist for Rhondda Cynon Taf Council (Richard Wistow), the Environment Agency and the RSPB all responded to the scoping exercise undertaken in early 2009. All four highlighted the main ornithological issue associated with the site as being peregrine falcon; additional species to consider included honey buzzard, nightjar and merlin. It is CCWs position that no further survey work is required to allow a full and robust assessment of the Mynydd Bwlfa wind farm on the ornithological resources of the site; it is of note though that the other respondents did request an update to the previous survey effort on this site (undertaken in 2005 and 2006).

11.2.3 Desk Study

Statutory and Non-statutory Nature Conservation Sites It is generally considered to be good practice to ascertain the proximity of sites of conservation importance for birds in relation to a proposed development. There are no established criteria with regard to the distance from a proposed wind farm site that should be considered, and 2km has been suggested as a sufficient distance in the past (IEA, 1995). However, for those designated sites where birds are the feature of interest, it is possible that an impact on the favourable conservation status of that site may occur even when a development is located further than 2km away. This could be by virtue of waterfowl moving between a statutorily protected roost and a (non-designated) foraging area, and may be particularly relevant for wind farms. Therefore, the presence of Special Protection Areas (SPAs)66 and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) within 5km of the site boundary, for which birds were a principal reason for notification or designation, was determined by consulting with CCW and through use of the GIS tool MAGIC67.

66 Areas that support certain endangered, rare, or vulnerable species (Annex 1 species) or regularly occurring migratory birds of European importance can be designated as SPAs under the Birds Directive. 67 MAGIC (Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside) online interactive map, accessible at: www.magic.gov.uk

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Bird Records Several organisations were consulted as part of the EIA for similarly located Hirwaun Wind Farm, during the PLI and subsequently in the scoping process for this application. These consultations aimed to determine whether there are known species of high nature conservation value within or in the general surrounds of the proposed development area. Additional primary sources of contextual data were: • The New Atlas of Breeding Birds of Britain and Ireland (Gibbons et al., 1993);

• Birds in Wales 1992 – 2000 (Green 2002);

• Birds of Glamorgan (Hurford, C and Landsdown, P 1995);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 3, No.6 2004 (Green, J (Ed), 2004);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 4, No.1 2004 (Williams, G (Ed), 2004);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 4, No.2 2004 (Green, J (Ed), 2005);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 4, No.4 2006 (Green, J and Pritchard, R (Eds), 2006);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 4, No. 6 2007 (Green, J, Berry, S and Pritchard, J (Eds), 2007);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 5, No. 3 2008 (Green, J, Berry, S and Pritchard, J (Eds), 2008);

• Welsh Birds, Vol 5, No. 4 2008 (Tyler, S (Ed), 2008);

• Eastern Glamorgan Bird Report No.43, 2004 (Glamorgan Bird Club, 2006);

• Eastern Glamorgan Bird Report No.42, 2003 (Glamorgan Bird Club, 2005).

11.2.4 Bird Surveys and Assessment Methodologies

Approach Given the outcome of previous bird surveys on the site conducted in 2005 and 2006, the opinion of CCW and the outcome of the PLI, a further programme of generic surveys is not considered necessary. The three visit Moorland Bird Survey in 2005 did not identify any breeding species considered to be at significant risk of impact from wind farm development (i.e. common and widespread passerines); in particular no waders or ground-nesting raptors were noted in the area. It is considered unlikely that in the intervening period, given that site management remains as extensive sheep grazing, that this will have changed. No further vantage point survey has been undertaken on the site as previous monitoring of peregrine in 2005 and 2006 demonstrated that the proposed wind farm site was not entered regularly by either of the breeding pairs in the area and encounter rates of other target species were minimal. However a single site visit in March 2008 was undertaken in order to establish the continuing presence of peregrine falcon in the general area. The surveys undertaken at the site to date are described below.

Survey Area The survey area defined for the Hirwaun Wind Farm covered the vast majority of the area considered in this application. There is a small area, within the application boundary that has

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not been surveyed. However the majority of this area is short semi-improved grassland that is adjacent to the Lluest wen Reservoir that is of limited value to breeding birds and is only likely to be used for foraging. The survey area is shown on Figure 11.1a and b. The survey area is characterised as upland fringe habitat, mainly comprising modified bog, acid grassland and marshy grassland that is extensively grazed by sheep. There are smaller areas of heathland and improved and semi-improved grassland, with larger stands of bracken present on slopes. Large areas of coniferous plantation forestry are located to the west of the site, part of which was included within the survey area68, and there are also small areas of broad-leaved woodland and several hedgerows. Portions of this coniferous plantation have recently been felled and forestry operations are continuing at the time of submission. These areas are currently covered in brash produced the operations and are likely to become dominated by bramble and/or bracken in the near future. There are no areas of open water and few watercourses, though Lluest-wen Reservoir is located to the south-west of the site. Further information on the habitats of the site is presented in Chapter 10.

Breeding Bird Surveys Moorland Bird Survey A moorland bird survey was carried out by Pryce Consultant Ecologists following a methodology based on the Brown & Shepherd (1993) method for censusing upland breeding waders. This method was specifically devised to census breeding waders over extensive upland areas in order to estimate population sizes. While this method is not equally accurate in estimating the population sizes of all species it remains the standard method of surveying waders, including curlew, golden plover and snipe, on moorland. Given the relatively intensive coverage of a site achieved whilst carrying out Brown & Shepherd survey, this method can also be useful in providing an indication of population size and distribution of other birds such as raptors and passerines, although it is acknowledged that data derived for birds other than waders should be treated with caution. Brown & Shepherd surveys require two visits to be carried out during the breeding season to allow the determination of the territory locations and densities of breeding birds. The first (early) visit should ideally be carried out between early-April and mid-May, while the second (late) visit is carried out between mid-May and late-June. All visits should be carried out during suitable weather conditions (as specified by the method). This methodology was amended slightly so that three visits were made to the site between April and June 2005 in accordance with suggestions in SNH guidance. On each visit the same pre-determined route was walked at even pace so that all parts of the site were approached to within 200m, with habitat features (such as hedgerows) approached more closely. All bird locations and behaviour was mapped to 1:5,000 scale, using British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) species codes and standard Common Bird Census (CBC) notation. Birds were considered to be demonstrating breeding behaviour if they were singing, displaying, alarm

68 Part of the forestry that was surveyed in 2005 has subsequently been felled.

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calling, carrying out distraction displays or if eggs or chicks were found. All birds engaged in other forms of behaviour were considered to be feeding, loafing or passing through. They were not, therefore, considered to be breeding in the location of observation. Maps from the survey visits were analysed and combined to produce the final territory location map which was used to estimate the breeding densities of each species. As territory locations are derived from a combination of the early and late survey visit maps (as per the Brown and Shepherd methodology), it should be noted that these do not represent specific nest locations.

Vantage-point watches Vantage-point watches, based upon the method statement prepared by Mike Madders for SNH, and appended to SNH (2002 & 2005) were carried out between February to June 2005 and September to November 2005. The vantage point method focuses on identifying flight-paths of target species such as raptors, swans and geese, and allows any regularly used flight lines to be identified, enabling turbine locations to be altered where necessary to reduce collision risk to birds. The data generated can also be used to estimate the theoretical risk of collision with turbines by incorporation into a suitable model. The Madders methodology guidance is that vantage-points should be chosen parsimoniously to achieve maximum site visibility from the minimum number of locations such that all parts of the survey area are within 2km of a vantage-point. The following four vantage-points were identified as being sufficient to survey the site (the dates and times of all of the watches are presented in Appendix G).

• VP1: SN941035 • VP2: SN952034

• VP3: SN952028

• VP4: SN965013 The total amount of time spent at the vantage points during the 2005 breeding season was 48hrs, 12hrs from each vantage-point. Pryce Consultant Ecologists undertook the vantage point surveys.

Access track survey At the time of the 2005 surveys undertaken by Pryce Consultants, the final route of the access track had not been determined. Once the route was finalised in 2006, breeding bird surveys were carried out along its length, with four visits being made between March and May. All birds detected (aurally or visually) were recorded, with particular attention paid to those species exhibiting territorial behaviour. Clusters of single species registrations from the four visits were taken to represent breeding territories.

Winter Bird Surveys Walkover surveys Walkover surveys were carried out on three occasions between January and March 2005 (27th January, 21st February and 22nd March) to obtain data on the winter bird community on the site.

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These surveys were based on the Brown and Shepherd methodology in respect of coverage rates and recording protocol (ie using BTO species notation and activity codes).

Vantage-point watches Vantage-point watches using the Madders method were conducted by Pryce Consultants during the winter period with survey work undertaken in October, November and February. The primary aim of the winter surveys was to record the level of flight activity by migratory/wintering wildfowl. While four locations were used to allow observation of most of the survey area close to ground level, a much greater area of the airspace at higher altitudes above ground level can be seen from each vantage-point69. Given the considerable overlap in visibility at higher altitudes between vantage-points, a greater number of hours of survey for migratory/wintering wildfowl over the site were effectively carried out during this period (i.e. survey hours from each VP can essentially be summed) as these birds tend to fly at relatively high altitude, as well as generally being vocal and often traveling in groups (allowing them to be picked up at considerable distances). The dates and times of the winter vantage-point watches surveys are shown in Appendix G.

Peregrine Watches Further vantage-point watches were carried out from two vantage point locations (grid references supplied in a confidential annex) that focused on two locations identified as supporting potential peregrine eyries. Watches were undertaken on the 18th and 27th April and 19th and 30th May 2006. These watches were aimed at noting behaviour during the early part of the breeding phase including nest provisioning.

• 18th April 2006; • 27th April 2006;

• 19th May 2006; and

• 30th May 2006.

Analytical Procedures Because of the frailties of collision risk analysis (Chamberlain et al. 2006) vantage-point watches are arguably of most value for allowing regularly used flight lines to be identified. All flight lines recorded during vantage-point watches are digitised and any regularly used flight paths, or areas of ‘core’ flight activity, can be readily identified and where necessary, the wind farm can be designed to avoid these. Data obtained during vantage-point surveys can also be used to determine the theoretical collision risk for target species by incorporation into a model, such as that developed by W Band (Band et al, in press) and herein referred to as the Band model. Only vantage-point watch

69 To illustrate, the whole site airspace above 200m in altitude would be visible from every vantage-point.

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data from the 30m-120m ‘collision risk band’ is used in the Band model as this is typically the band that turbine blades would partially occupy70. The Band model uses a two-stage approach, whereby the annual or seasonal number of birds or flights passing through the air space swept by the rotors is determined at Stage 1 and the probability of a bird strike occurring is calculated at Stage 2. The product of Stage 1 and Stage 2 gives a predicted annual collision mortality rate on the assumption that birds make no attempt to avoid collision. The Band model involves making a number of assumptions, for example that a turbine blade has width and pitch but no thickness and that a bird's flight will be unaffected by a near miss, despite the slipstream around a turbine blade. The amount of time that a species may be active within the site in a year is also required for the model and must therefore be estimated. Because the Band model assumes that no action is taken to avoid collision, it is recognised that the collision risk figures derived are purely theoretical, and represent worst case estimates. In the general absence of empirically derived avoidance estimates for individual species, the actual value of the results of the modelling for impact assessment is limited, although further assumptions about likely levels of active avoidance on the part of birds are generally made in order to draw conclusions.

Prediction of Effects There are an enormous number of variables that affect the responses of individual living organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems to changes in their environment. These are only partially understood or studied, and it is therefore rarely possible to make predictions about the ecological effects of any form of development with absolute confidence. Prediction relies on a synthesis of the information gathered during the baseline surveys and studies of the site, together with the body of contextual information and knowledge available from written sources (both published and unpublished). Input is also required from those individuals and organisations with expertise in, or local knowledge of, relevant aspects of ecology. Early investigations into the potential for terrestrial wind farms in the UK to cause significant displacement or mortality of birds concluded that this was most unlikely in any but the most exceptional circumstances (see reviews of the topic by e.g. Percival (2000) and Gill et al (1996)). Although various post-construction ornithological monitoring studies are being undertaken in the UK, the results of few of these have yet been made publicly available. In predicting the effects of an individual wind farm, the consultant is therefore obliged to draw in addition on information from European and North American studies, and to relate results from offshore studies to the terrestrial environment71.

70 Due to the difficulty in estimating flying heights, birds were assigned to flight bands of <30 m, 30-120 m and >120 m and only birds recorded within the 30 m-120 m band were used in the collision risk model. The collision risk model includes a correction factor, based on upper and lower blade sweep, to account for the area within the collision risk band actually occupied by the rotor. 71 Results of monitoring at wind farm sites in Germany have recently been publicised, and some results of these are incorporated into this assessment. Until further contextual information regarding the sites of

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Evaluation of Effects An evaluation of the ornithological importance of the site of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm is included in Section 11.3. The criteria used for this evaluation and for the definition of effect magnitude are set out in Table 11.3 and Table 11.5 respectively. A matrix showing how ornithological value and effect magnitude are used to derive an assessment of the significance of effects is presented in Table 11.7. The evaluation of effect significance, which is based upon this significance matrix, is presented in Table 11.8.

11.3 Baseline

11.3.1 Baseline Description

Sites of Ornithological Importance and Bird Records There are no statutorily classified or notified sites, i.e. SPAs or SSSIs for which birds are primarily the reason for the designated within 5km of the proposed wind farm. Although a Schedule 172 bird (species not specified) is noted as breeding at Mynydd Ty-Isaf SSSI (approximately 3.8km away). Hirwaun Common is a potential Site of Interest for Nature Conservation. This potential non- statutory site encompasses both the open moorland on which the proposed wind farm would be constructed as well as the forested area to the west. The site descriptions mention the presence of peregrine in the area; in addition merlin have been noted on site by local birdwatchers on site and nightjar are known to breed within areas of clearfell within the forestry. The forestry plantation is also known to support a wide range of passerines including wintering great grey shrike. The potential for honey buzzard to occur at the site has been highlighted by consultees. Limited baseline data exists for this species, except that they have been recorded flying in the direction of the site (provided by the South Wales Raptor Study Group).

Breeding Bird Community Moorland Bird survey The breeding bird community present at Mynydd Bwlfa is largely typical of upland sites adjacent to coniferous plantation, and lacks waders and ground nesting raptors. The most common species recorded were meadow pipit, skylark and chaffinch. Other woodland edge species, including wren, robin and willow warbler were also common. Additional species seen during the course of the survey but not illustrating behaviour indicative of breeding included grey heron, linnet, jackdaw and swift. A single red kite flight was also observed.

these wind farms in relation to migration corridors and important bird areas becomes readily available, and verification of monitoring techniques is published, these should be treated with caution. 72 Listed on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 (as amended) and subject to additional protection to that which applies to all species of wild bird.

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The results of the Brown and Shepherd surveys are summarised in Appendix H, and a registration map showing the territory locations is shown in Figure 11.2a

Access track survey The most common species recorded were skylark and meadow pipit both of which were associated with open moorland. Woodland edge species, including wren, robin and willow warbler were also common. The results of the access route surveys are summarised in Appendix H and a registration map showing the territory locations recorded is shown in Figure 11.2b.

Vantage-point watches The only target species recorded from the vantage-points during the breeding season (in 2005 and 2006) was peregrine. In total 30 flights of peregrine were recorded in the general area with the vast majority of these taking place outside of the area in which the proposed turbines are situated (only 2 flights were within 200m of a proposed turbine location). The majority of the flights were away from the turbine area along rocky crags, through the Dare Valley Country Park and heading away from areas of plantation forestry. The majority of recorded flights were at collision risk height. Further details are provided in the confidential annex.

Wintering Bird Community Walkover surveys The wintering bird community at Mynydd Bwlfa is again typical of upland fringe and conifer forestry habitats, with common and widespread woodland birds, including, wren, goldcrest and blue tit being dominant. Skylarks and meadow pipits were also common and a few sightings of fieldfare or redwing were also made. Herring gulls, lesser black-backed gulls, and woodpigeons were also present in large numbers. The main species of note that was recorded during the winter walkover surveys were goshawk, golden plover and peregrine, all of which are considered to be target species. A goshawk was recorded flying within the survey area (through the forestry adjacent to the south eastern part of the site) on two occasions. Two to three individual golden plover were heard calling (and one was flushed) during the walk over survey in January 2006. Peregrines remained active close to the breeding locations detailed in the confidential annex.

Vantage-point Watches Three target species were recorded from vantage-points during the winter: peregrine (6 flights); hen harrier (2 flights) and golden plover (1 flight involving a flock of 48 birds). None of the 6 peregrine flights recorded during the winter vantage point surveys were within the proposed Mynydd Bwlfa wind farm area. The two hen harrier flights were both within the wind farm area although they were both under 10m in altitude and therefore well below collision risk height. The single flight of a golden plover flock was noted moving in a northerly direction across the site above collision risk height. Flight lines of hen harrier and golden plover are presented on Figure 11.3.

11.3.2 Evaluation of Resources The criteria used in assessing nature conservation importance are based on SNH and BWEA draft guidance (Percival et al. 1999) and expanded on in SNH (2006) and Percival (2007) are

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included in Table 11.173. However, when evaluating nature conservation importance, it is the value of the site for the species under consideration that is assessed in this ES, rather than the nature conservation importance of the species itself. To illustrate the rationale of this approach, while bullfinch would be considered to be a species of medium conservation importance under BWEA draft guidance by virtue of being a UKBAP Priority species, the value of a site which supported a pair of bullfinches or a single bird would be extremely limited, as the species remains common at the local, regional and national levels74. Therefore, in this case, nature conservation importance would be assessed as being ‘Low’. Therefore, while the nature conservation importance of the species present is taken into account, in order to assess nature conservation importance, the number of individuals of that species using the site, and the nature and level of this use, is taken into account, and an assessment is made of the value of the site to that species.

Table 11.1 Definition of Terms relating to Nature Conservation Importance of Site

VERY HIGH Regular presence of species that form the cited interest of SPAs and SSSIs.

HIGH Regular presence of:

other non-cited species which contribute to the integrity of an SPA or SSSI;

Ecologically sensitive species such as rare birds (<300 breeding pairs in the UK) and the less common birds of prey (golden eagle, honey buzzard, osprey, marsh harrier and hen harrier for example);

Species present in nationally important numbers (>1% Welsh population);

Species listed on Annex 1 of the EU Birds Directive and/or Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

MEDIUM Regular presence of:

Species in regionally important numbers (>1%75 regional population).

Species listed as priority species in UK Biodiversity Action Plan subject to special conservation measures that occur at high densities/numbers.

LOW Species covered above which are present very infrequently or in very low numbers.

Typical presence of high densities/numbers of any other species of conservation interest not covered above, e.g. species listed on the amber list of Birds of Conservation Concern (RSPB 2002).

NEGLIGIBLE Species of conservation interest, e.g. red or amber listed species which are present very infrequently or in very low numbers.

Species that remain common and widespread e.g. magpie, woodpigeon.

73 A category of negligible conservation importance has been added to a) ensure consistency with other sections of this ES, b) to allow the distinction between species of low importance (e.g. declining species listed on the amber or red lists of conservation concern) and those that have very large or growing populations and/or ubiquitous habitat preferences and c) to account for level of use of the site by species under question (also accounted for under the ‘low’ category when considering species of higher value). 74 The exception may be if the site was located outside the known range for a species for example. 75 Region is taken as eastern Glamorgan in this assessment, as baseline data exists for this area (the Glamorgan Bird Report).

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Breeding Bird Community The conservation importance of the breeding bird populations using the study area is summarised in Table 11.2 below. This table includes all the species noted during the breeding surveys that have a conservation importance or sensitivity that registers in the low to very high criteria of the BWEA and SNH. Additional species that were only observed over-flying the study area or that could potentially breed there have also been included.

Table 11.2 Conservation Evaluation of the Breeding Bird Populations at Mynydd Bwlfa

Species > 1% of EU Birds W & C BoCC BoCC UK BAP Conservation reg or nat Directive Act, Red Amber Priority Importance/ Pop. on Annex 1 Schedule List List Species Sensitivity Site 1 (where Data Exists)

Skylark 4 4 4 Medium

Stonechat 4 Low

Reed Bunting 4 4 Medium

Peregrine 4 (reg) 4 4 4 High

Song Thrush 4 4 Medium

Green 4 Low Woodpecker

Swallow 4 Low

Redstart 4 Low

Other species:

Redwing 4 4 High

Starling 4 Low

Linnet 4 4 Medium

Crossbill 4 High

The survey area supports species typical of heavily grazed grass dominated moorland and plantation forestry, with the bird community being dominated by skylark and meadow pipit. While skylark is a UK BAP priority species because of recent declines in population, it remains relatively common and widespread and it is estimated that the Welsh population is approximately 120,000-142,000 pairs. The national decline in the skylark population, which is believed to have affected the lowlands more than the uplands, is primarily related to the wide- scale intensification of agriculture, rather than as a result of the effect of individual developments. While a reasonably high number of skylark were recorded the area surveyed was extensive and included areas at significant distance from the wind farm site (over 2km). The

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density of breeding skylark was unexceptional (<10 pairs/km²) and the number of pairs breeding within the wind farm site and adjacent to it is unlikely to reach regional importance76 Coupled with the fact that habitat favoured by this species is widespread within the region, the nature conservation importance of Mynydd Bwlfa for skylark is considered to be low. This equally applies to all of the other passerines recorded during the breeding bird surveys. Goshawk was not recorded during any of the breeding bird surveys, but they are known to breed in the former counties of Glamorgan (up to nine pairs, Welsh Birds 2006) and they were observed during the winter surveys (see below). It is possible therefore, that goshawk could nest in the forestry to the south-west of the site (nearest turbine is approximately 250m from the forest edge). Goshawk generally make use of cover, for example woodland and hedgerows, in attempting to take prey (e.g. pigeons, pheasants, corvids and rabbits) by surprise and most flights tend to be relatively close to the ground (or tree tops). As a result, the use of open areas within which the wind farm would be located is likely to be relatively infrequent. The vantage point surveys did not record any goshawk flights during the breeding season, which suggests the site is not used extensively for foraging or commuting. Therefore, the site is considered to be of low nature conservation importance with regards to goshawk. Merlin have not been recorded on the Mynydd Bwlfa site during the surveys but have been recorded in the general area by local bird watchers. The habitat within the site boundary is mostly unsuitable for merlin to breed in given the relatively short sward caused by the extensive sheep grazing. Merlin could nest within rides in the adjacent forestry or within old crow’s nests. However as no merlin have been observed foraging across the proposed wind farm area the site is considered to be of low nature conservation importance with regards to this species. Nightjar occur in the general area and are likely to breed mainly within areas of recently cleared forest rather than within habitats such as those on the Mynydd Bwlfa site. Following the recent forestry felling programme in the area there is the potential for this species to breed in close proximity to the site and forage within it. The Mynydd Bwlfa site is exposed and is therefore unlikely to provide optimal foraging habitats, although some of the wetter areas are likely to produce flushes of reasonably sized prey items such as crane-flies at certain periods during the summer. Following evidence from radio-tracking (Cross et al. 2005) and radar studies (Walls et al. 2005) regarding foraging patterns and habitat usage it is apparent that nightjar spend the majority of their time (in mid-Wales) travelling through and foraging within forestry plantations. Although some flights across open areas have been recorded these make up a small proportion of nightjar activity and are mostly associated with commuting flights rather than for foraging. The site is considered to be of low nature conservation importance for nightjar. Honey buzzard are increasing in number in south Wales. The forestry adjacent to the site does have the potential to support this species although the site itself is usually too wet to support the normal sources of invertebrates that this species preys upon. As the forestry adjacent to the site is in the midst of a felling programme it is considered unlikely that breeding honey buzzard will be left with many opportunities to nest in close proximity to the site by the time any consented wind farm proposal at Mynydd Bwllfa has been constructed.

76 The bird reports used as a sources of contextual data (see section 11.2.3) provide population size information for specific sites, though did not estimate regional population sizes.

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Wintering Bird Community Most of the species recorded during the winter surveys are either resident in the forestry to the south or west of the site (e.g. blue tit) or are winter visitors (e.g. redwing). Other than goshawk, for which the site is considered to be of low nature conservation importance respectively (as previously described), the only other target species recorded were hen harrier and golden plover. Two hen harrier flights were recorded during the winter vantage point surveys. During the winter months hen harriers range widely in search of prey and it is likely these registrations of an adult male relate to the same individual as both were recorded in October. Given the low frequency of usage and the ranging nature of this species Mynydd Bwlfa is considered to be of low nature conservation importance with respect to hen harriers outside the breeding season due to the very limited use of the site. Golden plover were recorded on two occasions during winter, one involving a flock of 48 birds flying over the site at high altitude (February), the other involving a single bird that was flushed during a walkover survey (January). Given the very limited occurrence of this species, with a single record of one individual using the site, Mynydd Bwlfa is considered to be of negligible nature conservation importance with regards to golden plover.

11.3.3 Predicted Trends In the absence of development it is assumed that Mynydd Bwlfa will remain as moorland for the foreseeable future. While population sizes of individual bird species may fluctuate in response to changes in vegetation (which are primarily dictated by grazing), no significant change in the bird community associated with moorland within the site are predicted during the medium to long-term (up to 25 years). Further felling of the forestry adjacent to the site may occur, but this is unlikely to affect the populations of birds within the site. This felling is however likely to lead to changing patterns of some species such as nightjar. However, as a result of changes in the agricultural support regime it is possible that management of this area could change over the next 25 years. It is difficult to predict what this would mean for bird populations at Mynydd Bwlfa, and elsewhere, but it does mean that the projected life of the wind farm will coincide with what could be a time of considerable change in the pattern of agricultural land use. Such change will have direct effects on the sizes and distribution of bird populations, although these will be complex and, to a certain extent, species specific. Matters may be further complicated by the effects of climatic change on bird productivity, survival rates and breeding ranges. However, for the purposes of this EIA, it is assumed that there will be no significant changes in land management during the next 25 years, with sheep grazing continuing to be the primary land use practice. No significant change in the bird community associated with moorland areas is therefore predicted during the life of the wind farm.

11.4 Information Gaps The survey information used within the assessment is based on field surveys undertaken in 2005 and 2006. Although this information is not as current as would usually be expected within an Environmental Statement it is clear that the major ornithological issue for the area is peregrine. Although a lack of data from 2008/09 may be considered a data gap it is considered highly

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unlikely that any more recent information would result in a change in the conclusions drawn in this assessment. It is well known that a large wind farm will be proposed in the area of forestry to the west of the site. There is currently no information available concerning this proposal and therefore could be considered to be an information gap.

11.5 Constraints to Development The wind farm design has been refined as constraints, including ornithological issues, have been identified through the EIA process, further details of which are presented in the confidential annex.

11.6 Project Assumptions The following section outlined the changes that have been made to the wind farm layout to reduce potential adverse effects on birds. This section describes relevant mitigation and enhancement measures which will be incorporated into how the wind farm is constructed, operated and decommissioned. Short-term impacts due to construction activity are considered under the construction phase and long-term impacts that occur as a result of the development are considered under the operation phase.

11.6.1 Construction

Timing of Construction Works Ground clearance works will be initiated prior to the breeding season to reduce the risk of affecting ground nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit.

Disturbance Free Areas during Breeding Season To prevent disturbance to breeding species such as goshawk, peregrine and nightjar a number of turbines, and associated infrastructure, will be constructed outside of the breeding season; these turbines are 1, 4, 5, 10, 11 and 12. It should be noted that both goshawk and nightjar nests have not been located in the forestry and newly created areas of clearfell and therefore this proposed mitigation is entirely precautionary.

11.6.2 Operational Phase

Electric Cables All electric cables linking the wind turbines with the on-site substation will be underground which will avoid the risk of bird collisions. The substation will be located close to the existing national grid network such that over-head cabling to link in to this infrastructure will be minimised thereby reducing the risk of bird collisions.

11.6.3 Decommissioning Decommissioning will not involve major ground-works as the turbines will be dismantled and taken from the site using existing areas of hard-standing, while bases, cable trenches and tracks

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are likely to be left in-situ. As potential impacts largely relate to temporary disturbance over a relatively short-period, no significant impacts on birds are anticipated and no mitigation and offsetting/enhancement measures are therefore proposed. However, the level of mitigation and offsetting/enhancement measures required would be reviewed prior to decommissioning works taking place as it is acknowledged that the bird community present may change in the intervening period.

11.6.4 Enhancement Measures Mynydd Bwlfa will be the focus of a Habitat Management Plan (HMP). This plan aims to improve the quality of many of the habitats on site including blanket bog; it also focuses on the marsh frittilary. These general measures are likely to benefit the general breeding bird community on the site. Details of the HMP can be found in the Appendix to Chapter 10.

11.6.5 Monitoring An ornithologist will be appointed to oversee the implementation of a programme of bird monitoring, with breeding bird surveys being carried out on a regular basis throughout the projected 25-year life of the wind farm. This programme will include both surveys to monitor the general breeding bird community (achieved through repeated Moorland Bird Survey) and the target species in the general vicinity (described in the confidential annex). To this end, an outline bird-monitoring programme (OBMP), will be developed and refined, in consultation with CCW and RSPB, to produce a detailed BMP following the grant of consent for development of the wind farm. The findings of the BMP will be submitted to CCW and RSPB with the principal aim of increasing the amount of bird-wind farm interaction data that is currently available.

11.6.6 Summary of Project Assumptions Table 11.3 provides a summary of the mitigation measures proposed, identifying the mechanism by which the mitigation will be secured, and assessing its anticipated effectiveness in mitigating the effects.

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Table 11.3 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Incorporated Measures Likely Potential Effects Effectiveness

Construction Phase

Target species Disturbance during Wind farm design has taken in to account Fully construction and loss of breeding locations (see confidential annex) and foraging area. construction will be undertaken outside of the breeding period in areas relatively close to potential breeding locations (e.g. forestry edges).

Ground nesting Damage/destruction of Ground clearance to take place prior to the Substantially birds active nests leading to breeding season. poor breeding success

Operational Phase

Target species Collision with overhead All electric cables linking the wind turbines with Substantially lines the on-site sub station will be underground. Off- site cabling from the substation will be overhead for a very short distance until it connects with the national grid network. Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some effects possible, which are discussed in Section 13.6 Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

11.7 Predicted Effects This section takes into account the mitigation measures described in the previous section and an assessment of residual impacts and effects once these have been taken into consideration is presented. With regards to evaluating the magnitude of the impact in relation to the resource, this has also been evaluated on the basis of the draft guidelines developed by SNH and BWEA, and is set out in Table 11.4.

Table 11.4 Definition of Terms Relating to the Magnitude of Effects

VERY HIGH Total loss or very major alteration to key elements/features of the baseline conditions such that the post development character/composition/attributes will be fundamentally changed and may be lost from the site altogether.

HIGH Major loss or major alteration to key elements/features of the baseline (pre-development) conditions such that post development character/composition/attributes will be fundamentally changed.

MEDIUM Loss or alteration to one or more key elements/features of the baseline conditions such that post development character/composition/attributes of baseline will be partially changed.

LOW Minor shift away from baseline conditions. Change arising from the loss/alteration will be discernible but underlying character/composition/attributes of baseline condition will be similar to pre- development circumstances/patterns.

NEGLIGIBLE Very slight change from baseline condition. Change barely distinguishable, approximating to the “no change” situation.

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11.7.1 Construction Impacts

Disturbance Wind farm construction will last 9-12 months with the possibility of at least one breeding and one winter season being affected. Construction activities may temporarily displace some birds using the development area, the level of impact depending on:

• the timing of potentially disturbing activities;

• the degree of displacement (spatially and temporally);

• the size, suitability and proximity of habitats available for displaced birds to occupy; and

• the capacity of alternative habitats to accommodate birds. Disturbance impacts on birds due to construction activities of this type have not yet been quantified in the literature. This is largely as a result of two factors: • disturbance during construction is generally short-term and can be readily mitigated against by avoiding sensitive areas and by timing construction outside certain periods where sensitive species are present; and

• it is generally accepted that potentially the more significant effects on birds as a result of wind farms are related to operational disturbance and collision mortality and, therefore, most studies of wind farm - bird interactions concentrate on these issues (SNH 2002). It is likely that construction impacts will be greatest on species that are intolerant of noise and other sources of disturbance. Current evidence suggests that impacts on most common upland species will be relatively low because they are able to habituate to disturbance close to otherwise favourable habitats. For example skylark numbers remained unchanged during construction at Hare Hill Windfarm (Ayrshire) during wind farm construction. It is however possible that some breeding pairs may be disturbed by construction activities at Mynydd Bwlfa. A worst case scenario is that disturbance will result in a reduction in productivity (i.e. more nest failures/fewer young fledged) of some breeding pairs during the single breeding season during which construction will be carried out. Given the temporary nature of this disturbance, the relatively low density of breeding birds in the areas of turbine and the restricted number of species present (meadow pipit and skylark are the pre-dominant species close to proposed turbine locations) it is unlikely that any long-term change in breeding bird populations would occur at Mynydd Bwlfa and effect magnitude is considered to be negligible.

11.7.2 Operational Impacts

Land-take The total land-take by access tracks, turbine bases, hard standings and ancillary structures will result in the permanent loss of approximately 7.8ha (which represents approximately 3.2% of the application area) of vegetation that is widespread in the local area. Therefore the permanent loss of nesting and foraging habitat for birds will be very small and it is predicted that this will have little if any, effect on bird populations and magnitude of effect is therefore considered to be negligible.

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Displacement Due to Disturbance It is apparent that most species of birds are relatively tolerant of the presence of operational wind turbines (e.g. Devereux et al. 2008, Madsen & Boertmann 2008, Hötker et al. 2006, Drewitt & Langston 2006, de Lucas et al. 2005) with little or no effects being shown across a range of species and studies. Breeding birds have been found to be unaffected at distances greater than 300m from a turbine (Gill et al 1996; Percival, 1998). Given the species at Mynydd Bwlfa that breed close to wind turbine positions are all passerines (see confidential annex for information regarding peregrine) it is notable that in two recent papers no significant displacement effects were detected (Devereux et al. 2008, de Lucas et al. 2005) in this group. Further still the species of greatest nature conservation importance breeding close to the proposed wind turbines at Mynydd Bwlfa (namely skylark) showed no effects of displacement in either study. Target species that may use the area of the proposed wind farm for foraging are unlikely to be significantly impacted upon if they are dissuaded from hunting within the Mynydd Bwlfa site. Nightjar have been shown to concentrate their foraging within forestry rides and plantations in mid-Wales (Cross et al. 2005) and in areas close to woodland edge and other sheltered spots adjacent to moorland in northern England (Walls et al. 2005). Goshawk and peregrine may use open areas of moorland to hunt across, however both are species that have large home-ranges and area therefore unlikely to have this area reduced significantly if they avoid the wind farm area completely. As the breeding bird community in the wind farm area belong to a group of birds that shows high levels of tolerance to operational wind turbines and that the winter bird community is relatively sparse the magnitude of effect due to displacement on the ornithological resource at Mynydd Bwlfa is negligible.

Collision with Turbines Birds that collide with a turbine are likely to be killed or fatally injured. The level of collision will depend on the extent to which birds avoid flying into a wind farm site (displacement) and the ability of birds to detect and manoeuvre around rotating turbine blades when in a wind farm site (avoidance). The indications from studies so far (for a review see Hötker et al 2006) suggest that collisions are rare events and occur mainly at sites where there are unusual concentrations of birds and turbines, or where the behaviour of the birds concerned leads to high-risk situations. Examples include migration flyways, areas where the food resource is exceptional, “wind wall” turbine layouts, and the use of lattice towers that attract perching birds. The main birds at risk of collision are likely to be those nesting within wind farms as these would be expected to be regularly flying between turbines. However, existing evidence suggests that these birds collide with turbines only infrequently, and most of the species concerned are of low nature conservation importance. Collision is therefore mainly considered in relation to species of high sensitivity, i.e. target raptor species and species not particularly manoeuvrable in flight, such as geese and swans (SNH 2002). At Mynydd Bwlfa, the only target species observed flying within the wind farm site at collision risk height was peregrine as all the other target species, i.e. goshawk, golden plover and hen harrier were observed outside the wind farm site and/or outside collision risk height. Two peregrine flights were noted in the area of the proposed Mynydd Bwlfa wind farm during the vantage point watches in 2006. These surveys were focused on observing peregrine breeding locations and therefore did not cover the whole of the wind farm area. It is therefore

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not possible to use this data effectively within the standard collision risk model. However given the very low number of flights recorded for this species and the accepted high avoidance rate of this species (98%+) the effect of collision with wind turbines on this species is considered to be negligible. Other target species that may be fly across the site, but were not recorded, are not thought to be at significant risk of collision with wind turbines. Studies of foraging nightjar in northern England did not record any flights of this species at heights over 15m and therefore well below the sweep of turbine blades. The majority of merlin flights are undertaken at low levels (below 10m) due to the type of hunting behaviour they exhibit. Given that it is display flights, the mobbing of predators near nests and early flights of fledglings that are usually over this height it is unlikely that merlin are at significant risk of collision from the proposed Mynydd Bwlfa wind farm. This is because the habitats present are not of particularly good quality for breeding.

Collision with Electric Cables All electric cables linking the wind turbines with the on-site substation will be underground to minimise the risk of bird collisions. The location of the substation is to be adjacent to the 132kV national grid network as such the length of overhead cable will be minimal. Therefore, there will be no additional risk of collision with overhead lines at Mynydd Bwlfa.

Decommissioning Impacts Turbine removal may cause disturbance to birds breeding and foraging within the wind farm site. The level of impact will depend on the bird species present at the time of decommissioning and cannot be reliably predicted at this stage. However, it is likely that impact will be temporary, affecting one breeding season at worst and, if necessary, similar mitigation measures to those described for the construction period would be employed. In view of this, the impact magnitude is predicted to be low. Survey work should be commissioned prior to decommissioning of the wind farm to identify any bird impacts that might be considered.

11.7.3 Cumulative Impacts and Effects It is possible that a series of wind farms could lead to an increased risk of collision as the individual birds range across the area occupied by them. Alternatively (since collision and displacement are often considered to be antagonistic77), assuming all birds within 300 m of turbines are displaced, a number of individuals could be displaced from potentially large areas as a result of multiple wind farms. Within 10km of the site boundary there is one other windfarm site (excluding the abandoned Ferndalee wind farm) which has received planning consent. Further details of this wind farm are listed in Table 11.5.

77 Some birds such as golden eagle, buzzard, red kite etc that may avoid a wind farm (and are therefore effectively displaced from the area) may be drawn back into the area due, for example to an exceptional supply of carrion. It may also be that as birds become habituated to a wind farm they become more willing to forage within closer proximity or even within it.

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Table 11.5 Information on Windfarms within 10km of the Hirwaun Site

Windfarm Approximate Number Approximate Land Information on Birds Distance from of take, including Maerdy Turbines Turbine Bases, Substation and New Access Roads (and Habitats if known)

Maerdy Adjacent to the 8 8.9ha Bird community typical of upland fringe south habitat. Peregrine and merlin seen once Acid grassland, wet during vantage point survey but not at modified bog and collision risk height. marshy grassland

In addition Nuon have announced their intention to construct a large wind farm in the forestry known as Pen y Cymoedd. This is not the subject of an application for consent and as such information pertaining to ornithological surveys is not publically available. It is assumed that a cumulative assessment of the baseline including Mynydd Bwllfa will be included with the Pen Y Cymoedd ES. Overall, the bird communities at the two wind farms (Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa) are broadly similar and comprise bird species typical of the habitats present (which are also similar). The total, combined loss of habitat as a result of land take (16.7ha) is very small compared with the area of land available within a 10km radius of the site (314km2), representing 0.054% of this wider area. While it is acknowledged that not all of the land within this wider area will be suitable for birds, it is nonetheless considered that the loss of a relatively small area of habitat will have a negligible effect on the integrity the populations of those species occurring on the wind farm sites. As already stated, many birds remain unaffected by disturbance during the operation of wind farms and from the information available there are no species present at Maerdy which would be particularly sensitive to this kind of disturbance and would be displaced as a result. Therefore, the cumulative effect of displacement is also likely to be negligible. Peregrine and merlin were observed at Maerdy. In addition hen harrier was recorded at Mynydd Bwlfa. Collision risk has not been calculated at Maerdy because no target species were recorded at collision risk height. Therefore, based on the assessments for Maerdy it is reasonable to assume the collision risk to these target species of raptor would be negligible. Therefore the cumulative effect of both wind farms on the collision risk to target species will be no greater than that for Mynydd Bwlfa alone, which was assessed as not significant.

11.7.4 Evaluation of Effects

Criteria for Evaluation The following four criteria have been used in evaluating the ornithological impacts of the proposed Mynydd Bwlfa Wind farm development:

• The nature conservation importance or ‘sensitivity’ of the site for the resource under consideration;

• The magnitude of the impact in relation to the resource that has been evaluated;

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• The type of effect, i.e. whether it is positive, negative, neutral or uncertain;

• The probability of the effect occurring based on the scale of certain, likely or unlikely. The nature conservation importance of the site are combined with the magnitude of an effect to produce the matrix in Table 11.6 and this is used as the basis of the assessment of overall significance of effects, together with considerations of the probability of the effect occurring, in Table 11.7.

Table 11.6 Significance Matrix

Magnitude Sensitivity (Nature Conservation Importance)

Very High High Medium Low Negligible

Very High Significant Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant

High Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

Medium Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

Low Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

Negligible Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

This matrix is also based on draft SNH/BWEA guidelines (Percival, Band & Leeming, 1999), although the terminology has been adapted slightly to ensure consistency with other sections of this ES. Thus the ‘high’, ‘moderate’ and ‘low’ levels of significance used by BWEA have been replaced with ‘Significant’ and ‘Not significant’ in the table. Table 11.7 summarises the ornithological effects of the proposed development and assesses their significance78.

78 The assessment of significance in relation to peregrine is excluded from Table 10.8 and is detailed in the confidential annex.

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11.8 Summary of Predicted Effects

Table 11.7 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Effect Type of Probability Nature Magnitude of Significance Effect of Effect Conservation Effect Occurring Importance of Site Level Rationale

Construction

Changes to populations of -ve Unlikely Low Negligible Not Significant Mynydd Bwlfa is considered to be of low importance with breeding passerines as a regards to breeding species and any disturbance will be result of disturbance temporary in nature. Evidence also suggests that passerines (including skylark) are relatively tolerant of disturbance

Operation

Loss of potential -ve Certain Low Negligible Not Significant Less than 1% of the survey area would be lost as a passerine nesting habitat result of wind farm infrastructure. While additional areas as a result of of nesting habitat may be ‘lost’ as a result of infrastructure land-take displacement, similar nesting/foraging areas are present within the survey area

Displacement of breeding -ve Uncertain Low Low Not Significant Mynydd Bwlfa is considered to be of no more than low passerines due to importance with regards to breeding passerines and disturbance similar nesting/ foraging areas are present outside the theoretical area where displacement may occur.

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Table 11.7 (continued) Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Effect Type of Probability Nature Magnitude of Significance Effect of Effect Conservation Effect Occurring Importance of Site Level Rationale

Displacement of foraging -ve Uncertain Low Low Not Significant An unremarkable level of use was recorded and there is raptors similar habitat within the wider area that could potentially accommodate displaced birds.

Collision of birds with -ve Unlikely Negligible Negligible Not Significant Waders and passerines are not considered to be at turbines particular risk of collision. In the unlikely event of collision, the loss of small numbers of birds will not have a detectable impact on their populations Hen harrier and goshawk used the site infrequently and were not observed within the collision risk area.

Collision of birds with -ve Unlikely Low- High Negligible Not Significant All electric cables linking the wind turbines with the on overhead cables site substation will be underground and the wind farm will be connected to the local distribution in close proximity to the substation.

Key: Type Probability Nature Magnitude Significance Conservation Importance of Site

- ve = Certain Very High Very High Major Negative Likely High High Minor +ve = Positive Unlikely Medium Medium Not Significant ? = Unknown Low Low 0 = Neutral Negligible

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11.9 Implementation of Project Assumptions The project assumptions, presented in Table 11.8, can be implemented satisfactorily.

Table 11.8 Implementation of Incorporated Mitigation Measures

Assumption/ Monitoring Proposal Responsibility for Implementation Mechanism Implementation

Construction Phase

Ground preparation outside of breeding season Construction Planning condition Contractor

Constructionof certain turbines outside of breeding Construction Planning condition season Contractor

11.10 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The bird community present at Mynydd Bwlfa is largely typical of upland sites adjacent to conifer forestry. The most common species recorded were meadow pipit, skylark and chaffinch. Other woodland edge species, including wren, robin and willow warbler were also common. Additional species of note which were recorded infrequently were goshawk, hen harrier and golden plover. Mmeasures have been incorporated into the design of the wind farm to minimise potentially negative effects on birds. Residual impacts on birds through disturbance, displacement or collision with turbines is predicted to be negligible or low, this assessment being based on survey results and desk study. Mynydd Bwlfa is considered to be a suitable location in which to undertake post-construction monitoring of birds in relation to the presence of a wind farm and an outline bird monitoring plan is proposed, details of which are provided in a confidential annex that assesses the potential impact of the wind farm on peregrine.

11.11 References Band, W., Madders, M. & Whitfield, D.P. 2005. Developing field and analytical methods to assess avian collision risk at wind farms. In: Birds and Wind farms. de Lucas, M, Janss, G. and Ferrer, M. (eds). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Benner, J.H.B., Berkhuizen, J.C., de Graaf, R.J. and Postma, A.D. (1993). Impact of wind turbines on birdlife. Report no. 9247. Consultants on Energy and the Environment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Campbell, B & Lack, E. (1985). A dictionary of birds. T&AD Poyser, London.

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Cramp, S. (1998). The complete birds of the Western Palearctic on CD Rom. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cross, T., Lewis, J., Lloyd, J., Morgan, C. & Rees, D. (2005) Science for Conservation Management: European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus Breeding Success and Foraging Behaviour in Upland Coniferous Forests in Mid-Wales. A collaborative project between A.V. Cross, Brecknock Wildlife Trust and the Forestry Commission in 2004 & 2005. Crockford, N.J. (1992). A review of the possible impacts of wind farms on birds and other wildlife. JNCC report no. 27, Peterborough. de lucas, M, Janss, G.F.E. & Ferrer, M. (2005) A bird and small mammal BACI and IG design studies in a wind farm in Malpica (Spain). Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 3289 - 3303 Desholm, M & Kahlert, J. (2005). Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm. Biological Letters. Devereux, C.L., Denny, M.J.H. & Whittingham, M.J. (2008) Minimal effects of wind turbines on the distribution of wintering farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1689 – 1694. Drewitt, A.L. & Langston, R.H.W. (2006) Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis 148: 29-42. EAS. (1993). Ovenden Moor ornithological monitoring. Report to Yorkshire Windpower, Keighley. Ecological Advisory Service. Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. (1993). The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. T & AD Poyser. Gill, J.P., Townsley, M. and Mudge, G.P. (1996). Review of the impacts of wind farms and other aerial structures upon birds. SNH Review 21, 68pp.

Glen Kemp Hankinson. (1998) The birds of working opencast coal sites. Unpublished report for Scottish Coal. Hötker, H., Thomsen, K-M. & Jeromin, H. (2006) Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy sources: the example of birds and bats - facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation. Michael-Otto-Institut im NABU, Bergenhusen. Langston, R.H.W. & Pullan, J.D., (2003). Wind farms and Birds: An analysis of the effects of wind farms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site selection issues. Birdlife International. Madders, M. (date unspecified) Draft method statement for vantage-point watches. Unpublished note to SNH. Madsen, J. & Boertmann, D. (2008) Animal behavioural adaption to changing landscapes: spring-staging geese habituate to wind farms. Landscape Ecology 23: 1007 – 1011. Percival, S.M. (1998). Birds and Turbines: managing potential planning issues. Proc. of the 20th BWEA Conference 1998, pp 345-350. Percival, S.M. (2000). Birds and wind turbines in Britain. British Wildlife 12:1, pp 8-15.

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Percival, S.M. (2005). Birds and wind farms: what are the real issues? British Birds 98: 194- 204). Scottish Natural Heritage (2000) Methodology for assessing the effects of wind farms on ornithological interests. SNH Guidance Note Series. Scottish Natural Heritage (2002). Survey methods to assess wind farm impacts on upland bird communities. SNH, Battleby. Thomas, R. (1999). Renewable Energy and Environmental Impacts in the UK; Birds and Wind Turbines. MRes thesis, University College London. Vauk, G. (1990). Biological and ecological study of the effects of construction and operation of wind power sites. Jahrgang/Sonderheft, Endbericht. Norddeutsche Naturschutzakemie, Germany. Walls, R.J., Brown, M.B. & Parnell, M. (2005) Monitoring European Nightjar, Caprimigus europaeus movements using Bird Detection Radar around the proposed Tween Bridge Wind Farm, Thorne Moors, South Yorkshire. Report to E.On Climate & Renewables. Whitfield, D.P. & Madders, M. (2005). A review of the impacts of wind farms on hen harriers Circus cyaneus. Natural Research Information Note 1. Natural Research Ltd. Banchory, UK. Winkelmann, J.E. (1994). Bird/wind turbine investigations in Europe. Proc. of the National Avian Wind Power Planning Meeting, Denver, Colorado, pp 43-48. Benner, J.H.B., Berkhuizen, J.C., de Graaf, R.J. and Postma, A.D. 1993. Impact of wind turbines on birdlife. Report no. 9247. Consultants on Energy and the Environment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

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12. Traffic and Transport

12.1 Introduction This chapter assesses the transport impacts related to the proposed wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa, in Rhondda Cynon Taff, South Wales. A total of 12 turbines are proposed on the site. The main transport impacts will be associated with the movements of commercial Heavy Goods Vehicles79 (HGVs) to and from the site during the construction phase of the development. Once the wind farm is operational, it is envisaged that the amount of traffic associated with the scheme would be minimal. Occasional visits may be made to the site for maintenance activities. The vehicle used for these visits is likely to be a 4x4 or similar and there may be an occasional need for an HGV to access the site for maintenance and repairs. It is considered that the effects of operational traffic would be negligible and therefore detailed consideration of the operational phase of the development is not included in this assessment. The wind farm will be designed with an operational life of 25 years. At the end of this period the developer will have a number of options available: • to dismantle and remove the turbines;

• to apply for an extension to the operating period using existing equipment; or

• to apply for an extension to the operating period using new turbines. Should the turbines be decommissioned at this time, there may be an impact on the local highway network due to the movements of HGVs associated with the removal of equipment and materials from the site. However, any baseline data collected for the purposes of the current assessment will no longer be relevant at such an extended assessment horizon. There is therefore no consideration of possible decommissioning impacts included as part of this assessment.

12.2 Scope and Methodology

12.2.1 Policy and Guidance The following guidance documents have been taken into account in this assessment:

• ‘Guidance on Transport Assessment’ - Department for Community and Local Government and Department for Transport (DCLG & DfT), 2007, and

79 Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) are defined as goods vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle weight of 7.5 tonnes.

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• ‘Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic’ - Institute of Environmental Assessment (IEA80), 1993. The DCLG/DfT Guidance on Transport Assessment refers to Circular 02/99 for details on environmental assessment. Circular 02/99 does not provide specific guidance on approach assessment; therefore reference has been made to earlier guidance documents. The Institute of Highways and Transportation (IHT) document ‘Guidelines for Traffic Impact Assessments’, recommends that Environmental Statements for large developments should be assessed in accordance with the IEA’s ‘Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic’, referred to as ‘IEMA Guidelines’. The methodology used in this assessment adheres to that set out in that document and therefore focuses on: • potential effects on local road users and the users of those roads; and

• potential effects on land uses and environmental resources fronting those roads, including the relevant occupiers and users. The following rules, taken from the IEMA Guidelines, have been used as a screening process to define the scale and extent of this assessment: • Rule 1: Include highway links where traffic flows are predicted to increase by more than 30% (or where the number of heavy goods vehicles81 (HGVs) is predicted to increase by more than 30%); • Rule 2: Include any other specifically sensitive areas where traffic flows are predicted to increase by 10% or more. Sensitivity can be defined by the road user groups such as school children and the elderly or routes where there is sizeable pedestrian activity but poor pedestrian facilities. A ‘sensitive’ area may be adjacent to a school. It should be noted that increases below 10% are generally considered to be insignificant given that daily variations in background traffic flow may fluctuate by this amount. Changes in traffic flows below this level are therefore assumed to result in no discernible environmental impact. It is important that the environmental assessment determines whether a given impact is significant or not. There are various ways of interpreting whether or not an effect is significant and the following guidance is given in the IEMA Guidelines: “For many effects there are no simple rules or formulae which define the thresholds of significance and there is, therefore, a need for interpretation and judgement on the part of the assessor, backed-up by data or quantified information wherever possible. Such judgements will include the assessment of the numbers of people experiencing a change in environmental impact as well as the assessment of the damage to various natural resources.” (Page 30)

80 Now the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA). 81 Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) are defined as goods vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle weight of 7.5 tonnes.

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Therefore a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques are employed to determine the significance of environmental effects.

12.2.2 Scope It is anticipated that construction traffic travelling to the site will arrive from the north, east and west. It is assumed that traffic travelling from the north will travel on the A4059 (Pontpren) before joining the A465(T) (Heads of the Valleys/ Brecon Road) from which the site will be accessed. Construction arriving from the east is likely to travel on the A465(T) from Merthyr Tydfil. Traffic is assumed to arrive from the west from the M4 and travel to the site via the A465(T) (Heads of the Valleys Road). The site will be accessed from the A465(T) between its roundabout junction with the A4059/A4061 to the west of Hirwaun and the roundabout junction with the A0459 to the east of Hirwaun. For the robustness of this assessment consideration has been given to 100% of the construction traffic arriving from the north, 100% from the east and 100% from the west. In reality, it is likely that construction traffic will be split between the north, east and west. Figure 12.1 shows the proposed site access location. It is not considered necessary to consider the impacts of additional traffic on the highway network any further afield than the A465(T) and A4059 as impacts are likely to be negligible as development traffic becomes diluted through distribution on the wider road network and through higher background traffic flows. In particular, the A465(T) at this location is part of the Trunk Road network, and is therefore already subject to large flows of traffic. Figure 12.1 shows the assumed route for construction traffic. Abnormal loads relating to the turbine components and equipment are proposed to travel eastbound from the port at Swansea along the A483 to the M4. Abnormal loads will leave the M4 at Junction 43 and continue north-east on the A465(T) to Hirwaun. Vehicle movements during operation of the wind farm will be small and will principally involve only one or two private vehicle/ van movements with the occasional need for HGVs. On this basis the impact is likely to be insignificant and therefore further assessment is not considered necessary. As noted in Section 12.1, there is no consideration of possible decommissioning of the wind farm in this assessment.

12.2.3 Survey Methodologies In order to establish the baseline situation, traffic survey data was requested from the Capita Glamorgan Consultancy for the A465(T) and A4059. Details of the manual turning counts undertaken at the A465(T), Heads of the Valleys/Brecon Road and A465(T) Heads of the Valleys/Rhigos Road roundabout junctions are provided in Table 12.1.

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Table 12.1 Traffic Survey Data

Count Site Location Month/Year Monitoring Period

1 A465, Heads of the Valleys/Rhigos October 2008 1 day/AM &PM Peak hr Road

2 A465, Heads of the October 2008 1 day/AM &PM Peak hr Valleys/Brecon Road

The locations of the surveys are shown on Figure 12.1.

12.3 Baseline Description

12.3.1 Existing Highway Network A465(T) (Heads of the Valleys Road) is a two lane dual carriageway and forms part of the Trunk Road Network, owned and maintained by the South Wales Trunk Road Agency (SWTRA). This road is likely to be subject to large traffic flows. The A465(T) is a cross country strategic route between Junction 43 of the M4 (Llandarcy) to Hereford. There are no pedestrian facilities or development frontages on the A465(T) in the vicinity of the site. The majority of the route is of a rural open nature and sided by grass verges. The A4059 (Pontpren) is a single lane two-way cross country route which connects the A465(T) at Hirwaun to the A470 in the Brecon Beacons National Park to the north. The route is subject to a 60mph speed limit and is of a rural open nature sided by grass verges until the road travels through Penderyn off which several developments are accessed. There are no pedestrian facilities or development frontages on the A4059 in the vicinity of the site. The A465(T) towards Methyr Tydfil is a single lane two way carriageway and forms part of the Trunk Road Network, owned and maintained by the South Wales Trunk Road Agency (SWTRA). As described above, there are no pedestrian facilities or development frontages on the A465(T) in the vicinity of the site.

12.3.2 Existing Traffic Flows Existing weekday two-way traffic flows at each count site are detailed in Table 12.2. Factors have then been applied to convert the turning count data to the times during which the site is likely to be open for construction vehicle movements.

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Table 12.2 Estimated Base Traffic Flows Mon-Fri 12 hour (07:00-19:00)*

Count Site Location Year HGVs Total Vehicles

1 A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 2008 2,002 18,411

2 A4059 to Pontpren 2008 1,351 5,762

3 A465 (leading to Hirwaun roundabout) 2008 2,012 21,272

4 A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) towards 2008 1,801 16,690 Merthyr Tydfil *Peak Hour traffic flows are assumed to be 10.2% and 7.2% for LV’s and HGVs respectively, of the 12 hour period. This figure has been calculated from data within the National Core Census, DfT Table 3.3.

12.3.3 Personal Injury Accident Data Statistics of personal injury accidents (PIAs) were reviewed in order to determine whether there is a history of accidents in the vicinity of the site along the proposed haulage route. Statistics of PIAs have been obtained from Capita Glamorgan Consultancy for A465 (Heads of the Valleys Road) between its roundabout junction with the A4059 and the Neath Port Talbot County border to the east; A465 (leading to Hirwaun roundabout); A465(T) between the A4059 and Croesbychan toward Merthyr Tydfil; and the A4059 between the A465 and Penderyn. PIAs have been obtained for a three year period between 01 July 2005 to 30 June 2008. The accident assessment area is shown in Figure 12.1.

Table 12.3 Summary of Recorded PIAs on the A465 and the A4059

Severity of Injury Year Location Slight Serious Fatal

A465 (Heads of the 2005 2 0 0 Valley Road)

A4059 to Pontpren 1 0 0

A465 (leading to Hirwaun 0 0 0 roundabout)

A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 0 0 0 towards Merthyr Tydfil

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Table 12.3 (continued) Summary of Recorded PIAs on the A465 and the A4059

Severity of Injury Year Location Slight Serious Fatal

A465 (Heads of the 2006 3 0 0 Valley Road)

A4059 to Pontpren 2 0 0

A465 (leading to Hirwaun 1 0 0 roundabout)

A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 6 0 0 towards Merthyr Tydfil

A465 (Heads of the 2007 3 0 0 Valley Road)

A4059 to Pontpren 1 0 0

A465 (leading to Hirwaun 0 0 0 roundabout)

A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 1 0 0 towards Merthyr Tydfil

A465 (Heads of the 2008 0 0 0 Valley Road)

A4059 to Pontpren 0 1 0

A465 (leading to Hirwaun 0 0 0 roundabout)

A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 0 0 0 towards Merthyr Tydfil

Total 20 1 0

Table 12.3 shows that, in three years a total of 25 PIAs were recorded within the assessment area. Only one accident was classified as ‘serious’ and there were no ‘fatal’ accidents.

12.3.4 Evaluation of Resources No sensitive areas, as defined by the IEMA Guidelines, have been identified along the construction routes. Therefore, only an increase of 30% or more in the proportion of HGVs would trigger a detailed evaluation of the effects on this road.

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12.3.5 Predicted Trends Background traffic flows are predicted to increase, even if the development does not go ahead, and need to be established in order to make a robust assessment of effects. The existing traffic counts therefore require a growth factor to be applied, from the date of count, to adjust the data to the expected values in the year of assessment. In this case the assessment year is assumed to be 2010, the year during which construction is expected to take place. The growth factor used is the central estimate taken from the 1997 National Road Traffic Forecasts82 (Great Britain), i.e. 2.94% growth from 2008 to 2010 when construction of the wind farm may start. Table 12.4 shows the resultant base traffic flows in 2010.

Table 12.4 Predicted Daily Average Baseline Two-way Traffic Flows (2010)

Count Site Location HGVs Total Vehicles

1 A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) 2,061 18,952

2 A4059 to Pontpren 1,391 5,931

3 A465 (leading to Hirwaun roundabout) 2,071 21,897

4 A465 (Heads of the Valley Road) towards 1,854 17,181 Merthyr Tydfil

12.3.6 Information Gaps Capita Glamorgan Consultancy was unable to provide full classification of PIA data at the time of the data request. As a result, it was not possible to record how many vulnerable road users (Motor Cyclists; Pedal Cyclists and Pedestrians) were involved in the accidents detailed in Table 12.3.

12.4 Project Assumptions The following assumptions form part of the project description and as such will be implemented in order to control environmental impacts that could occur and that could be significant during construction: • All construction vehicles and site personnel will be instructed to use only the approved access routes to the site;

• Construction plant, equipment and vehicles will be parked onsite. No vehicles associated with the proposed wind farm will be parked on the public roads;

82 National Road Traffic Forecasts (NRTF) consider the effects of congestion and nominal capacity constraints to generate low, central and high estimates of traffic growth in future years. The central estimate is considered to be the most likely outcome in most cases.

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• A Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared for the construction phase of the proposed wind farm. This TMP is likely to include details on car parking, measures to encourage multi-occupancy of vehicles, and the timing of site deliveries to ensure there is no congestion on the local road network;

• Wheel and vehicle body washing facilities will be provided in order to keep the site entrances and routes used by construction vehicles free from vehicle deposits and debris; • Road sweeping facilities will be provided, as required, in order to keep site entrances and routes used by construction vehicles free from vehicle deposits and debris. Road sweeping will also be undertaken at frequent intervals; • Following discussion and agreement with the local highway authority, appropriate information and signs will be provided on the approach to the proposed site accesses; • The police will be notified when abnormal loads i.e. turbine components are being transported. Measures will also be required to minimise potentially significant environmental impacts occurring from the transportation of construction materials (e.g. noise, dust and the risk of water pollution). Whilst these impacts are discussed within the Hydrogeology, Hydrology and Flood Risk and Noise and Vibration chapters, they include some elements relevant to traffic and transport, such as: • Ensuring the proper transport of materials e.g. vehicle loads will be enclosed or covered by tarpaulin to restrict the escape of particulate matter; • Proper servicing and maintenance of vehicles will be undertaken to avoid any leaks or spills of oil, petrol or concrete; • Drip trays will be placed under standing machinery to avoid oil and petrol pollution; • The local planning authority may wish to stipulate some, or all, of the measures as conditions to the planning application. As outlined above, these measures will also be stipulated in a TMP which will be agreed between Nuon, the contractor, the local authority and any other relevant bodies prior to the start of any construction works. Table 12.5 summarises those assumptions which have been incorporated into the proposed development.

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Table 12.5 Mitigation, Offsetting and Enhancement Measures

Impact Incorporated Mitigation/ Extent to Monitoring Mechanism by Offsetting/ Enhancement which Impact Requirements which Measure Mitigated* (if any) Mitigation/ Offsetting/ Enhancement may be secured

Construction

Construction Wheel washing facilities will be Fully Daily Planning condition vehicles could carry installed on the access road. observations mud and debris onto should be made the carriageway to confirm whether the facility is required or is effective

Effect of abnormal Abnormal load vehicle escorts & Substantially None Agreement with loads on traffic flow possible timing of deliveries within local constabulary quiet periods. and submission of the relevant applications

Effect of abnormal Accommodation / Reinstatement Fully None Agreement with the loads on the highway works. Highway Authority

Changed traffic flows Specific travel routes and time Partially None Agreement of a on local roads periods to and from site will be Traffic Management defined for delivery vehicles. Plan with Highway Authority.

Possible impact on Specific travel routes and time Substantially None Agreement of a Road Safety due to periods to and from site will be Traffic Management increased traffic defined for delivery vehicles. Plan with Highway flows on highway Authority. network

Operation

None proposed

Decommissioning

Not Considered *Key to predicted success of mitigation: Fully - Impact fully mitigated and no effects predicted. Substantially - Mitigation would be largely successful at adverse impacts. Some effects possible. Partially - Mitigation would be successful at reducing adverse impacts, but some effects likely.

12.5 Predicted Effects

12.5.1 Construction Impacts/ Traffic Generation Estimates of traffic generations associated with the construction phase of the project have been derived from first-principles, based on assumptions made with regard to the following activities:

• delivery of road stone for the construction compound;

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• delivery and subsequent removal of plant and equipment to site for access track construction, site compound etc.;

• delivery of road stone for construction of access tracks;

• delivery of road stone for areas of crane operation;

• delivery of culvert materials; • delivery of geogrid material for the construction of access tracks;

• delivery of road stone for sub-station;

• delivery of transformers and sub-station equipment;

• delivery of cable used to connect the turbines;

• delivery of sand to backfill cable trenches;

• ready-mix concrete delivered to the site for construction of the turbine foundations;

• formwork and reinforcing steel delivered to the site for construction of the turbine foundations; • delivery and removal of mobile cranes used to erect the turbines;

• delivery of the turbine equipment;

• delivery of base rings; and

• delivery of blade hubs. No estimates have been made for trips generated by construction staff working at the site. It is anticipated that the maximum number of staff likely to be on site at any one time would be 35. These staff could arrive and depart from the site by various modes of transport from a variety of locations, and therefore trip generations are difficult to predict. Furthermore, these trips are unlikely to have a significant environmental impact relative to the number of HGVs generated from the site.

Construction Compound A temporary construction compound area is required to accommodate deliveries of equipment and machinery at the onset of the works. This area will require a hard standing footing of approximately 2,500m2 (50m x 50m). Based on a fill depth of 0.150m, 375m3 of stone will be required (approximately 675 tonnes) based on a density of 1.8t/m3. Assuming an HGV can carry 20 tonnes of stone, an estimated 34 deliveries of road stone will be required for this activity, resulting in a total of 68 two-way trips.

General Plant and Equipment - Delivery and Removal A range of equipment is expected to be delivered to site including earth movers, mechanical excavators, dump-trucks etc. This is expected to be delivered to site near the onset of the works and is likely to be removed at the end of the activity for which the equipment relates. The exact equipment complement is unknown but around 60 HGV deliveries is considered to be a reasonable estimate, making a total of 240 two-way trips for delivery and removal.

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Access Tracks Road stone will be imported for construction of access tracks. It is anticipated that there will be a requirement for approximately 8.14km of access tracks within the development. However, for a robust assessment, a figure of 10% will be added to this length, equating to an assumed working length of 9.0km of access track. Based on a fill depth of 0.425m and a track width of 5m, there will be an approximate requirement of 19,125m3 (around 34,425 tonnes) of stone for this activity (based on a density of 1.8t/m3). Assuming an HGV can carry 20 tonnes of stone, it is considered that an estimated 1,722 deliveries of road stone will be required for this activity, resulting in a total of 3,444 two-way trips.

Crane Operation Areas Stone will be imported for construction of suitable areas to enable crane operations. Assuming each turbine will require an operational area of 990m2 with a fill depth of 0.425m, it is considered that 421m3 (approximately 758 tonnes) of stone is required for each area, totalling 9,096 tonnes for 12 turbines. Therefore an estimated 455 deliveries of road stone will be required for this activity, resulting in a total of 910 two-way trips.

Culvert Materials Piping and other materials will be required to culvert existing water routes through the site. For the purposes of this report it is assumed that 10 deliveries will be required, thus making a total of 20 two-way trips.

Geogrid As noted above, a total of 9km of access tracks will require construction, using three layers of a reinforcing geogrid material. Assuming that the geogrid material is delivered in 50m rolls, it is anticipated that 540 rolls of geogrid material will be required. Given that an HGV can carry 10 rolls, 54 deliveries would be required i.e. 108 two-way trips.

Sub-station Foundations Approximately 660m3 of concrete is required to construct the foundations of the substation and related works. Assuming a load capacity of 6m3 per HGV, 110 loads would be required, resulting in 220 two-way trips.

Sub-station Delivery Although the exact sub-station specification and means for delivery is yet to be confirmed, 10 loads are assumed to be required to deliver the substation, compound and associated fencing etc. A total of 20 two-way trips are therefore required for these items.

Cabling Underground cabling will be installed on-site to connect the turbines with the substation. Based on the proposed turbine and substation arrangement, a maximum of 9km of track would need to be served by three lines of cabling, therefore approximately 27km of cable is required. Assuming that the cable is delivered in 500m drums and an HGV can carry eight drums, it is estimated that 7 loads are required (14 two-way trips).

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Sand Cabling in trenches (up to one metre wide) will be protected by a maximum of 250mm of soft sand and backfilled with material from excavations on the development site, where appropriate. Based on a density of 1.6t/m3, this equates to approximately 400 tonnes of sand per kilometre of trench. Assuming an HGV can carry 20 tonnes of sand, based on 9km of access tracks, a total of 180 loads will be required, resulting in 360 two-way trips.

Turbine Bases The design of the piled turbine foundations requires up to 435m3 of concrete per base. Given that 12 turbines are proposed for the site, a total volume of approximately 5,220m3 of concrete would be needed. Assuming a load capacity of 6m3 per HGV, 870 loads would be required, therefore 1,740 two-way trips.

Formwork and Reinforcing Steel Formwork and reinforcing steel is required for the concrete bases. Each turbine will require two deliveries of steel. In addition, a total of four loads of formwork will be required for all the bases. Based on 12 turbines, a total of 28 deliveries will therefore be required, resulting in 56 two-way trips.

Mobile Crane Delivery and Removal It is assumed that crane parts will be delivered on a maximum of 10 HGVs, including ballast. A total of 40 two-way trips will therefore be generated for delivery and removal.

Turbine Delivery Six vehicles are required to deliver the components for each full turbine (assuming one for nacelle, three for the blade set, and two for the tower). Given that there are 12 turbines proposed on the site, a total of 72 loads will be delivered, resulting in 144 two-way trips.

Base Rings Each turbine base is surmounted with a circular steel support plinth to suit the base profile of the turbine tower. A maximum of three base rings can be loaded onto an HGV therefore four loads are required, resulting in eight two-way trips.

Blade Hubs Each turbine requires a hub to attach the blades to the nacelle. A maximum of three hubs can be loaded onto an HGV therefore four loads are required, resulting in eight two-way trips.

Traffic Generation Summary Table 12.6 summarises the predicted traffic generations associated with each relevant activity during the construction phase.

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Table 12.6 Traffic Generations

Activity Total Loads Total Trips (Two-way)

Delivery of Road Stone for Construction Compound 34 68

Delivery and Removal of Plant and Equipment 120 240

Delivery of Road Stone for Access Tracks 1722 3444

Delivery of Road Stone for Areas of Crane Operation 455 910

Delivery of Culvert Materials 10 20

Delivery of Geogrid Material 54 108

Delivery of Concrete for Substation 110 220

Delivery of Sub-station equipment 10 20

Delivery of Cabling 7 14

Delivery of Sand 180 360

Delivery of Concrete for Turbine Basis 870 1740

Delivery of Formwork and Reinforcing Steel 12 28

Delivery and Removal of Mobile Crane 20 40

Delivery of Turbines 72 144

Delivery of Base Rings 4 8

Delivery of Blade Hubs 4 8

Total 3,652 7,308 Source: Entec UK Ltd The developer has advised that the construction period of the proposed development will be between 9 and 12 months. Table 12.7 shows the total trips distributed according to a nine month programme in order to demonstrate the worst case.

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Table 12.7 Two-way Trips per Month

Month

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Activity

Stone for 68 Compound

Delivery of plant 120 and equipment

Road Stone for 574 574 574 574 574 574 Access Tracks

Road Stone for 304 304 302 Crane Areas

Culvert Materials 10 10

Geogrid 18 18 18 18 18 18

Substation 220 Foundations

Substation 6 6 8

Cabling 6 8

Sand 180 180

Turbine Bases 870 870

Formwork and 14 14 Reinforcing Steel

Crane Delivery 20

Delivery of Turbines 144

Delivery of 8 Base Rings

Delivery of 8 Blade Hubs

Crane Removal 20

Removal of plant 120 and equipment

Total Trips 198 822 598 784 788 1,800 1,796 466 120

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In order to be compatible with the assessment required as part of an Environmental Statement, the figures from Table 12.7 must be translated into daily flows. Therefore Table 12.8 shows the total daily trips by month for all construction, based on an average of 4½ weeks per month and an average five working days per week83 (rounded down to 22 days per month).

Table 12.8 Daily Two-way Trips per Construction Month

Month

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Trips 10 38 28 36 36 82 82 22 6

Table 12.7 and 12.8 show that the maximum traffic impact associated with the construction of the proposed wind farm is predicted to occur in the months six and seven of the construction programme. During these two months, an average of 82 two-way HGV trips are predicted to be generated on each working day, i.e. 41 vehicles into the site and 41 out.

Percentage Impact As detailed earlier, for the purposes of a robust assessment it is assumed that 100% of construction vehicles will travel to the site from all directions. The impact of construction related traffic identified in Table 12.8 has been calculated, in percentage terms, relative to the background traffic in the construction year of the development (2010). This exercise has been conducted for the ‘maximum credible case’ month in the construction programme in terms of traffic generation, i.e. month six and seven. Table 12.9 shows the predicted percentage impact at each of the traffic count locations.

83 Whilst some weekend working may occur, the level of activity on the site is likely to be lower than during the working week therefore no weekend assessment is included.

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Table 12.9 Predicted ‘Maximum Credible’ Percentage Impact (2010)

Count Location Total Base Total Base Number of Percentage Percentage Site HGVs Vehicles Construction Impact Impact HGVs (HGVs) (Total Vehicles)

1 A465 (Heads of the 2,061 18,952 82 +4.0% +0.4% Valley Road)

2 A4059 to Pontpren 1,391 5,931 82 +5.9% +1.4%

3 A465 (leading to 2,071 21,897 82 +4.0% +0.4% Hirwaun roundabout)

4 A465 (Heads of the 1,854 17,181 82 +4.4% +0.5% Valley Road) towards Merthyr Tydfil

Summary The percentage impact exercise shows there will be increases in HGVs during the assessment period of 4.0%, 5.9%, 4.0% and 4.4% for the A465 (Heads of the Valley Road), A4059 to Pontpren, A465 (to Hirwaun roundabout) and the A465(T) towards Merthyr Tydfil respectively.

Therefore the impact of traffic at these locations does not warrant a detailed assessment of effects, according to the threshold test recommended by IEMA. A brief assessment is included in the subsequent sections for completeness. It should also be noted that the HGV trip generations used for the assessment are based on the worst-case month during the construction programme, where 86 two-way trips per day are predicted. However, as shown in Tables 12.7 and 12.8, it is expected that during a large proportion of the remaining programme, the traffic generations will be significantly less than this figure.

12.5.2 Off-site Works In order to deliver turbine components to the site, it may be necessary to undertake some minor off-site highway works. The works would be required to accommodate the swept path of the abnormal load delivery vehicles carrying components such as the turbine blades and nacelle. The extent and location of these works, which would all be undertaken within highway land, would not considered to have a bearing on the environmental assessment. Any effects on road users due to the highway works, such as driver delay, are likely to be negligible and are not considered further.

12.5.3 Operation and Decommissioning As noted earlier, impacts associated with the operation and possible decommissioning of the proposed wind farm are not considered as part of this assessment.

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12.5.4 Cumulative Impacts We are aware of another wind farm proposal at nearby Maerdy by Renewable Energy Partnerships. Therefore the anticipated potential effects of construction traffic relating to this proposal is shown in Table 12.10, where, for robustness it is assumed that both developments will be constructed at the same time. Information relating to the proposed routing and numbers of construction vehicles for Pen y Cymoedd was not available at the time of writing. The cumulative impacts of this latter development proposal will be heavily influenced by a decision to either source stone from within the forestry, or form ‘off-site’. It is assumed that the Pen Y Cymoedd ES will include a cumulative traffic assessment when it is submitted.

Table 12.10 Combined Hirwaun and Maerdy Predicted ‘Maximum Credible’ Percentage Impact (2010)

Count Location Total Base Total Base Number of Percentage Percentage Site HGVs Vehicles Constructi Impact Impact on HGVs (HGVs) (Total Vehicles)

1 A465 (Heads of the 2,061 18,952 112 +5.4% +0.6% Valley Road)

2 A4059 to Pontpren 1,391 5,931 112 +8.2% +1.9%

3 A465 (leading to 2,071 21,897 112 +5.4% +0.5% Hirwaun roundabout)

4 A465 (Heads of the 1,854 17,181 112 +6.0% +0.7% Valley Road) towards Merthyr Tydfil Source: Maerdy Wind Farm Environmental Statement The combined percentage impacts are considered to be below IEMA thresholds and as such cumulative effects are not considered further.

12.6 Evaluation of Effects

12.6.1 Effects Considered The IEMA guidelines recommend that the following environmental effects may be considered to be potentially important when considering traffic from an individual development.

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Box 12.1 Traffic-Related Environmental Effects

Noise Fear and Intimidation

Vibration Accidents and Safety

Visual Effects Hazardous Loads

Severance Air Pollution

Driver Delay Dust and Dirt

Pedestrian Delay Ecological Effects

Pedestrian Amenity Cultural Heritage

Of these effects, some are considered in chapters elsewhere within the Environmental Statement (if they are considered to be relevant) due to the specialist skills required; namely Noise, Visual Effects, Ecological Effects, and Cultural Heritage. The remaining relevant effects, highlighted in bold in Box 12.1, are defined and discussed next with recommendations on significance criteria for each (based on the IEMA guidance where possible). Having identified which environmental effects are to be considered, the road links which need to be included within the analysis and the magnitude of the effect (i.e. level of change), it is necessary to determine whether a given effect is significant. As identified previously the assessment is based on the judgement of the assessor supported by data or quantified information where possible, including numbers of people affected and damage to environmental resources.

Receptors As noted in section 12.2.2, the assessment focuses on: • potential impacts on local roads and the users of those roads; and

• potential impacts on land uses and environmental resources fronting those roads, including the relevant occupiers and users.

Effects Evaluation Severance Severance is the perceived division that can occur within a community when it becomes separated by a major traffic artery. It may result from the difficulty of crossing a heavily trafficked existing road for example, or as a result of a physical barrier created by the road itself. The IEMA guidelines suggest that changes in traffic flow of 30% or more are likely to produce changes in severance. In this case, the threshold is not exceeded along the receptors detailed above. The impact of severance is considered to be not significant.

Driver Delay The IEMA guidelines note that these additional delays are only likely to be significant when the traffic on the network in the study area is already at, or close to, the capacity of the system.

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Modest and temporary localised delays may occur during, for example, the delivery of abnormal loads and when concrete for the turbine bases is being delivered. A TMP, to be agreed with the local highway authority, will manage the impact of abnormal load delivery and hours in which the deliveries can occur. The impact of driver delay can be managed and is therefore considered to be not significant.

Pedestrian Delay Changes in the volume, composition or speed of traffic may affect the ability of people to cross roads. In general terms, increases in traffic levels are likely to lead to greater increases in delay. Given the range of local factors and conditions which can influence pedestrian delay, the IEMA guidelines do not recommend that thresholds be used as a means to establish the significance of pedestrian delay, but recommend that reasoned judgements be made instead. However the IEMA guidelines do note that, when existing traffic flows are low, increases in traffic of around 30% can double the delay experienced by pedestrians attempting to cross a road. There is very little pedestrian activity on the construction routes detailed above therefore, the effect is not considered to be significant.

Pedestrian Amenity Pedestrian amenity is broadly defined as the relative pleasantness of a journey, and is considered to be affected by traffic flow, traffic composition and pavement width/separation from traffic. As there is little pedestrian activity on the construction routes, the impact on pedestrian amenity is not considered to be significant.

Fear and Intimidation The scale of fear and intimidation experienced by pedestrians is dependant on the volume of traffic, its HGV composition, its proximity to people or the lack of protection caused by such factors as narrow pavement widths. Given the low levels of increase in traffic and the temporary nature of this, and the low level of pedestrian activity, this effect is considered to be not significant.

Accidents and Safety Due to the numerous local causation factors involved in personal injury accidents, the IEMA guidelines do not recommend the use of thresholds to determine significance. The historic level of PIAs is fairly low. Good practice measures such as the wheel washing facilities and a TMP will minimise the risk of accidents as a consequence of the development. The effect is therefore considered to be not significant.

12.7 Summary of Predicted Effects This assessment has identified the construction period as the only phase in the lifecycle of the wind farm where environmental effects from traffic may be anticipated. Table 12.11 therefore summarises the effects and evaluation of significance during the construction phase only.

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Table 12.11 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Receptor Type of Probability Sensitivity or Magnitude Significance Effect Value Level Rationale

Construction

Severance - ve Unlikely Local Low Not Significant Traffic increase, threshold is not exceeded.

Driver Delay - ve Unlikely Local Negligible Not Significant Traffic increase, threshold not exceeded. In addition, Traffic Management Plan to be agreed to avoid peak hours.

Pedestrian Delay - ve Unlikely Local Low Not Significant Traffic increase, threshold not exceeded. Low levels of pedestrian activity.

Pedestrian Amenity - ve Unlikely Local Low Not Significant Traffic increase, threshold not exceeded. Low levels of pedestrian activity.

Fear and Intimidation - ve Possible Local Low Not Significant Traffic increase, threshold not exceeded. Low levels of pedestrian activity.

Accidents and Safety - ve Possible Local Low Not Significant Existing low levels of accidents and low levels of traffic generation from the development. Good practice measures such as wheel washing facilities at the site exit will minimise risk of accidents

Key: Type Probability Policy Importance Magnitude Significance

- ve = Certain International High Significant Negative Likely National Medium Not Significant +ve = Unlikely County Low Positive District Negligible ? = Local Unknown 0 = Neutral

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12.8 Monitoring As the transportation impacts are temporary in that they relate only to the construction phase of the development, no continued monitoring is generally considered to be necessary. The exception to this is the monitoring of mud and debris on the carriageway in the vicinity of the site access during the construction period. It is recommended that daily inspections take place to confirm that the mitigation measures implemented on-site, if any, are indeed effective. Corrective action should be taken where necessary.

12.9 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The main transportation impacts will be associated with the movements of commercial Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs), generated by the project’s construction, to and from the site, during the construction phase of the development on the A465(T) and A4059. The routes considered have not been identified as ‘sensitive’ due to its open, rural setting, sided by grass verges, with very few residential properties fronting the carriageways. Manual turning counts were obtained from Capita Glamorgan Consultancy for the A465, Heads of the Valleys/Brecon Road and A465 Heads of the Valleys/Rhigos Road roundabout junctions. The data then had a growth factor applied to adjust it to the expected values in the year of assessment, 2010. Estimates of traffic generations associated with the construction phase of the project have been derived from first-principles. The maximum traffic impact associated with the construction of the wind farm is predicted to occur in the sixth month of the construction programme. During this month, an average of 82 two-way trips (41 in and 41 out) are predicted to be generated on each working day. The impact of construction-related traffic has been calculated, in percentage terms, relative to the background traffic in the year of assessment (2010). The percentage impact exercise shows there will be increases in HGVs during the assessment period of 4.0%, 5.9%, 4.0% and 4.4% for the A465 (Heads of the Valley Road), A4059 to Pontpren, A465 (to Hirwaun roundabout) and the A465(T) toward Merthyr Tydfil. Therefore the impact of traffic at these locations does not warrant a detailed assessment of effects, according to the threshold test recommended by IEMA. The assessment has concluded that an additional 82 HGVs per day would not have a significant impact on the traffic and transport related environmental effects identified: i.e. severance; driver delay; pedestrian delay; pedestrian amenity; fear and intimidation and accidents and safety.

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12.10 References Institute of Environmental Assessment (1993). Guidance Notes No. 1: Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic. Horncastle: IEA. The Highways Agency et al (1993), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11: Environmental Assessment. Guidance on Transport Assessment - Department for Community and Local Government and Department for Transport (DCLG & DfT), 2007.

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13. Hydrology and Hydrogeology

13.1 Introduction This assessment of the water environment considers the potential effects of the proposed wind farm development on the hydrology and hydrogeology of the Mynydd Bwllfa site. The assessment is principally concerned with the hydrology and hydrogeology within the site and its immediate surroundings, but where necessary a wider area has been studied, up to approximately 3km from the site boundary. The likelihood of impacts occurring beyond this distance is also considered, where appropriate. The assessment methodology comprises the identification of receptors associated with the water environment and the use of an appraisal system to assess the significance of potential effects based on the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude/likelihood of the potential effect. The study identifies hydrological/hydrogeological constraints relating to the layout of the proposed development, including areas in which development should be avoided and areas in which mitigation measures are required. A previously submitted Environmental Statement in 2006 recommended a range of mitigation measures84 to address potential effects on the hydrology and hydrogeology for a proposed wind farm development on land which included parts of the Mynydd Bwllfa site. Following the proposed mitigation measures, that assessment concluded that all potential effects on the hydrological receptors of the site were of ‘minor’ significance or ‘not significant’, which are both classed as “not significant” with respect to the EIA Regulations.

13.1.1 Legislation and Guidance This assessment has been undertaken primarily using a qualitative approach based on professional judgement and statutory and general guidance measures. Policy guidance and good practice advice includes the following:

• Environment Agency (EA) Pollution Prevention Guidance Notes (PPG), including:

- PPG 1 General guide to the prevention of water pollution;

- PPG 2 Above ground oil storage tanks;

- PPG 3: The use and design of oil separators;

- PPG 5 Works in, near or liable to affect watercourses;

84 Measures included temporary and permanent drainage channels along access tracks; a 20m buffer zone of no development surrounding watercourses; infiltration trenches and silt traps where necessary to deal with site runoff; suitable handling of peat soils and the suitable placement of stockpiles. Other measures included construction of method statements, the use of sulphate-resistant concrete and pumping of groundwater/ water ingress, as necessary, from turbine foundations to a suitable treatment pond/trench before discharging to nearby watercourses.

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- PPG 6 Working at construction and demolition sites;

- PPG 21 Pollution incident response planning; • Environment Agency Wales leaflet: ‘Silt Pollution and How to Avoid It’;

• Forests and Water Guidelines 2003;

• CIRIA Report C532: Control of Water Pollution from Construction Sites; • CIRIA Report C502: Environmental Good Practice on Site;

• Planning Policy Wales Technical Advice Note (TAN)15: Development and Flood Risk; • BS6031: 1981 Code of Practice for Earth Works;

• Good Practice Guide for Handling Soils (MAFF 2000); and

• Local and Regional Land Drainage Byelaws. In addition to the guidance described above, there is a range of environmental legislation relevant to the life-cycle of any large development. Key legislative drivers relating to the hydrology and hydrogeology that have been considered in this study include the following: • Control of Pollution Act 1974;

• EC Fisheries Directive (78/659/EEC);

• Environment Protection Act 1990;

• Land Drainage Act 1991;

• Environment Act 1995;

• Groundwater Regulations 1998;

• UK Water Quality (Water Supply) Regulations 2000;

• Water Act 2003; and

• Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC).

13.2 Assessment Methodology The assessment methodology employed to evaluate the significance of potential effects of the proposed development on hydrology and hydrogeology is based on the Transport Analysis Guidance (WebTAG), the Water Environment Sub-Objective TAG Unit 3.3.11. WebTAG provides a framework that can be used to systematically rank hydrological features and effects and takes into account the sensitivity (or importance) of potential receptors and the magnitude of predicted effects on the water receptors. Sensitivity is based on the value of the water feature or resource (Table 13.1), while the magnitude of a potential effect is estimated based on the degree of effect and is independent of the sensitivity of the feature (Table 13.2). The significance of a potential effect (either ‘significant’ or ‘not significant’) is derived by

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considering both the sensitivity of the feature and the magnitude of the effect as summarised in Table 13.3.

Table 13.1 Overview of Sensitivity of Water Feature or Receptor

Sensitivity Criteria Examples

Very High Attribute with a high quality and rarity, regional SSSI, SAC, SPA, Ramsar sites or national scale and limited potential for substitution

High Attribute with a high quality and rarity, local Surface watercourses of high ecological scale and limited potential for substitution value or used for public water abstractions attribute with a medium quality and rarity, regional or national scale and limited potential for substitution

Medium Attribute with a medium quality and rarity, local Local surface watercourses of low scale and limited potential for substitution ecological value (and not used for public attribute with a low quality and rarity, regional water supply) or national scale and potential for substitution

Low Attribute with a low quality and rarity, local Water bodies of low sensitivity within/near scale and potential for substitution site (e.g. attenuation ponds/reed beds, local drainage ditches)

Table 13.2 Overview of Magnitude of Potential Effects

Magnitude Criteria Examples

Major Results in loss of attribute Loss of (part of) a SSSI / SPA / Ramsar site

Change in GQA grade of river reach

Loss of flood storage/increased flood risk

Pollution of potable source of abstraction

Moderate Results in effect on integrity of attribute or Compromise integrity of a SSSI / SPA / Ramsar loss of part of attribute site

Loss in productivity of a fishery

Reduction in economic or amenity value of a water feature

Minor Results in minor effect on attribute Measurable changes in attribute (e.g. a river water quality indicator) but of limited extent and proportion

Negligible Results in an effect on attribute but of No significant loss in water quality, fishery insufficient magnitude to affect the productivity, biodiversity or economic /amenity use/integrity value

No increase in flood risk

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Table 13.3 Derivation of Significance of Potential Effects

Sensitivity of Attribute

Magnitude of potential Very High High Medium Low effect

Major Significant Significant Significant Not Significant

Moderate Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant

Minor Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

Negligible Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

13.3 Baseline The data and corresponding sources of information collected during the course of the study are listed in Table 13.4. A site visit was undertaken on the 27th February 2009 by two Entec staff; a hydrologist and a water quality specialist. This included a full walkover survey of the site, concentrating on the water features, areas of deep peat, proposed turbine locations and access tracks. The visit permitted an inspection of existing land use across the site. Photographs 1-9 show water features and areas of interest within the proposed development site. Peat depth surveys, carried out in 2006, 2007, 2008 and a recent one in January 2009, were undertaken and combined to cover the site extent; a map was produced to show the spatial extent and depth of peat and inform the development design (see Figure 10.2). A formal data request was issued to the EA Wales to acquire the latest hydrological and water quality information within a 3km radius of the site. Private water supplies information, previously collected from Rhondda Cynon Taff County Council, was used for the assessment.

Table 13.4 Hydrology and Hydrogeology – Sources of Information

Topic Sources of Information

Climate

Rainfall/Evapotranspiration The National River Flow Archive: www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa

Topography and Surface Hydrology

Elevation, relief Ordnance Survey Explorer 1:25,000 map sheet 166

River flows The National River Flow Archive: www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa/index.htm

Flood Risk

Flood risk information Environment Agency data request and EA website

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Table 13.4 (continued) Hydrology and Hydrogeology – Sources of Information

Topic Sources of Information

Surface Water Quality

Water quality Environment Agency data request and EA website

Geology

Drift and Solid geology Institute of Geological Sciences: Solid and Drift Edition, 1:50,000, Sheet 231(Merthyr Tydfil) and Sheet 248 (Pontypridd)

British Geological Survey GeoIndex: www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/index.htm

Soils and Land Use

Soil types National Soil Resources Institute: www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes

Groundwater

Groundwater vulnerability Environment Agency (& BGS) Groundwater Vulnerability Map Sheet 36

Water Resource Use

Private water supplies Rhondda Cynon Taff County Council, Environmental Health section

Abstractions Environment Agency data request

Discharges Environment Agency data request

Conservation/designated areas

Protected and designated sites Joint Nature Conservation Committee: www.jncc.gov.uk

Conservation information and CCW: www.ccw.gov.uk protected species and sites

Following data collection and review, the baseline conditions of the hydrology and hydrogeology were established. Figure 13.1 shows the hydrological features within and around the site.

13.3.1 Topography The proposed development site is located in Hirwaun Common to the south of Hirwaun and east of Aberdare, in Rhondda Cynon and Taff County Borough, South Wales. Elevations across the development area range from approximately 350m AOD in the north-eastern corner of the site and 400m AOD in the southern portion of the site to over 500m AOD in the north and north- western parts of the site, according to the OS map contouring. Contours are often narrowly spaced indicating that the land is steep across much of the site, with the highest elevations through the middle and north of the site, close to the locations of proposed turbines 1, 2 and 3. The land falls steeply towards the river valleys to the north and east of the site. Slope gradients exceeding 10% have been mapped, showing areas where slope varies between 10-14% and where slope exceeds 14% gradient. The site visit confirmed the presence of those steep slopes.

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13.3.2 Hydrology and Flood Risk A number of watercourses traverse, or are located in direct vicinity of, the proposed wind farm site. Several springs emerge/discharge to the north/ north-east, as well as to the south, of the site. The site and surrounding area drain in the Afon Taf catchment, via the Afon Rhondda and Afon Cynon subcatchments and their associated tributaries, which include the Nant Rhydfelen, the Afon Rhondda Fach85, the Nant Melyn, the Nant y Bwlch, the Nant y Wernddu and the Afon Dar. All water features within 500m of the site boundary and watercourses in the wider area are shown in Figure 13.1. All watercourses within the site boundary have been confirmed by the EA Wales as being ordinary watercourses, therefore, the responsible drainage authority is the local authority. The majority of the site, including all of the proposed turbine locations, is drained by the Nant Rhydfelen, which flows parallel to the western boundary of the site and into the Lluest-wen reservoir, and the Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs and their outfalls. The eastern portion of the site is drained by two tributaries of the Afon Dar, the Nant Melyn and the tributary that drains Tan y Darrens. These two tributaries converge to form the Afon Dar in the Dare Valley Country Park, approximately 1 km east of the site. There is currently no site infrastructure proposed within this catchment. The northern portion of the site is drained by tributaries of the Afon Cynon, namely the Nant y Bwlch (to the north-west) and the Nant y Wernddu (to the north-east). Portions of the site access track, as well as the propsoed site compound and substation, lie within this catchment. Other water bodies in the site vicinity include a series of drainage ditches and small ponds further north and east of the development area. Many springs discharge at the break of slope to the north-west of the site creating a boggy zone, which develops into various stream networks, including the Nant y Bwlch, which flows northwards to join the Afon Cynon. All hydrological features have been annotated and are presented in Figure 13.1. OS mapping indicates that there are watercourses between the proposed locations of turbines 2 and 4 and north-east of proposed turbine 1. The location of these watercourses was checked during the site visit and local depressions rather than established stream channels were located at these sites. This indicates that drainage of surface runoff, in wet weather, tends to follow these depression paths, however, no permanent watercourses are present at these locations. Ephemeral streams, which do not flow throughout the year, but rather in winter/ wet weather, are also shown in Figure 13.1. The EA Wales Flood Map indicates a narrow zone of C2 (‘at risk of flooding, without significant flood defences’) and B (‘known to have flooded in the past’) along the Afon Dar by the Dare Valley Country Park, some 1.5km to the east of the development area; this corresponds to 1% and 0.1% probability of flooding, respectively, along the watercourse. No other indications of flooding are provided in the flood mapping86, therefore the proposed site can be

85 The Rhondda Fach joins the main Afon Rhondda, which flows west to east, some 700m south of the development site. 86 It is possible that the catchment areas of the smaller tributaries neighbouring the site are too small to be included in the EA flood mapping.

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considered as falling within Zone A (at little or no risk of flooding). Recent advice from the EA Wales (Scoping Opinion, received 16th March 2009) confirms that, the site is located within Zone A according to their Flood Map, and therefore outside the current ‘Extreme Flood Outline’. River flow data from the National River Flow Archive indicate historic average flows of 4.33 m3/s in the Afon Cynon at Abercynon (7km south-east of the site) and 5.77 m3/s in the Afon Rhondda at Trehafod (10km south-east of the site)87. The BaseFlow Index (BFI), an indication of the proportion of river flow which is derived from groundwater inflows, is low for both the Afon Cynon and the Afon Rhondda catchments (BFI of 0.422 and 0.365 respectively88); this indicates that the river baseflow is only moderately supported by groundwater and largely reliant on surface water runoff. A large degree of water storage is also expected within the saturated peat deposits.

13.3.3 Climate A river flow gauge on the Afon Cynon with a co-located raingauge (at Abercynon, 7km south- east of the development site) indicates that the average annual rainfall is 1770mm (for the period 1961 – 1990). Another raingauge at the Trehafod gauging station on the Afon Rhondda (10km south-east of the site) indicates even higher average annual rainfall of 2184mm. Rainfall across the site may be higher still due to its topography (elevations of 400-500m).

13.3.4 Geology and Soils Regional geology largely consists of Lower and Upper Westphalian bedrock and peat, landslip, alluvium and till superficial deposits. The site area is underlain by bedrock consisting of Upper Carboniferous of interbedded Sandstones and Coal Measures which are, in turn, overlain by Quaternary and Recent deposits of Peat and Boulder Clay. The majority of the site is underlain by the Upper Coal Measures, of which the uppermost layer within the site boundaries is a sandstone layer, known as the Brithdir beds89. The northern tip of the site is underlain by deposits associated with the Middle Coal Measures. The Coal Authority Mining Report indicated that the site is in the likely zone of influence on the surface from workings in 21 seams of coal from shallow to 480m depth, with the last date of working being 1990. The National Soil Resources Institute online soil mapping indicates that soils across the site comprise ‘very acid loamy upland soils with a wet peaty surface’, ‘slowly permeable wet very acid upland soils with a peaty surface’, and ‘slowly permeable seasonally wet acid loamy and clayey soils’. The predominant land uses are forestry and farmland, mainly for sheep grazing in upland areas.

87 The Q95 flows (flows exceeded 95% of the time) are: 0.54m3/s in the Afon Cynon and 0.74m3/s in the Afon Rhondda, while the Q10 flows (flows exceeded 10% of the time) are: 10.7m3/s in the Afon Cynon and 13.7m3/s in the Afon Rhondda. 88 www.environment-agency.gov.uk/hiflows/91727.aspx 89 These beds are underlain by a thin band of Upper Cwmgorse Marine Clay, followed by Westphalian ‘B’ Middle Coal Measures, interbedded with marine bands.

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From the walkover survey it was apparent that the ground becomes drier with less peat and more gravel moving upwards and northwards towards the highest point at the northern edge of the site. The sloping eastern branch is also well drained with predominantly gravely soils. Ecological surveys have identified that significant areas of peat, of variable quality90, exist within the site, the largest area being located to the north-east of Lluest-wen Reservoir. A 2009 peat depth survey indicates that depths are generally less than 1m across the majority of the site, with depths exceeding 1m in localised areas in the outer edges of the site, north of the proposed location of turbine 4, in the south-east corner close to proposed turbine 11, and between the proposed location of turbine 6 and the Lluest-wen reservoir. The site visit was not able to confirm the peat depths suggested above, as no precipitation had occurred for several days prior to the visit and no water was present within the peaty areas (with the exception of small amounts near the proposed locations of turbine 6).

13.3.5 Groundwater The EA Groundwater Vulnerability Map for the area suggests that the site is underlain by a Minor Aquifer of variable permeability, associated with the Upper Carboniferous Sandstones and Coal Measures. A Minor Aquifer typically comprises potentially fractured rocks which do not have a high permeability, or other formations of variable permeability including unconsolidated deposits. Low permeability drift deposits cover other areas to the north-west of the site, the south-western boundary around Lluest-wen reservoir and a thin section of the south- eastern area of the site. The springs to the north/ north-west of the site are located within an area corresponding to the boundary of the Sandstones, as indicated on the geological map. The underlying aquifer may, therefore, be locally important both for local supplies of water and in supplying baseflow to rivers91. No groundwater level or groundwater quality data are held by the EA Wales within 3km of the site boundary.

13.3.6 Surface Water Quality According to the Environment Agency website, all watercourses monitored for water quality in vicinity of the site are of good quality and compliant with General Quality Assessment (GQA) grades 1 and 2, representing potential for salmonid fisheries and good quality ecosystems. The nearest sampling points are on the Afon Rhondda, 800m south of the site, and on the Afon Cynon, 500m north of the access road to the site; both reaches showed very good water quality in 2007 with a GQA chemistry grade of A (very good), biology grade of B (good), and low nutrient levels of 1 (nitrate) and 2 (phosphate).

90 In some locations, the blanket bog is degraded/modified due to the grazing and burning pressure exerted on it; see Biodiversity chapter.. 91 Despite the low BFIs indicated for the wider Afon Cynon and Afon Rhondda catchments, which are a result of low permeability soils and steep slopes within these catchments.

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Water in the streams examined during the site visit appeared generally clear, well oxygenated and free of sediment and pollution. Dissolution of organic substances (e.g. sulphate) into water from the extensive peat areas is to be expected in all local watercourses. This can result in discolouration of the waters (see Photos 1 and 9).

13.3.7 Designations Within 2km of the site boundary, there are three statutory designated sites. These are Craig y Llyn SSSI and Cors Bryn-y-Gaer SSSI, which is part of Blaen Cynon SAC). The southern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park is directly north of Hirwaun. The above designations do not relate to water features or water dependent habitats92. Furthermore, the baseline assessment and site visit confirmed that, due to the prevailing topography, local geology and hydrogeological characteristics, there is no hydrological or hydrogeological connectivity between the site and designated areas. There are three Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC)93 sites that overlap with the application site boundary (see Biodiversity Chapter for more details). The majority of the application site lies within Mynydd Bwllfa/Mynydd Cefn f Gyngon SINC.

13.3.8 Abstractions Information previously collected from Rhondda Cynon Taff County Council indicates that the nearest abstraction for Private Water Supply (PWS) is some 1.1km north-east of the site boundary at Nant Melyn Farm, with a further PWS at Llwynhelig Farm 2.3km east from the nearest site boundary (see Figure 13.1). Communication with the owner of Nant Melyn Farm provided additional information for the source. The supply is from a spring catchpit fed by an artesian near surface spring located about 200m west/south-west of the house. A pit has been dug at the source (pre-1900’s) and a cast iron collection tank is buried. From the tank a series of pipes provide a gravity feed to the house and farm down slope. No licence is held and the abstraction is historic dating to pre-1900’s. The water quality has not been tested but, according to the landowner, is said to be ‘very good’. The source has never run dry although the system is slower to replenish in the summer months. The water supply is currently used and it is the only supply to the farm. The annual water ‘make’ has never been measured but it supplies enough for all domestic purpose and for the farm activities in and around the cattle yard at the farm. The local topography between the north part of the site (near proposed turbines 1, 2 and 3) and the Nant Melyn Farm suggests that there is little, if any, potential for site runoff to drain towards the PWS location. The absence of (surface) hydrological links was confirmed in the site visit. However the possibility of groundwater underneath the study site being connected to groundwater, and the spring, at Nant Melyn Farm cannot be discounted. No hydrological or hydrogeological connection exists between Llwynhelig Farm and the study site.

Cors Bryn-y-Gaer SSSI which lies just outside 2km supports a lowland bog. 93 Non-statutory locally valued wildlife sites. Generally administered by local authorities in partnership with conservation organisations.

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The EA Wales has advised that there are seven abstraction licences within a 3km radius from the centre of the site. Five of these licences have been issued to Dwr Cymru Welsh Water (DCWW) and involve surface water abstractions for water supply (from the Afon Dar, the Nant Melyn, the Nant Ystrad Ffernol, the Top Lake in Dare Valley Country Park, and the Castell reservoir). Four of the above abstractions94, which are shown in Figure 13.1, are located downstream/ downgradient of the study site and there is potential for site runoff to affect them, either directly or via local streams/tributaries95. The nearest, and potentially most sensitive, water abstractions to proposed development areas are from the Afon Dar (21/57/23/0048) and the Castell Reservoir (21/57/24/0025). The remaining two licences, one for groundwater abstraction and one for surface water abstraction, are maintained by Tower Colliery Limited (located to the north/north-west of the site) for industrial/commercial purposes. They are both located upstream of the study site.

13.3.9 Discharges Information on licensed discharges, as provided by the EA Wales, indicates that there are no discharges within the site boundary, however there is a number of discharges in the immediate vicinity. These consented discharges refer to two DCWW sewer overflows to Afon Dar, a treated domestic effluent discharge (private) to unnamed tributary of the Afon Cynon, a trade effluent discharge to an unnamed tributary of the Afon Cynon, and discharges of site drainage, attenuation pond outlet and settled tip runoff to Nant y Bwlch from the Tower Colliery to the north-west of the site. The locations of licensed discharges are shown in Figure 13.1.

13.3.10 Pollution Incidents The EA Wales has advised that only one pollution incident (due to containment and control failure in 2002) has been recorded within the study area96. Four category 3 (‘Minor impact’) pollution incidents were recorded between 2003 and 2008 in the wider area. One was related to fly-tipping, two were from unidentified sources, and a fourth was due to natural causes at Lluest-wen reservoir.

13.3.11 Hydrological Regime The hydrological regime at the Mynydd Bwllfa study area is defined by a moderately high proportion of surface runoff, a small percentage of precipitation infiltrating through slowly draining soils, recharging the minor aquifer, along with a large degree of water storage in the saturated peat deposits. The regime results from the low to moderate permeability of the upland soils, and moderate topographic gradients, restricting the infiltration of precipitation and encouraging run-off. The regime of this site is likely to be dependent on the antecedent

94 The fifth abstraction, from the Nant Ystrad Ffernol at Treherbert, is 2.5km south-west and upstream of the site. 95 while there may also be hydrogeological pathways. 96 Pollution details: Minor impact on water quality. Cause: containment and control failure. Category of pollution: Inert materials and wastes. NGR: E305207, N204330. Date pollution incident occurred November 2002.

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conditions and levels of saturation, where storm events during saturated periods are likely to be reasonably flashy with long recession periods.

13.3.12 Future Baseline As a result of climate change it is predicted that winters will become generally wetter and summers generally drier. However, it is thought that there will be an increase in peak rainfall intensities and the flow of any individual flood could increase over time. Defra’s (2006) FCD PAG3 climate change update for England and Wales97 (Table 13.5) provides guidance on the potential future increases in rainfall intensity to guide the design of sustainable drainage systems. The potential increase in rainfall intensity that should be designed for is dependent on the development’s expected lifetime, as shown in the table below.

Table 13.5 Climate Change Allowances

Parameter 1990 - 2025 2025 - 2055 2055 - 2085 2085 - 2115

Peak Rainfall +5% +10% +20% +30% Intensity

Peak River Flow +10% +20%

Defra (2006) FCD PAG3 - climate change update note for England and Wales

13.4 Information Gaps No major knowledge and information gaps exist for the study site, with the exception of local groundwater level and quality data; this results in a lack of knowledge of groundwater levels directly underneath the site. The risk of groundwater pollution, however, is low considering that no deep excavations are proposed, (typical foundation depths for turbines are 3m) and taking into consideration the moderate permeability of soils and local geology. In addition it is recommended that standard good practice and mitigation measures are put in place to control any discharges or other interaction with groundwater due to site activities. The above precautionary approach should help address this gap in groundwater information.

13.5 Constraints to Development The potential constraints to the proposed development relate to potential effects on water quantity, quality, erosion and flood risk from site activities during both constuction and operation of the site. The potential effects of most wind farms on water quantity are generally minimal, as their footprint tends to be small. However, attenuation of surface water, primarily during wind farm

97 www.defra.gov.uk/environ/fcd/pubs/pagn/climatechangeupdate.pdf

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construction but also during operation, may be required to control the level of flood risk. Surface drainage techniques, paricularly those encouraging infiltration where appropriate, can be employed to manage surface runoff. Other measures tend to focus on preventing water pollution and associated impacts on water quality. The major potential risk to the water environment is from erosion of exposed ground, resulting in elevated suspended solid levels in watercourses during construction of the access tracks, turbine foundations and substation, and cable laying. There is also a potential risk of chemical pollution from concrete leachate and/or accidental spillages of oil or fuel during construction and operational maintenance of infrastructure. The scoping study identified the following potentially significant, if unmitigated, effects on the hydrology and hydrogeology that require further consideration and assessment. • Increased sediment transport and migration of pollutants affecting surface water quality and groundwater quality during construction (and decommissioning) of the site. Also, polluting effects from accidental discharges into watercourses and groundwater during construction and operation (e.g. maintenance of equipment) including concrete leachate, oil or fuel spillages. Any deterioration in the water quality of local watercourses or the local aquifer may, in turn, lead to water quality problems further donwstream in main rivers (to which local streams are connected to/ groundwater feeds into), the nearby reservoirs and the private water abstraction at Nant Melyn Farm;

• Changes in river flow regime and flood risk due to uncontrolled surface water runoff during construction (and decommissioning). The construction and siting of infrastructure and impermeable areas within a greenfield site may result in increase in runoff rates/ volumes and increased flood risk within the site and/or further downstream. In addition to the above, there are hydrological (and ecological) constraints due to the presence of peat areas across the site. Some of the peat bog depths surveyed are in excess of 1m; therefore, these deep peat areas, which have high conservation value98, should be avoided altogther when siting infrastructure and access tracks. Disturbance of peat could result in its dessication and also affect water quality and promote erosion. Any potential effects from construction (and decommissioning) activities on areas of peat (including shallow peat) should be mitigated appropriately. A number of small streams and minor watercourses exist within the site area, some of which have been found to be ephemeral99, according to the site visit. Although it is possible for access tracks to cross streams100, the number of water crossings should be minimised, as advised by the

98 They are Priority Habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 99 i.e. they tend to dry up in dry weather, with flow only appearing in winter or wet weather. 100 The culverting of watercourses will require the prior written approval of the Local Authority under the terms of the Public Health Act 1936, as well as the Environment Agency’s prior written consent under the terms of the Land Drainage Act 1991 / Water Resources Act 1991.

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EA Wales and CCW, to avoid impacts on watercourses. No other construction or other site activities should be carried out within 20m of streams.

13.6 Project Assumptions As a result of comments received from CCW and EA Wales, work such as detailed peat depth surveying, has been carried out. This has resulted, in a scheme designed to avoid hydrologically sensitive areas of deep peat (i.e. >1m).

13.6.1 Peat Areas The location of turbines away from sensitive areas of deep peat reduces the likelihood of dessication of areas of blanket bog. As peat depths across the area proposed for access track development are classed as shallow (i.e. <1m) the tracks will be excavated101. The track lengths have been kept to a minimum and will avoid crossing steep slopes, where possible, and the protection buffer zones. Where the access tracks do have to cross slopes, natural drainage paths102 will be facilitated by the provision of under road/lateral drainage. Tracks will be suitably graded or cambered to allow rainwater to be shed and promote natural drainage pathways. A drainage ditch will be formed on the upslope side of the track where required, depending on detailed drainage design. Cross pipes will be laid as required on site to permit good site track drainage and will be introduced where the position of the site track could cause ponding on one side. Where the track slopes downhill, 'waterbars' will be placed to divert the flow into naturally occurring channels. Construction of tracks will be carried out according to EA PPG and CIRIA guidance for site works (C502). In areas of shallower peat, the peat will be removed such that the track is located directly on the underlying strata. The excavated peat will then be used to dress back the sides of the road and left to colonise naturally. Micro-siting103 of turbines during the construction phase will be carried by an ecologist in order to further minimise effects on bog vegetation. This will take account of small-scale variation in vegetation quality and peat depth. Moreover, a significant habitat management plan is proposed that will enhance the peat bog environment; details are provided in Chapter 10 (Biodiversity).

101 Excavated tracks are built within the peat layer in areas of shallower peat where the topographic gradient is less than 3º. 102 This will ensure that both the ephemeral streams, identified on the site, and the blanket bog are protected. 103 The term micro-siting refers to the precise locating of turbines at the construction stage to avoid environmental or technical constraints identified on the ground.

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13.6.2 Surface Water and Groundwater Quality The proposed turbines have been located away from unstable slopes. The proposed tracks are now located across high ground, away from the upper limits of the nearby headwater streams, therefore minimising the need for watercourse crossings. The revised access track layout reduces the number of watercourse crossings to only one, on the access road to turbine 8104. Micro-siting of the water crossing will occur to avoid sensitive stream areas and will be subject to consultation with the EA Wales. Box or pipe culverts are often the preferred crossing type for smaller tributaries, such as the proposed one. Protective vertical barriers, silt traps and oil separators will also be incorporated at the watercourse crossing to prevent silt-laden runoff (in wet conditions) and dust (in drier periods) entering the stream. Particular attention will be given to the management of construction activities in the vicinity of, or within site catchments draining towards, the DCWW surface water abstractions (to the east and south of the development area, particularly around proposed turbines 9-12). EA and CIRIA pollution prevention and control guidelines will be strictly adhered to, while no concrete batching, storage of chemicals, maintenance or refuelling of vehicles will take place within these sensitive parts of the site. Runoff generated, or water encountered, within these areas will be interecepted and stored/ treated, and will not be allowed to enter local watercourses connected to these sensitive sources of water supply. In order to limit the potential effects from a pollution incident, discharge of sediment-enriched water, or accidental spillage/ leakage during construction (and de-commissioning), the following measures will be implemented: • A buffer zone of 20m around all watercourses will be observed and appropriate EA pollution prevention guidance will be implemented (PPG 1-8 and 21); • Bunding of chemical and fuel storage areas to 110% of storage capacity;

• Re-fuelling and maintenance of vehicles and machinery on areas of hardstanding;

• Pumping of any groundwater/ water ingress, as necessary, from turbine foundations to a suitable treatment pond (or trench) prior to discharge. Shallow concrete pad foundations will also be used where possible to minimise excavation works; • The above careful design is to be supplemented by mitigation measures as described in the EA’s PPG and special requirements, including the following: - Scheduling construction activities to minimise the area and period of time that soil will be exposed, particularly during winter periods; - Installation of cut-off drains around the working areas to intercept uncontaminated surface runoff and divert it around the works;

- Revegetation of foundation and crane pad working areas as soon as possible after construction.

104 Although attention will also be provided to the access track design north of turbine 1 and between turbines 2 and 4, as ephemeral streams may flow at these locations. Tracks will be designed so that ephemeral flows are not impeded.

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• The use of sumps, infiltration trenches and silt traps (or other appropriate sediment removal methods) to remove sediment from run-off prior to discharge; this can be supplemented by settlement ponds and attenuation areas where necessary;

• Cable trenches are to be constructed in sections and will contain soil plugs which reduce erosion potential; • Suitable placement of stockpiles away from watercourses, slopes and other sensitive areas (e.g. deep peat); • During track construction the use of fine silty materials, and acidic, metalliferous spoil from mine workings will be avoided; • The watercourse crossing design will be planned in consultation with the EA, with design appropriate to the size of crossing and potential effects agreed and based on best practice available from EA PPG notes, namely PPG1, 5 and 6, CIRIA guidance C502, C532 and R168 and Forests and Water Guidelines 2003; • Design of a pollution incidence response plan, in line with EA PPG21, which details the correct response measures to any pollution incidents. Equipment to contain and absorb spills will be readily available; • If any concrete batching is to happen on site, appropriate controls and water treatment facilities are to be agreed with the EA Wales prior to construction. The use of sulphate-resistant concrete is recommended. The above measures are to be fully detailed in an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), sometimes prepared separately as a Construction Management Plan, to demonstrate that emergency action planning is in place and that site workers/users are aware of potential risks to the water environment and of their duty not to knowingly cause pollution to controlled waters (which includes both surface and groundwaters on and off-site).

13.6.3 Flood Risk Although the development site is located in an area of low flood risk, construction activities, such as laying the turbine foundations and establishing access tracks, have the potential to change the natural, greenfield runoff rates generated at the site and, hence, increase flood risk to site users and infrastructure and downstream areas. Management of surface runoff will be achieved by suitable and appropriately designed sustainable drainage solutions (SUDS), around areas of hardstanding, which will limit runoff to existing greenfield rates and prevent it from affecting site users and property at the site and further downstream. The discharge rates from the post-developed site will be controlled to match those from the undeveloped site for all events up to and including the 1% Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) events, equivalent to the 1 in 100 year storm event, including an allowance for future climate change of 20%, which is equivalent to a design horizon of 2085. Details of the runoff and storage requirement methodology and calculations, as undertaken for the proposed development site, are provided in Appendix J.

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The required attenuation of surface runoff for the whole site to ensure that there is no overall increase in flood risk has been calculated to be 260 m3. The required storage per turbine has been calculated to be 17m3, and the storage for the building and compound areas as 10m3 and 48m3 respectively. Typical SUDS features that can be employed to attenuate surface water flows include swales, detention basins and ponds. It can therefore be demonstrated that by using SUDS the proposed development at Mynydd Bwllfa will provide an acceptable level of flood protection, which is in accordance with the requirements of TAN15. Storage requirements will have to be formally agreed with the Local Planning Authority and the appropriate adopting body. Other measures incorporated in the scheme that will aid flood risk management are: • A 20m buffer zone of no development or construction activities surrounding watercourses; • Cable trenches are to be constructed in sections and will contain soil plugs which slow run-off; • The edges of access tracks will be allowed to re-vegetate, maintaining a minimum width throughout operation of 5m, and the tracks will be cambered to reduce the potential to act as new conduits for surface runoff;

• During construction of new tracks on sloping ground, drainage will be controlled by placing excavated soils on the downhill slopes and lateral drainage ditches on the uphill slopes. This will control surface drainage and also prevent soil erosion. Track working will be limited to small stretches of track at any one time;

• Construction of suitable drainage mechanisms on a temporary and permanent basis will be undertaken to facilitate naturally occurring drainage beneath the access tracks; • Sustainable urban drainage measures, such as track-side vegetated swales and ditches, will be incorporated into the design of track drainage, providing temporary storage for runoff and reducing runoff rates; • Water will be encouraged to re-infiltrate through the use of infiltration trenches and discharge to vegetated areas. If it is necessary to discharge to a watercourse then a discharge consent will be sought from the EA Wales and the water will be appropriately treated prior to discharge. A summary of all project assumptions in this section, together with the receptors and potential effects that they address, and an assessment of their likely effectiveness are provided in Table 13.6.

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Table 13.6 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effects Effectiveness

Construction (and De-commissioning) Phase

Peat bog areas and surface waters Effects on peat and water Design avoids areas of deep peat. Substantially courses due to access track/ Use of good practice in handling turbine construction and soils. SUDS and runoff control. associated impacts on soil Micro-siting. EMP erosion/water quality.

Only one water crossing proposed. Effects on stream hydrology, Barriers, silt traps and oil separators Substantially Surface waters morphology and water quality Micro-siting, Crossing design to be

due to watercourse crossings. agreed with EA Wales.

Increase in flood risk due to Surface water runoff management Humans and property at the site and increased surface runoff (from through SUDS/attenuation of runoff, Fully downstream. introducing impermeable areas and access track drainage features in greenfield site) and No overall increase of greenfield construction activities. runoff rates.

Surface water, groundwater and Effects on soils/water quality Turbines sited away from sensitive Substantially peat bog areas/soils. Also public and due to wind turbine foundation areas/features. No deep excavations private water supplies (indirectly). placement. Increase in erosion Treatment of any water ingress. potential due to electrical Cable trenches to be constructed in cable laying. sections and contain soil plugs

slow runoff/reduce erosion. EMP.

Increase in soils erosion Suitable soils and stockpiles Groundwater and peat bog areas. Substantially potential due to construction handling. Adherence to good Also public and private water activities or discharges from practice and PPG notes. supplies (indirectly). off-site highways works Control/treatment of runoff. EMP.

Surface water and groundwater. Potential polluting discharges Controls around batching area. Also public and private water Substantially from concrete batching Water treatment facilities to be supplies (indirectly). agreed with EA Wales.

Effects on soils and ground Pumping of groundwater/ water Surface water and groundwater. water levels and quality from ingress to a treatment pond. EMP. Substantially Also public and private water borrow pit excavation/ supplies (indirectly). dewatering.

Potential polluting discharges Surface water and groundwater. Use of areas of hardstanding. Substantially from refuelling of machinery Also public and private water Bunding of storage areas to 110%. and vehicles supplies (indirectly).

Increase in soil erosion and Surface water and groundwater and Adherence to good practice and accidental pollution of waters/ Substantially peat bog areas. Also public and EA guidelines. EMP. peat areas from any other site/ private water supplies (indirectly). construction activities.

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Table 13.6 (continued) Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effects Effectiveness

Operational Phase

Peat bog, local watercourses, Accidental pollution from Use of areas of hardstanding. Substantially groundwater and the Afon Dar, maintenance activities and/or Bunding of storage areas to 110%. Afon Rhondda Fach, Afon Cynon and refuelling of machinery and Maintenance programme for Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs. vehicles. access tracks, watercourse Public (DCWW) and private crossing and SUDS. Pollution supplies (Nant Melyn Farm). incident response planning.

Humans and property at the site and Permanent changes in flood SUDS and runoff management. Fully downstream risk due to introduction of (No overall increase in runoff infrastructure or changes in rates/volumes). Maintenance site runoff/drainage. programme for access tracks, and SUDS. Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some effects possible, which are discussed in Section 13.7. Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects are still likely.

13.7 Predicted Effects

13.7.1 Potential Receptors Following the baseline review and site visit, the following potential receptors in the water environment have been excluded from further assessment: • Designated areas, due to their reasons for designation (i.e. unrelated to water), distance from/location relative to the site (i.e. upgradient), topography between the site and designated area (i.e. no surface drainage paths) and/or lack of hydrogeological links;

• The two Tower Colliery water abstractions and one of the DCWW water abstractions, due their location (i.e. upgradient/upstream of site), distance from site and topography (i.e. no surface drainage paths);

• The Llwynhelig Farm PWS, due to substantial distance from site and topography between the site and the PWS (i.e. no drainage paths). All other surface water and groundwater receptors, including the peat bog, the Nant Melyn private water supply and the four DCWW abstractions, have been assessed using the methodology in Section 13.2, taking into consideration the environmental measures incorporated in the proposed scheme (section 13.6).

13.7.2 Potential Effects The main potential risks to the water environment can be summarised as follows:

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• Erosion of exposed ground during construction activities resulting in deterioration in peat bog quality, and supported habitats, and elevated suspended solids in runoff, and subsequent effects on the quality of receiving watercourses (Effect 1);

• Accidental pollution of local surface waters and groundwater from concrete leachate and/or leaks and spillages of oil or fuel during construction, operation (maintenance) and de-commisioning activities (Effect 2); • Discharge of potentially polluted water generated from construction activities (e.g. dewatering/water ingress, concrete batching) into local surface waters and groundwater, and resulting deterioration in water quality (Effect 3);

• Propagation of any major pollution/water quality problems further donwstream105 into main rivers (which are connected to local streams or fed by groundwater), the nearby Castell and Lluest-wen reservoirs and the four DCWW surface water abstractions (through direct site drainage or local streams), and the Nant Melyn Farm private water supply (through polluted groundwater, as no surface drainage paths are thought to exist) (Effect 4); • Changes in stream flow regime/hydrology and groundwater levels from uncontrolled surface water runoff during construction and de-commissioning (Effect 5); • Increase in runoff rates/volumes from the site, or changes in drainage regime, due to introduction of impermeable areas in a greenfield site, construction activities and off-site highways (access road) works, resulting in increased flood risk within the site and/or further downstream (Effect 6); • Disturbance of the peat bog during construction (e.g. turbine/access track construction, electrical cable laying etc) and de-commissioning, and resulting impacts of dessication and reduced habitat potential (Effect 7);

• Changes in stream morphology, hydrology and water quality from the proposed water crossing (Effect 8).

13.7.3 Assessment of Significance The assessment of potential effects on hydrology and hydrogeology, following incorporation of environmental measures in the proposed scheme, can be summarised in the following Tables 13.7-13.8, which evaluate the sensitivity of water receptors and the magnitude of potential effects. It has been assumed that all proposed scheme measures will be implemented106 and any additional advice from the EA Wales and CCW will be addressed

105 The greatest risk to water quality of sensitive water abstractions is identified in the area around proposed turbines 9 to 12, where any discharges from this construction area will be subject to much less attenuation or dilution (compared to other parts of the site) before reaching the DCWW surface water abstractions at Castell reservoir and the Afon Dar. Hence, particular measures have been proposed for this area in section 13.6.2. 106 The implementation mechanisms are detailed in section 13.9.

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through the EMP; therefore, the magnitude of predicted effects has been reduced accordingly. Potential effects during the decommissioning stage have been assumed to be very similar to (and no more significant than) potential construction effects, and have not been assessed separately. Using Table 13.3, which helps to derive the significance of potential effects, it can be seen that all potential effects are assessed as being ‘not significant’.

Table 13.7 Sensitivity of Receptors at Mynydd Bwllfa

Sensitivity Receptors

Very High People and property (on-site and downstream)

High Nant Melyn Farm private water supply

DCWW surface water abstractions

Underlying Minor Aquifer

Areas of deep and/or high quality peat bog

Watercourses of high water quality/ecological value: Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda Fach and Afon Cynon

Lluest Wen reservoir

Castell reservoir

Medium Areas of shallow or degraded peat bog

Local watercourses (of low/moderate ecological value): Nant Rhydfelen, Nant Melyn, Nant y Bwlch

Low Local drainage ditches

Table 13.8 Magnitude of Potential Effects at Mynydd Bwllfa

Magnitude Potential Effects Receptors (see Section 13.7.2)

Major

Moderate

Minor Effect 1 Peat bog/ Local watercourses/ Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda Fach and Afon Cynon/Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs

Effect 2 Local watercourses/ Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda Fach and Afon Cynon/Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs /Underlying Minor Aquifer

Effect 3 Local watercourses/Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda Fach and Afon Cynon/ Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs/ Underlying Minor Aquifer

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Table 13.8 (continued) Magnitude of Potential Effects at Mynydd Bwllfa

Magnitude Potential Effects Receptors (see Section 13.7.2)

Effect 4 Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda Fach and Afon Cynon/ Lluest-wen and Castell reservoirs/ Underlying Minor Aquifer/Nant Melyn PWS/DCWW surface water abstractions

Effect 5 Local watercourses/Underlying Minor Aquifer

Effect 7 Areas of peat bog (both deep and shallow)

Effect 8 Local watercourse (near turbine 8)

Negligible Effect 6 People and properties/infrastructure within the site (or further downstream)

13.8 Summary of Predicted Effects A summary of the receptors assessed in this chapter and the outcome of the significance evaluation of potential effects are provided in the following table.

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Table 13.9 Receptors and Evaluation of Significance of Potential Effects

Receptor Type of Probability Sensitivity or Magnitude Significance Effect Value Level Rationale

Construction (and De-commissioning)

Peaty soils -ve Likely Dsitrict/County Low NS Adoption of suitable mitigation measures, especially good practice track design, careful soils handling, micro-siting of turbines and avoidance of sensitive areas (deep peat).

Local surface water bodies -ve Likely Local Low/Medium NS Use of appropriate pollution prevention measures in line with within the site boundary recommended guidance, and agreement of EMP, SUDS and access track and crossing design with the EA Wales. Water quality monitoring programme. Also, pollution incident response planning.

Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda -ve Likely District/County Low/Medium NS Use of appropriate pollution prevention measures in line with Fach, Afon Cynon and Lluest- recommended guidance, and agreement of EMP, SUDS and wen and Castell reservoirs access track and crossing design with the EA Wales. Natural dilution/dispersion of pollution. Water quality monitoring programme. Also, pollution incident response planning.

Underlying Minor Aquifer -ve Likely District Low/Medium NS Use of appropriate pollution prevention measures in line with recommended guidance, and agreement of EMP, SUDS and track and crossing design with the EA Wales. Water quality monitoring programme. Also, pollution incident response planning.

People and property on-site 0 Unlikely National Low/Negligible NS Limited scheme land take and change in impermeable area. and downstream Revegetation where possible. Water crossing and access track drainage design to be agreed with EA Wales. Runoff control/storage using SUDS to ensure no increase in greenfield runoff.

Nant Melyn PWS and DCWW -ve Unlikely District/County Low/Medium NS Use of appropriate pollution prevention and accident response surface water abstractions planning. Agreement of EMP and SUDS with EA Wales. Natural dilution/decay of pollution. Water quality monitoring programme. Additional mitigation options are available, if necessary.

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Table 13.9 (continued) Receptors and Evaluation of Significance of Potential Effects

Receptor Type of Probability Sensitivity or Magnitude Significance Effect Value Level Rationale

Operation

Peaty soils -ve Unlikely District/County Low NS Soils will be restored as far as possible. Land take of permanent structures very small compared to size of site and peat areas.

Local surface water bodies -ve Unlikely Local Low/Medium NS Regular maintenance programme for access tracks and within the site boundary watercourse crossing. Also, pollution incident response planning.

Afon Dar, Afon Rhondda -ve Unlikely District/County Low NS Regular maintenance programme for access tracks and Fach, Afon Cynon and Lluest- watercourse crossing. Pollution incident response planning. wen and Castell reservois Natural dilution/dispersion of pollution.

Underlying Minor Aquifer -ve Unlikely District Low/Medium NS Sulphate resistant concrete will be used to prevent concrete leaching. Appropriate storage of fuels and other chemicals on site. Site pollution prevention procedures in line with appropriate guidance.

People and property on-site 0 Unlikely National Negligible NS Regular maintenance programme for SUDS, access tracks and and downstream watercourse crossing.

Nant Melyn PWS and DCWW -ve Unlikely District/County Low NS Prevention of pollution to local watercourses/aquifer (through surface water abstractions regular maintenance of access tracks/watercourse crossing, and incident response planning) will ensure no effects further downstream. Water quality monitoring to continue post- construction.

Key: Type Probability Policy Importance Magnitude Significance - ve = Negative Certain International High Significant (S) +ve = Positive Likely National Medium Not Significant (NS) ? = Unknown Unlikely County Low 0 = Neutral District Negligible Local

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13.9 Further Mitigation Measures Considering the substantial, but not full, effectiveness of the incorporated measures and the presence of sensitive and vulnerable water receptors in the area, such as the private water supply at Nant Melyn Farm and the DCWW surface water abstractions (particularly that from Castell reservoir), it is proposed that additional mitigation measures be taken, as a precaution, to ensure that there are no significant effects from the proposed development. To this end, it is proposed to set up a water quality monitoring programme which covers the local watercourses, the two reservoirs and groundwater in the Minor Aquifer underlying the site. The monitoring programme should be established so that any impacts on the water quality of downstream water receptors and potentially vulnerable supply sources can be determined through sampling/ field monitoring. It is proposed that water quality monitoring is carried out prior to, during and following construction to ensure that any adverse effects from scheme construction can be identified. This will, in turn, help to shape any additional mitigation measures that may be required to protect these sensitive water uses. It should be noted that this recommendation is intended to provide a pro-active approach to the protection of public/private water supplies rather than because any significant problems are envisaged. It is expected that surface water monitoring points107 will be required on the two tributaries of the Afon Dar, the Nant Rhydfelen, the Lluest-wen reservoir and the Castell reservoir while groundwater will be sampled at appropriate locations across the site108, particularly to the east and south of the site where most private/public water supplies are located. In addition, monitoring points will be required at, or near, the DCWW water abstraction sites and the Nant Melyn Farm water supply. This will be complemented by visual observations of stream quality to be carried out regulary during construction. The exact locations of monitoring sites and the suite of monitoring parameters will be agreed with the EA Wales and the Local Authority prior to the commencement of construction. It can be assumed that monitoring parameters will be based on drinking water standards for sources of supply and appropriate General Quality Assessment (GQA) standards for surface watercourses. The frequency of sampling and overall duration of the monitoring exercise is also to be agreed with the EA Wales. In the event of any activities associated with the proposed development resulting in a failure against standards for any of the monitored parameters, appropriate remediation measures will be undertaken. These measures could include, as an example, the extension of the capacity of the on-site drainage network with appropriate SUDS measures.

13.10 Implementation of Project Assumptions The proposed environmental measures to be incorporated in the scheme design will be delivered through various mechanisms as summarised in Table 13.10. The parties responsible for

107 It is also advisable to undertake some quantity measurements at the same time, where possible, such as measuring groundwater levels or the flow of Nant Melyn Farm PWS. 108 Careful consideration should be given to the number of groundwater monitoring wells required, as boreholes can act as contamination pathways between the site and the underlying groundwater.

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implementation of the proposed measures throughout construction, operation and decommissioning of the development are also provided.

Table 13.10 Implementation Project Assumptions

Assumption/ Monitoring Proposal Responsibility for Implementation Mechanism Implementation

Construction and (de-commissioning) Phase

Implementation of protocols concerning good Pennant Walters and Preparation of EMP to be signed off practice, pollution prevention and accident appointed by EA Wales. Compliance with PPG response. Implementation of measures presented in subcontractors notes and CIRIA guidance. section 13.6.

Water quality monitoring of groundwater and Pennant Walters and To be agreed and signed off by EA surface water at the site and private/public water appointed Wales and DCWW. Planning supply sites. subcontractors condition.

Management of surface water run-off, site drainage Pennant Walters and Preparation of EMP to be signed off and dewatering/water ingress to ensure no changes appointed by EA Wales. Planning condition. in hydrology, water quality and morphology of subcontractors receiving waters

Installation of proposed SUDS Pennant Walters and Preparation of EMP to be signed off appointed by EA Wales. Planning condition. subcontractors

Permanent land use change, new infrastructure and operation

Implementation of protocols during infrastructure Pennant Walters and Preparation of EMP to be signed off operation/maintenance concerning good practice, appointed by EA Wales. Compliance with PPG pollution prevention and accident response subcontractors notes and CIRIA guidance.

Maintenance of proposed SUDS, stream crossing Pennant Walters and Preparation of EMP to be signed off and access tracks appointed by EA Wales. Planning condition. subcontractors

13.11 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The Mynydd Bwllfa site is located in an area drained by tributaries of the Afon Dar, the Afon Cynon and the Afon Rhondda, and part of the application site drains directly into the nearby Lluest-wen Reservoir. The hydrological regime in the area is defined by a moderately high proportion of surface runoff, a small percentage of precipitation infiltrating through podsol soils, recharging the underlying minor aquifer, and a large degree of water storage in the saturated peat deposits. Topography across the site is variable, with some steep slopes in places. Soils over this area are of moderate permeability and with a high peat content, as large parts of the site are covered by blanket bog of variable quality and depth. The Minor Aquifer is associated with underlying Upper Carboniferous Sandstones and Coal Measures. It comprises potentially fractured rocks which do not have a high permeability; however, groundwater flow through cracks and fissures is capable of supporting small water supplies. There are records of two private water supplies within a 3 km radius of the site, only one of which (Nant Melyn Farm) is a potential receptor. There are seven public water abstractions within a 3 km radius, only four of which are potential receptors.

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Mitigation measures for this development have focused on the protection of the water environment from sediment laden run-off and other pollutants, such as oil and chemicals. Particular attention has been paid to those areas of construction which will take place on slopes, along the proposed access tracks and at turbine locations, and at the only proposed water crossing near turbine 8. Measures for site drainage and the control of run-off, such as the use of SUDS and facilitation of natural drainage paths have been discussed and will be subject to agreement with the EA Wales before construction commences. The key mitigation measures will be documented within an Environmental Management Plan to be agreed with the EA Wales before construction commences. It is considered that the measures detailed above, together with a proposed programme of water quality monitoring, prior, during and following construction, will ensure that there are no significant effects to the water environment from this proposed development.

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14. Socio Economic, Tourism, Recreation and Land Use

14.1 Introduction This section draws on publicly available information to asses the potential impact on the proposed wind farm at Myndd Bwllfa on the socio-economic and community issues of the local area. These impacts may principally affect the residents of the electoral wards, villages and towns closest to the proposed site but may also have a more limited effect in a wider context. The socio-economic effects will include direct effects such as job creation and possible indirect effects such as increased spending in the local economy by those employed on site. Other effects will include the potential impact of the development on tourism and recreation in the area, public attitudes and how the proposed development is likely to affect land use and agriculture in the immediate vicinity.

14.2 Scope The Scoping Report sent to the County Borough Council in January 2009 outlined the broad approach that would be taken in the consideration of likely socio-economic impacts. These included the implications for tourism, together with the direct and indirect effects of job creation resulting from the construction and operational phases. The report also highlighted consideration of likely impacts upon land ownership and public access. The County Council scoping response confirmed that consideration should include for the assessment of the above impacts and it did not seek to extend the scope further.

14.3 Assessment Methodology Policy guidance on renewable energy is provided by the Welsh Assembly Government in Technical Advice Note (TAN) 8: Planning for Renewable Energy. This is dealt with in more detail in the planning policy chapter of this Environmental Statement (ES) along with other relevant policy and guidance considerations. The site falls within the administrative boundary of Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council. The Development Plan for the site comprises:

• Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 Adopted Plan January 1999;

• Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006, adopted January 2004.

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Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 Adopted Plan January 1999 The Structure Plan was adopted in 1999 and provides County Borough wide strategic guidance for land use over a period of 15 years.

Renewables Policies U1 and U2 refer specifically to the provision of renewable energy. Policy U2 provides the following guidance, relative to the scope.

Policy U2 Proposals for the development of renewable energy facilities and associated development including for wind power, in areas other than those referred to in U1, will be permitted where: - • The proposal can be located to reduce damage or disturbance to the environment to acceptable levels, particularly the levels of visual intrusion likely to result from the proposal taking into account the cumulative effects arising from other existing and approved schemes in the area; • Conflicts with surrounding land uses can be reduced to acceptable levels, particularly where the amenity of residential areas in the locality is likely to be affected adversely; • Provisions for the reinstatement of this site when it ceases operation are considered adequate;

• The availability of identified mineral resources or reserves is not sterilised. Other policies directly related to socio-economic, recreation and land use are outlined below: -

Environment Policy EV2 states that development that results in the loss of agricultural land of Grade 3a and above will not normally be permitted. Where the loss of such land is involved, development should take place on the lowest grades possible, subject to other environmental constraints.

Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 Policy ENV21 refers specifically to renewable energy and states: Proposals for renewable energy schemes will be permitted where; • The cumulative effect of renewable energy schemes would not harm the landscape; and

• The proposal is accompanied by measures to reduce the impact of ancillary development, such as new roads, tracks, fencing, buildings and grid connections. Other policies directly related to socio-economic, recreation and land use are outlined below:

Environment ENV7 relates to planning obligations and conditions and identifies that the Council will seek to provision of associated environmental and community benefits from developers.

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Conservation Policy CON6 regards the protection of agricultural land and requires the impact of development on the viability of existing farm units and traditional farming practices to be considered.

Recreation Policy R3 seeks to protect existing footpaths and bridleways and policy R4 states that development which would adversely affect public rights of way and bridleways will not be permitted unless it can be demonstrated that the affected route can be conveniently diverted. Policy RP6 relates to cycle routes and sets out that development which prejudices the line of cycle routes as defined on the proposals map will not be permitted.

14.3.1 Assessment Methodology

Economy and Community Data regarding the wind energy industry in general has been obtained from publications by the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) and the then Department for Trade and Industry (DTI), now DECC. Statistical profiles of the area immediately surrounding the proposed wind farm were obtained from published information from the Office for National Statistics, Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council and the National Assembly for Wales.

Tourism and Recreation Baseline information on tourism in the area has been obtained from Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council (RCT) and Capital Region Tourism websites. The impact of tourism has been assessed using surveys commissioned by a range of organisations into the public perception of wind turbines both in Wales and the other parts of the UK. There are a number of Public Rights of Way, including a regional footpath and a cycleway, in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm. These were located using Ordnance Survey maps and confirmed with RCTs footpath officer. Open Access areas designated under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 were obtained from the Countryside Council for Wales Website. Direct impacts of the proposed development on recreation are identified as physical disruption to access, to the users of Public Rights of Way (PRoW) and of other recreational receptors during the construction, operational or decommissioning phases. These impacts include the temporary closure or re-routing of footpaths to avoid conflict with construction activity and siting turbines within blade height of public highways (including PRoW) during the operational phase. As part of the impact assessment on the public amenity and access, consultation has taken place within the Countryside Council for Wales, the Ramblers Association (Cynon Valley Ramblers) and RCT’s Rights of Way Officer as part of the previous application for Hirwaun Wind Farm. These responses have been used to inform proposals for Mynydd Bwllfa.

Land Use and Agriculture Information regarding the land use and agriculture of the site was obtained from the ecology chapter of the ES and the impacts assessed using data from Pennant Walters relating to the physical characteristics of the development.

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14.4 Baseline

14.4.1 Economy and Community

The Renewable Energy Economy in Wales According to British Wind Energy Association (http://www.bwea.com/statistics) there is currently 332 megawatts (MW) of wind energy operational in Wales with a further 31.25MW under construction and 163.95MW consented. A best case scenario may therefore assume that that around 526MW may be operational by 2010. This supports the prediction made by the BWEA in its report of 2006 which suggested that 505MW will be built in Wales by 2010. The BWEA predicted that the 505MW would generate a minimum of £277.8 million from investment in the development, construction and operation of wind farms and contributions to local communities and landowners by 2020 (see Table 14.1 below).

Table 14.1 Wind Energy Benefits 2006-2026

Benefit Category Benefit (£ Millions)

Landowner Income (onshore and offshore) 31.9

Community income 10.6

Development spend 1.6

Business rates 24.8

Capital expenditure (UK Spend) 60.1

Operational expenditure 148.8

Total monetary benefit 277.8 Source: BWEA; 2006 A 2004 study ‘Renewable Supply Chain Gap Analysis’ undertaken by the Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) found that the total monetary value, adjusted for imports of the renewable energy industry in the UK is approximately £290 million and sustains 8,000 jobs across the industry, of which 1,600 are not directly employed in or supply the industry (e.g. extra retail employment). The study estimates that, on average, 10 jobs are sustained per MW of renewable energy currently under development, under construction and in operation.

Local Area The proposed wind farm development is located in the local government area of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council (RCT). RCT is described by the Office of National Statistics 2001 Area Classification methodology as belonging to the subgroup Industrial Hinterlands A. This subgroup has a number of characteristics which are far above the national average. These are, the number of:

• Households with one adult and dependant children;

• People who provide unpaid care;

• Household spaces which are terraced;

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• People of working age suffering from limiting long-term illness. The settlements of Hirwaun, Penywaun and Aberdare lie to the north and east of the proposed development which is located within the Rhigos and Aberdare West/Llwydcoed wards. The population of these and the wards neighbouring the site are shown in Table 14.2 along with the population of Wales and RCT.

Table 14.2 2001 Census Population

Geographic Area 2001 2007

Wales 2,903.085 2980,000

Rhondda Cynon Taf 231,946 233,700

Aberaman North 5,109 -

Aberaman South 4,724 -

Aberdare West/ Llwydcoed 9.312 -

Hirwaun 3,995 -

Maerdy 3,441 -

Pen-y-waun 3,322 -

Rhigos 5,994 -

Treherbet 6,011 -

Treorchy 8,105 - Source: Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council (2001 figs) and www.nomis.gov.uk (2007 figs)

Socio-economic Profile – Index of Social Deprivation The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2008(National Assembly for Wales) (WIMD) is the official measure of deprivation for small areas in Wales. It was developed for the Welsh Assembly Government and replaces the index which was produced in 2005. It is made up of eight separate domains (or kinds) of deprivation; income; employment; health; education; housing; access to services; environment and community safety. Income and employment were classed as the most important factors and as such given a larger weighting in the overall index. England and Wales have been divided into Super Output Areas (SOA) each having roughly the same population. There are three levels: Lower Layer (the smallest), Middle Layer, and Upper Layer (the largest). There are 1,896 Lower Level Super Output Areas (LSOAs) in Wales each having about 1,500 people and deprivation scores have been worked out for each of these areas. The highest ranked LSOAs (that’s those with a rank closest to 1) are the most deprived. In Rhondda Cynon Taf 70% of LSOAs were measured to be more deprived than the Wales average. 18% of LSOAs fall within the 10% most deprived LSOAs in Wales and 70% within the 50% most deprived LSOAs in Wales. Of the 29 LSOEs located in close proximity to the proposal site, 25 are in the lowest 50% of deprived LSOA’s in Wales and 8 LSOA’s; Aberaman South 2, Aberaman South 3, Hirwaun 3,

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Maerdy 1, Maerdy 2, Pen-y-Waun 1, Pen-y-Waun 2 and Treherbert 2 all fall within the 10% most deprived LSOAs in Wales. The LSOA of Pen-y-Waun 2 was the most deprived lower level super output area located adjacent to the proposed wind farm site with a ranking of 12 ,placing it within the most deprived 10% of LSOAs in Wales and Aberdare West and Lywydcoed 6 is the least deprived LSOA ranked 1,864 out of 1,896

14.4.2 Tourism and Recreation

The Capital Region Rhondda Cynon Taf lies within a geographical region defined, for tourism purposes as the Capital Region Tourism Area. It is one of four Regional Tourism Partnerships in Wales and it includes the major tourism centre of Cardiff, diverse cultural and sporting opportunities, heritage attractions and activities based upon the coast, mountains and vales109. The Capital Region Tourism Strategic Regional Framework (2008)110 sets out a vision for tourism in the region which focuses on a longer horizon and new aspirations; “South East Wales is a lively city region, the nation’s capital region for tourism and the gateway to Wales; it will compete with the best in the UK and Europe to wind a growing share of the UK short breaks, overseas, events, meetings and conference markets…” The Strategic Vision is based the principles of sustainable tourism which the Welsh Assembly define as: “a tourism destination that promotes local economic prosperity, supports community well being and engagement, enhances its natural environment and culture and delivers a high quality experience to visitors.”111 Research into patterns of tourism in the region by Visit Wales in 2005 report that in 2005 south East Wales received 2.8 million UK overnight visitors who spend £408 million and 471,000 overseas tourist spending £152 million. Of those visitors, over half are visiting the region for a holiday, one in four are visiting friends and relatives and one in five visited on business. The average length of stay was 3 nights and the average spend per trip £157 which equates to £52 per night. It is notable that Rhondda Cynon Taf ranks 6th out of 9 for Tourism full time employees. Table 14.3 summarises the breakdown of tourism volume and value within the region.

109 http://www.capitalregiontourism.org/home.html. 110 The South East Wales Strategic Tourism Framework; Capital Region Tourism; Blue Sail; 2008 111 Sustainable Tourism a Framework for Wales; WAG; 2007

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Table 14.3 Tourism Volume and Value

Area Expenditure Tourist Days Tourist Numbers Sectors in which £ Millions (1000s) (1000s) Employment is Supported (FTE)

Cardiff 505 13,072 11,550 8,987

Bridgend 232.1 5130 3615 4452

Newport 152.6 2,760 2,124 2,502

Vale of Glamorgan 145.8 4860 3554 2345

Rhondda Cynon Taf 112.4 3005 2398 2096

Caerphilly 71.7 1956 1507 1431

Merthyr Tydfill 3707 1042 867 722

Swansea 238 6383 3531 4707

Neath Port Talbot 65.3 1742 1338 1365 Source: STEAM 2006

Rhondda Cynon Taf The Rhondda Cynon Taf Tourism Strategy 2007-2013 provides information on the tourism profile of the County Borough. It states that although the borough is not yet known as a ‘tourist destination’ it does have ‘enormous untapped potential to develop short-break and niche markets and generate corresponding economic and cultural benefits’. Rhondda Cynon Taf has a number of ‘tourism growth products’ which should be maximised these are: • Walking;

• Cycling;

• adventure/ activity;

• history/ heritage;

• culture/ events;

• genealogy;

• golf;

• equestrian. In 2006 the County Borough was visited by nearly 2.4 million visitors generating £112.4m for the local economy. It is considered to be primarily a day visitor destination with key visitor attractions being the Dare Valley County Park which is located immediately to the east of the site, Cynon Valley Museum and Ynysangharad War Memorial Park. Other attractions include Aberdare Park and Aberdare Golf Club in Aberdare as well as a visitor’s centre at Tower Colliery approximately 3.5km north-west from the centre of the site and the Rhondda Heritage Park, both which provide particular emphasis upon the coal mining historic of the area. Dare Valley Country Park is most closely located to the proposed wind farm. The valley once supported up to nineteen coal mines and drifts until their eventual abandonment. The Park was

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reclaimed in 1973 as the first in Britain to be created from industrial wasteland. The RCT website states that it provides ‘impressive views, lakes and streams, mature upland woodlands and a network of waymarked footpaths.’ Walking in Rhondda Cynon Taf is recognised in the Strategy as a key activity for increasing visitor numbers and engaging local communities. The County Borough has over 700 kilometres of trails and established walks which include strategic routes such as The Coed Morgannwg Way regional footpath and Sustrans cycle routes. The Tourism Strategy does however recognise that the proportion of people who visit an area purely for its walking opportunities are currently in the minority and that whilst this is changing, it recognises that walking is very often a secondary consideration in the choice of holiday. There a number of public rights of way which pass through, or in close proximity to the proposed wind farm. These are shown on figure 14.1 and include: • The Celtic Trail (National Cycle Route 47);

• The Coed Morgannwg Way regional footpath;

• Public Rights of Way (PRoWs). (All PRoWs on the site are footpaths; there are no bridleways or byways). Chapter One, Part One of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 requires the statutory bodies (in Wales, the Countryside Council for Wales) to prepare maps of open country and registered common land. Part 1 of the Act is intended to give greater freedom for people to explore open countryside. It contains provisions to introduce a new statutory right of access for open-air recreation to mountain, moor, health, down and registered common land. It also includes a power to extend the right to coastal land by order and enables landowners voluntarily to dedicate irrevocably any land to public access. Other sections of the Rhondda Cynon Taf Tourism Strategy consider future threats and opportunities to tourism and factors which will affect future tourism trends. It recognises that outdoor and activity holidays are becoming more popular, however considers that ‘external factors impacting on the quality of the environment and landscape and by implication of the visitor experience e.g. wind farms and new roads’ are a potential threat to this. Conversely, the Strategy also considers a growth in ‘green’ tourism, predicting a rise in the number of people wishing to visit destinations which are perceived to be ‘green’ and environmentally friendly. A research thesis published in May 2001 on behalf of the Welsh Tourism Board and Scottish Executive sought to investigate the impact of wind farms on tourism in Wales. It combined desk-based and fieldwork research including a questionnaire survey of 905 domestic and foreign visitors from which there was a 14.5% response rate. The findings show that most people believe that the contribution of wind farms to clean energy production outweighs their impact on the landscape. Almost all visitors questioned (96%) said that they would not be put off visiting Wales if more wind farms were to be developed and 69.3% would visit an information centre if one was built. The findings of a number of other Welsh surveys are summarised below:

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Wind Farms Wales In May 2005 BWEA commissioned NOP World to conduct a telephone poll of 500 people to gauge the Welsh public’s attitude to wind farms112 • 54% agreed and 30% disagreed that wind farms are necessary so that we can produce renewable energy , what they look like is unimportant; • 50% agreed and 35% disagreed that they would be happy to have a wind farm in their local area.

Public Attitudes to Wind Energy in Wales Published in September 2002 by Friends of the Earth Cymru, this short study sought to identify the level of public support for wind energy in Wales. A total of 500 adults were interviewed including some from Rhondda Cynon Taf. The results of the study showed that 71% of adults stated that they would support a doubling of wind turbines on land in Wales. Support for doubling the number of wind turbines was highest in the SE Wales region (75%) followed jointly by Valleys – which included Rhondda Cynon Taf (71%) and North West Wales (71%).

14.4.3 Land Use The land around the proposed wind farm development is of a relatively poor quality agriculturally, supporting heath, mire and acid grassland communities. The land is used for extensive sheep grazing. The application site is in the control of 3 land owners, the Walters Group and two local farmers. The two parcels of land which are in the control of landowners, are in Tir Gofal. Tir Gofal is a whole farm agri-environment scheme which has been available throughout Wales since April 1999. The Scheme aims to encourage agricultural practices which will protect and enhance the landscapes of Wales, their cultural features and associated wildlife. Agricultural grants are also paid to landowners under the Single Farm Payment. This payment replaces a number of individual grant payment payable under the previous CAP regime. It is based upon the area of land farmed, requiring that certain environmental and agricultural standards are met.

14.5 Information Gaps There are considered to be no information gaps.

14.6 Constraints to Development No overriding constraints were identified in a socio-economic, recreational or land use context. A number of mitigation and enhancement measures are included in Section 14.7.

112 NOP World Consumer 2005 Wind Farm Wales

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14.7 Project Assumptions

14.7.1 Economy and Community No project assumptions have been identified regarding the economy or community.

Enhancement Opportunities to establish community trusts are identified within TAN8. Developers are encouraged to consider opportunities to provide community benefits and it is Pennant Walter’s policy to establish a community fund. This would be financed through the operation of the wind farm and the revenue available to be spent upon community projects within the vicinity of the site.

14.7.2 Tourism and Recreation Turbines have been located off PRoWs and outside of toppling distances. A footpath diversion could be applied for if this was considered necessary. Signage will be placed at appropriate locations which will be agreed with the County Council, to inform walkers of the construction activities taking place. A Health and Safety Plan will be produced for the construction works that will provide a commitment to ensure that all workers understand that the site is open to access and that public safety should be considered at all times. Excavation will be fenced off to protect members of the public.

Off-setting No off-setting measures are considered to be appropriate.

Enhancement Some of the tracks which will be used to access the development are public rights of way. Their usage will necessitate a re-surfacing which will remain in place following the construction phase. Interpretation boards explaining the rationale for renewable energy and wind power can also be provided at appropriate points on or around the site.

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Table 14.4 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effects Effectiveness

Construction Phase

Tourism and Signage will be placed at Substantially Recreation appropriate locations to inform walkers of construction activities.

A Health and Safety plan will be put in place to ensure public safety is considered at all times. Excavation works will be fenced off to protect members of the public.

Operational Phase

Economy and Opportunity to establish a Pennant Walters will establish a Substantially Community community trust (in line with TAN8) community fund to be financed the to support community projects operation of the wind farm and spent on community projects.

Tourism and Implications on public safety of Turbines have been located off Fully Recreation turbines toppling onto PROWs, PRoWs and largely outside nearby dwellings and existing toppling distance. infrastructure.

Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some effects possible, which are discussed in Section 14.6 Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

14.8 Predicted Effects

14.8.1 Economy and Community

Construction The construction of the wind farm which will involve a significant investment by Pennant Walters will bring the opportunity for significant direct economic benefits to Rhondda Cynon Taft and the region during the construction phase. Subject to planning permission being granted, Pennant Walters would put the contract for the supply of the turbines out to competitive tender with the intention that the civil contract would be undertaken by the wider Group of companies. Up to the present time, most turbines erected in the UK have been manufactured in Denmark or Germany, however there are now manufacturing facilities in the UK (assembling turbines or producing major components) which will be encouraged to bid for work. Criteria for selecting the wind turbine manufacturer would be based on price specifications and guarantees to ensure that performance and technical specifications are met in full. Using the DTI figures outlined in Sections 14.1, the proposed development would sustain approximately 360 jobs (based upon the assumption of 12x3MW machines) over the lifetime of

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its conception, construction and operation. Many of these jobs would occur in the construction phase and at least some of the work could be filled by local firms. In addition, subject to economic conditions, it is intended that the quarry materials needed for the development (e.g. for road aggregate and hardcore) will be procured from a local quarry such as Gelligaer. Other indirect benefits to the local economy will come through an increased spend in bed and breakfast and other accommodation and the use of other local services and facilities thorough construction phase. Overall the construction of the wind farm is likely to have a minor positive impact on the socio- economic profile of the area, as there is potential for economic benefit to local construction firms, quarries, accommodation establishments and other services.

Operational During the operation phase of the development the wind farm will contribute 36MW, toward the 800MW 2010 renewable energy target of the Welsh Assembly Government. Following the completion of the wind farm the on-going servicing and maintenance will require 2 people to visit the site on a weekly basis. Minor and major servicing will take place at 3 monthly intervals respectively. Depending upon the nature of the work required servicing could be carried out by Pennant Walters or other contractors. Analysis by the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA; 2005a) shows that there have been consistently high levels of support for the development of wind farms, averaging 70-80% both in general and by residents living near wind farms. BWEA (2005b) commissioned NOP world to conduct a series of surveys on the public’s opinion of wind energy. A survey carried out in September 2005 showed that 80% agreed with the statement that “Wind farms are necessary to help us met current and future energy needs in the UK.” This compares with previous survey results of 74% (August 2004), 79% (January 2005) and 77% (May 2005) of those surveyed. TAN8 requires developers to consider the way in which the local community can benefit from the development of a wind farm. A number of ‘best practice’ case studies are provided within the Annex. As a locally based company Pennant Walters is conscious of its role within the community and discussions have begun to ascertain the most appropriate mechanism for establishing a community fund that, using revenue generated by the wind farm, would be able to support community projects within the local wards that surround the site.

Decommissioning The operating life of the wind farm will be approximately 25 years. After this time the turbines will be removed from the site (although the foundations are likely to remain). The land will be reinstated to allow the existing agricultural practices current at the time to continue.

Cumulative The construction of the wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa, may coincide with the construction of the proposed wind farm at Maerdy allowing for the co-ordination of construction programmes and the potential for additional employment and income for local businesses. The operational phase of Mynydd Bwllfa and Maerdy will also coincide with the operation of the wind farm at Taff Ely providing further employment opportunities for operational employees. The timetable for the proposed Nuon wind farm at Pen y Cymoedd is not know as a Section 36 application is yet to be submitted.

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14.8.2 Tourism and Recreation

Construction It is considered that there will be little impact on tourism during the construction phase of the development due to the limited nature of the timescale. During construction of the access track it may be necessary to temporarily close of divert a limited number of PRoWs although where feasible the access track has avoided PRoWs. There may be some impacts to the following recreational receptors during the construction phase. • Public access is provided by the PRoW that follows the existing track into the site. The existing track is intended to form the access into the site for construction vehicles. During the peak month of construction activity an application for a temporary diversion of the footpath will be made to Rhondda Cynon Taf. This diversion will include for the provision of a safe, alternative routes onto the site. During this period signs will be erected directing walkers to the alternative footpath. Construction traffic will then have to use the resurfaced PRoW as a route between the construction compound and the wind turbines/ access track locations. This may cause come disturbance to users of the PRoW; • The construction of turbines would not directly impact upon the Coed Morgannwg Way or National Cycle Route 47. The proposed access track would use this footpath at one location. Appropriate signage will be provided. Construction will not take place during weekends and Bank Holidays; • Walkers are allowed access to most of the area around the turbines and access tracks under the CRoW Act. During the construction phase it will be necessary to fence areas of Open Access land around each of the wind turbine sites. This is necessary for health and safety reasons and will be timed to ensure these exclusions are staggered over time and therefore cause minimum disruption to members of the public.

Operational Tourism The proposed wind farm is located within the Capital Tourism Region which includes Cardiff and Newport. Studies indicate that less than 10% of total visitors, expenditure and jobs generated by tourism within the region are to be found within Rhondda Cynon Taff Existing tourism attractions within the Council area place an emphasis upon its industrial past, which is particularly associated with coal mining and extraction. The visitor centre at Tower Colliery, and the reclaimed Dare Valley Country Park provide examples of continuing extraction and the ways by which the landscape can regenerate once such activities have ceased. Studies into the effects of wind farms on the tourism industry demonstrate that tourism is unlikely to be substantially affected by the wind farm development. Given the context of the visitor facilities within Rhondda Cynon Taff it is considered that wind farm development would provide an example of the continuing use of the environment to provide sources of power.

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Recreation There are no proposals to extinguish any PRoWs or other recreation routes during the operation of the wind farm. There will be minimal loss of Open Access land due to land take for the turbines as indicated below. TAN8 advises setting back all turbines a minimum distance equivalent to the height to the blade tip from the edge of any public highway including Public Rights of Way. The proposed development has achieved this with the exception of turbine 10. Due to the open access arrangements of the land allowing walkers unlimited access to roam across it, walkers do not need to stay on any footpaths. The turbines can therefore be avoided by those who do not wish to approach them. Equally there is no impediment to a walker approaching any turbine no matter how far from a PRoW provided they stay on Open Access land. Figure 14.1 shows the key PRoWs and other recreational receptors in relation to the proposed turbine and access track layout. The potential impact on each PRoW/recreational receptor during the operational phase has been assessed as follows.

• Dare Valley Country Park: The closest turbines (turbine nos: 7 and 10) are located approximately 1km from the park and no access tracks go through the park. There will therefore be no direct impact on the park during the operational phase; • National Cycle Route 47 (Celtic Trail): This cycle route crosses to the south of the turbines and access track, with the exception of turbine 5. There will be no direct impact on the cycle path during the operational phase; • Coed Morgannwg Way: This regional route is a 36 mile track between Gethin Woodland Park (Merthyr Tydfil) and Margam country Park (Neath Port Talbot). The route crosses to the west of the southernmost turbines and access track. Turbines 5, 9 and 10 are located 125-200 metres from the Coed Morgannwg Way, in line with the guidelines in TAN8 of 125 metres (height to blade tip). As noted previously there is not impediment to any walker approaching a turbines as long as it is on Open Access Land, therefore it was felt that other constraints should take precedence over this; • Open Access Land: Walkers are allowed access to most of the area around the turbines and access tracks under the CRoW Act. There will be a negative impact associated with the loss of accessible land to the constructed wind turbines although no fencing will be erected around each wind turbines thus minimising the amount of land lost to open access. This will be a minor impact due to the low percentage of land take when compared with the overall area of the site (12 turbines x area of each base). The CRoW Act does not allow access to and for horses beyond that which already exists on bridleways (of which there are none on this site);

• PRoWs: Turbine 10 would be within toppling distance of a PRoW. There is no impediment to any walker approaching a turbine as long as it is on Open Access Land and walkers would therefore have the option of passing close to or around the turbine;

• Other footpaths. There are a number of footpaths and tracks crossing the site which are not PRoWs some of them relatively close to the turbines and access routes. As the surrounding land is Open Access there is no constraint for walkers

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to remain on the footpath and they are therefore free to approach or avoid the turbines as they prefer.

Decommissioning Recreation Impacts of recreation and tourism are likely to be less in the decommissioning phase as it is proposed to leave the access tracks in situ. This will reduce the number of any closures to Open Access Land or Prows for health and safety reasons while dismantling takes place.

14.8.3 Land Use

Construction Impacts on land use and agriculture during the construction phase include the temporary restriction of grazing to areas around the wind turbine sites when construction is taking place and to the construction compound. This will be achieved by erecting temporary fencing. The total area of land that will be affected during the construction phase is minimal. It should be noted that the construction of the turbines will be phased and thus the restriction in grazing will be less at any one time than indicated above. As a percentage of grazing land on the mountain this is likely to equate to 1 % at any one time. The temporary nature of the fencing and the relatively small scale of the restrictions on grazing make this a low impact on the overall land use for the area.

Operational Once construction has been complete, the crane pads around the wind turbines used to erect the turbines will begin to revegetate. This will allow these areas to be grazed and thus reduce the amount of land take during the operational phase. It is understood that it is normal CCW practice to reduce Tir Gofal payments by a percentage equivalent to that percentage of land lost of permanent development. This percentage is considered to be insignificant and it would be compensated through the payments made to the landowners by Pennant Walters for the lease of the land for wind turbines.

Decommissioning The impacts associated with decommissioning are similar to those of the construction phase in that a temporary construction compound will be required, although as it is not proposed to remove the access tracks the timescale the compound will be required should be less. It is envisaged that this will be located in the same area as that in the construction phase.

Cumulative There is no cumulative impact associated with land use.

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14.9 Summary of Potential Effects

14.9.1 Criteria for Evaluation The criteria for evaluation have been summarised in Section 2 of the ES. In respect of the policy context for the definition used in the socio-economic assessment are: National (Wales), Regional (South Wales), County (Rhondda Cynon Taf) or local (within 5km of the site boundary) importance. Table 14.5 below summarises the effects of the proposed development upon the socio-economic and community factors and assesses the significance of those effects.

Table 14.5 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Economic and Community

Economic and Community Impacts

Effect Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Value Level Rationale

Construction

Sustain and +ve Certain National/Region Low NS DTI figures project increase direct al/ County 10 jobs (in total) and indirect per MW. employment

Benefits to Local +ve Likely Local Medium NS Spending by Economy construction workers on local accommodation and services

Permanent Land Use Change, New Infrastructure and Operation

Sustain and +ve Likely Regional Low NS Small number of increase operational jobs employment will be sustained /increased.

Contribution +ve Certain National Medium Sig. Development toward renewable would contribute energy targets 36MW towards Wales target of 800MW by 2010

Supporting rural +ve Certain Local High Sig. The development diversification will significantly raise income for land on the site.

Key: Type Probability Sensitivity Value Magnitude Significance

- negative Certain National (Wales) High Significant + Positive Likely Regional Medium Non-Significant ? unknown Unlikely District Low (NS) 0 Neutral Local None

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Table 14.6 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Tourism and Recreation

Tourism and Recreation

Effect Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Value Level Rationale

Construction

Construction -ve Unlikely Local Low NS Temporary nature effects on of construction. tourism Public surveys showing public and tourist support.

Effects on -ve Certain Local Medium NS Temporary public using diversion of PROW footpaths.

Effects on open -ve Certain Local Low NS Minor and access land temporary loss of under CRoW land to open Act access.

Permanent Land Use Change, New Infrastructure and Operation

Effect on users -ve Certain Local Low NS turbine is within of PRoW toppling distance of one PROW.

Effect on 0 Unlikely District Low NS Survey findings economy and show that most employment in visitors are broadly tourism and neutral to the leisure sector concept of wind farms. Attractions based upon mining and heavy industry.

Effect on Open 0 Certain Likely Medium NS Minimal amount of Access Land land lost, site under CRoW remains open act access.

Key: Type Probability Sensitivity Value Magnitude Significance

- negative Certain National (Wales) High Significant + Positive Likely Regional Medium Non-Significant (NS) ? unknown Unlikely District Low 0 Neutral Local None

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Table 14.7 Effects and Evaluation of Significance – Land Use

Land Use

Effect Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Value Level Rationale

Construction

Land take for -ve Certain Local Low NS Temporary land construction take of less than 1%

Temporary -ve Certain Local Low NS Temporary land restriction of take of less than grazing 1%

Permanent Land Use Change, New Infrastructure and Operation

Land take for -ve Certain Local Low NS Total area of land turbine bases take for turbines is 0.27ha

Access tracks 0 Certain Local Medium NS Better surfacing of access tracks will allow better access for farmers to feed and monitor stock.

Tir Gofal and -ve Certain Local Low NS Minor reduction SFP compensated from new income from wind farm.

Key: Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Value

- negative Certain National (Wales) High Significant + Positive Likely Regional Medium Non-Significant (NS) ? unknown Unlikely District Low 0 Neutral Local None

14.10 Monitoring No monitoring is proposed

14.11 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions The area surrounding the wind farm contains wards which are amongst the most deprived areas in Wales. It is likely that the development of the wind farm will inject financial resources into the local economy and community, especially because the applicant is a local based company. It should provide support toward the construction sector within the economy. Research demonstrates that the majority of residents and visitors to areas with wind farms do not consider them to be detrimental to the quality of their experience.

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Rhonnda Cynon Taf is located within the Capital Tourism Region of Wales. Priorities within the region include the importance of the mountains and vales. Surveys show that RCT account for approximately 10% of visitors to the region. Existing visitor attractions within Rhondda Cynon ‘Taff place a substantial emphasis upon its mining and industrial heritage and the development of a wind farm is considered to be sympathetic to this emphasis. Regional and local public footpaths cross the site. No turbines are proposed upon these footpaths. The wider site is designated as open access such that walkers will have the option to walk underneath or around the turbines The existing land uses on the site will be able to continue through all three phases of the wind farms life. The revenue generated by the wind farm will provide economic support to allow these existing practices to continue.

14.12 References BWEA, Onshore Wind: Powering Ahead; 2006 BWEA NOP Wind Tracker Capital Region tourism: The South East Wales Strategic Tourism Framework 2008 Department of Trade and Industry, Renewable Supply Chain Gap Analysis, 2004 Friends of the Earth: Public Attitudes to Wind Energy Wales 2002 National Assembly for Wales: Sustainable Tourism: A Framework for Wales: WAG: 2007 National Assembly for Wales: Welsh Indices of Multiple Deprivation, 2008 NOP World Consumer 2005 Rhonndda Cynon Taf Tourism Strategy 2007-2013 www.capitalregiontourism.org www.ons.gov.uk; www.normisweb.co.uk

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15. Telecomunications, Infrastructure and Shadow Flicker

15.1 Introduction This section considers the potential impacts which the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm may have on existing infrastructure, telecommunications, aviation and safety on the site, together with television and shadow flicker off site. Wind turbines, as with any large structure, can potentially interfere with electromagnetic signals, particularly television and radar. The quality of television reception may be affected, and viewers may suffer loss of picture quality and acoustic interference. Where this occurs it is of a predictable nature and can generally be alleviated by the installation or modification or a local repeater station or cable connection. The turbines also have the ability to affect radar performance and interfere with communication networks. Construction activity will also have to take cognisance of existing ground based infrastructure and aviation safeguarding requirements. At certain times of the year, with appropriate weather conditions the operation of wind turbines can create an effect known as ‘shadow flicker’. This is created by the passing of turbine blades in front of the sun causing a flickering shadow. It is possible to calculate the number of hours per year that shadow flicker may occur at a dwelling.

15.2 Scope and Methodology

15.2.1 Policy and Guidance

Electromagnetic Interference The basis of this section has been consultation with a number of organisations known to have an interest in telecommunications, television and infrastructure in the area. The consultation list was drawn together based on advice given in TAN8 and the list of Consultative bodies provided at Annex A. The consultees relevant to this section are listed in Table 15.1.

Shadow Flicker TAN8 provides detailed guidance on the assessment of shadow flicker. Paragraph 2.32 of Annex C to TAN8 states that: “Under particular circumstances, the sun may pass behind the rotors of a wind turbine and cast a shadow over neighbouring properties. The shadow flicks on and off as the blades rotate. This can be disturbance for the affected residents or even have the potential of being a health problem for people who are photo- sensitive epileptics. The problem is only seasonal and lasts for a few hours per day, but needs to be investigated where any potential exists. Developers should provide an analysis of the potential shadow flicker impacting upon nearby properties.”

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In terms of how to assess the impact of shadow flicker, paragraph 76 of the Technical Note which accompanies the English Planning Policy Statement PPS 22: Renewable Energy states: “Shadow flicker can be mitigated by siting wind turbines at sufficient distance from residences likely to be affected. Flicker effects have been proven to occur only within ten rotor diameters of a turbine.” This is supported by Scottish Planning Guidance, PAN 45 (revised 2002) Renewable Energy Technologies, where paragraph 64 states that: “In most cases however, where separation is provided between wind turbines and nearby dwellings (as a general rule 10 rotor diameters), ‘shadow flicker’ should not be a problem.”

15.2.2 Scope

Electromagnetic Interference Consideration of infrastructure, telecommunications and other matters was referred to within the Scoping Request.

Shadow Flicker Supported by the English and Scottish planning guidance, it is considered that shadow flicker is not proven to occur at properties located at a distance greater than ten rotor diameter. The turbines under consideration for development at this site have rotor diameters of 90m. Table 15.1 identifies those properties closest to the proposed wind farm.

Table 15.1 Location of Properties near Mynydd Bwllfa

House East North Nearest Approx Turbine Distance to Nearest Turbine (m)

Bwllfa Farm 297573 203684 11 1400

Nant Melyn Farm 297021 202614 3/7 2650

Houses on Bwllfa Road 297055 202714 11 1500

As all properties lie outside of ten rotor blade diameters (900m), shadow flicker has been scoped out of this assessment.

15.3 Baseline In accordance with policy guidance, and an appreciation of the site and potential issues, the following have been consulted to establish the baseline. Tab1e 15.2 also summarises those responses received.

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Table 15.2 Consultations made with Respect to Existing Infrastructure, Telecommunications, Television, Aviation and Safety

Telecommunications Response Consultees

National Grid Wireless None Received

BBC Rough estimation of likely effect to 215 homes for whom there is no alternative off- air service.

In addition, you may affect up to 190 homes for whom there may be an alternative off-air service.

The transmitters likely to be affected are:

PRESELY CH5 PRESELY CARMEL

T Mobile UK None Received

Orange There are no Orange m/w links affected by this application

Vodaphone None Received

O2 None Received

BT None Received

Ofcom Ofcom have found that within the assessed fixed link frequency bands (see table below), there are currently no fixed link end(s) within or fixed link paths that cross your requested coordination area, as given above. This assessment is based on the Ofcom fixed links database status as of 8th March 2009 which may vary before the windfarm project is implemented

Cable and Wireless None Received

CSS Spectrum Management Ltd The above application has been examined in relation to UHF Radio Scanning Telemetry communications used in that region. There is no objection to the proposed Wind Farm and no objection is based on a 1km radius from each individual turbine location provided. It should be noted that this ‘no objection’ is not in relation to any Microwave Links operated by Welsh Water which are screened by Ofcom

JRC Ltd JRC analyses proposals for wind farms on behalf of the UK Fuel & Power Industry.

In the case of this proposed wind energy development, JRC does not foresee any potential problems based on known interference scenarios and the data you have provided. However; if any details of the wind farm change, particularly the disposition or scale of any of the turbines, it will be necessary to re-evaluate the proposal. It should be noted that this clearance pertains only to the date of its issue. As the use of the spectrum is dynamic, the use of the band is changing on an ongoing basis and consequently, you are advised to seek re-coordination prior to submitting a planning application, as this will negate the possibility of an objection being raised at that time as a consequence of any links assigned between your enquiry and the finalisation of your project.

Arquiva Based on the information that you provided, our analysis shows the proposed development is unlikely to affect any of our UHF Re-Broadcast feeds and hence we would not wish to object.

NATs None Received

MODDefence Estates Response to scoping that the DE raises no objection. Expects to be re-consulted wen the application is submitted.

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Table 15.2 (continued) Consultations made with Respect to Existing Infrastructure, Telecommunications, Television, Aviation and Safety

Telecommunications Response Consultees

Western Power Distribution Western Power Distribution apparatus is located within the vicinity of the works and a plan of the apparatus has been provided. Response draws attention to: Health and Safety Executive guidance in HS(G) 47, Avoiding Danger from Underground Services and Electricity at Work Regulation 1989, Health and Safety Act 1974, CDM Regulations 94 (as amended).

Cardiff International Airport None Received

Vale of Neath Gliding Club None Received

Civil Aviation Authority Development may have the potential to impact upon local gliding operations associated with the nearby Rhigos gliding site and recommend consultation with Rhigos**.

National Air Traffic Services None Received

Welsh Water None Received ** This gliding club is no longer in operation. Consultation has instead taken place with Vale of Neath Gliding Club which operates in the same area.

15.3.1 Evaluation of Resources Infrastructure constraints identified in the baseline have been provided from the records of consultees. None of those identified have the potential to be affected by the siting of the turbines.

15.3.2 Predicted Trends Analogue television broadcasts are due to cease by 2010 to be replaced by digital signals.

15.4 Information Gaps Responses have not been received from all consultees. It is anticipated that such responses will continue to be received during the course of the consideration of the application. Furthermore a number of the consultees will be formally re-consulted as part of the formal consideration of the application by Rhonnda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. Responses subsequently received will be reviewed for possible implications.

15.5 Project Assumptions

15.5.1 Design Responses to the consultation indicate that the development should not affect communications.

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15.5.2 Construction

Public Safety During the construction phase of the development, the relevant statutory requirements would be adhered to. All potentially hazardous areas, of which none have been identified, excavations and electrical installation works would be fenced off in line with established methods of working. All unattended machinery would be stored in the site compound or immobilised to prevent unauthorised use.

15.5.3 Operation

Public Safety Wind farms have a proven track record for safety. The minimum desirable distance between wind turbines and occupied buildings calculated on the basis of expected noise levels and visual impact will always be greater than that necessary to meet safety requirements. The build up of ice on turbine blades is also unlikely to present problems on the majority of sites113. The operation of the wind farm would comply with relevant health and safety regulations. Appropriate warning signs would be installed concerning restricted areas such as transformers, switchgear and metering systems which would be fenced. Turbines have been sited beyond toppling distance of all dwellings and public footpaths.

Television Signal Interference Should there be the potential to interfere with television signals there are a range of possible mitigation measures that the developer can take, in line with guidance suggested by the BBC.

Military Aviation Safety A formal scoping response was received from the MOD, Defence Estates which states there there is no objection to the layout submitted to them for scoping purposes. Furthermore, a previous consultation with regard to the Hirwaun wind farm application resulted in the MOD stating that they had no objection to that application subject to the provision of omni-directional lighting. Information will be provided to the MOD on the likely construction timetable and overall heights of the turbine so this can be passed to military aircrew to avoid direct overflying of the site.

15.5.4 De-commissioning The effects of de-commissioning will be the same as those relevant to construction. Table 15.3 summarises the project assumptions.

113 TAN8

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Table 15.3 Summary of Project Assumptions

Receptor Change(s) and Potential Incorporated Measures Likely Effects Effectiveness

Construction Phase

Public safety Danger to walkers or other Site management, including Substantially recreational users of site during fencing of excavations construction

Operational Phase

Night flying Ensure that aircraft are aware of Provision of omni-directional Substantially presence of turbines lighting. Grid references of turbines supplied to DE.

Toppling of turbine Potential for turbines to topple onto Turbines have been located Fully onto existing site existing overhead electricity cables sufficient toppling distances from infrastructure disrupting supply. the overhead electricity cables that cross the site once these are realigned. Key to predicted success of incorporated measures: Fully - No effects predicted. Substantially – Incorporated measures would be largely successful at reducing impact. Some effects possible, which are discussed in Section 13.6 Partially - Incorporated measures would be successful at reducing impacts, but some effects likely.

15.5.5 Implementation Implementation of the mitigation measures necessary to overcome potential impact on television reception can only be finalised through subsequent discussions with the BBC and, if necessary, through a condition imposed with consent.

15.6 Predicted Effects

15.6.1 Construction During construction all relevant health and safety legislation will be followed. The turbines have been sited away from existing infrastructure. Cranes will be dismantled for movement between each turbine base; therefore they will not pose a potential hazard to users on site.

15.6.2 Operation

Electromagnetic Interference Existing telecommunication networks should not be impacted upon.

Civil and Military Flying Information will be provided to the MOD on the overall heights of the turbines so this can be passed to military aircrew to avoid direct overflying of the site.

15.6.3 Decommissioning The potential is for similar impacts to those which maybe experienced during construction.

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15.7 Summary of Predicted Effects The proposed wind farm has been designed to take account of infrastructural, telecommunication, television and safety constraints. Table 15.4 summarises the effects and evaluates their significance.

Table 15.4 Effects and Evaluation of Significance

Effect Type of Probability Policy Magnitude Significance Effect of Effect Importance of of Effect Occurring Sensitivity Level Rationale

Public health and -ve Unlikely Local High NS Established health safety and safety procedures will be in place to maintain health and safety

Interference with -ve Unlikely Local Medium NS Stand off distance to existing site existing 33KV line. infrastructure

Civil and Military -ve Unlikely National None NS No objection has aviation been received from the MOD, NATS or CAA to respond

TV -ve Likely Local Low NS Standard mitigation measures are available

Key: Type Probability Policy Magnitude Significance Importance

- ve Certain National (UK) High Significant + ve Likely Regional Medium Not Significant Unknown Unlikely District Low Neutral Local None

15.8 Monitoring On-going discussion will continue with the BBC with regard to the possibility of reception interference. Discussions are also continuing with MOD.

15.9 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusion In accordance with planning policy guidance a range of consultees has been informed about the development proposal. Their responses have been used to inform the siting of the turbine layout. It is unlikely that telecommunication infrastructure will be impacted by the development. The development may have limited effects upon existing television reception. Standard technological approaches exist to deal with this. No objections of adverse comments have been received from any of the statutory consultees.

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Appendix A Evaluation of Visual Effects: Construction and Operation 48 Pages

Table A8.13 Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Designated long distance footpaths

Coed Morgannwg Way 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As this section of the Coed Morgannwg Way is well – west of A4061 Significant outside the ZTV for the turbine hubs it can be confidently stated that the crane activities and all the other construction activities will not be visible to eastbound walkers.

Coed Morgannwg Way -ve Certain High High Substantial Significant Between the western end of Lluest-wen Reservoir and the – between A4061 & descent of Craig Pen-rhiw-llech users would have A4233 in Aberdare uninterrupted close distance views of all construction activities in the main part of the application area.

Coed Morgannwg Way -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not There will be periodic views of the crane activities as far – east of A4233 in Significant east as Cwmbach but as most of this section passes Aberdare through settlements the views will generally be either partial and/or filtered, plus there will be other similar activities in many of the views relegating the cranes to being very minor visual elements. See Photomontage Viewpoint 11, Figure 8.37.

Ogwr Ridgeway 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Only a short section that crosses the Garth Hill is within Significant the ZTV for the turbine hubs (which is taken as an indication of the height of the cranes) and with a separation distance of 24 km one or two cranes would be barely discernible even under optimum viewing conditions. See Wireframe Viewpoint 25, Figure 8.51.

Taff Trail 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Although this popular route traverses the study area it is Significant nearly exclusively located along the bottom of the Taff Valley and as such is entirely outside the ZTV.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Rhymney Valley -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not This long distance footpath does traverse more elevated Ridgeway Walk Significant areas however only two comparatively short sections (across Mynydd Eglwysilan see Wireframe Viewpoint 22, Figure 8.48 and Mynydd y Grug) are within the ZTV. With a minimum separation distance of 17 km the cranes could not generate anything above a negligible magnitude of visual change.

Sirhowy Valley Walk 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Location in the bottom of Sirhowy Valley ensures that the Significant entire route is well outside the ZTV.

Beacons Way -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Over the course of several days a walker would have Significant periodic views of crane activity on a narrow section of the southern horizon, but at minimum separation distance of 12 km and in the context of the intervening Cynon Valley around Hirwaun the presence of the cranes would generate a ‘negligible’ magnitude of visual change within the context of the extensive views almost constantly available to walkers.

St Illtyd’s Walk 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Route is confined to the south-western quadrant of the Significant study area which is completely outside the hub height ZTV.

Cistercian Way -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not This extensive west-east route has two sections that pass Significant through the ZTV at Bwlch y Clawdd (see Photomontage Viewpoint 12, Figure 8.38) and above Senghtynedd potentially providing some middle and long distance views of the crane activities which would only be minor elements in these extensive views.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Prominent Hilltops and Mountain Summits (with public access)

SUSTRANS National -ve Certain High Moderate Moderate/Sub Not There are ~90 km of SUSTRANS trail in the study area of Cycle Route 47: The stantial Significant which only ~3 km is within the ZTV. However this section Celtic Trail is along the southern boundary of the application area which will provide cyclists with short-lived but open, close distance views of all construction activities.

Foel Fraith -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not The cranes will be theoretically visible from around the Significant summit but with a separation distance of ~25 km they would be difficult to clearly discern and would represent a ‘negligible’ magnitude of visual change in the context of 360° views.

Fan Brycheiniog -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above although separation distance reduced to ~23 km. Significant See Wireframe Viewpoint 26, Figure 8.52.

Foel Gyhirych -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Crane activities for up to nine of the turbines would form Significant minor intrusions above a small section of the southern horizon with a separation distance of ~18 km. See Wireframe Viewpoint 23, Figure 8.49.

Fan Nedd -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Fan Fawr -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Pen y Fan -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As shown from Wireframe Viewpoint 24, Figure 8.50 all Significant the turbines and blades are well below the horizon. Hence no crane activity will break the horizon line making it very difficult to discern over a ~19 km separation distance.

Fan y Big -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Merthyr Common -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 18, Figure 8.44 about Significant half the turbines and hence their erecting cranes will intrude above a narrow section of the western horizon but once again with a 12 km separation distance their temporary presence cannot be assessed as generating anything above a ‘negligible’ magnitude of visual change.

Gelli-Gaer Common -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 18, Figure 8.44 the Significant hubs of some of the turbines will be visible from some west-facing areas of the Common, hence crane activities would also be likely to be visible for a short time.

Mynydd Bedwellte -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not About half the turbines and hence their erecting cranes will Significant intrude above a narrow section of the western horizon with the reminder potentially visible to a lesser extent below the horizon. At a separation distance of ~20 km the temporary presence of the cranes cannot be assessed as generating above a ‘negligible’ magnitude of visual change.

Mynydd Carn-y-cefn -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As the views are from a similar direction the situation for Significant any receptors on Carn-y-cefn will sustain the same visual changes as those on Mynydd Bedwellte, albeit at a slightly longer distance.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Mynydd Eglwysilan -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 22, Figure 8.48 the Significant hubs of all twelve turbines just intrude above a narrow section of the north-western horizon and it is assumed that their erecting cranes could similarly be just visible for up to two months.

Mynydd y Glyn -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not This hilltop is above Porth and allows good views up both Significant Rhondda Valleys. As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 20, Figure 8.46. It is estimated that cranes activities on a single turbine might intrude above a narrow section of the horizon but at a distance that will ensure that it would be essentially indiscernible.

Craig yr Allt 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only upper blade tips will be visible from this area, hence it Significant is assessed that it is unlikely that any crane activities will intrude above the northern horizon.

Garth Hill -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Potentially crane activities at a couple of the turbines could Significant just be discernible on the northern horizon.

Werfa -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Fragmentary views of the crane activities at up to three Significant turbines could be available from some parts of the hilltop.

Residential communities (towns, villages and hamlets)

Rhigos 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As a consequence of the moving back of the turbines from Significant the Pennant Sandstone cirque the ZTVs show that no turbines would be visible.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Western Hirwaun (west -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoints 6 & 7 Figures 8.32 of Station Road) Significant & 8.33 only three blade tips would ever be visible, hence highly unlikely that any crane activities would be seen. However the construction and subsequent movement of vehicles ascending and descending the main access track could be visible. The contractors’ compound would be at too low at elevation to be visible from most of Hirwaun. Eastern Hirwaun (east -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As above of Station Road) Significant

Tre-Nant area of -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 5, Figure 8.31only Penywaun Significant a single blade tip would be visible to receptors in this area, hence they would have no views of the crane activities. In addition receptors in the line of properties on the south- western side of the A4059 may have filtered views of the contractors’ compound and some stretches of the main access road.

Penywaun -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not Similar to above for the crane activity. However the close Significant density of properties, tree planting alongside the A4059 and the pronounced slope down to the Afon Cynon is likely to result in very few residents having clear views of the contractors’ compound or main access road.

Llwydcoed -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 10, Figure 8.36 Significant clear middle distance views of crane activities at eleven turbines plus some ground level activities (except the main access track) occupying a greater proportion of the horizon than in most other views.

Cwmdare -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 4, Figure 8.30 for Significant most residents in this area their views of construction activities will be restricted to some partial or framed views of the crane activities at up to six turbines.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Trecynon, north -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Where uninterrupted views are available e.g. some parts Aberdare Significant of Aberdare Park the crane activities would be visible at up to six turbines. However as this is a dense urban area there will be few locations where no nearby buildings and vegetation will not partly screen, frame or filter views. Also due to the elevation differential ground level activities will not be visible.

Gadlys, central -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As above although buildings tend to be taller and more Aberdare Significant densely laid out in the town centre further restricting the availability of western views.

Foundary Town, south -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not The hub height ZTV shows that crane activities for six Aberdare Significant turbines could be visible to some residents in this area, however the usual provisos for views in dense urban areas apply. As with all valley bottom residential areas elevation differences will ensure there are no views of ground level activities.

Abernant -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Crane activities at between six and all twelve turbines are Significant potentially visible above a section of the western horizon but the scale of change in existing views and the brevity of the crane activity will generate only a ‘low’ magnitude of change.

Cwmbach -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As above – an indication of the changes to existing views Significant can be ascertained from Photomontage Viewpoint 11, Figure 8.37.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Cefnpennar -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not With a minimum separation distance of 7 km the scale of Significant the crane activities would start to be reduced compared with the above residential areas. Views from most of the settlement will be limited by nearby buildings and planting and most of the settlement would be outside the ZTV as it is located in a side valley off the main Cynon Valley.

Aberaman 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Most of this settlement is well outside the ZTV because of Significant the mass of Rhos-gwawr immediately to its west foreshortening all western views.

Cwmaman 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Its valley bottom location surrounded by steep, tall valley Significant sides foreshortens all views towards the proposal site preventing any views of construction activities.

Mountain Ash -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As with other nearby settlements the surrounding Significant topography foreshortens all western views to ensure it is well outside the ZTV. Only exception is the Caegarw area on the eastern valley side where views similar to those from upper Cefnpennar could be available.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Maerdy – north of Brook -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not The fragmentary nature of the hub height ZTV in northern Street Significant Meardy indicates that only potential visible change during construction would be a few weeks of crane activity which would generally be screened by nearby houses in the dense grid layout.

Maerdy – south of Brook -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 8, Figure 8.34 Street Significant some residents may have views up the upper Rhondda Fach Valley where some crane activities would be visible at the low point on the northern horizon. The separation distance of 3.5 -4.0 km would be likely to make ground level construction activities clearly visible.

Ferndale 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Settlement is outside the ZTV due to the topography and Significant alignment of the upper Rhondda Fach Valley.

Tylorstown 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Settlement is outside the ZTV due to the topography and Significant alignment of the upper Rhondda Fach Valley.

Penrhys 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Settlement and surrounding area well outside the ZTV as it Significant is sited on a south facing slope with higher ground to the north foreshortening any potential views towards the application area.

Trealaw 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Valley bottom settlement hence well outside the ZTV. Significant Some views of crane activities for a few turbines could be available from the area above the town occupied by Trealaw Golf Club.

Tonypandy//Clydach 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Valley bottom settlements whose northern views are Vale Significant foreshortened by the tall, steep valley sides ensuring that they are well outside the ZTV.

Ystrad/Gelli 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Pentre/Ton Pentre 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Treorchy 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Treherbert 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Blaencwm/Blaenrhondda 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Settlements in the Vale 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not The intervening topography will ensure that settlements of Neath Significant such as Resolven will have no potential views of the crane activities.

Glyn-neath 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Pontneddfechan 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant Coelbren/Onllwyn -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not The hub height ZTV indicates that crane activities at a Significant maximum of three turbines could be visible from part sof Coelbren but not Onllwyn although with a separation distance of ~13 km atmospheric conditions will have a considerable role in determining the availability and clarity of views.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Ystradfellte -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not The village is at too low an elevation to be within the hub Significant height ZTV however there are potential views from outlying residential properties as evidenced in Wireframe Viewpoint 17, Figure 8.43. In these views there is potential for crane activities at five turbines to be seen just above a section of the southern horizon but with a separation distance of ~11 km no other activities will be visible. Penderyn -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not This is a fragmented settlement that is partially within the Significant hub height ZTV. Those residents within the ZTV are concentrated on the southern and eastern sides and as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoints13 & 9, Figures 8.39 & 8.35 the cranes activities required to erect up to eight of the turbines will be visible on a section of the southern horizon. With a minimum separation distance of ~3 km some receptors could also have some views of the construction of the upper sections of the main access track and the movement of vehicles along it.

Llwyn-on-Village 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Comparatively low elevation results in this village being Significant well outside the hub height ZTV. Vaynor/Pontsticill -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not The ZTV is fragmented in this area because of local Significant topographical variation. One of the best views is shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 19, Figure 8.45 which indicates that whilst most crane activity would be theoretically visible, it would rarely intrude above the horizon reducing its effect.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Trefechan/Cefn-coed-y- 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not These are housing estates on the north-western fringe of cymmer Significant Merthyr and the revision to the turbine layout would ensure no potential views of crane activities. Dowlais/Pant -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Relatively elevated residential area from within which the Significant clearest view is shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 21, Figure 8.47 which indicates that crane activities could be visible at a maximum of three turbines however with a separation distance of at least 12 km the cranes will be very minor, temporary elements where such views are available. Merthyr Tydfil 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Apart from its northern suburbs which have been Significant separately assessed the town is outside the ZTV mainly due to its comparatively low elevation Pentrebach/Troedyrhiw 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Same reasons as for Merthyr Tydfil above Significant Tredegar 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Tredegar’s low elevation in comparison to the area to its Significant immediate west will ensure that except for a handful of receptors on its north-eastern edge none of its residents could have any views of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm application area. Rhymney 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

New Tredegar 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant Brynmawr -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Whilst most of Byrnmawr is outside the ZTV some of the Significant elevated areas on its north-western fringe are within the ZTV. Wireframe Viewpoint 28, Figure 8.54 although located slightly further north allows an indication of the very low level of potential visual effects to be discerned. Ebbw Vale 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Entire town is at low elevation in the Vale and as such is Significant well outside the hub height ZTV. Blaina 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Same situation as set out above Significant Abertillery -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Similar situation as for Ebbw Vale and Blaina except that Significant the eastern fringe of Abertillery is sufficiently elevated to just be within the ZTV. Where and if any western views are available over a separation distance of ~26 km any crane activity will be difficult to see clearly.

Newbridge -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As with Abertillery the vast majority of potential residential Significant receptors are outside the ZTV with the only exception being those on the elevated eastern fringe. An indication of the potential temporary role of the cranes is provided by Wireframe Viewpoint 29, Figure 8.55 which shows that even where clear views are available the cranes would be barely discernible.

Abercarn -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above with only a handful of properties on elevated Significant eastern fringe being within the ZTV. Blackwood -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not A small proportion of the settlement is covered by Significant fragments of the blade tip ZTV for up to nine turbines but in reality it is very unlikely that residents would have any views due to low intrusion on the narrow section of the horizon and nearby screening elements

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Bargoed 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Entire town is well outside the ZTV. Significant Ystrad Mynach -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above with only a handful of properties on elevated Significant eastern fringe being within the ZTV. Nelson -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Parts of Nelson are within the ZTV for up to six turbines Significant but as with other settlements in reality the effects of weather and distance allied to the screening of other buildings in the settlement will mean that any views would be unlikely to be available.

Abercynon 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Another valley bottom settlement well outside the ZTV. Significant Porth -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Possibly very limited views from the most elevated eastern Significant fringe of the outlying settlement of Ynyshir, otherwise entire settlement is too low to be within the ZTV. Pontypridd 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Another valley bottom settlement well outside the ZTV. Significant Llantrisant -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Isolated fragment of the hub height ZTV for three turbines Significant covers northern fringe of the settlement. In relatively highly unlikely that crane activities would be discernible over 20 km away. Caerphilly 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not The town’s low elevation results in it being well outside the Significant ZTV.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Private Residential Properties

Terrace and farm at -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not The terraced properties are orientated to provide south- western end of Bwllfa Significant eastern views in which only crane activity associated with Road turbines 10 -12 would be visible on the western periphery. Views of construction activities across the remainder of the site are likely to be unavailable due to western and north- western views being foreshortened by rising ground. No construction traffic will use the Bwllfa Road hence no visual effects from vehicular and plant movement.

Terrace at Cwmdare -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not Similar situation to above although activities at up to five end of Bwllfa Road Significant turbines may be possible.

Nant Melyn Farm -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not Surrounding topography will ensure that crane activities Significant will only be potentially visible at a maximum of three turbines. Dense copse to the immediate west of the farm is likely to screen views of nearly all the crane activity.

Recreational Areas

Dare Valley Country -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderat Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 2, Figure 8.28 crane Park e Significant activities at up to five or six turbines are likely to be visible. These numbers may reduce in other arts of the Park but the hub height ZTV indicates it is a maximum. . Differences in elevation will ensure that no ground level construction activities would be visible.

Park in Maescynon, -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligibl Not This is a large, open public open space in northern Hirwaun e Significant Hirwaun. Photomontage Viewpoint 7, Figure 8.33 shows that whilst Pennant Sandstone edge is the dominant visual element crane activities would only be visible at one turbine plus some views of the main access road’s construction

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Public Rights of Way within 2.5 km of any turbine (referenced to the Definitive Map and shown in Figure 14.1)

Footpath No. 44 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not The ZTV predicts that there could be views of construction Significant activities at up to three turbines but the key changes will be associated with the construction and use of the nearby main access road to the immediate east. Also some views of the construction compound. These will be close distance views with a minimum of intervening elements to partly screen or filter views.

Footpath No. 40 -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Subs Significant This track will form the northern part of the main access tantial track temporarily completely changing the experience for walkers. In addition they will have views of the cranes erecting up to three turbines.

Footpath No. 6/7 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Similar situation as for public footpath 44. Significant

Footpath No.s 10/7/6 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not In the northern part walkers will have close distance views Significant of the construction and operation of the main access track and construction compound as well as some crane activity. From its southern section visual changes will be restricted to those generated by the short-lived cranes activities on a maximum of three turbines.

Footpath No.s 12/13/10 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not With a minimum separation distance of 1 km the Significant construction and operation of the main access road will not be so visually prominent whilst crane activities on a maximum of three turbines will be visible in south-western views.

Footpath No.s 8/9 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Westbound walkers will have views of crane activities at Significant up to six turbine locations.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probabilit Sensitivity Magnitud Level of Significance of y of Effect e of Effect Effect Occurring Change Level Rationale

Footpath No.s 1/22 -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant As this footpath passes through and alongside the ntial application area it is likely to be subject to temporary diversion during the construction period. Also its users will have uninterrupted close distance views of all the construction activities.

Footpath No. 2 -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant Although the western part of this footpath is within ntial coniferous forestry with the associated severe limitations on outward views the fact that a section crosses the southeast of the application area and the access track will ensure that changes in existing views will be ‘high’.

Footpath No. 19 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not No views likely from the closest section through coniferous Significant forestry but as central and southern section are at broadly comparable elevations northbound walkers will have clear views of the majority of the construction activities, especially those on the slopes of Mynydd Bwllfa itself.

Footpath from Rhigos to -ve Unlikely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Given that it crosses a large area of active open cast southern edge of Significant mining it is very likely that the route of this footpath has Hirwaun altered from that shown on the OS map. Due to sharp differences in elevation the footpath is actually outside the ZTV for the crane activities whilst views for eastbound walkers on the eastern section will include some middle distance views of the construction and operation of the main access road.

Footpath No. 10 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Nearly all the route is outside of the ZTV and anyway as Significant the route passes almost exclusively through coniferous woodland outward views would be very limited.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Footpath No.s 3/12/13 -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/negligible Not Network of footpaths at bottom of Cynon Valley near Significant Penywaun on edge of three turbine hub height ZTV, However as this area has a high degree of mature trees in hedgerows and woodland belts such views are likely to be at least partly screened or filtered.

Footpath No. 5 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not Nearly all of the footpath is sited within coniferous Significant forestry severely limiting the availability of outward views however as the northern end crosses open ground its users will have clear views of construction activities on the southern part of the application area.

Footpath No.s 17/19 -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Footpaths cross school playing fields in Cwmdare Significant allowing relatively open western views in which the cranes will periodically intrude above the far horizon.

Key Roads

A465 (T) – ‘Heads of -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Views of crane activities plus the main access track will the Valleys Road’ Significant be available between Pontneddlechan and the junction with the B4276. Intermittent views will also be available from three of the more elevated sections to the east although at such distances the cranes will be very minor elements. Wireframe Viewpoint 21, Figure 8.47 from Dowlais Top provides an indication of the low to negligible potential magnitude of visual change.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

M4 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not All of the section of the M4 that passes through the Significant southern part of the study area is well outside the ZTV.

A470(T) 0 Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Although it passes through the heart of the study area Significant most of its route is within the Taff Valley which ensures that it is outside the ZTV

A40(T) 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not All of the section of the A40(T) that passes through the Significant northern part of the study area is well outside the ZTV.

A4059 -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Views of most crane activities will be available from the Significant section between the Ystradfellte turning north of Penderyn (see Photomontage Viewpoint 13, Figure 8.39) and Aberdare but these will be substantially reduced due to topography on the section south of Aberdare.

A4061 -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Despite its proximity to the north-western edge of the Significant application area no views would be available from its closest section around Mynydd Beili-glas. Brief views would potentially be possible from where it crosses Bwlch-y-Clawdd as shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 12, Figures 8.38. Elsewhere its location at the bottom of Rhondda Fawr severely restricts the availability of outward views.

A4233 -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Good views will be available from the elevated section Significant between Maerdy and Aberdare as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoint 34, Figure 8.29 but as with other main roads views are not available from sections in valley bottoms i.e. Rhondda Fach.

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Table A8.13 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Construction Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

B4276 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Extensive views will be frequently available for Significant southbound motorists and passengers in which crane activities at each turbine will be visible above a section of the horizon as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoint 10, Figure 8.36. Key Type of Effect Probability of Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance Occurrence - ve = Certain High High Substantial Significant Adverse/Negative Likely Medium Medium Moderate/Substantial Not Significant +ve = Unlikely Low Low Moderate Beneficial/Positive Negligible Moderate/Slight ? = Unknown Slight 0 = Neutral Slight/Negligible Negligible

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Table A8.14 Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Designated long distance footpaths

Coed Morgannwg Way 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Superimposing the upper blade tip ZTV upon the route of – west of A4061 Significant the Coed Morgannwg Way shows that under the present distribution of forestry plantations there are no potential views from the western section of the Coed Morgannwg Way. Even if all the extensive forestry were to be felled potential views would be limited to short sections above Glynncorrwg and immediately to the west of the A4061.

Coed Morgannwg Way -ve Certain High High Substantial Significant This section passes through the southern part of the – between A4061 & application area and the actual turbine layout. It would be A4233 in Aberdare crossed by the access track and pass within ~120 m of T5 to the south and 150m of T6 to the north. In the open upland landscape between Lluest-wen Reservoir and Craig Pen-rhiw-llech the turbines will be the dominant elements in the users’ views which must represent a ‘high’ magnitude of change.

Coed Morgannwg Way -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not East of the A4233 the Coed Morgannwg Way is within the – east of A4233 in Significant ZTV as far as the extensive forestry above Cwmbach. Aberdare Where uninterrupted western views are available the turbines form a regular array on a restricted portion of the elevated horizon and will act as a focal point. Nevertheless in the context of views that include the extensive urban development in the central section of the Cynon Valley the turbines cannot be said to be dominant visual elements as shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 11, Figure 8.37 taken from one of the clearest viewpoints in Cwmbach.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Ogwr Ridgeway -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not There are only two locations on the Ridgeway which are Significant within the fragmented ZTV. These would be Garth Hill (see Wireframe Viewpoint 25, Figure 8.51) and Craig yr Allt Hill. In both cases only the upper blades and some of the nacelles will be visible at a minimum separation distance of ~20 km hence good atmospheric conditions will be necessary for the turbines to be visible and the magnitude of visual change must be assessed as being ‘negligible’.

The Taff Trail 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As with construction stage the location of the Trail at Significant bottom of Taff Valley results in it being outside the ZTV hence walkers will have no views of the wind farm.

Rhymney Valley -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Only two comparatively short sections of the Walk are Ridgeway Walk Significant within the ZTV (Mynydd Eglwysilan and Mynydd Y Grug) with the magnitude of visual change from the former section shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 22, Figure 8.48. This shows that three turbines will be fully visible whilst most other turbines will only have their upper blades visible at ~18 km separation distance.

Sirhowy Valley Walk 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not The Walk’s location in the bottom of the Sirhowy Valley Significant ensures that it is completely out of the ZTV hence walkers would have no views of the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm.

Beacons Way -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not There will be periodic views mainly from the elevated Significant sections of the western half of the Way over a minimum distance of 12 km. In longer views the turbines will form a tight group sometime on the horizon and sometimes below the horizon. Only in closer views would the individual turbines will be readily discernible. Overall the scale of the turbines in southern views will ensure that they never exceed a ‘low’ whilst when seen below the southern horizon this would decrease to ‘negligible’.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

St Illtyd’s Walk 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not ~40 km of this Walk passes through the south-western part Significant of the study area with the only potential views being of a maximum of three turbines for a 2 km long section near Ammanford with a separation distance of ~28 km hence the magnitude of visual change cannot exceed ‘negligible’.

Cistercian Way -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not Potential views of a few of the turbines will only be Significant available from a small number of elevated sections of which the closest at Bwlch y Clawdd is shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 12, Figure 8.38 Whilst in this view the magnitude of change is ‘moderate’, for the Way as a whole the magnitude of change will only be ‘low’.

SUSTRANS National -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not The vast majority of the Route is well outside the ZTV Cycle Route 47: The Significant once provision has been made for the screening of forestry Celtic Trail plantations (forestry exclusion) as a high proportion of the closest sections are within forestry areas. The main exception is the short section (~2 km) immediately east of Lluest-wen Reservoir and along the upper Rhondda Fach that along the southern edge of the application area and within 200m of T8-10. An indication of the northern views available from the sections of Route 47 in the Garn Wen area is provided by Internal Viewpoints E and F, Figure 8.3iii. Hence whilst the presence of the turbines will be a large change in views along this section, in the overall context of the entire Route 47 the visual effect of the operation of the turbines can only be assessed as representing a ‘low’ magnitude of visual change.

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Table 8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Prominent Hilltops and Mountain Summits (with public access)

Foel Fraith -ve Unlikely High Low Moderate Not In clear conditions the turbines will appear as a tight clump Significant just above the far south-eastern horizon. The turbines will probably not be readily visible to the casual viewer in the context of the extensive views available in all directions.

Fan Brycheiniog -ve Unlikely High Low Moderate Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 26, Figure 8.52 the Significant situation is similar to that outlined above but some turbines do not intrude above the horizon further reducing their prominence in south-eastern views.

Foel Gyhirych -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 23, Figure 8.49 in good Significant atmospheric conditions all of the turbines will intrude above a narrow section of the southern horizon. The array is reasonably regular with little blade overlap but would require good atmospheric conditions to be clearly discernible.

Fan Nedd -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Similar situation to Fan Gyhirych although the eastern- Significant most five turbines are all below the horizon and the remaining seven turbines are relatively regularly arrayed with no overlapping. Again with a separation distance of ~18 km the availability of southern views will be very weather dependent.

Fan Fawr -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not As above Significant

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Pen y Fan -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Although at 19 km separation distance it is closer than Significant some of the other summits, as shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 24, Figure 8.50 the greater elevation of this summit results in none of the turbines or their upper blade tips intruding above the southern horizon. This will make them very difficult to identify in casual views.

Fan y Big -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Very similar to the nearby Pen-y-Fan but the slightly lower Significant elevation means that four upper blade tips just break the horizon however this is compensated for by the increased separation distance.

Merthyr Common -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 18, Figure 8.44 whilst Significant all the blade tips and nacelles would be visible from some parts of the Common, only the northern turbines would intrude above a narrow section of the western horizon. Although these turbines will draw the eye but they will not be prominent elements in the overall view.

Gelli-Gaer Common -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not The ZTV is patchy across Gelli-Gaer Common so that in Significant some locations all the turbines will be visible just above or below the western horizon, whilst in other parts, mainly the east and south, none of the turbines will be visible. Over a separation distance of ~13 km the magnitude of visual change would never exceed ‘low’.

Mynydd Bedwellte -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not With a separation distance of ~19 km and only two Significant turbines fully visible above the horizon (and another five upper blade tips) the magnitude of visual change in western views will be between ‘negligible’ and ‘low’.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Mynydd Carn-y-cefn -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Although all the turbines will intrude above a narrow Significant section of the western horizon in views from the crest of the ridge with a separation distance of ~22 km these will only be visible in optimum weather conditions and as such the magnitude of change can only be assessed as being ’negligible’.

Mynydd Eglwysilan -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As shown on Wireframe Viewpoint 22, Figure 8.48 the Significant hubs of six turbines and the upper blade tips of all of the others will be visible in a tight group on a small section of the north-western horizon. However clear conditions will be necessary for them to be clearly seen and as shown in the accompanying photograph there are precedents to visual intrusion on a comparable scale in the form of turbines including a line on the western horizon.

Mynydd y Glyn -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not As shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 20, Figure 8.46 only the Significant blade tip of one of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm turbines would be visible over a distance of 13.0 km. This would rarely be discernible and of no visual consequence. It represents a marked reduction in the number of turbines visible in comparison with the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal.

Craig yr Allt -ve Likely High Negligible Moderate Not Only the turbines’ upper blade tips will be visible over a Significant separation distance of ~ 23 km making them very hard to discern for the casual observer.

Garth Hill -ve Likely High Negligible Moderate Not As above with the northern view shown in Wireframe Significant Viewpoint 25, Figure 8.51.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Werfa -ve Certain High Low Moderate Not Whilst all the turbines will be visible in a relatively wide Significant array from the top and northern upper slopes of the hill, their intrusiveness will be reduced because only the upper blade tips of western-most turbines will break the horizon making them much less prominent in north-eastern views.

Residential communities (towns, villages and hamlets)

Rhigos 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As shown in the ZTV in Figure 8.21 the village is now Significant clearly outside even the blade tip ZTV as a consequence of the northernmost turbines being located well to the south of the Pennant Sandstone cirque. Western Hirwaun (west -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoints 6 & 7, Figures of Station Road) Significant 8.32 and 8.33 only between one and three upper blade tips would ever be visible in southern views from western Hirwaun. The ascending, switchback main access road would similarly be a minor visual element. This compares with four complete turbines and two additional blade tips being visible for the revised Hirwaun wind farm proposal. Eastern Hirwaun (east -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above of Station Road) Significant

Tre-Nant area of -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 5, Figure 8.31 only Penywaun Significant a single upper blade tip would be seen from this area, plus potentially some partial, oblique views of the main access road. As with Hirwaun this represents a substantial reduction in comparison with the revised Hirwaun wind farm under which four turbines and an additional upper blade tip were prominent elements.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Penywaun -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not Photomontage Viewpoint 5, Figure 8.31 represents the Significant worst case scenario with regard to receptors in Penywaun. As the majority of the village’s residents live at lower elevations closer to the valley bottom are likely have at best partial views due to the dense surrounding housing.

Llwydcoed -ve Certain High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 10, Figure 8.36 stantial some residential receptors in this area will have clear views in which most of the turbines will be clearly visible in a long array at the south-western horizon at separation distances of at least 5.0 km They will act as a focal point in what has previously been a view with no vertical elements on the moderately elevated horizon. The regular spacing, lack of variation in turbine heights and lack of blade overlapping serve to slightly reduce the magnitude of visual effects so that overall the consequent changes are assessed as being ‘moderate’.

Cwmdare -ve Certain High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 4, Figure 8.30 the stantial blade tips of all the turbines except T5 will be visible where open eastern views are available to Cwmdare’s residents. As with most residential areas the availability of views will vary greatly and the majority of residents will not readily have views of more than a proportion of the turbines. This is one of the best locations in Cwmdare to obtain an eastern view and not all the turbines would be visible. Due to the settlement’s relatively close proximity to the application area the turbines will intrude above the elevated western and south-western horizon above Craig- yr-ysgol and Tarren y Bwllfa at widely spaced intervals and it is likely there will be some partial views of blade rotations. Although this layout represents a slight reduction in visual effects compared to revised Hirwaun wind farm layout it is assessed that some residents could still sustain significant visual effects.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Trecynon, north -ve Likely High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant Whilst the ZTV predicts that it will be possible to see all Aberdare stantial twelve turbines from locations in Trecynon, working wireframes from the most open location in the area (Trecynon Park) indicate that eight-nine turbines are likely to be clearly visible where there are uninterrupted views of the elevated western horizon. From many locations nearby buildings will at least partly screen western views and they will always be seen from an urban context, however in the worst case scenario of relatively clear western views at least some of the residential receptors will sustain significant visual effects.

Gadlys, central -ve Likely High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant As above although in the town centre the height and Aberdare stantial density of development substantially reduces the availability of good views of the elevated area to the west and the western horizon.

Foundary Town, south -ve Likely High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant On the southern side of Aberdare the topography of the Aberdare stantial southern side of the Dare Valley begins to screen views of the southern turbines (Turbines 9 -12) thereby reducing the number of turbines visible and the extent of their array. Nevertheless Mynydd Bwllfa and Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon retain a quite prominent role in forming the north-western horizon and turbines in the south-east of the layout will be visually prominent elements in many views.

Abernant -ve Likely High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant Properties are generally orientated to provide residents stantial with views to the south-west across the Cynon Valley. In such views it is possible that all twelve turbines will be visible on the right-hand side of these views at separation distances of between 4.0 and 6.5 km. In the worst case scenario where all turbines are clearly visible the magnitude of visual change will be ‘moderate’ although they will always be seen in the context of the longstanding industrial and urban development in the Cynon Valley.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Cwmbach -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not One of the best available views from upper Cwmbach is Significant shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 11, Figure 8.37. This shows that at a minimum separation distance of 5.8 km the scale of the turbines in the view is starting to reduce, likewise their array is reducing as a proportion of the overall western views. As with other residential areas it should be emphasised that the north-western views of many residents will be filtered or at least partly screened by the dense housing layout and the high proportion of mature trees within and around the housing area. Minimal change in comparison with previous revised Hirwaun wind farm proposal.

Cefnpennar -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not At a minimum separation distance of ~8 km the three Significant turbines and nine blade tips would be small-scale elements comparable with several other visual elements in the view and they will only represent a ‘low’ magnitude of visual change. Indeed for many residents in lower areas of Cefnpennar there will be no visual changes or consequent effects because they will be outside the ZTV due to their location in a side valley off the main Cynon Valley.

Aberaman 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not The screening provided by the mass of Rhos-gwawr will Significant ensure that most of the residents in this area have no views towards the application area and would be outside the ZTV even for upper blade tips.

Cwmaman 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not The settlement’s valley bottom location surrounded by Significant steep, high valley sides will foreshorten all potential views of its residents towards the application area and they would be outside the upper blade tips ZTV.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type of Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance Effect of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Mountain Ash -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As with other nearby settlements the surrounding Significant topography foreshortens all north-western views to ensure Mountain Ash is well outside the ZTV. Only exception is the Caegarw area on the eastern valley side where views similar to those from upper Cefnpennar could be available. Taken as a whole Mountain Ash’s residents must be assessed as sustaining a negligible magnitude of change to their present views.

Maerdy – north of Brook -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not As shown in the blade tip ZTV in Figure 8.21 three Street Significant turbines would be potentially visible in the part of the town between Brook Street and Church Street. These will be located in the ‘V’ formed by the two sides of the upper Rhondda Fach which will reduce their intrusiveness but possibly serve to draw the eye. Nevertheless in the overall visual context they must be assessed as only representing a ‘negligible’ magnitude of visual change, especially once the screening provided by the dense grid layout of the buildings is taken into account.

Maerdy – south of Brook -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not Similar to above although as shown in the blade tip ZTV in Street Significant Figure 8.21 the number of turbines visible increases for receptors further down the Rhondda Fach, especially on the western side of the town. As shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 8, Figure 8.34 the magnitude of visual change would be ‘low’ where relatively open north-western views are available. At a minimum separation distance of 3.5 km the turbines will make the susceptible to screening by the characteristically dense pattern of urban development in Maerdy.

Ferndale 0 Likely High Negligible Slight Not Due to the topographical confines of the Rhondda Fach Significant Valley there are no potential views of any of the turbines form within Ferndale and consequently it is outside of the upper blade tip ZTV as shown in Figure 8.21.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Tylorstown 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Settlement is outside the ZTV due to the topography of the Significant upper Rhondda Fach.

Trealaw 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Valley bottom settlement hence well outside the ZTV. The Significant upper blade tips of up to six of the turbines will just be visible above a narrow section of the northern horizon in views available from the area above the town occupied by Trealaw Golf Club and several PRoWs.

Ystrad/Gelli 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Pentre/Ton Pentre 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Treorchy 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Treherbert 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

Blaencwm/Blaenrhondd 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above a Significant

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Glyn-neath 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As shown in the blade tip ZTV in Figure 8.21 this valley Significant bottom settlement is completely outside all ZTVs. Under the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposals a few properties on the settlement’s elevated western edge were within the ZTV. Pontneddfechan 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not This settlement is now outside the blade tip ZTV. Significant Coelbren/Onllwyn -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not The blade tip ZTV in Figure 8.21 shows that Onllwyn Significant would be outside the ZTV, whilst up to nine turbines could be visible from parts of the more elevated Coelbren. Even when clearly visible over 13 km the turbines’ small array and scale in the overall context of the available views cannot generate anything above a ‘low’ magnitude of visual change. Ystradfellte -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not The village is at too low an elevation to be within the ZTV Significant however there are potential views from outlying residential properties as evidenced in Wireframe Viewpoint 17, Figure 8.43. In these views there is potential for five turbines and another five blade tips to be seen just above a section of the southern horizon but with a separation distance of ~12 km their scale in the overall view will be too small for them to generate greater than a ‘low’ magnitude of visual change.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Penderyn -ve Likely High Low Moderate Not This is a fragmented settlement that is partially within the Significant ZTV for the nacelles of up to three turbines and the blade tips of a further three. Those residents within the ZTV are concentrated on the southern and eastern sides and as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoint 9, Figure 8.35 only three blade tips would be visible above a small section of the elevated southern horizon. These are unlikely to be readily discernible to the casual viewer. Some receptors may also have some views of the main access road. These changes represent a considerable reduction compared with the situation that would have pertained under the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal due to the new turbine layout being set back form the Pennant Sandstone edge. Llwyn-on-Village 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Location within the upper Taf Valley will ensure this Significant settlement is well outside even the upper blade ZTV Vaynor/Pontsticill -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not The ZTV is fragmented in this area because of local Significant topographical variation. One of the best views is shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 19, Figure 8.45 which indicates that in some locations all the blade tips would be visible although some will not be visible above the south-western horizon. With such limited intrusion the turbines will be readily screened by nearby vegetation in many views. Even where views are available such as in the wireframe their presence can only represent a negligible magnitude of change. No views from Pontsticill. Trefechan/Cefn-coed-y- -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not These are housing estates on the north-western fringe of cymmer Significant Merthyr that are on the edge of the blade tip ZTV hence views highly unlikely to be available to nearly all residents.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Dowlais/Pant -ve Likely High Negligible Slight Not Relatively elevated residential area from within which the Significant clearest view is shown in Wireframe Viewpoint 21, Figure 8.47 which indicates that a maximum of three turbines could be visible plus another six blade tips. Nevertheless with a separation distance of at least 12 km the turbines and blades will be small-scale elements where views are available and they will be seen in the context of the longstanding industrial and urban development of the upper Rhondda, Cynon and Taf Valleys. Merthyr Tydfil 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Apart from its northern suburbs which have been Significant separately assessed above the town is outside even the upper blade ZTV mainly due to its comparatively low elevation Pentrebach/Troedyrhiw 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As with Merthyr Tydfil to the immediate north these Significant settlements are at too low an elevation to have views of the turbines over the more elevated intervening areas. Tredegar 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Tredegar’s low elevation in comparison to the area to its Significant immediate west will ensure that except for a handful of receptors on its north-eastern edge none of its residents could have views of any of the turbines. Rhymney 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

New Tredegar 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not As above Significant Brynmawr -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Whilst most of Byrnmawr is outside the blade tip ZTV Significant some of the elevated areas on its north-western fringe are included for 10-12 blade tips. Wireframe Viewpoint 28, Figure 8.54 although located slightly further north in the Brecon Beacons National Park allows an indication to be discerned of the very low level of potential visual effects generated by the presence of the turbines on or just below the horizon at a separation distance of at least 24 km. Ebbw Vale 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Entire town is at low elevation in the Vale and as such is Significant well outside the ZTV. Blaina 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Same situation as for Ebbw Vale. Significant Abertillery -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Similar situation as for Ebbw Vale and Blaina except that Significant the eastern fringe of Abertillery is sufficiently elevated to just be within the ZTV for some nacelles and upper blade tips. Where and if any western views are available over a separation distance of ~26 km any blades and nacelles will be difficult to see clearly.

Newbridge -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As with Abertillery the vast majority of potential residential Significant receptors are outside the ZTVs with the only exception being those on the elevated eastern fringe. An indication of the potential magnitude of visual change that would be generated by the operation of the turbines is provided in Wireframe Viewpoint 29, Figure 8.55 which shows that even where clear views are available with a separation distance of at least 27 km the turbines would be barely discernible, with at least half of them below the far horizon.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Abercarn -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above with only a handful of properties on elevated Significant eastern fringe being within the ZTV. An indication of the minimal visual change is provided in Wireframe Viewpoint 27, Figure 8.53 which is from Mynyddistwyn; a more open location close to the south of Abercarn. Blackwood -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not A small proportion of the settlement is covered by Significant fragments of the blade tip ZTV and a draft wireframe shows that the upper blade tips barely intrude above a narrow section of the far horizon making them susceptible to screening. Hence it is very unlikely that residents would have any views due to this low intrusion and the influence of nearby screening elements Bargoed 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not All of Bargoed is well outside the ZTV. Significant Ystrad Mynach -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not As above with only a handful of properties on elevated Significant eastern fringe being within the hub height and blade tip ZTVs for up to six turbines. With a separation distance of ~26 km the turbines will be very small elements only visible in good atmospheric conditions.

Nelson -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Parts of Nelson are within the ZTV for up to six turbines Significant but as with other settlements in reality the effects of weather and distance allied to the screening of other buildings in the settlement will mean that the type of change indicated by Wireframe Viewpoint 22, Figure 8.48 at Mynydd Eglwysilan to the south-west will rarely be available.

Abercynon 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Another valley bottom settlement well outside the ZTV. Significant

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Porth -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Possibly very limited views of some of the turbines will be Significant available from the most elevated eastern fringe of the outlying settlement of Ynyshir, otherwise entire settlement is too low to be within the ZTV. Pontypridd 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not Another valley bottom settlement whose low elevation will Significant result in it being well outside the ZTV for the turbines.

Llantrisant -ve Unlikely High Negligible Slight Not Isolated fragment of the hub height and blade tip ZTVs for Significant three turbines covers northern fringe of the settlement. In relatively highly unlikely any turbines would be discernible over 20 km away. Caerphilly 0 Certain High Negligible Slight Not The town’s low elevation results in it being well outside the Significant ZTV.

Private Residential Properties

Terrace and Bwllfa -ve Certain High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant The terrace is orientated so that residents’ principal views House at western end of stantial are to the south-east i.e. not towards the application area, Bwllfa Road however they will have oblique views of T10-12 above Tarren y Bwllfa on the upper far side of the Dare Valley. The ZTVs in Figures 8.21 & 8.22 show that only three turbines would be visible and that the properties are on the edge of the ZTV. This situation arises due to their proximity to the cirques at the western head of the Dare Valley which invokes the ‘tabletop effect’ by foreshortening western views. More extensive views are likely to be available when residents drive westwards to their properties along Bwllfa Road. This situation represents a considerable reduction in the level of visual effects in comparison with the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal under which between 6 and 12 turbines would have been visible. This improvement as a consequence of the turbines being located further to the south-west, although the scale and contrast of the blades’ form and movement would still generate a ‘moderate’ magnitude of change.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Properties at Cwmdare -ve Certain High Moderate Moderate/Sub Significant As above these properties are orientated so that residents’ end of Bwllfa Road stantial principal views are to the south-east so that views of any turbines would be oblique south-western views. However as these receptors are further away from the steep slopes at the western end of the Dare Valley the ‘tabletop effect’ is less pronounced so more turbines would be visible over a wider array. This is demonstrated in Photomontage Viewpoint 4, Figure 8.30 in which the turbines extend over an array of ~50º with their prominence increased by their being above the cirques although they are visually in scale with the cirques. As demonstrated in the visualisation where western views are available they tend to be framed and partial. Hence the assessment concludes that adhering to the approach of assessing the worst case scenario the magnitude of visual change for some of these receptors will be ‘moderate’.

Nant Melyn Farm -ve Certain High Negligible Slight Not Surrounding topography will ensure that a maximum of Significant three turbines could be visible. However in reality the dense copse to the immediate west of the farm is likely to substantially screen views towards these turbines hence visual effects will not be significant despite the relative proximity of the turbines.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Recreational Areas

Dare Valley Country -ve Likely Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant Visitors to the Park are predicted to sustain a higher Park ntial level of effect that residents in the Valley because visitors’ views can be orientated in any direction and most of the Park is open. Hence as indicted on Photomontage Viewpoint 2, Figure 8.28 the effective array of the turbines could be as great as 45° including five hubs and a further four blade tips although three of these are only just above the horizon. The turbines would be regularly spaced along the elevated horizon above Tarren y Bwlch and to a lesser extent Craig-yr- ysgol. In so they will become visually prominent. However as stated by Rhondda Cynon Taff DC the Dare Valley provides ‘a fascinating insight into man’s influence on our landscape over the generations’ and in this context the presence of the turbines could be percieved to be the latest episode in this well established sequence. It should also be noted that the visualisation again reflects the worst case scenario for the Park’s visitors. At the western end of the Park the ‘tabletop effect’ would reduce bothteh number of turbines visble and the proportion of residual turbines visible, whilst the south- eastern part of the Park where the camping facilities, hotel and visitors’ centre are located is only in the hub height ZTV for three turbines with views to the closest turbines in the south-eastern part of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm being screened by the rsing topography in the Coed Pen-rhiw-llech area to the immediate west. In these partsof the Park the magnitude of visual change would reduce to ‘moderate’ .

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Park in Maescynon, -ve Likely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not This is a large, open public open space in northern Hirwaun Significant Hirwaun to the immediate south of the boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Photomontage Viewpoint 7, Figure 8.33 is taken from the most elevated part of the Park and shows that whilst Pennant Sandstone edge is the dominant element in the extensive southern views, only one blade tip would be clearly discernible above it. It is possible that some sections of the main access road may also be discernible but neither element will draw the attention of casual viewers.

Public Rights of Way within 2.5 km of any turbine (referenced to the Definitive Map as shown in Figure 14.1)

Footpath No. 44 -ve Likely Medium Low Moderate/Slight Not The ZTV predicts that there would be no views of the Significant turbines now that they would be located south of the plateau edge ensuring that from this PRoW the ‘tabletop effect’ will foreshorten southern views into the main part of the wind farm. The nearby main access road to the immediate east and the substation will be small-scale elements a minimum of 300m to the east.

Footpath No. 40 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not This track will form the northern part of the main access Significant road changing the experience for walkers, although a sympathetically designed road would not necessarily be a visually adverse change. The ZTV figures again demonstrate that the location of the turbines well to the south of the plateau’s edge will ensure that the scarp slope crossed by this PRoW would be well outside the turbine ZTVs. The visual changes as a consequence of the presence of the main access road are shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 16, Figure 8.42.

Footpath No.s 6/7 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not Similar situation as for public footpath no. 44 Significant

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Footpath No.s 10/7/6 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not Views would only be available from the southern Significant section of this footpath on the eastern spur of Mynydd Cefn-y-gyngon and the northern side of the Dare Valley. Up to six turbines may be visible for short sections, principally to southbound walkers. Substation and main access road would be minor visual elements along northern section.

Footpath No.s 12/13/10 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not With a minimum separation distance of 1 km the main Significant access road and the sub station will potentially will potentially be visible from northern sections. No wind farm components would be visible from central section whilst up to six turbines will be fully or partly visible in south-western views from a short section immediately north of Cwmdare.

Footpath No.s 8/9 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not This footpath is on the edge of the ZTV for up to six Significant turbines so westbound walkers will have some views of part or all of up to six turbines on the other side of the Dare Valley.

Footpath No.s 1/22 -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant As this footpath would pass through the wind farm close ntial to T4 and T8 walkers will have uninterrupted close distance views of all the turbines to the base of their towers as well as the access tracks and any ancillary elements.

Footpath No. 2 -ve Certain Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant Although the western part of this footpath is within ntial coniferous forestry with the associated severe limitations on outward views the fact that the central section would cross the wind farm and that the eastern section ascends from Dare Valley would ensure ‘high’ magnitudes of visual changes.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

Footpath No. 19 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not No views likely from the closest section through Significant coniferous forestry but as central and southern section are at broadly comparable elevations northbound walkers will have clear views of the all the turbines above the northern near horizon. However as this footpath will be passing through the consented and presumably soon to be constructed Meardy wind farm, its much closer turbines will be the dominant visual elements and those at Mynydd Bwllfa would only have an incremental visual effect. .

Footpath between -ve Likely Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Given that it crosses a large area of active open cast Rhigos and southern Significant mining it is very likely that the route of this footpath has edge of Hirwaun altered from that shown on the OS map. Due to sharp differences in elevation the footpath is only partly inside the three turbine ZTV whilst views for eastbound walkers on the eastern section will include some middle distance views of the main access road. The visual context for any walkers will be completely altered if the south Hirwaun Strategic Site development proceeds.

Footpath No.s 3/12/13 -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not Network of footpaths at bottom of Cynon Valley from Significant where up to nine turbine would be potentially fully or partly visible above a section of the south-western horizon, However as this area has a high degree of mature trees in hedgerows and woodland belts such views are likely to be at least partly screened or filtered.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type of Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance Effect of Effect of Change Occurring Level Rationale

Footpath No. 5 -ve Likely Medium High Moderate/Substa Significant Nearly all of this footpath is sited within coniferous ntial forestry severely limiting the availability of outward views however as the northern end crosses open ground before joining the Coed Morgannwg Way above Craig Pen-rhiw-llech its users will have clear views of all the turbines, especially Turbines 9 -12. The sudden appearance of the turbines when emerging from the forest would serve to enhance the sense of contrast and visual change.

Footpath No.s 17/19 -ve Likely Medium Medium Moderate Not Footpaths cross school playing fields allowing relatively Significant open western views in which some of the turbines will form prominent visual elements that would intrude above the far horizon.

Key Roads

M4 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not All of the section of the M4 that passes through the Significant southern part of the study area is well outside the ZTV.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

A465 (T) – ‘Heads of -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Views of the majority of the turbines will be visible on the the Valleys Road’ Significant section between Pontneddlechan and the junction with the B4276 which is ~11 km long so the occupants of a vehicle travelling at 90kmph could have views for ~7.5 minutes. For the westernmost 7 km the ZTVs in Figures 8.21 & 8.22 show that only three blade tips would be visible as per the view in Photomontage Viewpoint 6, Figure 8.32. Photomontage Viewpoint 16, Figure 8.42 is from the south side of A465(T) by the Hirwaun island and shows that from the closest section to the wind farm no views of turbines would be available. All the turbines would only be visible to westbound motorists for ~3 km from the B4276 until it crosses the Nant Melyn. In addition there are three more elevated section further east from where views will be briefly available for occupants of westbound vehicles. The minimal magnitudes of visual change in these views are demonstrated in Wireframe Viewpoint 21, Figure 8.47 from Dowlais Top. It is noted that views from this ‘gateway’ section were a concern to Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC under the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal but such small-scale changes cannot now be a key issue. Cumulatively the magnitude of visual change could not exceed ‘medium’.

A470(T) 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/ Negligible Not Although it passes through the heart of the study area Significant most of its route is within the Taff Valley which ensures that it is outside the ZTV

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type of Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance Effect of Effect of Change Occurring Level Rationale

A40(T) 0 Certain Medium Negligible Slight/ Negligible Not All of the section of the A40(T) that passes through the Significant northern part of the study area is well outside the ZTV.

A4059 -ve Certain Medium Low Slight/Moderate Not As shown in Figure 8.17 the section of the A4059 north Significant of the Ystradfellte turning is outside the hub height ZTV and no views of any component of the proposed wind farm would be available. The role that the turbines will assume in the views of southbound motorists between the Ystradfellte turning and northern Penderyn is shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 13, Figure 8.39. This shows that five turbines would be relatively small scale elements above a narrow section of the elevated southern horizon. As noted elsewhere with regard to views from the north of the application area, as receptors become closer the tabletop effect caused by them being at a substantially lower elevation that the turbines which have been located south from the edge of the plateau has the consequence that receptors see fewer turbines. Hence by the time the A4059 emerges on the southern side of Penderyn only a single turbine hub and two other upper blade tips would be visible. See Photomontage Viewpoint 9, Figure 8.35 which is from the A4059. In these circumstances it is assessed that the magnitude of visual change would never exceed ‘medium’ and that for most of the A4059 southbound drivers would sustain no or ‘negligible’ visual change. This assessment represents a considerable diminishment of the magnitude of visual change in comparison with the previous Hirwaun wind farm proposal.

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Table A8.14 (continued) Evaluation of Visual Effects for Operation Period

Visual Receptors Type Probability Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance of of Effect of Change Effect Occurring Level Rationale

A4061 -ve Unlikely Medium Negligible Slight/Negligible Not Despite its proximity to the north-western edge of the Significant application area the only sections of the A4061 that are in the ZTV are the northern-most kilometre and the section around Bwlch-y-Clawdd as shown in Photomontage Viewpoint 12, Figure 8.38. Elsewhere its location at the bottom of Rhondda Fawr Valley severely restricts the availability of outward views hence the occupants of vehicles in both directions will have no indication of the presence of the Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm including when at the viewpoints on Mynydd Beili- glas.

A4233 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Good views will be available from the elevated section Significant that crosses Cefnrhos-gwawr between Maerdy and Aberdare as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoint 3, Figures 8.29 but as with other main roads views are not available from sections in valley bottoms i.e. Rhondda Fach, hence overall for westbound vehicles and their occupants are cumulatively accessed as only sustaining a ‘medium’ level of visual change, whilst those heading east will have no direct views of the turbines.

B4276 -ve Certain Medium Medium Moderate Not Extensive views will be constantly available for Significant occupants of southbound vehicles in which all the turbines will be visible above a section of the horizon as indicated in Photomontage Viewpoin 10, Figure 8.36 from the section that passes through Llwydcoed.

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Key Type of Effect Probability of Sensitivity Magnitude Level of Effect Significance Occurrence - ve = Certain High High Substantial Significant Adverse/Negative Likely Medium Medium Moderate/Substantial Not Significant +ve = Unlikely Low Low Moderate Beneficial/Positive Negligible Moderate/Slight ? = Unknown Slight 0 = Neutral Slight/Negligible Negligible

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Appendix B Cumulative Assessment Tables 14 Pages

APPENDIX B – TABLE OF ASSESSMENTS OF CUMULATIVE VISUAL EFFECTS

VP Cumulative In Relation to In Relation to In Relation to Summary Effect Existing and Existing, Existing, Analysis Consented Consented and Consented, Schemes in Schemes in Planning Planning and Pen y Cymoedd

1 Other Wind Maerdy @ 0.5km None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maerdy is the only visible existing or consented Farms 0.7km wind farm. In combination with Maerdy, Mynydd Bwllfa would be likely to generate significant Excluding None - Significant cumulative visual effects due to the extension of the visible array from ~90º to ~135º. The Mynydd Bwllfa incremental effect of Mynydd Bwllfa would be significant in this scenario. Wind Farm The combination of Maerdy and Pen y Cymoedd would also result in significant cumulative visual effects due to the extension of the visible array from ~90º to ~225º and a large Including Significant - Significant increase in the number of turbines visible. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this Mynydd Bwllfa scenario would also result in significant cumulative visual effects, but the incremental effect Wind Farm of Mynydd Bwllfa would not be significant. Incremental Significant - Not Significant Wireframes shown in Figure 8.68 Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Effect

2 Other Wind None None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as no existing or consented wind farms are visible. Farms 3.6km In addition to Mynydd Bwllfa, only three blade tips from the proposed Pen y Cymoedd development would be visible from this viewpoint. No significant cumulative visual effects Excluding - - None would be generated. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.69

Including - - Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental - - Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

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3 Other Wind Maerdy @ 3.2km Merthyr Common @ Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no significant baseline cumulative visual effects as, other than Maerdy, only the Farms Fochriw @ 12.4km 12.5km 1.3km two blade tips of Fochriw are visible of the existing or consented wind farms. Fforch Nest @ 9.6km In combination with Maerdy, Mynydd Bwllfa would be likely to generate significant cumulative visual effects due to the extension of the visible array from ~20º to ~50º. The Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant incremental effect of Mynydd Bwllfa would be significant in this scenario. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The combination of Maerdy and Pen y Cymoedd would also result in significant cumulative visual effects due to the extension of the visible array from ~20º to ~67º and a large Including Significant Significant Significant increase in the number of turbines visible. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this Mynydd Bwllfa scenario would also result in significant cumulative visual effects, but the incremental effect Wind Farm of Mynydd Bwllfa would not be significant.

Incremental Significant Significant Not Significant The contribution to cumulative visual effects made by Merthyr Common and the single blade Effect of Mynydd tip from Fforch Nest would be negligible. Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.70

4 Other Wind Maerdy @ 3.5km None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maerdy is the only visible existing or consented Farms 2.4km wind farm. In combination with Maerdy, Mynydd Bwllfa would not generate significant cumulative visual Excluding None - Not Significant effects as the single nacelle and two blade tips visible from Maerdy would appear to form Mynydd Bwllfa part of the Mynydd Bwllfa array. Wind Farm The combination of Maerdy and Pen y Cymoedd would also not result in significant Including Not Significant - Significant cumulative visual effects as the visible Maerdy turbines would again appear to be part of the Mynydd Bwllfa other scheme. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario would generate Wind Farm significant cumulative visual effects due to the increased length of the combined array. The incremental effect of Mynydd Bwllfa would be significant in this context. Incremental Not Significant - Significant Effect of Mynydd Wireframes shown in Figure 8.71 Bwllfa

5 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ Hirfynydd @ 14.5km None There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maesgwyn is the only visible existing or Farms 10.1km consented wind farm. In combination with Maesgwyn, Mynydd Bwllfa would not be likely to generate significant Excluding None Not Significant - cumulative visual effects as only one blade tip is visible from this viewpoint. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The combination of Maesgwyn and the proposed Hirfyndd wind farm would also not result in

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Including Not Significant Not Significant - significant cumulative visual effects due to the limited visibility of Maesgwyn and its separation from the viewpoint. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario would Mynydd Bwllfa not result in significant cumulative visual effects. Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.72 Incremental Not Significant Not Significant - Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

6 Other Wind None None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as no existing or consented wind farms are visible. Farms 3.5km In addition to the single Mynydd Bwllfa blade tip, only three blade tips from the proposed Pen y Cymoedd development would be visible from this viewpoint. No significant cumulative Excluding - - None visual effects would be generated. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.73

Including - - Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental - - Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

7 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ 8.9km Hirfynydd @ 13.6km Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maesgwyn is the only visible existing or Farms 3.6km consented wind farm. In combination with Maesgwyn, Mynydd Bwllfa would not be likely to generate significant Excluding None Not Significant Not Significant cumulative visual effects as only one blade tip is visible from this viewpoint. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The combination of Maesgwyn and the proposed Hirfyndd wind farm would also not result in significant cumulative visual effects due to the distance of the schemes from the viewpoint Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant and the intermittent screening available from vegetation and buildings. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario would not result in significant cumulative visual effects. Wind Farm Similarly, the introduction of the four visible blade tips of Pen y Cymoedd would not generate significant cumulative visual effects, with or without Mynydd Bwllfa. Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Wireframes shown in Figure 8.74 Bwllfa

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8 Other Wind Maerdy @ 3.0km None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maerdy is the only visible existing or consented Farms 2.3km wind farm. In combination with Maerdy, Mynydd Bwllfa would not generate significant cumulative visual Excluding None - Not Significant effects as the combined array would retain the appearance of a single wind farm, framed by Mynydd Bwllfa the adjacent hills. Wind Farm The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd would not generate significant cumulative visual effects Including Not Significant - Not Significant for the same reasons, with or without Mynydd Bwllfa. Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.75 Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant - Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

9 Other Wind None Hirfynydd @ 12.4km Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as no existing or consented wind farms are visible. Farms 4.7km Three blade tips from Hirfynydd are theoretically visible, but are so low on the horizon that they are likely to be screened in reality. Hirfynydd will therefore not result in significant Excluding - None Not Significant cumulative visual effects whether in combination with Mynydd Bwllfa or Pen y Cymoedd. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The combination of Pen y Cymoedd with the single nacelle and three blade tips visible from Mynydd Bwllfa will not generate significant cumulative visual effects as the Mynydd Bwllfa Including - Not Significant Not Significant turbines will appear as a minor and seamless part of the Pen y Cymoedd array. Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.76 Wind Farm

Incremental - Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

10 Other Wind Maerdy @ 5.8 Hirfynydd @ 16.8 Pen y Cymoedd @ The two consented wind farms theoretically visible from this view are unlikely to generate Farms Maesgwyn @ 12.2 5.0km and significant cumulative visual effects due to their distance from the viewpoint and each other. Maesgwyn is also likely to be wholly or partially screened by intervening vegetation Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant and buildings. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario has the potential to Mynydd Bwllfa generate moderate cumulative effects due to the extension of the Maerdy array, but these Wind Farm

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will not be of a magnitude to be significant at this distance. Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Hirfynydd wind farm, at 16.8km and a relatively low elevation, is unlikely to contribute to Wind Farm cumulative visual effects from this viewpoint.

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant The combination of Maerdy and Pen y Cymoedd would result in significant cumulative visual effects due to the extension of the visible array from ~6º to ~50º and a large increase in the Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa number of turbines visible. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario would also result in significant cumulative visual effects, but the incremental effect of Mynydd Bwllfa would not be significant. Wireframes shown in Figure 8.77

11 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ None Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maesgwyn is the only visible existing or Farms 15.5km 4.5km consented wind farm. Maesgwyn will be visible in succession to Mynydd Bwllfa at a lower elevation and at a Excluding None - Not Significant distance of 15.5km. Given this distance and positioning of Maesgwyn, Mynydd Bwllfa would Mynydd Bwllfa be the only obvious windfarm and cumulative effects would be negligible. Similar effects Wind Farm would be generated by the combination of Maesgwyn with Pen y Cymoedd. Including Not Significant - Not Significant When viewed in combination with Pen y Cymoedd, Mynydd Bwllfa would appear as an Mynydd Bwllfa undifferentiated part of the larger wind farm and would not significantly extending the array. Wind Farm No significant cumulative visual effects would be generated.

Incremental Not Significant - Not Significant Wireframes shown in Figure 8.78 Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

12 Other Wind Maerdy @ 4.8km Merthyr Common @ Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maerdy is the only visible existing or consented Farms 20.8km 5.0km wind farm. Pendragon Fach @ Mynydd Bwllfa would be viewed simultaneously with Maerdy, appearing as a slightly more 30.4km distant extension to the consented scheme. Some cumulative visual effects would be generated, but these would not be of a magnitude to be significant from this viewpoint. Excluding None Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa At approximately 20km and 30km respectively and lying very low on the horizon, Merthyr Wind Farm Common and Pendragon Fach wind farms will not make any significant contribution to cumulative visual effects. Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant The combination of Pen y Cymoedd with MAerdy would extend the visible array from ~9º to Mynydd Bwllfa ~52º and greatly increase the number of turbines visible. This would result in significant Wind Farm

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Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario would not have a significant incremental effect. Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.79

13 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ 7.1km Hirfynydd @ 12.5km Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maesgwyn is the only visible existing or Farms Mynydd-y-Betws @ 7.4km consented wind farm. 25.4km The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa, low on the horizon and separated from Maesgwyn by Mynydd-y-Gwair @ ~90º, would not generate any significant cumulative visual effects. 28.0km At ~25km and 28km respectively and both very low on the horizon, Mynydd-y-Betws and Excluding None Not Significant Significant Mynydd-y-Gwair will not contribute significantly to cumulative visual effects. Hirfynydd will Mynydd Bwllfa appear simultaneously with Maesgwyn, but the visible array will not be extensive enough to Wind Farm generate significant cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa inti this context will again not generate significant cumulative effects for the same reasons given in Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant relation to Mynydd Bwllfa and Maesgwyn alone. Mynydd Bwllfa The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd, with 45 blade tips and 23 nacelles visible in an array Wind Farm extending ~65º, will generate significant cumulative visual effects in combination with Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Maesgwyn or Maesgwyn and Hirfynydd. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into either of Effect of Mynydd these contexts would not have a significant incremental effect. Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.80

14 Other Wind Maerdy @ 10.6km Merthyr Common @ Pen y Cymoedd @ The consented wind farms of Maerdy and Maesgwyn will both be visible at over 10km Farms Maesgwyn @ 8.9km 9.2km distant. The schemes are separated by ~57º and Maesgwyn lies largely below the horizon. 10.9km Hirfynydd @ 16.3km No significant cumulative visual effects will be generated. In this context Mynydd Bwllfa will Pant-y-wal @ 19.2km appear as part of a combined array with Maerdy, generating slight, but not significant Mynydd Marchywel cumulative visual effects. @ 22.8km Of the schemes currently in the planning system, Mynydd-y-Gwair at 31.8km, Mynydd Mynydd-y-Gwair @ Marchywel at 22.8km and two blade tips from Pant-y-wal at 19.2km will not contribut 31.8km significantly to cumulative visual effects. Hirfynydd will be visible simultaneously with Maesgwyn and Merthyr Common will be visible successionally ~96º to the east of Maerdy, Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant contributing to slight, but not significant cumulative visual effects. The incremental effect of Mynydd Bwllfa the introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context will not be significant. Wind Farm

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Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd, with 66 blade tips and 59 nacelles visible in an array extending ~46º, will generate significant cumulative visual effects in combination with any of Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm the previously considered scenarios. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into any of these contexts would not have a significant incremental effect. Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Wireframes shown in Figure 8.81 Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

15 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ 7.9km Hirfynydd @ 13.3km Pen y Cymoedd @ Of the operational and consented wind farms, the four Maerdy blade tips visible very low on Farms Maerdy @ 11.3km 9.0km the horizon will not contribute significantly to cumulative visual effects. Ffynon Oer and Ffynon Oer @ Maesgwyn will be visible in succession, but will not generate significant cumulative visual 16.0km effects due to Maegwyn’s position largely below the horzon and the limited visibility of Ffynon Oer at 16km. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa will generate slight, but not Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant significant cumulative visual effects. Mynydd Bwllfa The five visible Hirfynydd turbines at ~13km will not contribute significantly to cumulative Wind Farm visual effects. Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd, with 77 blade tips and 58 nacelles visible in an array Mynydd Bwllfa extending ~59º, will generate significant cumulative visual effects in combination with any of Wind Farm the previously considered scenarios. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into any of these contexts would not have a significant incremental effect. Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Wireframes shown in Figure 8.82 Bwllfa

17 Other Wind Maerdy @ 14.0km None Pen y Cymoedd @ The combination of Ffynon Oer at 16.5km and the four visible Maerdy blade tips at 14km can Farms Ffynon Oer @ 11.2km generate only negligible cumulative visual effects. Slight, but not significant cumulative visual 16.5km effects may arise from the introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario. The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd, with 84 blade tips and 72 nacelles visible, will not Excluding Not Significant - Not Significant generate significant cumulative visual effects as both Ffynon Oer and Mynydd Bwllfa would Mynydd Bwllfa be effectively absorbed by the larger development. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into Wind Farm this context would not have a significant incremental effect. Including Not Significant - Not Significant Wireframes shown in Figure 8.83 Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

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Incremental Not Significant - Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

18 Other Wind Maerdy @ 3.2km None Pen y Cymoedd @ The combination of Maesgwyn at 19.9km and Maerdy at 12.8km will generate slight, but not Farms Maesgwyn @ 11.0km significant cumulative visual effects. Moderate, but not significant cumulative visual effects 19.9km may arise from the introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this scenario. The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd, with 75 blade tips and 63 nacelles visible, will not Excluding Not Significant - Not Significant generate significant cumulative visual effects as both Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa would be Mynydd Bwllfa effectively absorbed by the larger development. The resultant combined array would Wind Farm generate moderate cumulative visual effects in combination with Maeswyn. The introduction Including Not Significant - Not Significant of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental effect. Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.84 Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant - Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

19 Other Wind Fochriw @ 6.1km Merthyr Common @ Pen y Cymoedd @ The combination of the two visible blade tips at Fochriw and Maerdy at 13.7km will not Farms Maerdy @ 13.7km 2.2km 12.4km generate significant cumulative visual effects. Slight, but not significant cumulative visual effects may arise from the introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context. Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant Merthyr Common would be visible at 2.2km to the east, with Maerdy visible to the south-west Mynydd Bwllfa at ~14km, resulting in slight cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm would extend the visible array in the south-west, but would not give rise to any significant Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant cumulative effects. Mynydd Bwllfa The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd would also extend the visible array in the south-west, Wind Farm giving rise to moderate, but not significant, cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental effect. Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Wireframes shown in Figure 8.85 Bwllfa

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20 Other Wind Maerdy @ 12.3km Fforch Nest @ 6.5km Pen y Cymoedd @ There are no baseline cumulative effects as Maerdy is the only visible existing or consented Farms Pant-y-wal @ 6.6km 11.4km wind farm. The single Mynydd Bwllfa blade tip visible from this viewpoint will not generate Pendragon Fach @ any significant cumulative visual effects. 24.8km Fforch Nest and Pant-y-wal proposed wind farms appear as a single development and will not generate any significant cumulative visual effects either in combination with Maerdy Excluding None Not Significant Significant alone or with Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The introduction of the extensive array of Pen y Cynoedd has the potential to generate significant cumulative visual effects in combination with Fforch Nest/Pant-y-wal. The Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Mynydd Bwllfa effect. Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.86 Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

21 Other Wind Fochriw @ 2.4km Merthyr Common@ Pen y Cymoedd @ Of the consented schemes visible from this viewpoint, the three blade tips and single nacelle Farms Maerdy @ 14.1km 1.2km 12.5km visible from Maesgwyn at ~20km will not make a significant contribution to cumulative visual Maesgwyn @ Pendragon Fach @ effects. Maerdy and the single visible turbine from Fochriw will be visible in opposite 20.1km 13.8km directions and will generate slight, but not significant cumulative visual effects. The Hirfynydd @ 25.2km introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Mynydd Marchywel effect. @ 31.4km Of the wind farms with applications in the planning system visible from this viewpoint, Mynydd Marchywel at ~31km, Hirfynydd at ~25km and Pendragon Fach at ~14km will not Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant make a significant contribution to cumulative visual effects. Merthyr Common will be Mynydd Bwllfa prominent at 1.2km to the north and will result in moderate, but not significant, cumulative Wind Farm visual effects in combination with Fochriw and Maerdy. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant into this context would not have a significant incremental effect. Mynydd Bwllfa The introduction of the extensive array of Pen y Cynoedd has the potential to generate Wind Farm significant cumulative visual effects in combination with Merthyr Common and the consented wind farms. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant incremental effect. Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.87

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B10

22 Other Wind Fochriw @ 14.4km Fforch Nest @ Pen y Cymoedd @ It is unlikely that the single blade tip of the consented Fochriw scheme will be visible at Farms Maerdy @ 17.3km 14.4km 15.7km 14.4km, therefore there will be no baseline cumulative visual effects produced in Pant-y-wal @ 14.8km combination with Maerdy. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa will extend the visible Maerdy Merthyr Common @ array resulting in slight, but not significant, cumulative visual effects. 17.2km The introduction of the four proposed schemes would result in four discrete arrays Pendragon @ distributed over ~150º, generating slight to moderate, but not significant, cumulative visual 17.9km effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental effect. Excluding None Not Significant Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa The Pen y Cymoedd scheme would extend and effectively absorb the Maerdy/Mynydd Wind Farm Bwllfa array, resulting in moderate, but not significant, cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant effect. Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.88 Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

23 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ Hirfynydd @ 13.7km Pen y Cymoedd @ All the wind farms theoretically visible from this summit will be distributed over ~120º centred Farms 10.3km Mynydd Marchywel 16.1km to the south of a 360º available panorama. At 17.5km, Mynydd Bwllfa will form only a minor Maerdy @ 19.9km @ 19.3km element in the panorama and will not have a significant incremental effect in any of the Ffynon Oer @ Merthyr Common @ possible scenarios. 20.0km 20.8km The four operational and consented wind farms will generate slight cumulative visual effects Fochriw @ 24.8km Mynydd-y-Betws @ and this would rise to moderate with the addition of the eight wind farm applications currently 20.8km in the planning system. Whilst the number of turbines visible in this latter scenario is high, Mynydd-y-Gwair @ the majority of the turbines will be at over 20km away, limiting their ability to draw the eye 23.9km and thereby avaoiding significant cumulative effects. Fforch Nest @ 28.4km The addition of Pen y Cymoedd will effectively fuse six wind farms (seven including Mynydd Pant-y-wal @ 28.0km Bwllfa) into a single extended array, resulting in significant cumulative visual effects. Maesteg @ 29.6km Wireframes shown in Figure 8.89 Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

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B11

Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

24 Other Wind Fochriw @ 16.7km Hirfynydd @ 23.9km Pen y Cymoedd @ The cumulative visual effects perceived from this summit would have very similar Farms Maesgwyn @ Mynydd Marchywel 20.0km characteristics to those described for Viewpoint 23 above. The visible wind farms would be 18.8km @ 30.4km located within a south-centred arc of ~100º. The majority of visible turbines will be at Maerdy @ 21.5km Merthyr Common @ distances of over 20km, with many being over 25km away. Ffynon Oer @ 12.4 km Cumulative visual effects generated by the operational and proposed wind farms will be 27.5km Mynydd-y-Betws @ slight, as will the effects generated by the addition of the six wind farms with applications Taff Ely @ 34.8 33.9km currently in the planning system. The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd will again result in Fforch Nest @ significant cumulative visual effects due to the extended array produced and the number of 29.9km turbines visible. Pant-y-wal @ 30.1km The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa will not have a significant incremental effect in any of Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant these scenarios. Mynydd Bwllfa Wireframes shown in Figure 8.90 Wind Farm

Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

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25 Other Wind Taff Ely @ 11.9km Pant-y-wal @ 15.1km Pen y Cymoedd @ Of the operational and consented wind farms visible from this viewpoint, G24i at 14km and Farms G24i @ 14.0km Fforch Nest @ 20.8km Solutia at 22.9km are unlikely to be easily noticeable within the urban contexts of Cardiff and Maerdy @ 21.9km 15.4km Newport. Taff Ely and Maerdy will both be visible in the north-west quadrant of the Solutia @ 22.9km Merthyr Common @ panorama, resulting in slight cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa at 26.0km over 22km would slightly extend the Maerdy array, but would not have any significant Pendragon Fach @ incremental effects. 26.5km Of the wind farms with applications currently in the planning system, Maesteg, Merthyr Maesteg @ 27.8km Common and Pendragon Fach are unlikely to significantly contribute to cumulative visual

effects. Fforch Nest/Pant-y-wal at ~15km has the potential to interact with Taff Ely to generate moderate cumulative visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant context would not have a significant incremental effect. Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd at ~21km would effectively absorb Maerdy and Mynydd Bwllfa into a single array and would give rise to significant cumulative visual effects. The Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Mynydd Bwllfa effect. Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.91 Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

26 Other Wind Maesgwyn @ Hirfynydd @ 15.3km Pen y Cymoedd @ The cumulative visual effects perceived from this summit would have very similar Farms 13.3km Mynydd Marchywel 20.1km characteristics to those described for Viewpoints 23 and 24 above. The visible wind farms Ffynon Oer @ @ 19.2km would be located within a south-centred arc of ~80º. The majority of visible turbines will be 22.3km Mynydd-y-Betws @ at distances of over 20km, with many being over 25km away. Maerdy @ 24.9km 17.4km Cumulative visual effects generated by the operational and proposed wind farms will be Mynydd-y-Gwair @ slight. The effects generated by the addition of the seven wind farms with applications 20.6km currently in the planning system will be moderate. The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd will Maesteg @ 31.8km once more result in significant cumulative visual effects due to the extended array produced Pant-y-wal @ 32.4km and the number of turbines visible. Fforch Nest @ 32.9km The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa will not have a significant incremental effect in any of these scenarios. Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Significant Wireframes shown in Figure 8.92 Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

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Including Not Significant Not Significant Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

27 Other Wind Fochriw @ 16.1km Pendragon Fach @ Pen y Cymoedd @ The visible blade tips at Fochriw are unlikely to be visible at 16km, therefore there will be not Farms Maerdy @ 24.1km 13.9km 22.3km significant baseline cumulative effects generated with Maerdy. The introduction of Mynydd Merthyr Common @ Bwllfa at ~24km will generate slight cumulative visual effects through its interaction with 19.2km Maerdy. Fforch Nest @ The addition of the four wind farms with applications currently in the planning system will 22.1km also generate slight cumulative visual effects either with or without Mynydd Bwllfa. Pant-y-wal @ 22.5km The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd will generate moderate, but not significant, cumulative Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant visual effects due to the extent of the resultant array and the number of visible turbines. The Mynydd Bwllfa introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Wind Farm effect. Wireframes shown in Figure 8.93 Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

28 Other Wind Fochriw @ 9.8km Pendragon Fach @ Pen y Cymoedd @ The interaction of Fochriw at ~10km and Maerdy at ~25km will generate slight cumulative Farms Maerdy @ 24.8km 7.9km 23.1km visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa at ~24km will not have a significant Merthyr Common @ incremental effect. 9.3km The addition of the four wind farms with applications currently in the planning system will Fforch Nest @ also generate slight cumulative visual effects either with or without Mynydd Bwllfa. 29.6km Pant-y-wal @ 30.7km The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd will generate moderate, but not significant, cumulative

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Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant visual effects due to the extent of the resultant array and the number of visible turbines. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant incremental Mynydd Bwllfa effect. Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.94 Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

29 Other Wind Fochriw @ 16.6 km Pendragon Fach @ Pen y Cymoedd @ The interaction of Fochriw at ~17km and Maerdy at ~28km will generate slight cumulative Farms Maerdy @ 27.7km 10.2km 25.7km visual effects. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa at ~27km will not have a significant Merthyr Common @ incremental effect. 19.5km The addition of the four wind farms with applications currently in the planning system will Fforch Nest @ also generate slight cumulative visual effects either with or without Mynydd Bwllfa. 26.9km Pant-y-wal @ 27.4km The introduction of Pen y Cymoedd at ~26km will generate moderate, but not significant, cumulative visual effects due to the extent of the resultant array and the number of visible Excluding Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant turbines. The introduction of Mynydd Bwllfa into this context would not have a significant Mynydd Bwllfa incremental effect. Wind Farm Wireframes shown in Figure 8.95 Including Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm

Incremental Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Effect of Mynydd Bwllfa

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Appendix C Photomontage Protocol 14 Pages

Appendix D Glossary of Terms, Landscape and Visual 4 Pages

Appendix E ASIDOHL2 62 Pages

Technical Note 1

Mynydd Bwllfa – ASIDOHL2

1. Introduction This ASIDOHL2 assessment has been carried out as part of an Environmental Assessment (EA) of a proposed wind farm at Mynydd Bwllfa, Rhondda Cynon Taff. It has been undertaken following consultation with the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust because the proposal site is adjacent to the defined Rhondda historic landscape and to the south of the East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg historic landscape. The aim of the assessment is to determine the extent and nature of any effects on the designated historic landscapes which would result from construction and operation of the wind farm. As the wind farm site is wholly outside of both of the designated historic landscape areas the development would not result in any direct or indirect physical effects on them. This assessment therefore concentrates on the potential indirect visual impacts. In addition there is potential for indirect visual impacts on important features of cultural heritage interest outside of the historic landscape areas. This study therefore includes an assessment of these, but they are not included within the overall assessment of effects on the Rhondda or East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg historic landscapes.

2. Contextual Information

2.1 Proposed Development The proposed development involves the construction of twelve turbines with associated tracks and substation. The development will also involve the establishment of a temporary construction compound, and crane pads for turbine construction.. The wind farm will be adjacent to HLCA 030 Rhondda Uplands and occupies open land at an altitude of approximately 380-515 mAOD. The southern side of the site is bordered by the extensive forestry plantations of the Rhondda uplands, whilst to the north the land slopes down steeply to Hirwaun. The site adjoins the northern part of the Rhondda historic landscape, though no part of the development would extend into the historic landscape area.

2.2 Planning History A previous application has been made for wind farm development within part of the land covered by the current application. This was also for a 12 turbine scheme (known as Hirwaun Wind Farm) and the application was refused. The current proposals are based on a new scheme layout which has been prepared to address the reasons for refusal which applied to Hirwaun Wind Farm. An ASIDOHL assessment was prepared for Hirwaun Wind Farm and submitted as part of the Environmental Statement which accompanied the application. This concluded that there would be a slight effect on the Rhondda historic landscape. This conclusion was not questioned by

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Technical Note 2

any statutory consultees and effects on Landscapes of Special Historic Interest did not feature amongst the reasons for refusal. A scoping report was issued to Rhondda Cynon Taff Council with regard to the current proposals on 23 January 2009. This proposed that an ASIDOHL assessment of the current proposal would not be required as the nature of effects would be similar to the previous proposal. In response, the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust issued have stated on 16 February 2009 that: it may be correct that the proposed wind farm will have a similar impact on the Rhondda, we do not know what the impact will be on two other registered historic landscapes, East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-Glog. We therefore strongly recommend that the Hirwaun ASIDHOL should be upgraded to the 2007 methodology and expanded to take into account the registered historic landscapes of, East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-Glog. This assessment has been prepared in response to those comments.

2.3 Legislation and Policy 2.3.1 Historic Landscapes A number of landscape areas which are considered to be of national importance have been designated due to their historical role in the development of Wales and its people. These historic landscapes are identified in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales1. This is a non-statutory historical landscape designation which was prepared in 1998 and 2001 by Cadw, the Countryside Commission for Wales (CCW) and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS UK). The Register itself emphasises that inclusion does not imply statutory controls and therefore areas are not ‘designated’. Nevertheless the Register does express the desire that local planning authorities should take account of these historic landscapes “…in considering the implications of developments that are of such a scale that they would have a more than local impact on an area in the Register”. The accompanying list of developments in this category includes power generation projects which could be interpreted as including wind farms. Across Wales the Register identifies 36 ‘outstanding’ and 22 ‘special’ historic landscape areas in the hope that greater consideration is accorded to historic landscapes in planning, management, conservation, enhancement and interpretation and generally give historic landscapes ‘greater weight’. However, the organisations behind the Register specifically recognise that landscapes are dynamic and continue to change, therefore the Register does not seek to fossilise them, but to manage change so that the key historical elements are retained. The geographical area of the Rhondda identified in the register comprises two narrow, steep sided valleys of the Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach. It contains one of the largest and best known mining conurbations and coalfield communities in Britain, and includes communities of distinctive terraced houses. The wider area contains archaeological features of a variety of types and dates, such as Prehistoric burial mounds, Roman and Medieval defensive sites and nineteenth century industrial remains.

1 Guide to Good Practice on Using the Register of Landscapes of Historical Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process. Cadw. 2001.

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Technical Note 3

The area of East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg is within the larger upland ridge of the Brecon Beacons. It comprises a bisected plateau which dips from the height of Fan Fawr (734 m) in the north to the lower slopes of Mynydd-y-glog (300-350 m) in the south and is flanked by the valleys of the Melte and the Taf Fawr. It is divided into three principal areas of higher ground by the valleys of the Hepste and the Cwm Cadlan-Pant Sychbant.

Archaeological remains are found throughout the area and Bronze Age burial cairns are prominent within the higher ground. Settlement remains from the Prehistoric and Medieval periods are found within the more sheltered valleys, alongside agricultural remains such as field systems and enclosures. Following the Norman Conquest, part of this area was part of the Fforest Fawr and used for hunting as a Forest of the Lordship of Brecon by Bernard de Neufmarché. The extent of land within this forest declined from the start of the sixteenth century, as it was gradually eroded by assarting and enclosure. Part of the area was included within a Parliamentary enclosure in the early nineteenth century, whilst other areas of moorland were retained as common allotment. Former industrial activity is represented by the quarrying and burning of limestone (mainly for agricultural lime) and the quarrying of silica sand at the Cwm Cadlan quarry. 2.3.2 National Policy Policy guidance on cultural heritage in Wales is dealt with in Welsh Office (W.O.) Circular 60/96: Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology, 1996. This states that: ‘Archaeological remains are a finite, and non-renewable resource, in many cases highly fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction’ and that ‘care must be taken to ensure that they are not thoughtlessly or needlessly destroyed’. Further advice on planning and the historic environment is given in W.O. Circular 61/96: Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas (and amendment Circular 1/98). 2.3.3 Local Policy The proposal site is located within the boundary of Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council and current development plans covering the proposal site are:

• Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council – Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1999);

• Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council – Rhondda Local Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted 1998).

Mid Glamorgan (Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough) Replacement Structure Plan 1991-2006 (Adopted January 1999) This is the current structure plan for Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough (excluding the Brecon Beacons National Park) and forms the second review of the Structure Plan. The first plan covered the whole of the County of the former Mid Glamorgan and this adopted Mid Glamorgan Structure Plan expired in 1996. The Structure Plan sets out County Borough wide strategic guidance for land use development and provides a framework for detailed local interpretation of the policies set out in Local Plans. The key policy with respect to historic landscapes is Policy EV10. This identifies that development which is likely to destroy or damage the character of archaeological sites or ancient monuments of national importance, or fails to preserve, maintain or enhance their existing character, will not be permitted.

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Technical Note 4

Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan 1991-2006 The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cynon Valley) Local Plan was adopted in January 2004 and develops the policies and general strategy of the Structure Plan and relates it to precise areas of land. This contains the following relevant policies: Policy CON7 states that there is a presumption in favour of the preservation of scheduled or other nationally important monuments. Development which would have an unacceptable adverse effect on sites or areas of archaeological significance will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances. CON10 relates to the setting of Listed Buildings and requires development proposals to respect their character, and where proposals are likely to destroy its settings, then they will not be permitted.

2.4 Confidence Level The information used for this assessment has been appropriate and adequate for the requirements of the study undertaken. The primary source of data on the historic landscape areas was obtained from the character descriptions undertaken by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust and Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust, with further information on designated features (such as scheduled monuments and listed buildings) obtained from CADW. Further information on non-designated features for land within the vicinity of the proposed development site was also obtained from the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust and the National Monuments Record.

2.5 Assessment Team This study was undertaken by Simon Atkinson BA(Hons) PGDip MIFA. Simon is qualified archaeologist with experience in assessing upland areas, as well as all aspects in the cultural heritage assessment of wind farm developments.

3. Methodology

3.1 General The ASIDOHL methodology adopted in this study has followed that set out in the Guide to Good Practice on using The Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales in the Planning and Development Process Revised (2nd) Edition 2007 (hereafter referred to as the ASIDOHL2 guidance). This involves a staged process aimed at arriving at a quantified assessment of the extent to which the proposed development may affect the historic character area on the register. The following stages of assessment are involved:

• Assessment of direct, physical impacts of development;

• Assessment of indirect impacts of development;

• Evaluation of relative importance;

• Assessment of overall significance of impact.

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Within the assessment, a scoring system is adopted in which each value is given a score, and therefore each impact is quantified in terms of the importance of the element or feature affected and the magnitude of the predicted impact.

The scoring system used is prescribed within the ASIDOHL guidance.

3.2 Assessment of Direct, Physical Impacts of Development (Stage 2) This stage of the ASIDOHL process quantifies the direct and physical impact on the HLCAs. The assessment is quantified and expressed in three forms: 3.2.1 Absolute Terms This is a simple expression of the proportion of the HLCA which will be lost to development. For the purpose of this assessment, the area to be lost is taken as the total footprint of the proposed development, together with a 50 m buffer to take account of any additional disturbance and micro-siting. The development footprint includes turbine foundations, crane pads, sub-station, construction compounds and access tracks. 3.2.2 Relative Terms This is an expression of the extent of the identified resource which would be lost to the proposed development. In order to quantify this loss, the importance of each element of the resource is identified and set out according to the following scale. The score for each category is included in brackets: • Category A Sites and Monuments of National Importance (4);

• Category B Sites and Monuments of Regional Importance (3);

• Category C Sites/Features of Local Importance (2);

• Category D Minor and Damaged Sites/Features (1);

• Category U Sites/Features Needing Further Investigation (1).

The degree to which each feature will be affected is then assessed according to the following scale: • Very Severe (6);

• Severe (5);

• Considerable (4);

• Moderate (3);

• Slight (2);

• Very Slight (1).

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3.2.3 Landscape Terms This involves the assessment of the effect of the loss of the identified features on the HLCA as a whole. Key to this is an appreciation that the character of an area is derived from a sum of its part, which will be of greater value than the different parts considered individually. This assessment comprises two parts. In the first part the value or importance of each feature or characteristic is assessed in terms of the contribution it makes to the area as a whole. This is done in accordance with the following scale: • Very High (4);

• High (3);

• Medium (2);

• Low (1);

• None (0). Following the extent, the extent to which these features would be affected by the development is also assessed on the following scale:

• Lost (6); • Substantially Reduced (5);

• Considerably Reduced (4);

• Moderately Reduced (3);

• Slightly Reduced (2);

• Very Slightly Reduced (1). As the proposed development site is immediately outside of the historic landscape area there will be no direct physical impacts upon it. This stage of the process (Stage 2) has therefore not been undertaken for this assessment.

3.3 Assessment of Indirect Impacts of Development (Stage 3) The ASIDOHL guidance requires an assessment of indirect impacts of development, including physical and visual impacts. 3.3.1 Indirect, physical impacts Indirect, physical impacts may involve:

i) An increased risk of exposure, erosion, disturbance, decay, dereliction or any other detrimental physical change to elements, during or consequent to development.

ii) Related to (i), the likelihood of increased management needs to maintain elements as, for example, through altered habitats, water levels, increased erosion, new access provision etc., during or consequent to development.

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iii) The severance, fragmentation, dislocation or alteration of the functional connections between related elements, for example, a field system becomes ‘severed’ from its parent farmstead by an intervening development.

iv) The frustration or cessation of historic land use practices, for example, it becomes more difficult or impossible to manage an area in a traditional manner as a result of development. v) The frustration of access leading to decreased opportunities for education, understanding or enjoying the amenity of elements, during or consequent to development. As for the assessment of direct physical impacts, the method requires a description of the importance of each element or feature involved, followed by an assessment of the magnitude of any predicted effect on these. A scoring system is adopted in which each value is given a score, and therefore each impact is quantified in terms of the importance of the element or feature affected and the magnitude of the predicted impact. These scores are aggregated to provide an overall value of the predicted indirect physical impact. The importance of features which may be affected, and the extent of any effect are scored in accordance with the same scales as for direct, physical impacts as set out in Section 3.2.2. For each feature, the scores are combined and an average for the area calculated. 3.3.2 Indirect Visual Impacts The ASIDOHL guidance states that indirect visual effects can occur as a result of:

i) Visual impacts on elements from which a development can be seen (considered up to its maximum height). The impact might be on ‘views to’ or ‘views from’ these elements and it should be assessed with reference to key historic viewpoints and essential settings. These should be considered in relation to a site’s original character and function, as well as to the vantage points and visual experience of a visitor today.

ii) Impact on the visual connections between related elements, by occlusion, obstruction, etc., for example, an essential line of sight between historically linked defensive sites will become blocked or impaired by an intervening development. iii) Conversely, the creation of inappropriate visual connections between elements not intended to be inter-visible originally, by the removal of intervening structures, barriers, shelters, screening or ground. iv) Visual impact of the development itself considering:

• Its form — the scale, number, density, massing, distribution etc. of its constituent features;

• Its appearance — the size, shape, colour, fabric etc. of its constituent features, in relation to the existing historic character of the area. The importance of features which may be affected, and the extent of any effect are scored in accordance with the same scales as for direct, physical impacts as set out in Section 3.2.2. For each feature, the scores are combined and an average for the area calculated. The scores are then added to the scores for the indirect physical impacts to provide an overall magnitude of indirect impacts on the following scale. 21-24 Very Severe

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17-20 Severe 13-16 Considerable 9-12 Moderate 5-8 Slight 1-4 Very Slight The potential for indirect visual effects to occur, and their likely magnitude depends on a number of factors including the nature of the historic elements affected, the scale and nature of proposed development and the form of the landscape in which they sit. Distance is also a factor, as with increasing distance between the proposed development and an historic element the magnitude of any change will tend to decline. This is because the proposed development would appear as a less prominent feature, there will be a greater degree of visual separation and also a greater likelihood that views will be obstructed by intervening topography. The Rhondda historic landscape is characterised by valley floor settlements and steep valley sides with limited longer distance views. Therefore, in the case of this proposal, as it would appear within the existing landscape, it is considered that potential large-scale indirect visual effects on the Rhondda Historic landscape would occur only within 5 km of the site boundary. This corresponds with the “detailed study area” of the landscape and visual assessment defined as containing the receptors most likely to sustain a high magnitude of landscape change. Therefore, indirect visual effects have been assessed on HLCAs within Rhondda which are wholly or partly within 5 km of the site boundary, and these are: • HLCA 011 Treorchy;

• HLCA 012 Cwmparc;

• HLCA 013 Treherbert;

• HLCA 014 Ty-Newydd;

• HLCA 015 Blaenrhondda;

• HLCA 016 Blaencwm;

• HLCA 020 Blaenllechau and Ferndale;

• HLCA 021 Maerdy;

• HLCA 022 Ffaldau;

• HLCA 024 Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides;

• HLCA 029 Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides;

• HLCA 030 Rhondda Uplands. East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glôg will be almost entirely beyond 5 km from the nearest turbine, but has a more open aspect with extensive upland areas with south facing slopes having views toward the site. Therefore, all HLCAs are included within the assessment, and these are:

• HLCA 1198 Mynydd y Garn;

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• HLCA 1199 Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg;

• HLCA 1200 Garreg-fawr;

• HLCA 1201 Dyffryn Hepste;

• HLCA 1202 Cwm Cadlan;

• HLCA 1203 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes. For each HLCA which may be indirectly affected, the importance of relevant features or elements was identified, followed by an assessment of the magnitude of the predicted impact. The scores are aggregated to provide an overall predicted magnitude of effect. For this study, the assessment of the magnitude of visual impacts was based on the criteria outlined above, and determined by a process involving: • A review of the Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) map to identify the extent of the visibility of the wind farm in relation to HLCAs and key features (such as scheduled monuments); • A review of wireframe illustrations from key locations (such as scheduled monuments or other nationally important features);

• Site visits to review the current condition of the landscape areas, the essential settings of key features (such as scheduled monuments) and consider the likely magnitude of any changes.

3.4 Evaluation of Relative Importance (Stage 4) The fourth stage of the ASIDOHL process evaluates the relative importance of the historic character area(s) (or part(s) thereof) directly and/or indirectly affected by development in relation to:

a) the whole of the historic character area(s) b) the whole of the historic landscape area on the Register c) an evaluation of the relative importance of the historic character area(s) concerned in the national context.

The results of this stage are recorded in tabular form, with assessment based on the following criteria: • Rarity - in terms of period or date, and as a component of the landscape. This should be expressed in relation to what survives today, since elements of a once common landscape may now be rare;

• Representativeness - this should be considered because a landscape that is common can still be of national importance if, in the light of other criteria, it contains a particularly representative range of elements;

• Documentation - the survival of the documentation that increases our understanding of the landscape will raise its importance;

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• Group value - this relates to diversity (or similarity) of elements including the structural and functional coherence;

• Survival - relates to the degree of survival or elements in the landscape;

• Condition - relates to the condition of elements in the landscape;

• Coherence - relates to how well the historic meaning and significance of the landscape is articulated by the historic themes (that is the historical processes and patterns that have created the individual elements within it); • Integrity - the importance of a landscape may be enhanced by its integrity that relates to the survival of its original character or form; • Potential - relates to the potential within the landscape for future historic landscape analysis; • Amenity - relates to the potential value of elements to be developed as a public educational and recreational amenity; • Associations - a landscape might have important historic associations with particular figures or institutions. These criteria are graded according to the following scale, with scores allocated to each criteria: • Very High/Very Good (5);

• High/Good (4);

• Moderate/Medium (3);

• Low (2);

• Poor/None (1). The scores are then aggregated and then converted to a % value to quantify the overall importance of each of the HLCAs according to the following scale: 80-100 Very High 60-79 High 40-59 Considerable 20-39 Moderate 5-19 Low 1-4 Very Low For this study, all HLCAs lie outside of the proposed development area, and the potential impacts considered are indirect visual impacts. Therefore because it is not necessary to consider the relative importance of any part of any directly affected part of an HLCA in relation to the whole of the HLCA, part (a) of this stage is omitted.

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3.5 Assessment of Overall Significance of Impact (Stage 5) The final stage as set out in the ASIDOHL guidance requires a combination of the results from previous stages to produce an overall assessment of the significance of effects on the historic landscape area. This is based on a consideration of: • Value of Character Areas (Stage 4);

• Impact of Development (Stages 2 and 3);

• Reduction of Value of the Historic Landscape Area. In each the value is scored according to the following scale: • Very High (9 or 10);

• High (7 or 8);

• Medium (4, 5 and 6);

• Low (2 or 3);

• Very Low (1). The assessment scores from stages 2 to 4 are used only as a guide to professional judgement at this stage. The results are aggregated and presented in tabular form to provide an overall assessment according to the following scale: 26-30 Very Severe 21-25 Severe 16-20 Considerable 10-15 Moderate 4-9 Slight 1-3 Very Slight

4. Rhondda Landscape of Special Historic Interest

4.1 Assessment of Indirect Impacts of Development (Stage 3) 4.1.1 Indirect, physical impacts A wind farm will not normally involve the severance of any elements of the historic landscape, nor result in changes to land use within or beyond the site. Neither would it normally result in any frustration of access within those areas defined as being historic landscapes, or increased management needs with respect to historic landscape elements. Therefore the only potential indirect physical impact which is assessed is a risk of exposure, erosion or disturbance. The wind farm site is outside of the Rhondda Historic Landscape Area. The access will be from the north and well away from the historic landscape area. The nearest turbine will be approximately 500 m from the Rhondda Uplands and there are no associated works planned,

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such as forest clearance. It is therefore considered that there will be no indirect physical impact on The Rhondda. The wind farm site is approximately 5 km south of East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog and there will be no indirect physical impact on this historic landscape area. In each case, as the wind farm site is outside of the historic landscape areas it will not disrupt any visual connections within the landscapes, or create any new and in appropriate visual connections. Therefore in terms of indirect visual impacts, the assessments consider the effects of the form and appearance of the proposed development from the historic landscape areas. 4.1.2 Indirect Visual Impacts

HLCA 011 Treorchy Treorchy is a commercial and service centre based on a planned layout with generously laid out main street, later developed as the commercial core with flanking linear-grid layout. Notable characteristics are mostly late 19th/early 20th century in date, and include terraced housing, chapels, churches, public buildings, shops and workmen's institutes. There is a large cemetery serving the surrounding area. The settlement is associated with number of local collieries, but primarily the Abergorki Colliery.

Table 4.1 Stage 3 Treorchy

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century A – 4 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Treorchy is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though there are none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 5;

• Combined score = 5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 012 Cwmparc Cwmparc is a pithead colliery settlement which evolved from isolated rows into a single continuous linear settlement. It is associated with the Parc and Dare collieries, sunk in 1865 and

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1870, and includes pre-1880s colliery housing and later speculative housing. The amalgamated collieries were closed in 1966 and subsequently landscaped.

Table 4.2 Stage 3 Cwmparc

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Cwmparc is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 013 Treherbert Treherbert is a planned settlement associated with the Bute Merthyr Colliery. It includes a number of interesting 19th century buildings such as the National School and House, Almshouses and Dumfries Street and numerous chapels.

Table 4.3 Stage 3 Treherbert

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century A – 4 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Treherbert is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

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• Indirect visual impact score = 5;

• Combined score = 5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 014 Ty-Newydd A planned colliery-built terraced settlement, originally conceived as a Model Village. Features a relatively low level of commercial development and contains typical terraced housing and converted commercial properties.

Table 4.4 Stage 3 Ty-Newydd

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Ty-Newydd is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 015 Blaenrhondda A linear-planned valley-head colliery settlement which is predominantly residential in character with negligible commercial development. It retains a distinct village identity separate from neighbouring settlements and includes good examples of typical terraced colliery housing, associated chapels and schools. The reclaimed Fernhill Colliery site is within the northern part of the area.

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Table 4.5 Stage 3 Blaenrhondda

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

Visual impact on reclaimed colliery C – 2 Very Slight – 1 landscape

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Blaenrhondda is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 3.5;

• Combined score = 3.5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 5. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 016 Blaencwm A linear valley-head colliery settlement, which is predominantly residential in character with negligible commercial development. Features good examples of atypical and typical terraced colliery housing; reclaimed colliery landscapes.

Table 4.6 Stage 3 Blaencwm

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Blaencwm is confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

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• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 020 Blaenllechau and Ferndale A composite colliery settlement area comprising two closely associated settlements associated with a single colliery. Comprises a rare example of an early pithead colliery-built settlement in the Rhondda Fach, including colliery-built housing, club and speculative housing. Interesting 19th century buildings include Tre-Rhondda Chapel and Workmen's Institute.

Table 4.7 Stage 3 Blaenllechau and Ferndale

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Very Slight – 1 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Blaenllechau and Ferndale are confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore the wind farm will not be visible from it. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 021 Maerdy Colliery settlement and colliery site. Homogeneous terraced housing with relatively little commercial development.

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Table 4.8 Stage 3 Maerdy

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on 19th/20th century B – 3 Slight – 2 buildings, including listed buildings.

In common with other Rhondda settlements, Maerdy are confined within a steep-sided valley and therefore there will be only limited visibility of the wind farm. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 5; • Combined score = 5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 022 Ffaldau Relict agricultural landscape with distinctive field boundaries, forming part of the eastern enclosed valley sides of the Rhondda Fach.

Table 4.9 Stage 3 Maerdy

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on relict agricultural C – 2 Very Slight – 1 landscape.

As a result of the topography of the valley, turbines would not be visible from this area. Turbines are likely to feature in some views from the wider area, though none which can be considered as key visual connections. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 3;

• Combined score = 3;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 5.

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In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 024 Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides The historic landscape area of Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides contains features and finds dating to the Bronze Age (2300-800BC) including funerary monuments such as round barrows. Medieval settlement features are also preserved in the area, such as platform house sites. Place name evidence suggests extensive post-medieval woodland clearance, or at least the enclosure and use of the woodland margins during this period. A number of quarries are present which are associated with adjoining 19th century industrial settlements.

Table 4.10 Stage 3 Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on Tarren Maerdy A – 4 Very Slight – 1 Cairn (SM GM575).

Visual impact on Medieval house B – 3 Slight – 2 platforms.

Nineteenth century quarries. C – 2 Slight – 2

No turbines would be visible from Tarren Maerdy Cairn and the presence of the turbines would not disrupt visual connections between this and other contemporary features. There may be limited views of turbines from elsewhere within the character area but the effect of this is likely to be restricted by distance as well as intervening topography and forestry. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4.7;

• Combined score = 4.7;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 029 Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides The Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides covers an area enclosing the industrial settlements of the Rhondda Fawr. It includes a range of archaeological features representing a wide range of periods from the Mesolithic period onwards. There is no evidence for Iron Age or Romano-British settlement but a Medieval upland settlement in the form of Hafodau and house platforms are present. The agricultural landscape

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is dominated by small and medium sized irregular fields, where the gradient of the hillsides allow, numerous sheepfolds survive, in particular at Garreg Lwyd and Blaenrhondda. Several colliery sites, including Bodringallt, Lady Margaret, Nant-dyrys, and Tyle-coch, located within the boundaries form part of the character of the historic landscape. Additional, though minor, industrial sites, such as quarries, coal levels, airshafts, inclines, and tips, are superimposed upon and set within the remnants of the partly relict Medieval/post-Medieval agricultural landscape.

Table 4.11 Stage 3 Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on Cefn Ynysfeio A - 4 Very Slight - 1 Incline Haulage System (SM GM508).

Visual impact on Locomotive Type A - 4 Very Slight - 1 Steam Boiler (SM GM509).

Visual impact on Mesolithic and D - 1 Very Slight - 1 Bronze Age flint find locations.

Visual impact on longhut settlements B - 3 Very Slight - 1 in Cwm and Nant Saerbren

Visual impact on relict agricultural C - 2 Slight -2 landscape.

Visual impact on industrial and mining C - 2 Slight - 2 features.

No turbines would be visible from SMs GM508 and 509 and nor would turbines be visible in key views of them. GM508 is within plantation forestry which greatly restricts view to and from it. Though Mesolithic and Bronze Age flint find locations are important archaeologically, they have a very weak visual presence and so in this context must be regarded as damaged sites. As they are not readily visible in themselves, it is not feasible for anything other than a very slight indirect visual impact. No turbines would be visible from Cwm and Nant Saerbren as a result of topography, and nor would turbines be visible in key views of them. It is also within plantation forestry which greatly restricts view to and from it. In general, as a result of the topography of the Rhondda, visibility of the turbines from the valley floor and sides will be limited. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 2.7;

• Combined score = 2.7;

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Technical Note 20

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 5. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 030 Rhondda Uplands The Rhondda Uplands comprises elevated land surrounding and between the River Valleys of the Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach. Gently sloping summits are bordered by craggy cliffs and steep wooded slopes. Across the character area, the upland sheepwalk has been heavily planted with spruce and fir, with the occasional stands of Larch. A summary of the key heritage features present is provided below on a period-by-period basis. This is based on the GGAT characterisation description, to which reference should also be made. The area contains identified archaeological remains from a wide time frame, encompassing the Mesolithic period (10 000 to 4400 BC) to the nineteenth century. The Mesolithic period is principally represented by finds of flint artefacts and assemblages, though settlement sites are also known at Craigyllyn and Mynydd Beili-Glass. This period is also represented by flint finds, also with a hut floor of late Neolithic date at Cefn-glas. The Bronze Age is principally represented by numerous burial cairn, which are the most visible remains of Prehistoric use of the area, and many of these are designated as Scheduled Monuments. Settlement within the area appears to have been continuous over the late Prehistoric and Romano-British periods. A good example of a settlement site occupied from the Iron Age is that of Hen Dre’r Mynydd, whilst the Roman occupation is more notable in the 1st Century marching camp of Twyn-y-Briddallt. A notable feature type of the early Medieval period are cross dykes of 8th and 9th century date, which cut across upland ridges. These appear to be located to mark the boundary of Medieval administrative territories, as well as guarding historic ridge way routes into the Rhondda. A notable defensive site is Castell Nos, comprising a man-made escarpment and ditch on a rocky outcrop. This is believed to have been the 12th century stronghold of Maredudd ap Caradog ab Iestyn. Other Medieval settlement sites comprise house platforms with associated enclosures and pounds. These upland settlement may have been occupied on a seasonal basis for the grazing of cattle and sheep, a practice which is believed to have been followed during the Medieval and post-Medieval periods. The upland areas have been used for the extractive industries, with stone and coal both having been exploited. Evidence includes the remains of quarries and shafts, as well as tramways, inclines and spoil tips.

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Technical Note 21

Table 4.12 Stage 3 Rhondda Uplands

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on Blaenrhondda A – 4 Very Slight - 1 Settlement (SM GM101).

Visual impact on Ffos Toncenglau A – 4 Slight – 2 Cross Ridge Dyke (SM GM118).

Visual impact on Bachgen Carreg A – 4 Very Slight - 1 Round Cairn (SM GM234).

Visual impact on Pebyll Ring Cairn A – 4 Very Slight - 1 (SM GM330).

Visual impact on Garn Bica (SM A – 4 Very Slight - 1 GM539).

Visual impact on Castell Nos (SM A – 4 Moderate - 3 GM408).

Visual impact on Twyn y Bridallt A – 4 Very Slight - 1 Roman Camp (SM GM259).

Visual Impact on Pont Lluest-Wen B - 3 Considerable – 4 Grade II listed building.

Visual impact on Mesolithic and D – 1 Very Slight – 1 Bronze Age flint find locations.

Visual impact on relict agricultural C – 2 Considerable – 4 landscape.

Visual impact on industrial and mining B - 3 Considerable – 4 features.

No turbines would be visible from SM GM101 and nor would turbines be visible in key views to it. SM GM118 occupies an east facing slope extending over a distance of approximately 1 km from north to south. Turbines would be most visible from the northern end of the scheduled area where it is crossed by the Coed Morgannwg Way, from where 10 turbine hubs would be visible. As one travels along the path through the monument from north to south the topography intervenes to reduce visibility. There is little evidence for visible earthworks within the northern part of the scheduled area as the main earthworks are further south in the vicinity of an entrance to Forestry Commission land. At this point, turbines would not be readily visible. It is therefore considered overall that the development would have only a slight visual impact on the archaeological resource of this monument. A number of scheduled monuments within the character area are within plantation forestry, which encloses the monuments and therefore severely restricts views of and from the monuments involved. This is true for SMs GM234, GM330, and GM539 and in each case it is considered that at most a very slight visual impact could occur. Castell Nos (SM GM408) is also substantially enclosed by forestry as it is approached from the higher ground to the east. However, upon reaching the monument there are clear views up and down the Rhondda Fach as well as across the uplands to the west, though the essential setting of the monument is confined to the valley side on which it sits. From there the historic landscape

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Technical Note 22

presents a simple picture with expansive forestry plantation as well as areas of open upland sheepwalk. In addition to the forestry, evidence of human alteration of the landscape is presented with extensive mineral working remains on the valley floor and opposing slope. Also a pair of overhead electricity transmission lines provide a strong linear element which crosses the Hirwaun wind farm site. Eleven turbine hubs would be visible from the monument and would form a prominent feature, albeit in an already human modified landscape. As a result of the surrounding forestry, the only views of the monument are from the valley floor or the higher ground on the opposite side of the Rhondda Fach, and the Hirwaun wind farm site would not feature in any of these. Overall, it is therefore considered that there would be a moderate visual impact on the monument. SM GM259 is enclosed by forestry plantation which restricts views of and from the monument. Together with the distance to the nearest turbine of approximately 4.8 km, this would result in there being at most a very slight visual impact on the monument. Pont Lluest-Wen is approximately 400 m from the nearest proposed turbine location and it can be anticipated that the southern turbines would be prominent features as viewed from the bridge. However, the principal setting of the bridge is very much confined to the river, particularly as there is commercial forestry on the southern side of Rhondda Fach which restricts any view of the bridge when approaching along footpaths from the south. Though Mesolithic and Bronze Age flint find locations are important archaeologically, they have a very weak visual presence and so in this context must be regarded as damaged sites. As they are not readily visible in themselves, it is not feasible for anything other than a very slight indirect visual impact. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 5.5;

• Combined score = 5.5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 8. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

4.2 Evaluation of Relative Importance (Stage 4) All HLCAs lie outside of the proposed development area, and the potential impacts considered are indirect visual impacts. Therefore because it is not necessary to consider the relative importance of any part of any directly affected part of an HLCA in relation to the whole of the HLCA, stage (a) is omitted. Each HLCA within 5 km of the site boundary is considered in turn.

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4.2.1 HLCA 011 Treorchy

Table 4.13 Stage 4 Treorchy

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 65/110 =59%: Considerable

Treorchy is one a series of industrial settlements along the Rhondda Fawr, and shares a number of characteristics common to the other settlements within the valley. It is based on a planned layout with a generously laid out main street, with flanking residential areas on a linear-grid layout. In common with all industrial settlements in this area, the notable characteristics are mostly late 19th/early 20th century in date, and include terraced housing, chapels, churches, public buildings, shops and workmen's institutes. Features which are distinctive to Treorchy include the Grade II* listed Parc and Dare Workingmen's Institute and a small number of Grade II listed buildings including the Bethlehem English Calvinistic Methodist Chapel and Ainon Welsh Baptist Chapel. There is a large cemetery serving the surrounding area.

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4.2.2 HLCA 012 Cwmparc

Table 4.14 Stage 4 Cwmparc

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

9 9 Amenity

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 53/110 =48%: Considerable

Cwmparc is a typical pithead colliery settlement which evolved from isolated rows into a single continuous linear settlement. It includes pre-1880s colliery housing and later speculative housing. There is a single listed building, being the Grade II listed St George's Church.

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4.2.3 HLCA 013 Treherbert

Table 4.15 Stage 4 Treherbert

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

9 Coherence 9

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

Amenity 9 9

9 Associations 9

Overall Score 67/110 = 61%: High

Treherbert is a planned settlement associated with the Bute Merthyr Colliery. Unusually for the industrial settlements of the Rhondda, the housing was developed by the Bute Estate who adopted wide streets and a distinctive grid pattern. It includes a number of interesting 19th century buildings such as the National School which is a Grade II listed building, as well as almshouses and numerous chapels.

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4.2.4 HLCA 014 Ty-Newydd

Table 4.16 Stage 4 Ty-Newydd

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

9 9 Amenity

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 63/110 = 57%: Considerable

A planned colliery-built terraced settlement, originally conceived as a Model Village. Features a relatively low level of commercial development and contains typical terraced housing and converted commercial properties. Distinctive features include the Grade II* listed Ty-Newydd Farm, which is a 17th century farm and a rare survival for this area.

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4.2.5 HLCA 015 Blaenrhondda

Table 4.17 Stage 4 Blaenrhondda

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION: 9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

9 9 Amenity

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 56/110 = 51%: Considerable

Blaenrhondda is a colliery settlement which retains a distinct village identity separate from neighbouring settlements and includes good examples of typical terraced colliery housing, associated chapels and schools. The reclaimed Fernhill Colliery site is within the northern part of the area.

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4.2.6 HLCA 016 Blaencwm

Table 4.18 Stage 4 Blaencwm

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION: 9 9 Amenity

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 50/110 = 45%: Considerable

Linear colliery settlement with typical terraced colliery housing and reclaimed colliery landscape.

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4.2.7 HLCA 020 Blaenllechau and Ferndale

Table 4.19 Stage 4 Blaenllechau and Ferndale

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

9 Amenity 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 59/110 = 54%: Considerable

Blaenllechau and Ferndale comprises an early pithead colliery-built settlement, which is a rare example for the Rhondda Fach. There are a small number of Grade II listed buildings including Tre-Rhondda Chapel and Workmen's Institute.

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4.2.8 HLCA 021 Maerdy

Table 4.20 Stage 4 Maerdy

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9 9 Condition 9

9 9 Coherence

9 9 Integrity

9 Potential 9

9 9 Amenity

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 50/110 = 45%: Considerable

Maerdy is a typical colliery settlement of 19th and 20th centuries. There are no listed buildings.

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4.2.9 HLCA 022 Ffaldau

Table 4.21 Stage 4 Ffaldau

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

9 Coherence 9

9 Integrity 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 37/110 = 34%: Moderate

Ffaldau forms part of the eastern enclosed valley sides of the Rhondda Fach. The southern part of the area contains a relict agricultural landscape of enclosed fields, though most of the area has been covered by forestry plantation.

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4.2.10 HLCA 024 Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides

Table 4.22 Stage 4 Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 58/110 = 53%: Considerable

The historic landscape area of Rhondda Fach: Western Enclosed Valley Sides contains features and finds dating to the Bronze Age (2300-800BC) with funerary monuments such as round barrows at Tarren Maerdy, including a scheduled monument (GM575) on the border with HLCA 030. Medieval house platform sites are present at Mynydd Tyntyle. A number of quarries are present which are associated with adjoining 19th century industrial settlements.

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4.2.11 HLCA 029 Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides

Table 4.23 Stage 4 Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 72/110 = 65%: High

The Rhondda Fawr: Enclosed Valley Sides includes a range of archaeological features representing a wide range of periods from the Mesolithic period onwards. Medieval upland settlement in the form of Hafodau and house platforms are present and the agricultural landscape is dominated by small and medium sized irregular fields with some sheepfolds. Industrial remains include several colliery sites as well as quarries, coal levels, airshafts, inclines, and tips.

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4.2.12 HLCA 030 Rhondda Uplands

Table 4.24 Stage 4 Rhondda Uplands

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 70/110 = 64%: High

The Rhondda Uplands comprises elevated land surrounding and between the river valleys of the Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach. Gently sloping summits are bordered by craggy cliffs and steep wooded slopes. Across the character area, the upland sheepwalk has been heavily planted with spruce and fir, with the occasional stands of Larch. There a wide range of archaeological features representing occupation from the Mesolithic period onwards. A number of these are designated as scheduled monuments, and these include Bronze Age barrows, Medieval settlement and defensive sites. Most of the scheduled monuments are accessible from existing public footpaths or Forestry Commission tracks.

4.3 Assessment of Overall Significance of Impact (Stage 5) In accordance with the ASIDOHL guidance, the results of the Stage 3 and 4 assessments have been incorporated into an overall assessment of the effects of the development on the historic landscape. The assessment scores derived from Stages 3 and 4 form the basis of professional judgement as set out in Section 3.5, and the results of the assessment are summarised in Table 4.25.

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Table 4.25 Rhondda Overall Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 3)

HLCA 011 Treorchy Medium Low Low

Treorchy is one of a Visual impact only, though There would be no number of industrial there is no direct reduction in the value of settlements sharing intervisibility between the the key characteristics of characteristics common to development site and the area, with only a minor other settlement in Treorchy. Turbines may be visual impact. Rhondda, though visible in some wider views distinguished by the of Treorchy. presence of a number of listed buildings.

Score: 6 Score: 2 Score: 2

Total Score: 10

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

HLCA 012 Cwmparc Medium Low Low

Cwmparc is a typical Visual impact only, though There would be no pithead colliery settlement there is no direct reduction in the value of with pre-1880s colliery intervisibility between the the key characteristics of housing and a single listed development site and the area, with only a minor building. Cwmparc. Turbines may visual impact. be visible in some wider views of Cwmparc.

Score: 5 Score: 2 Score: 2

Total Score: 9

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 013 Treherbert Medium Low Low

Treherbert is a planned Visual impact only, though There would be no settlement associated with there is no direct reduction in the value of the Bute Merthyr Colliery, intervisibility between the the key characteristics of with housing developed by development site and the area, with only a minor the Bute Estate on a Treherbert. Turbines may visual impact. distinctive grid pattern. A be visible in some wider group of interesting 19th views of Treherbert. century buildings include the Grade II listed National School. Score: 2 Score: 6 Score: 3

Total Score: 10

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

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Table 4.25 (continued) Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 2 & 3)

HLCA 014 Ty-Newydd Medium Low Low

A planned colliery-built Visual impact only, though There would be no terraced settlement there is no direct reduction in the value of containing typical terraced intervisibility between the the key characteristics of housing. Distinctive development site and Ty- the area, with only a minor features include the Grade Newydd. Turbines may be visual impact. II* listed Ty-Newydd Farm. visible in some wider views of Ty-Newydd

Score: 6 Score: 2 Score: 2

Total Score: 10

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

HLCA 015 Blaenrhondda Medium Very Low Low

Blaenrhondda is a colliery Visual impact only, though There would be no settlement which retains a there is no direct reduction in the value of distinct village identity intervisibility between the the key characteristics of separate from neighbouring development site and the area, with only a minor settlements. The Blaenrhondda. Turbines visual impact. reclaimed Fernhill Colliery may be visible in some site is within the northern wider views of part of the area. Blaenrhondda. Score: 2 Score: 5 Score: 1

Total Score: 8

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 016 Blaencwm Medium Low Low

Linear colliery settlement Visual impact only, though There would be no with typical terraced colliery there is no direct reduction in the value of housing and reclaimed intervisibility between the the key characteristics of colliery landscape. development site and the area, with only a minor Blaencwm. Turbines may visual impact. be visible in some wider views of Blaencwm.

Score: 4 Score: 2 Score: 2

Total Score: 8

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

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Table 4.25 (continued) Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 2 & 3)

HLCA 020 Blaenllechau Medium Low Low and Ferndale Blaenllechau and Ferndale Visual impact only, though There would be no comprises an early pithead there is no direct reduction in the value of colliery-built settlement, intervisibility between the the key characteristics of which is a rare example for development site and the area, with only a minor the Rhondda Fach. There Blaenllechau and Ferndale. visual impact. are a small number of Turbines may be visible in Grade II listed buildings some wider views of including Tre-Rhondda Blaenllechau and Ferndale. Chapel and Workmen's Institute. Score: 2 Score: 5 Score: 2

Total Score: 9

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 021 Maerdy Medium Low Low

Maerdy is a typical colliery Visual impact only, though There would be no settlement of 19th and 20th there is no direct reduction in the value of centuries. intervisibility between the the key characteristics of development site and the area, with only a minor Maerdy. Turbines may be visual impact. visible in some wider views of Maerdy.

Score: 4 Score: 3 Score: 2

Total Score: 9

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 022 Ffaldau Low Very Low Very Low

Ffaldau forms part of the Visual impact only, though There would be no eastern enclosed valley there is no direct reduction in the value of sides of the Rhondda Fach, intervisibility between the the key characteristics of much of which has been development site and the area, with only a minor covered by forestry Ffaldau. Turbines may be visual impact. plantation. visible in some wider views of Ffaldau. Score: 3 Score: 1 Score: 0

Total Score: 4

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

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Table 4.25 (continued) Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 2 & 3)

HLCA 024 Rhondda Fach: Medium Low Low Western Enclosed Valley Sides Contains features and finds Visual impact only, though There would be no dating from the Bronze Age there ZVI and wireframe reduction in the value of (2300-800BC) to the 19th views suggest no direct the key characteristics of century. Includes round intervisibility between the the area, with only a minor barrows at Tarren Maerdy, development site and this visual impact. one of which is a area. Turbines may be scheduled monument visible in some wider views (GM575). Medieval house of the area, such as from platform sites are present the eastern side of at Mynydd Tyntyle. Rhondda Fach.

Score: 6 Score: 3 Score: 2

Total Score: 11

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

HLCA 029 Rhondda Fawr: Medium Very Low Low Enclosed Valley Sides This area includes a range Visual impact only, though There would be no of archaeological features there ZVI and wireframe reduction in the value of representing the Mesolithic views suggest no direct the key characteristics of period onwards. intervisibility between the the area, with only a minor development site and this visual impact. Medieval upland settlement area. Turbines may be in the form of Hafodau and visible in a limited number

house platforms are of wider views of the area,

present and the agricultural such as from the higher

landscape is dominated by ground south of Cwmparc. small and medium sized

irregular fields with some

sheepfolds.

Industrial remains include several colliery sites as well as quarries, coal levels, airshafts, inclines, and tips

Score: 6 Score: 1 Score: 2

Total Score: 9

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

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Technical Note 39

Table 4.25 (continued) Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 2 & 3)

HLCA 030 Rhondda High Low Medium Uplands There a wide range of Visual impact only, with ZVI Some reduction in overall archaeological features and wireframe views value of the historic representing occupation showing changes in views landscape as a result in from the Mesolithic period from a limited number of some change to views of onwards. A number of scheduled monuments. and from a limited number these are designated as Also changes in views from of designated features and scheduled monuments, and of areas of relict areas of relict agricultural and these include Bronze agricultural and mining and mining landscape. Age barrows, Medieval landscape. Much of the HLCA is settlement and defensive covered by commercial

sites. forestry, which limits the

visual impact.

Score: 7 Score: 3 Score: 4

Total Score: 14

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

5. East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog Landscape of Special Historic Interest

5.1 Assessment of Indirect Impacts of Development (Stage 3) 5.1.1 Indirect, Physical Impacts A wind farm will not normally involve the severance of any elements of the historic landscape, nor result in changes to land use within or beyond the site. Neither would it normally result in any frustration of access within those areas defined as being historic landscapes, or increased management needs with respect to historic landscape elements. Therefore the only potential indirect physical impact which is assessed is a risk of exposure, erosion or disturbance. The wind farm site is outside of the Rhondda Historic Landscape Area. The access will be from the north and well away from the historic landscape area. The nearest turbine will be approximately 500 m from the Rhondda Uplands and there are no associated works planned, such as forest clearance. It is therefore considered that there will be no indirect physical impact on The Rhondda. The wind farm site is approximately 5 km south of East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog and there will be no indirect physical impact on this historic landscape area.

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5.1.2 Indirect Visual Impacts

HLCA 1198 Mynydd y Garn Description Mynydd y Garn forms the northern part of the landscape of historic interest and comprises an extensive area of unenclosed and unimproved moorland. The land within this HLCA has a high point at the summit of Fan Fawr at 734 m and falls away to the Hepste valley in the south. The lowest altitude within this HLCA is around 310 m on the edge of forestry within the valley of the Taf Fawr. The moorland is bisected by a series of steep stream valleys which drain into the Hepste to the south, and the southeastern part of the HLCA is crossed by the A4059. An important element of the historic environment within this area is a band of early Bronze Age round cairns which are generally located between 350 m and 450 m. These are located to either side of the Afon Hepste and its tributaries and appear to have been sited in order to visible from lower ground. Most of the scheduled monuments within the HLCA are examples of these round cairns. Bronze Age activity is also represented by a number of recorded burnt mounds within the area. These are characteristically located alongside streams and may have been cooking sites or a form of sauna bath. There are few recorded features within the higher ground of the HLCA (over around 400 m), and historic land use above this level appears to have been seasonal in nature, though this does include a small number of hut settlements such as one at Ton Teg (NMRW 84574). There is evidence of year-round settlement below this level, particularly with an extensive Prehistoric settlement and field system at Mynydd y Garn (NMRW 84646). There is an abandoned former settlement area at Hepste-fechan. This represents an area of enclosed agricultural land which appears to have been occupied during the Prehistoric and Medieval periods. Visible remains include huts and building platforms, as well as boundaries of earth and dry-stone construction. Small-scale industrial activity is shown by the presence of limekilns near to the western boundary of the HLCA, and it presumed that these produced agricultural lime.

Designated Features Scheduled monuments within the HLCA are listed in Table 5.1

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Table 5.1 Scheduled Monuments within Mynydd y Garn

Ref. Location Name

BR241 SN987177 Rhyd Uchaf Hillfort

BR276 SN984167 Twyn Garreg Wen Cairn

BR342 SO 971 150 Waun Tincer round cairn

BR343 SN 949 150 Twyn yr Odynau round cairn

BR344 SN 959 143 Glog Las round cairn

BR345 SN 956 137 Mynydd y Garn round cairn

BR323 SN982148 Cefn Esgair-Carnau round cairn (N)

BR324 SN981146 Cefn Esgair-Carnau round cairn and long hut

BR134 SN974134 Cefn Esgair-Carnau Round Cairns

There is a single Grade II listed building (Ref 85433) which is a milestone set in a remote location alongside the A4059.

Table 5.2 Stage 3 Mynydd y Garn

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on BR241 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on BR276 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR342 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR343 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on BR344 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR345 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR323 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on BR324 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on BR134 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on listed milestone B -3 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on other Prehistoric B -3 Slight – 2 remains

Visual impact on remains of Medieval B -3 Slight – 2 settlement

Visual impact on small scale C – 2 Very Slight – 1 industrial remains

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The ZTV indicates that all turbines would visible from the higher ground within the site (over around 370 m), but views would quickly be lost as the ground slopes steeply down to the valleys of the Hepste and the Dringarth. In particular there is visibility toward the windfarm site from the lower-lying ground within the HLCA at Cefn Esgair-carnau as views are blocked by the ridge of higher ground running west from Cadair Fawr. However, all turbines would be visible from a number of scheduled cairns from Waun Tincer to Mynydd y Garn, as well as some settlement remains in this area. A wireframe view has been prepared from a representative location at Waun Tincer (centred on SM342) and this shows that all 12 turbines would be visible (5 has blade tips only) at a distance of 11.5 km. At this distance, the turbines would be visible in a narrow field of view and would not appear as prominent or intrusive elements which could disrupt an appreciation of the historic environment assets within their landscape context. In addition, the arrangement of the Bronze Age cairns and burnt mounds around the upper watershed of the Hepste suggests that key views for these monuments between the features themselves and between the features and the lower ground within the valley. None of these views would be disrupted or altered in any way. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4.8;

• Combined score = 4.8;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 1199 Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg Description This is an extensive upland area of enclosed moorland, largely above the 300 m contour. Cadair Fawr rises to a height of 485 m, with the moorland ridge of Cefn Sychbant (420 m) and Mynydd-y-glog (389 m) to the south. Cadair Fawr and the Cefn Cadlan ridge which runs to the west lies on the southern flank of the valley of the Hepste, whilst Mynydd-y-glog is drained by a series of streams which flow to the Cynon valley to the south. This area contains settlement evidence from the Prehistoric, Medieval and later periods. A notable example is on the east-facing slopes of Cadair Fawr, where there are Prehistoric and Medieval settlement remains comprising hut circles, house platforms and agricultural remains. These have been interpreted as representing seasonal settlement used to exploit summer upland pastures by groups from the Taf Fawr valley. Further areas of former settlement have been identified on the edge of the currently enclosed land of the Cwm Cadlan. These include relict drystone walling and clearance cairnfields which appear to represent areas of former cultivation and are associated with dispersed hut circles and building platforms. These sites may represent year-round occupation and whilst no dating evidence is available, their form is consistent with Prehistoric and Medieval occupation.

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Burnt mounds and funerary cairns of Bronze Age date are also present within this area, and are generally found within distinct clusters along a band at around 400 m around the head of the Cwm Cadlan. Sheepfolds within the area are generally of post-Medieval date and numerous limestone quarries and limekilns are found on or near to limestone outcrops the north side of Cefn Cadlan and the north side of Mynydd-y-glog. The limekilns most likely date to the second half of the nineteenth century.

Designated Features Scheduled monuments within the HLCA are listed in Table 5.3

Table 5.3 Scheduled Monuments within Cefn Cadlan-Cefn Sychbant-Mynydd-y-glôg

Ref. Location Name

GM559 SN985121 Cadair Fawr settlement

BR135 SN977122 Cader Fawr Round Cairn

BR137 SN983108 Cefn Sychbant Round Cairns

GM560 SN989101 Round cairns to the S of Cefn Sychbant

GM561 SN985116 Twyn Bryn Glas round cairn

BR166 SN995098 Pant Sychbant Round Cairn and Earthworks

GM520 SN970096 Pant Sychbant Medieval Hamlet

GM521 SN968093 Round Cairn North of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM522 SN973089 Four Round Cairns on Mynydd-y-Glog

GM525 SN978085 Three Round Cairns on the Southern Side of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM526 SN976087 Two Round Cairns on the Summit of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM524 SN973079 Ring Cairn and Round Cairn on Southern Side of Mynydd-y-Glog

GM523 SN960087 Round Cairn and Ring Cairn South of Twyn-y-Glog

There are two Grade II listed buildings recorded, both of which are milestone on A4059 south of Tir-yr-onen (Ref 26826 and 85432.) and it appears that this represent a ‘double entry’ of a single structure.

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Table 5.4 Stage 3 Cefn Cadlan-Cefn Sychbant-Mynydd-y-glôg

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on GM559 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on BR135 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR137 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on GM560 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on GM561 A – 4 Slight – 2

Visual impact on BR166 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM520 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM521 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM522 A – 4 Moderate - 3

Visual impact on GM525 A – 4 Moderate - 3

Visual impact on GM526 A – 4 Moderate - 3

Visual impact on GM524 A – 4 Moderate - 3

Visual impact on GM523 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on small scale C – 2 Very Slight – 1 industrial remains

Visual impact on listed milestone (s) B -3 Very Slight – 1

The ZTV indicates that all turbines would be visible from the southern facing slopes of Cadair Fawr/Cefn Cadlan, from the higher ground (above around 350 m) of Cefn Sychbant, and from the southern facing slopes of Mynydd-y-glog. No turbines would be visible from the valley of the Hepste or from the lower ground between Cefn Sychbant and Mynydd-y-glog, whilst there would be some limited visibility from the western edge of the area as the land slopes down to Penderyn. However, all turbines would be visible from clusters of scheduled cairns on Cefn Sychbant and Mynydd-y-glog as well as Cadair Fawr. Wireframe views have been prepared from representative locations at Cadair Fawr (centred on BR135) and Mynydd-y-glog (centred on GM522). The view from Mynydd-y-glog shows that 11 turbines would be visible (4 as blade tips only) at a distance of 6.5 km. A photomontage has also been prepared (ES Figure 8.40i) from the minor road near to Cefn Sychbant. At this distance, the turbines would be visible in a narrow field of view and would not appear as prominent or intrusive elements which could disrupt an appreciation of the historic environment assets within their landscape context. In addition, there would be no change of views within the cluster of cairns at Mynydd-y-glog or in views between this group and other cairns set around the head of Cwm Cadlan. The view from Cadair Fawr shows that all 12 turbines would be visible (4 as blade tips only) at a distance of 9.7 km. Again, the turbines would be visible within a narrow field of view and

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would not be prominent or intrusive, nor would they disrupt views within this group of cairns or to other cairns at Mynydd-y-glog or to the north of the Hepste. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 5.6;

• Combined score = 5.6;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 8. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 1200 Garreg-fawr Description This comprises a narrow strip of enclosed land on the eastern side of the valley of the Llia, and lies to the immediate west of the unenclosed moorland of Fan Llia. Historic maps indicate that this area had been enclosed by the first half of the nineteenth century, and enclosure may have taken place in the eighteenth century. The southern part of this area was occupied by an area of forestry land. Lower-lying parts of this area may be of Medieval or early post-Medieval date, and some enclosed land has now reverted to moorland. Current farm complexes were in existence by the nineteenth century and quarries and limekilns of nineteenth century date are also present, as well as a former railway.

Designated Features No designated features are present.

Table 5.5 Stage 3 Garreg-fawr

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on nineteenth century B -3 Very Slight – 1 farming settlement

The ZTV indicates that turbines would not be visible from much of the HLCA, though they would be visible from an area of former plantation forestry within the southern part of this area. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

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• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 1201 Dyffryn Hepste Description This area comprises the upland valley of the Afon Hepste and broadly comprises the enclosed farmland of the valley together with some historically enclosed upland pasture. Therefore, much of this area is at around 290-340 m, but it does rise to a maximum of around 410 m. This valley had almost entirely been enclosed by the early nineteenth century. Prehistoric settlement is suggested by two hut circles, and it is possible that any further evidence of early settlement may have been obscured by later enclosure. The pattern of small irregular fields may indicate a process of gradual expansion of the enclosed land from the Medieval period onwards. Access between these fields is provided by a network of green lanes, bound by drystone walling. There are a number of farms within the valley with a Medieval or later origin, though a number have been abandoned as part of a process of farm amalgamation and most of the current farmhouses were built in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries. A number of limekilns and small quarries are present.

Designated Features There are no scheduled monuments within the HLCA. There is one Grade II listed buildings, which is a farmhouse known as Hepste Fawr (Ref. 11386).

Table 5.6 Stage 3 Dyffryn Hepste

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on nineteenth century B -3 Very Slight – 1 farming settlement including one listed building.

Visual impact on small scale B -3 Very Slight – 1 industrial remains

The ZTV indicates that turbines would be visible from the historically enclosed upland pasture which forms the higher ground within this area, but not from the valley floor. Visibility of turbines from Hepste Fawr farmhouse would be very limited. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

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• Indirect visual impact score = 4;

• Combined score = 4;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 6. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 1202 Cwm Cadlan Description This area comprises the upland valley of the Nant Cadlan and broadly comprises the enclosed farmland of the valley together with some historically enclosed upland pasture. Therefore, much of this area is at around 250-350 m, but it does rise to a maximum of around 400 m. This valley had almost entirely been enclosed by the early nineteenth century. There is only limited evidence for Prehistoric settlement, but Bronze Age features are present in the form of burnt mounds and funerary cairns which survive on the edge of the enclosed land. As with Dyffryn Hepste, the pattern of small irregular fields appears to have been formed from a process of gradual land enclosure from the Medieval period, with larger scale enclosure and re-organisation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Boundaries are mostly of drystone construction. Again, as with Dyffryn Hepste settlement is based on dispersed farms of Medieval or later origin and there is evidence of farm abandonment in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Industrial remains are represented by a group of three limekilns.

Designated Features Scheduled monuments within the HLCA are listed in Table 5.7

Table 5.7 Scheduled Monuments within Cwm Cadlan

Ref. Location Name

BR156 SN970105 Nant-Maden Round Cairn

GM562 SN964095 Wernlas hut circle

GM558 SN968098 Wernlas ring cairn and cairnfield

There are no listed buildings within the HLCA.

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Table 5.8 – Stage 3 Cwm Cadlan

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on BR156 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM562 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM558 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on nineteenth century A – 4 Slight – 2 farming settlement

Visual impact on small scale C – 2 Very Slight – 1 industrial remains

The ZTV indicates that visibility will be restricted to the south facing slopes on the northern side of this area. All turbines will be visible from a restricted area of higher at Nany-maden on the lower southern slope of Cefn Cadlan, and elsewhere any views of turbines will be limited. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts: • Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4.8;

• Combined score = 4.8;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

HLCA 1203 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes Description This HLCA comprises two blocks of modern conifer plantation. This plantation was planted over an earlier relict system of land division.

Designated Features Scheduled monuments within the HLCA are listed in Table 5.9

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Table 5.9 Scheduled Monuments within 1203 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes

Ref. Location Name

GM530 SN995091 Onllwyn Round Cairn

GM529 SO001095 Two Round Cairns at Onllwyn

GM528 SO008095 Penmoelallt Round Barrows

There are no listed buildings within the HLCA.

Table 5.10 Stage 3 1203 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes

Impact Category and Score Magnitude and Score

Visual impact on GM530 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM529 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on GM528 A – 4 Very Slight – 1

Visual impact on small scale C – 2 Very Slight – 1 industrial remains

The ZTV indicates that all turbines would be visible from the southern part of this HLCA. However, as it is entirely covered by conifer plantation, there would be little or no visibility of turbines from ground level. The following presents the calculations of the overall magnitude of indirect impacts:

• Indirect, physical impact score = 0;

• Indirect visual impact score = 4.5;

• Combined score = 4.5;

• Combined score multiplied by 28 then divided by 20 = 7. In accordance with the assessment scale set out in the guidance, the Magnitude of Indirect Impacts is therefore Slight.

5.2 Evaluation of Relative Importance (Stage 4) All HLCAs lie outside of the proposed development area, and the potential impacts considered are indirect visual impacts.

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Therefore because it is not necessary to consider the relative importance of any part of any directly affected part of an HLCA in relation to the whole of the HLCA, stage (a) is omitted. 5.2.1 HLCA 1198 Mynydd y Garn

Table 5.11 Stage 4 Mynydd y Garn

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 76/110 = 69%: High

Mynydd y Garn retains evidence for multi-period occupation with settlement, agricultural and funerary remains. In common with other upland areas within this and other historic landscapes the lack of modern enclosure has resulted in the preservation of Prehistoric and Medieval remains, and this is reflected in the designation of a number of features as scheduled monuments. In particular, this HLCA retains a coherent group of Bronze Age burial cairns. Taken together, the visible remains offer a perspective on the development of land use within this area.

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5.2.2 HLCA 1199 Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg

Table 5.12 Stage 4 Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 81/110 = 74%: High

As with Mynydd y Garn, Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg is a predominantly upland area and retains evidence for multi-period occupation with settlement, agricultural and funerary remains. Many of these are designated as scheduled monuments, and these include a coherent group of Bronze Age cairns, as well as multiple settlement site. Interestingly, this HLCA includes different settlement sites which have been interpreted as representing seasonal and year-round occupation, providing evidence of different historical approaches to the use of this upland area, perhaps under differing climactic conditions.

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5.2.3 HLCA 1200 Garreg-fawr

Table 5.13 Stage 4 Garreg-fawr

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 60/110 =55%: Considerable

Whilst there is some indication of Medieval enclosure, this is predominantly an area of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure and farming settlement.

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5.2.4 HLCA 1201 Dyffryn Heste

Table 5.14 Stage 4 Dyffryn Hepste

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 72/110 =65%: High

This area predominantly comprises the result of gradual enclosure from the Medieval period onwards, though isolated remains of earlier settlement survives on the periphery. One interesting aspect of this area is the survival of a group of small irregular fields served by a network of green lanes.

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5.2.5 HLCA 1202 Cwm Cadlan

Table 5.15 Stage 4 Cwm Cadlan

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 67/110 =61%: High

As with Dyffryn Hepste, this area predominantly comprises the result of gradual enclosure from the Medieval period onwards, though remains of earlier settlement survives on the periphery. Cwm Cadlan is associated with Lewis Lewis, who took a leading role in the Merthyr Rising in 1831and is a significant figure of the social and economic history of early nineteenth century south Wales.

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5.2.6 HLCA 1203 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes

Table 5.16 Stage 4 Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-maes

Value V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V High/ High/ Mod/ Low Poor/ V Good Good Low None V Good Good Med None

In relation to: (b) Whole of historic landscape area (c) Evaluation of the relative importance in the national context CRITERION:

Rarity 9 9

Representativeness 9 9

Documentation 9 9

Group Value 9 9

Survival 9 9

Condition 9 9

Coherence 9 9

Integrity 9 9

Potential 9 9

Amenity 9 9

Associations 9 9

Overall Score 47/110 = 43%: Considerable

Though retaining some evidence of an earlier system of land organisation, this area is entirely covered by a modern conifer plantation. Cwm Cadlan is associated with Lewis Lewis, who took a leading role in the Merthyr Rising in 1831and is a significant figure of the social and economic history of early nineteenth century south Wales.

5.3 Assessment of Overall Significance of Impact (Stage 5) In accordance with the ASIDOHL guidance, the results of the Stage 3 and 4 assessments have been incorporated into an overall assessment of the effects of the development on the historic landscape. The assessment scores derived from Stages 3 and 4 form the basis of professional judgement as set out in Section 3.5, and the results of the assessment are summarised in Table 5.17.

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Table 5.17 Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 3)

HLCA 1198 Mynydd y Garn High Low Low

Mynydd y Garn is an Visual impact only with There would be no extensive area of turbines visible from higher reduction in the value of unenclosed moorland with ground. However, at a the key characteristics of well-preserved evidence for distance of over 11 km, the the area, with only a minor multi-period occupation turbines would not be visual impact. and funerary remains. This prominent features. includes a coherent group of Bronze Age burial cairns.

Score: 7 Score: 2 Score: 2

Total Score: 11

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

HLCA 1199 Cefn Cadlan - High Low Low Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd-y- glôg Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Visual impact only, with There would be no Sychbant - Mynydd-y-glôg turbines visible from south- reduction in the value of is an extensive area of facing slopes at a distance the key characteristics of unenclosed moorland with of around 6-10 km. the area, with only a minor well-preserved evidence for visual impact. multi-period occupation including evidence for seasonal and year-round settlement. This includes a

coherent group of Bronze Score: 2 Age burial cairns. Score: 3 Score: 7

Total Score: 12

Overall Significance of Impact: Moderate

HLCA 1200 Garreg-fawr Medium Low Very Low

Garreg-fawr is limited in Visual impact only, with There would be no size and comprises an limited visibility of turbines reduction in the value of enclosed valley side. from part of the area. the key characteristics of Whilst enclosure may have the area, with only a minor taken place from the visual impact. Medieval period onwards, the current enclosure and

settlement pattern is largely eighteenth and nineteenth century in date. Score: 2 Score: 1 Score: 5

Total Score: 8

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

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Table 5.17 (continued) Assessment Summary

HLCA Value Impact Reduction of Value (Stage 4) (Stages 2 & 3)

HLCA 1201 Dyffryn Hepste Medium Low Very Low

Dyffryn Hepste is an Visual impact only, though There would be no enclosed valley floor with turbines would only be reduction in the value of some surviving evidence of visible from a peripheral the key characteristics of Prehistoric settlement on area of upland pasture. the area, with only a minor higher ground. visual impact. Score: 2

Score: 6 Score: 1

Total Score: 9

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 1202 Cwm Cadlan Medium Very Low Very Low

Cwm Cadlan is an Visual impact only, with There would be no enclosed valley floor with turbines visible from south- reduction in the value of surviving evidence of facing slopes within the key characteristics of Prehistoric settlement on northern part of this area. the area, with only a minor higher ground visual impact. Score: 1 Score: 6

Score: 1

Total Score: 8

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

HLCA 1203 Coed Medium Very Low Very Low Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y- maes Coed Penmailard - Coed Visual impact only, with There would be no Cefn-y-maes is a modern turbines visible from the reduction in the value of conifer plantation, overlain southern part of the area, the key characteristics of on an earlier pattern of land though views would be the area, with only a minor enclosure. very limited as a result of visual impact. the presence of the conifer plantation. Score: 4 Score: 2 Score: 1

Total Score: 7

Overall Significance of Impact: Slight

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Technical Note 58

6. Concluding Statement

6.1 Rhondda Landscape of Special Historic Interest The proposed wind farm site is immediately outside of the Rhondda historic landscape. There will therefore be no direct or indirect physical impacts, with potential impacts limited to changes in views of and from features and areas of historic landscape interest. The overall predicted impact on the historic landscape area is therefore limited as a reflection of this. The HLCAs assessed in this study fall into three types based on their character and topographic location which are:

• Valley floor settlements;

• Steep, wooded valley sides;

• Upland areas. The nature of the topography results in there being little or no intervisibility between the wind farm site and the valley floor settlements and valley sides. Therefore any visual impact on the historic landscape of these areas would be limited to the presence of turbines within some views from surrounding higher ground. This is reflected in the predicted slight impact on the historic value of these areas. HLCA 030 includes all land upland areas within the historic landscape area, and there will be views of turbines from historic landscape features and elements which are within this area as well as from other views of them. However, much of HLCA 030 is covered by commercial forestry, which will greatly limit any impact by providing screening of views. For example Pebyll Ring Cairn (SM GM330) is located within a forest clearing with no views into or out of the monument. Castell Nos (SM GM408) is also located within a area bordered by commercial forestry, but its prominent valley-side location results in clear views along the Rhondda Fach and across the wind farm site. Despite this, the overall effect on the historic value of the Rhondda Uplands would be low. Therefore, overall, and taking account of all factors outlined above, it is considered that the development would have a slight impact on the Rhondda historic landscape. Despite some change to some views, including a small number affecting designated features of national importance, the essential historic character of this area would remain unchanged.

6.2 East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog Landscape of Special Historic Interest The proposed wind farm site is over 5 km to the south of the East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y- glog historic landscape. There will therefore be no direct or indirect physical impacts, with potential impacts limited to changes in views of and from features and areas of historic landscape interest. The overall predicted impact on the historic landscape area is therefore limited as a reflection of this. The historic landscape comprises an extensive upland area which broadly slopes down from its northern edge. It is bisected by a series of streams, with the largest being the Afon Hepste, and these form two shallow valley floors (Dyffryn Hepste and Cwm Cadlan). However, most of the land within this historic landscape comprises unenclosed moorland. These upland areas contain

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Technical Note 59

evidence for multi-period occupation with Prehistoric and Medieval settlement remains which appear to represent both year-round and seasonal occupation. Prehistoric funerary remains are also present in the form of Bronze Age burial cairns. The settled valley floors appear to have undergone a gradual process of enclosure from the Medieval period onwards, though the current field enclosures and farmbuildings largely date to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The nature of the topography means that turbines would be visible from the higher ground and particularly from the south-facing slopes. Turbines would be visible from a number of the Bronze Age burial cairns which are within this area, though at a distance of between 6 and 11 km they would not appear as being prominent or intrusive. The cairns appear to form distinct clusters, and are characteristically located on the higher ground around the head of the Dyffryn Hepste and Cwm Cadlan. Therefore it may be that key views for the cairns are between and within these groups, and views of the cairns from the valley floors. None of these views would be significantly affected by the presence of the turbines. Therefore, overall, and taking account of all factors outlined above, it is considered that the development would have a slight impact on the East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-glog historic landscape. Despite some change to some views, including a small number affecting designated features of national importance, the essential historic character of this area would remain unchanged.

6.3 Indirect Visual Impacts on Features beyond the Historic Landscape Areas In addition to historic elements and features within the historic landscape area, visual effects on features beyond have also been considered. For consistency and comparison with the remainder of the study, the assessment has been undertaken in the same manner and to the same criteria as for features within the designated area. However, as this cannot form part of the assessment of the designated historic landscape area the scoring system is not applied. The results of this are summarised in Table 6.1 and in each case an explanation is provided on the assessed magnitude. Features for which no visual impact can be expected, such as where there will be no intervisibility, are excluded from the table.

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Technical Note 60

Table 6.1 Visual Impacts on Features beyond the Historic Landscape Area

Impact Category Magnitude Commentary

Visual Impact on Craig y Bwlch A Severe The nearest turbine will be approximately 200 m round cairn (SM GM564) from the cairn, and with turbines to the west, east and south there can be expected to be a clear sense of being overlooked, which is currently absent. In addition, turbines would be prominent features in views of the cairn as well as from the cairn to related features such as GM565.

Tarren y Bwlch round cairn (SM A Severe As above GM565)

Rhos-Gwawr cairn cemetery A Slight The cairn cemetery comprises a series of cairns (SM GM404) located within five discrete areas within rough pasture to the southwest of the A4233 between Maerdy and Aberdare.

Gadlys Ironworks (Remains of A Very Slight The setting is defined by its urban location, and Blast Furnace) SM (GM438) though some blades would theoretically be visible they would not impinge on the setting of the monument.

Iron Tram Bridge, Robertstown A Very Slight The monument comprises a small bridge within SM (GM 347) amenity woodland. Therefore though turbines would theoretically be visible, screening by trees would prevent views of them when at the bridge or approaching it along the footpath.

Gelli-Isaf Tramroad Bridge, A Very Slight The monument comprises a small bridge within Abernant Tramroad SM (GM amenity woodland. Therefore though turbines 411) would theoretically be visible, screening by trees would prevent views of them when at the bridge or approaching it along the footpath.

Remains of Gamlyn Railway A Moderate The monument comprises a viaduct and includes Viaduct SM (GM533) lengths of grassed embankment prominently located on the edge of a residential area. The monument forms part of a relict industrial area within the Cynon Valley and relates closely to other lengths of disused railway. The setting is therefore principally defined by this and its relationship to the adjoining residential area.

Though eight turbines would be visible at a minimum distance of 2.3 km it is not expected that this would affect the key visual relationships of this monument.

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Technical Note 61

Table 6.1 (continued) Visual Impacts on Features beyond the Historic Landscape Area

Impact Category Magnitude Commentary

Site of Hirwaun Ironworks SM A Moderate The ironworks site is located adjacent to the River (BR157) Cynon within a built-up area and the principal setting is defined by the adjoining streets and houses.

Though nine turbines would be visible at a minimum distance of 2.3 km it is not expected that this would affect the key visual relationships of this monument.

Round Cairn and Ring Cairn A Slight The cairns occupy open ground at Mynydd-y-glog South of Twyn-y-Glog (GM523) to the north of Hirwaun. There are wide views from and when approaching the cairns and turbines will be visible in a constrained field of view looking to the south. However, as the nearest turbine os over 5 km, they will not be prominent features.

Ring Cairn and Round Cairn on A Slight As above Southern Side of Mynydd-y- Glog (GM524)

Three Round Cairns on the A Slight As above Southern Side of Mynydd-y- Glog (GM525)

Two Round Cairns on the A Slight As above Summit of Mynydd-y-Glog (GM526)

Foel Chwern Round Cairn A Slight The cairn is within plantation forestry which (GM235) restricts views.

Rhondda Fach Cairn (GM541) A Slight The cairn is within plantation forestry which restricts views.

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293000 294000 295000 296000 297000 298000 299000 300000 301000 302000 303000

84512 BR337 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 1 1 2 2 N 84521 84522 84520 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 1 2 2

BR241 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 1 1 2 2

BR276 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 1 1 2 2

26829 84836 1198 84817 0 0

0 BR343 0 0 0 5 5

1 BR342 1 2 1200 BR323 2 BR324

BR325 BR081 BR344 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 1 2 2 BR345 81193 85431 11385 85433 BR134 GM571 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 2 2 26826 85432 BR244

1201 GM559 11386 BR135 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 GM561 1203 26830 81190 GM568 GM519 81186 81198 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 BR137 1 2 11486 81191 2 11483 BR156 GM567

GM560 0 0

0 1199 0 0 0

0 GM558 0 1 1202 1 2 BR166 2

GM532 GM529 GM520 GM528 GM562 81192 GM521 0 0 0 0

0 26831 0

9 GM530 9 0 0

2 GM522 1203 2 GM523

18048 26834 11381 26833 GM526 11479 11480 18046 18047 GM525 21371 21317 81185 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 BR145 8

0 GM524 0 2 11382 2

26832

0 GM517 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 2 2

87523 GM554

293000 294000 295000 296000 297000 298000 299000 300000 301000 302000 303000 Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd Key: Mynydd Bwllfa Wind Farm 12-10 turbines visible Mynydd y Garn Scheduled monument Environmental Statement Cefn Cadlan - Cefn Sychbant - Mynydd y Glog 7-9 turbines visible Listed building - Grade II* Figure E1 Designated Features within East Carreg Fawr Listed building - Grade II 4-6 turbines visible Fforest Fawr and Mynydd y Glog Dyffryn Hepste Historic Landscape Characer Area 3-4 turbines visible Cwm Cadlan 0 250 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Meters April 2009 G:\MODEL\PROJECTS\ea-210\24645\ArcGIS\Figures Coed Penmailard - Coed Cefn-y-Maes Scale: 1:40,000 @ A3 24645-S183 towns

Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. AL100001776

Appendix F Outline Habitat Management Plan 10 Pages

Technical Note 1

Hirwaun Wind Farm Outline Habitat Management Plan

1. Introduction

It is now generally accepted that increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are changing the global climate. A major source of these gases is electricity generation using fossil fuels. Wind farms in the UK annually offset the emission of around 5.4 million tonnes of CO2 a year (information from British Wind Energy Association [BWEA]) and the Government is targeting renewable sources to provide 15% of UK electricity generation by 2020. Wales includes some of the windier areas in the UK providing the country with a potentially significant renewable energy resource. A wide range of ecological surveys were undertaken by Pryce Consultant Ecologists at the proposed Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm site in 2005 and 2006, with further site visits by Entec in 2006 and 2008. Entec were subsequently contracted to complete an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to accompany the planning application for the site in 2009. The Mynydd Bwllfa scheme is described in detail within the Environmental Statement (ES). However in summary a 12 turbine scheme is proposed, with associated access tracks and substation. The Mynydd Bwllfa wind farm layout has been specifically designed (within the many other constraints to design) to minimise adverse effects on potentially sensitive habitats and species within the site. Although, as with any construction activities, some negative effects will occur, environmental measures to minimise these effects are detailed in the ES. As well as minimising impact, scope exists to improve the habitat at the site that is not affected by the development (which will also benefit species) and the objective of developing a Habitat Management Plan (HMP) was identified in the Environmental Statement. Preliminary discussions regarding potential habitat management proposals at the site have been conducted with Scott Hand and Peter Jones at the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) during April 2008, and subsequently with Dr Carole Newberry in October 2008.

1.1 The Purpose of this Document This outline HMP has been produced to support the planning application and it is intended that it will be delivered via a planning condition should the wind farm be given planning permission. It is intended to address the comments and suggestions already raised by consultees providing a plan to secure and enhance the ecological status of the Mynydd Bwllfa site over the course of the wind farm’s life (likely to be 25 years). A detailed HMP (see below) will be produced following approval of the planning application in consultation with CCW and the detailed HMP will be approved by the Local Planning Authority prior to the commencement of development. The detailed HMP will be implemented within three months of its approval and it will be in force, (subject to agreed amendments) for the lifetime of the wind farm.

Technical Note 2

This document outlines the proposed management objectives and targets but does not describe in detail how these will be achieved (for example it does not include stocking densities). Following grant of planning permission the detailed plan, describing how management will occur and using this document as the basis, will be produced following further consultation with CCW, the local authority, the landowners and Pennant Walters. It is anticipated that a combination of minimising localised impacts from the scheme together with positive enhancements in the HMP may lead to an overall net ecological benefit for the wind farm site.

1.2 Summary of Ecological Baseline Conditions The application site is located on the upland fringe in South Wales, just south of Hirwaun village and the A465. There are two landowners within the scheme and the application site boundary encompasses an area of 242ha although only approximately 7.8ha will actually be occupied by any wind farm infrastructure during the operation of the wind farm. There are three statutory designated sites within 2km of the boundary of the proposed development. These are Craig y Llyn Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Cors Bryn- y-Gaer SSSI. The latter is part of Blaen Cynon Special Area for Conservation (SAC), which has been designated for the marsh fritillary butterfly (Eurodryas aurinia) that occurs there. Most of the site lies within Mynydd Bwllfa / Mynydd Cefn f Gyngon SINC and small areas overlap further SINCs (Mynydd Ystradffernol, Hirwaun Common). All of these sites have been primarily designated for the mosaic of upland habitats they support, including bog at Mynydd Bwllfa SINC. The dominant habitat within the application site is unimproved acid grassland, which is mainly dominated by purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea). Semi-improved acid grassland and modified blanket bog, with smaller areas of marshy grassland, bracken, heathland mosaic and scree also occur. A number of small watercourses flow across the site, with some originating from within the site. Conifer plantation (some of which has been recently felled) surrounds the site to the south and east and Lluest Wen Reservoir is present to the south-west. The site is grazed, predominantly by sheep, and has been subject to periodic burning previously. The Phase 1 Habitat Map is illustrated as ES Figure 10.2. The following ecological features of the site are considered to be valued ecological resources (VERs) and, on this basis, are considered to be suitable receptors for the HMP: • Locally designated sites (SINCs);

• Modified blanket bog;

• Heathland;

• Marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). In addition to marsh fritillary, common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is known to be present at the site in small numbers and there is high potential that otter also to use the site occasionally.

The bird community at Mynydd Bwllfa is considered to be typical of upland areas in south Wales, with the site being of limited importance for birds. Therefore, as stated in the ES,

Technical Note 3

specific habitat enhancement measures are not proposed. However, the habitat management methods planned are highly likely to indirectly benefit birds as well.

All of the protected species recorded at the site are considered to be receptors for which management of the site should be designed to benefit.

1.3 Proposed Period of this HMP This HMP (or superseding HMPs and management regimes generated by the review process) will be implemented for the 25-year operational period of the wind farm. Land management prescriptions for the post wind farm period will depend on the proposed objectives for the site (i.e. whether the wind farm is de-commissioned, maintained or upgraded) but the HMP should provide a suitable basis for either the extension or expansion of the management regime or the long-term integration with other local or regional upland management schemes. It is critical that the habitat management process remains flexible throughout the 25 year period allowing alterations to prescriptions in response to the monitoring programme. Therefore, the development of fixed, detailed medium or long-term targets is not desirable, rather the management prescriptions will aim to progress towards the long term vision for the site, detailed in Section Two.

1.4 Constraints The HMP proposals are limited to the areas of land either within the planning application boundary or upon which the applicant has an option for control, as these are the only areas in which it is considered the wind farm developer will be able to successfully influence the land management regime after planning permission is granted. In addition, it is not feasible to fence large tracts of the upland area as this would restrict the current farming practices undertaken by the landowners and potentially have a detrimental affect on the landscape character. Some of the measures proposed are likely to require additional fencing to enclose or exclude stock. However, gates or stiles will be provided where fencing crosses public footpaths to maintain access. All proposals within this HMP are subject to the continued agreement of the landowner and the wind farm developer / operator. The costs and funding mechanism for the various proposed activities will be dealt with separately from this report; hence no costs have been included at this stage. The implementation of the HMP will not generally attract construction-level related environmental constraints due to the small scale of the works. However, specific potential constraints, such as poor ground conditions leading to ground damage by machinery, or the presence of nesting birds and other ecological constraints, will be mitigated for appropriately when they arise during the habitat management works. 1.4.1 Habitat Protection during Construction Whilst the purpose of this Plan is to specify the measures to be taken to maintain and improve habitat during the operational lifetime of the wind farm it is equally important to ensure that likely environmental effects are mitigated during construction. To this end the applicant proposes to employ an Ecological Clerk of Works during the construction phase whose responsibility will be to prepare the Environmental Management Plan, in consultation with the

Technical Note 4

appointed contractor for submission and agreement with the Local Planning Authority. The Clerk of Works will be responsible for ensuring that this EMP is implemented during the construction process and will be called upon to advise on the micro-siting of tracks, turbine excavations and associated areas of hard standing prior to their implementation.

2. Objectives and Targets

2.1 Introduction The long term vision for the site, following development and implementation of the HMP, is to increase the biodiversity value by restoring, maintaining and potentially extending the existing features within the site that are considered to be of biodiversity value. Based on this, the broad objectives for habitat management at this site can be split into two: • Habitat re-creation, restoration and enhancement;

• Monitoring and surveillance. Within these broad objectives, specific targets will be set relating to the different key features (i.e. modified blanket bog). As there is a direct link between the quality/type of habitat and the occurrence of protected species it is considered appropriate to concentrate on managing the habitats, which will also benefit species. Where targets have been proposed specifically to benefit protected species, or where benefits to protected species may be incidental this will be noted.

2.2 Objective 1: Habitat Re-creation, Restoration and Enhancement Much of the application site has been heavily grazed by stock. This has reduced the number of plant species present in some areas of the site and encouraged those species more tolerant of improvement at the cost of species with more restricted requirements. Notwithstanding this, some habitat areas do support a wider range of species, but are limited in extent and are therefore vulnerable to further degradation. The HMP cannot consider restoration of every habitat within or part of a site as large as Mynydd Bwllfa. Therefore, effort will be concentrated on specific areas where habitats occur that have retained some diversity or that are of particular benefit to fauna (as identified above). These Management Areas are shown in Figure 1. Whilst some of the Management Area is outside the planning application boundary, the total area that is being proposed for management is approximately 147 ha, which is 60% of the planning application area. 2.2.1 Areas 1 and 3 - Maintain and Increase Upland Habitats that form part of SINC Designation (focusing on bog and heathland) Blanket bog (which provided it is considered to be active includes degraded examples) is a habitat listed under Annex 1 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended), the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) and the Rhondda Cynon Taff Local BAP (LBAP). The main aim of these regulations and policies are to identify, protect and enhance the habitat where possible. In Rhondda Cynon Taff specifically, the aims are to identify the baseline area of bog and to protect those areas by educating forest managers and seeking to reduce grazing pressure. Heathland (upland and lowland) is also listed on both the UKBAP and RCT LBAP and has similar objectives those of blanket bog.

Technical Note 5

These habitats occur primarily on the upland slopes and plateau at the application site, which is largely unfenced (it is only fenced to demarcate the landownership boundary), allowing stock to graze the entire area unrestricted. This has resulted in a site-wide reduction in species-richness and structural diversity (as the sheep preferentially graze on new shoots of species such as heath), with only the wettest areas retaining some diversity, as they are more difficult for sheep to access. The Tir Gofal plan that covers part of the application site has already reduced the stocking density of sheep in the eastern part of the site. The HMP proposes the replacement of sheep with cattle within Areas 1 and 3 (which are 27.6 and 29.7ha respectively). These areas have been defined with reference to Figure 10.5 of the ES, and to the location of existing identifiable boundaries (such as footpaths). Cattle grazed upland habitats (such as those found at Mynydd Bwllfa) tend to support a longer sward height and have greater structural diversity due to the manner in which cattle graze. Cattle also break up the tussocky vegetation, which should restrict the growth of invasive species such as purple moor-grass, whilst encouraging less invasive species to colonise. Stocking densities will be presented within the detailed HMP for agreement with the Council and CCW. The habitats at the site have also suffered from burning (most recently in early 2008). The fires are predominantly started accidentally or deliberately by members of the public, rather than as part of land management by the landowner, as there are a number of footpaths across the site and no boundary fences preventing access by the public from the nearby reservoir and forestry access tracks. Whilst controlled and selective burning can be beneficial for some habitat types (e.g. by reducing purple moor-grass dominance), at Mynydd Bwllfa the area of habitat burnt is often extensive and damaging, affecting species important for bog and heathland habitats as well as less desirable species. Measures to prevent vandalism, including the aim of preventing fires and off-road vehicles, will therefore be investigated and CCW’s experience in managing such issues sought. Whilst it is recognised that much of the land is ‘open access’, it will be necessary to fence its boundaries because of the need to prevent sheep accessing the management area. It is proposed to align the fencing alongside existing footpaths, fencelines or wind farm infrastructure (e.g. access tracks), which will aid the demarcation of the management area. Access for walkers, in the form of stiles and gates, will be provided and their precise number and location agreed as part of the detailed HMP. In tandem with the use of cattle, the HMP will require that the use of fertilizer or other forms of soil improver are banned within the management area. The effects of reduced grazing and burning at the site will be monitored (see below) over a period of time to determine whether the habitats within the Management Areas at the site appear to be increasing in diversity and responding to the altered management. If the reduction in grazing and burning does not appear to be beneficially affecting the habitats additional management techniques will be considered. This may include the use of experimental methods such as selective burning, mowing or herbicide application to reduce the dominance of purple moor-grass and allow other species to grow. Also, at the end of the Tir Gofal schemes at the site, it may also be possible to incorporate further land within this management area (see Section 2.3), which could increase the effectiveness of the management prescriptions. Managing and increasing the upland habitat at Mynydd Bwllfa is also likely to benefit a range of invertebrates and bird species, the latter, including passerines (such as skylark) and waders (such as curlew), which in turn may benefit raptor species such as peregrine.

Technical Note 6

2.2.2 Area 2 - Maintain and Increase Areas of Species-rich Purple Moor-grass Dominated Habitats (to benefit marsh fritillary) The species-rich purple moor-grass dominated habitats are restricted to the lowland areas of the site, adjacent to the access track. These areas support small amounts of species indicative of rhôs pasture1 such as devil’s-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis) and marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre), but tend to lack the rush component more usually associated with this habitat. Rhôs pasture habitat is listed on the UKBAP and on the RCT LBAP and some examples of the habitat within the UK are important in a European context and are designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). As with blanket bog and heathland, the main objectives of the RCT LBAP are to identify and protect areas of this habitat type, by raising awareness and implementing management regimes. Species-rich grasslands supporting devil’s-bit scabious are particularly important for marsh fritillary butterflies, as this plant species is the larval food plant for this butterfly. Marsh fritillary is a relatively sedentary species which occurs within a series of linked metapopulations, including numerous temporary sub-populations that frequently die out and subsequently re-colonise. This species is therefore vulnerable to the loss of any part of the meta-population through habitat degradation or fragmentation. The applicant owns part of the species-rich purple moor-grass dominated grassland currently present at the northern part of the application site (which is clearly suitable habitat for marsh fritillary as they have been recorded as present) in addition to further areas to the east (Area 2 on Figure 1 which covers an area of 96ha). It is therefore proposed to maintain the species-rich grassland area in good condition, so it remains suitable for marsh fritillary. Additionally, the HMP will seek to alter the management over the remaining part of Area 2 to encourage colonisation of purple moor-grass and the associated rhôs pasture species, with the aim of increasing the area of habitat available for marsh fritillary. It is likely a combination of low density cattle will be used in spring and early summer, in addition to removing encroaching scrub and preventing any fertiliser application. Sheep will be prevented from using the management area. The success of the management will be monitored (see below), and if deemed appropriate additional methods such as scarifying the soil surface and spreading an appropriate seed mix would be employed in discussion with CCW. In addition, within the area to be managed for marsh fritillary butterfly blockage or breaking-up of mole drains and ditches would be undertaken in the areas of improved grassland, with the aim of re-wetting the area and encouraging greater species diversity. 2.2.3 Restoration of Hardstandings Each of the 12 turbine locations will require the preparation of an area of hard standing for a construction crane. It is proposed to reinstate this area of hard-standing post-construction by dressing back the top layer of aggregate and covering with the associated stockpile of soil. Each area will then be fenced, (unless or until required to be reinstated for subsequent crane erection) and this will encourage re-vegetation.

1 Rhôs pasture is the term used in Wales to describe a particular species-rich purple moor-grass and rush pasture which is restricted in distribution to south-west England and south Wales.

Technical Note 7

2.3 Objective 2: Integration with Tir Gofal At present two landowners are contracted in the Tir Gofal scheme. The Tir Gofal prescriptions apply predominantly the upland area of the site, which includes the area where the turbines are to be located, together with Management Areas 1 and 3. It is understood that the Tir Gofal prescriptions are likely to remain in place until around 2016 at which point the success of Tir Gofal relative to the management undertaken within the separate identified Management Areas can be reviewed by CCW, the LPA and Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd. The detailed HMP will be sufficiently flexible to allow for changes to the areas under management such that opportunities to extend cattle grazing in areas outside of those identified within the outline Habitat Management Plan can be secured at that time. Failing this, the applicant provides a commitment to maintain the reduced stocking densities for sheep, prescribed within the TG agreement, over the lifetime of the windfarm. In the meantime the applicant will support opportunities to increase cattle grazing at the expense of sheep across that part of the upland area which is subject to existing Tir Gofal agreements but which falls outside the Management Areas. The objective of the above proposals is to ensure that prescribed management of the habitat is secured in the long-term.

2.4 Objective 3: Monitoring Monitoring and surveillance, scheme review and post-project appraisal are all essential components of the iterative process of long-term habitat management. This is particularly important in schemes where the goal is the alteration of habitat extent or characteristics. It is important, in the first instance, that detailed baseline habitat conditions are established; this will also help refine an appropriate scale and periodicity for monitoring and surveillance techniques. Monitoring and surveillance will quantify the changes associated with the implementation of the management plan. The results of this monitoring should be fed into a review programme designed to assess the progress of the scheme and provide opportunities for the adjustment or revision of the management prescriptions (or, if appropriate, the targets). Ideally, all the goals of the scheme will be ultimately realised within the intended timescale at which point the management scheme as a whole can be appraised for its effectiveness or appropriateness. Monitoring of species, in addition to habitats, is also an important part of assessing the success of the HMP.

2.4.1 Habitats Habitat monitoring needs to be repeatable over long intermissions, cover a wide area and be sufficiently sensitive to register changes. A detailed assessment of the entire application site looking at fine-scale changes to vegetation composition and structure will not be appropriate in this situation as the management plan targets specific habitats and areas. Instead, following an initial baseline survey, the areas that have been targeted will be monitored (or surveillance, in the case of the marsh fritillary) using techniques based on the methods used by CCW (information provided by Scott Hand, CCW, Cardiff Office) to monitor protected sites throughout Wales. This will involve:

• Selective, systematic sampling of the management areas;

• Use of performance indicators to determine habitat changes.

Technical Note 8

The exact sampling area locations, size and regularity of survey will be defined later in the HMP process, but will occur within the habitats targeted for restoration. The locations of the sampling areas will be defined by GPS coordinates to enable exact reproduction of the monitoring at each review stage. Each sampling area will contain assessment points at 20m intervals. Each assessment point will form the centre of 4m radius circle which will be surveyed for a small range of performance indicators to investigate how successful the management prescriptions are. The performance indicators will be derived from the JNCC document Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for each of the relevant habitats.

2.4.2 Species

Birds Given the presence of two pairs of peregrine at the site, Mynydd Bwllfa is considered to be an eminently suitable location in which to undertake post-construction monitoring of the responses of this target species to the presence of a wind farm. An ornithologist will therefore be appointed to oversee the implementation of a programme of bird monitoring, with breeding bird surveys being carried out on a regular basis throughout the projected 25-year life of the wind farm. The findings of the surveys will be submitted to CCW and RSPB with the principal aim of increasing the amount of bird-wind farm interaction data that is currently available. The key bird-monitoring aspiration, and the rationale behind it, is:

• Peregrine – The two nest sites will be monitored on an annual basis throughout the lifetime of the wind farm. Survey work will include vantage-point watches and these will be carried out pre-construction, during construction and post- construction to assess any changes in use of the site as a result of the wind farm. In addition, breeding bird surveys following the Brown and Shepherd (1993) method will be carried out periodically (e.g. year 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25 after the wind farm is operational) to monitor any changes in the populations of ground nesting birds within the application site. Furthermore landowners will be required to report any bird carcasses found within the wind turbine array to Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd, the records for which will be provided to CCW and the LPA on an annual basis.

Marsh Fritillary The ES concludes that no significant negative effects are likely to occur in relation to marsh fritillary at the site due to the limited habitat available for this species and because the development footprint avoids the areas of suitable habitat. Nonetheless, marsh fritillary is a key species within the site, given its legal protection and restricted distribution, and therefore monitoring is proposed. Surveillance will be undertaken periodically after the wind farm is operational, the details and methods will be firstly agreed with CCW. The surveillance will provide information on the size of the existing population and colonisation rates from donor populations or into areas of new habitat. This information can then be feed back into the HMP and changes to the management of the species-rich purple moor-grass dominated grassland areas proposed to benefit the marsh fritillary.

Key

Application site boundary

NN  Proposed turbine location

Proposed access track

Site compound location

Substation location

AreaArea 22 Proposed management areas

11

22

33

44

AreaArea 33 55 55 66 77

0 km 1 km

88 Scale 1:15,000 @ A3

99 Pennant Walters Hirwaun Ltd Hirwaun Wind Farm Environmental Statement 1010 AreaArea 11  Figure 1 1111 Proposed Habitat Management Areas

1212 April 2009 24645-S186.wor wrigs02

Based upon Ordnance Survey digital data with the permission of the Controller of the Stationery Office Crown Copyright Reserved. Licence No: AL100001776

Appendix G Vantage Point Data 2 Pages

VP Survey Information

Table G1.1 Summer 2005

Date Time VP

24th March 2005 08.20-11.20 1

08.25-11.25 3

31st March 2005 09.10-12.10 2

08.50-11.50 4

15th April 2005 07.10-10.10 1

10.40-13.30 2

10.55-13.55 3

07.20-10.20 4

3rd June 2005 11.00-14.00 1

11.00-14.00 2

13.30-16.30 3

13.30-16.30 4

26th June 2005 09.30-12.30 1

12.50-15.50 2

12.45-15.45 3

09.15-12.15 4

Table G1.2 Winter 2005

Date Time VP

17th February 2005 09.20-12.20 1

13.05-16.05 2

12.50-15.50 3

09.30-12.30 4

2nd October 2005 07.45-10.45 1

11.30-14.30 2

11.00-14.00 3

07.30-10.30 4

22nd October 2005 08.30-11.30 1

12.00-15.00 2

12.10-15.10 3

08.05-11.05 4

17th November 2005 08.35-11.35 1

11.55-14.55 2

11.40-14.40 3

08.00-11.00 4

Table G1.3 Summer 2006

Date Time VP

19th April 2006 09.00 – 12.00 1

12.00 – 15.00 2

27th April 2006 09.00 – 12.00 2

12.30 – 15.30 1

19th May 2006 08.30 – 11.30 2

12.00 – 15.00 1

30th May 2006 08.30 – 11.30 1

12.00 – 15.00 2

Appendix H Brown and Shepherd Results Summary 3 Pages

Results of Brown and Shepherd Surveys

Table H1.1 Summary of Brown and Shepherd Survey Results for the Windfarm Area (2005)

Common Name BTO Code Number of Pairs Breeding Breeding Density (Pairs in Survey Area km-² based on Survey Area of 8.5km2)

Skylark S 82 9.6

Stonechat SC 2 0.2

Whinchat WC 1 0.1

Wheatear W 22 2.6

Tree Pipit TP 11 1.3

Reed Bunting RB 7 0.8

Grey Wagtail GL 2 0.2

Pied Wagtail PW 8 0.9

Pheasant PH 1 0.1

Buzzard BZ 4 0.5

Woodpigeon WP 5 0.6

Meadow Pipit MP 97 11.4

Wren WR 50 5.9

Raven RN 2 0.2

Robin R. 50 5.9

Blackbird B. 19 2.2

Song Thrush ST 4 0.5

Mistle Thrush M. 3 0.4

Blackcap BC 2 0.2

Willow Warbler WW 42 4.9

Goldcrest GC 31 3.6

Coal Tit CT 7 0.8

Blue Tit BT 13 1.5

Great Tit GT 11 1.3

Chaffinch CH 68 8

Goldfinch GO 1 0.1

Siskin SK 1 0.1

Lesser Redpoll LR 11 1.3

Collared Dove CD 1 0.1

Cuckoo CK 1 0.1

Tawny Owl TO 1 0.1

Common Name BTO Code Number of Pairs Breeding Breeding Density (Pairs in Survey Area km-² based on Survey Area of 8.5km2)

Green Woodpecker G 2 0.2

Great spotted Woodpecker GS 1 0.1

Swallow SL 1 0.1

Dunnock D 10 1.2

Redstart RT 6 0.7

Whitethroat WH 1 0.1

Garden Warbler GW 1 0.1

Long-tailed Tit LT 2 0.2

Nuthatch NH 1 0.1

Jay J 1 0.1

Magpie MG 1 0.1

Carrion Crow C 1 0.1

Greenfinch GR 2 0.2

Goldfinch GO 1 0.1

Table H1.2 Summary of Survey Results for the Access Track (2006)

Common Name BTO Code Number of Pairs Breeding Breeding Density (Pairs in Survey Area km-² Based on Survey Area of 2.0km2)

Skylark S 23 0.1

Stonechat SC 2 1

Whinchat WC 4 0.5

Wheatear W 9 0.2

Reed Bunting RB 5 0.4

Pied Wagtail PW 2 1

Pheasant PH 3 0.7

Woodpigeon WP 2 1

Meadow Pipit MP 24 0.1

Wren WR 5 0.4

Robin R. 5 0.4

Blackbird B. 1

Song Thrush ST 1

Common Name BTO Code Number of Pairs Breeding Breeding Density (Pairs in Survey Area km-² Based on Survey Area of 2.0km2)

Mistle Thrush M. 1

Blackcap BC 1

Willow Warbler WW 4 .5

Goldcrest GC 1

Chaffinch CH 2 1

Goldfinch GO 1

Dunnock D 2 1

Whitethroat WH 2 1

Garden Warbler GW 1

Magpie MG 2 1

Carrion Crow C 1

Greenfinch GR 1

Linnet LI 1

Appendix I Site Hydrology - Photography 2 Pages

Plate 1: The Nant Rhydfelen Outfall Plate 2: Depression/ Dry Channel into Lluest-wen Reservoir Downhill from Proposed Turbine 2 Location

Plate 3: View of Dam (Lluest-wen Plate 4: Dry Channel of Ephemeral Reservoir) from Area between Stream between Proposed Turbines 4 Proposed Turbines 8 and 9 and 5

Plate 5: Dry Channel of Ephemeral Plate 6: Peat Bog in the General Stream near Proposed Turbine 6 Vicinity of Proposed Turbine 8 (looking North-west)

H:\Projects\Ea-210\24645 Hirwaun Re-Submission\Docs\ES report\Appendices\Appendix I.ppt Plate 7: The Nant Rhydfelen before its Plate 8: Peaty Areas in the South- Outfall into Lluest-wen Reservoir eastern Part of the Site (towards Proposed Turbines 11 and 12); View from Proposed Turbine 10

Plate 9: Location of the Only Proposed Watercourse Crossing on the Access Track to Turbine 8

H:\Projects\Ea-210\24645 Hirwaun Re-Submission\Docs\ES report\Appendices\Appendix I.ppt

Appendix J Drainage Calculations 3 Pages

Approach Following consultation with the EA, a drainage impact assessment was carried out to ensure that there would be no increase in flood risk as a result of the proposed development. All flows will be limited to existing greenfield rates. Therefore, the discharge rates from the post developed site will be controlled to match those from the undeveloped site for all events up to and including the 1% Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) events, equivalent to the 1 in 100 year events, including an allowance for future climate change of 20%, which is equivalent to a design horizon of 2085. The following technical note outlines how Greenfield rates were calculated and how attenuation volumes were calculated, where attenuation is required SuDS features should be utilised.

Greenfield Runoff Existing Site Runoff The existing site runoff has been estimated using the guidance from the Institute of Hydrology Report 124 (IoH124). The calculation is based upon the following factors:

Area Catchment Area (ha), the area of the site has been set to 1ha to determine runoff rates per unit area for comparison with each sub-catchment.

SAAR Average annual rainfall (1941-1970) from the Flood Studies Report (FSR) Figure II.3.1 or equivalent, which is 2000mm for this location.

Soil Soil index of the catchment from FSR Figure I.4.18 or Wallingford Procedure Volume 3. Soil Types 1 to 5 have Soil Index Values of 0.15, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5 respectively. For the Mynwd Bylfa site, the soil is recorded as soil type 5, with a Soil Index Value of 0.5, this is described as soils of wet upland areas and are typically in peaty areas, with poor permeability.

Urban This descriptor is used to describe if a site is developed, as this site is a Greenfield area, the urban factor will be 0.

Region Number Region number of the catchment based on FSR Figure I.2.4, which is 9 for this site. The existing site runoff results are summarised in Table J.1 below.

Table J.1 Undeveloped (Greenfield) Site Runoff

Return Period Runoff (l/s/ha)

1 16.596

2 17.516

5 22.818

10 26.780

20 30.758

25 32.134

30 33.250

50 36.510

100 41.112

Development Storage Requirements Rainfall To assess design rainfall FEH catchment descriptors have been used for this site, based on an easting of 296150, and northing of 203000.

Impermeable Areas Table J.2 summaries the proposed impermeable areas for the site.

Table J.2 Proposed Impermeable Areas

Feature Area(m2)

Turbine footprint 225

Total Turbine Footprint 12*225=2700

Sub Station Compound area 660

Building area 140

Total Impermeable area 3500

It should be noted that the gravel access tracks and temporary site compound have not been included in the calculations. This is because they will be permeable and will therefore prevent sheet runoff. However there will potentially be an increase in runoff from the gravel tracks. To prevent an increase it is advised that swales are constructed adjacent to the access roads, to retain any additional flows from the access roads.

Attenuation Storage All modelling has been undertaken using the Windes hydraulic modelling package, with version 11.2. All flows have been attenuated to the 1 in 100 year Greenfield rate of 41.112 l/s/ha. The total storage volume for the whole site based on an impermeable area of 3500m2, will be 260m3. It is considered unfeasible to provide drainage for the entire site, therefore individual assessments have been undertaken on the storage required per turbine and for the compound and building areas. The storage per turbine has been calculated to be 17m3, and the storage for the building and compound areas as 10m3, 48m3 respectively. Table J.3 summaries these results. It is advised that SuDs features are utilised to attenuate surface water flows. Typical features which would be suitable for this site are swales, detention basins or ponds.

Table J.3 Attenuation Volumes

Feature Impermeable Area(m2) Discharge Rate(l/s) Attenuation Volume(m3)

Total Impermeable area 3500 14.4l/s 260

Single Turbine 225 0.9 l/s 17

Compound area 660 2.7l/s 48

Building 140 0.6 l/s 10

Conclusion Mitigation and management of surface water should be achieved through the inclusion of sustainable drainage systems, limiting the discharge of water and sediment across, and from, the site, as per the recommendations in table J.3. It can therefore be demonstrated that the proposed development at Mynydd Bwllfa will provide an acceptable level of flood protection according to the requirements of TAN15.