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Condiciones De Propagación Y Cultivo Del Corallimorphario Ricordea Florida”

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Condiciones De Propagación Y Cultivo Del Corallimorphario Ricordea Florida” LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA MARINA “CONDICIONES DE PROPAGACIÓN Y CULTIVO DEL CORALLIMORPHARIO RICORDEA FLORIDA” TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TITULO DE: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA MARINA POR: CLAUDIA IRENE CENTURIÓN FERNÁNDEZ Asesora: M.C. GEMMA LETICIA MARTÍNEZ Mérida, Yuc., México, a 30 de noviembre del 2011 Agradecimientos Agradezco profundamente el apoyo y amistad que me brindó todo el conjunto de investigadores, especialmente a la Dra. Maite Mascaró M. y el Dr. Nuno Simões del área experimental de Ecología, de la Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI) de Sisal, Yucatán. Uno de mis más grandes agradecimientos a mi tutora M.C. Gemma Leticia Martínez, no solo por todos los conocimientos que pude aprender de ella, y por el apoyo académico que me brindó; también por su comprensión y su amistad. Agradezco a mis sinodales: Dr. Miguel Ángel Ruiz Zárate, Dr. Jacinto Alfonso Aguilar Perera, Dr. Sergio Guillén Hernández y Dr. Gaspar Román Poot López por sus recomendaciones para el mejor resultado de este trabajo. También agradezco a los profesores del campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias que me guiaron en el estudio de las ciencias del mar y que fueron unos excelentes maestros. Agradezco a todos los alumnos que se encontraban en la UMDI en ese momento y a todas las personas que hicieron de mi estancia en Sisal una gran experiencia. Por supuesto, mi más profundo agradecimiento a las personas que hicieron posible que iniciara y concluyera mis estudios, gracias por siempre estar conmigo y apoyarme en todo: MIS PADRES y hermanas, Martha y Alejandra. Y no puede faltar un agradecimiento a todos mis amigos, los que me han apoyado durante años. A toda la gente que me brindó su amistad y apoyo en la Facultad y una innumerable lista de personas que estimo. ~ II ~ Índice general 1. Introducción …………………………………………………………………………..7 2. Revisión de literatura……………………………………………………………….....9 2.1 Taxonomía………………………………………………………………………….9 2.2 Hábitat y Distribución…………………………………………………………….10 2.3 Morfología………………………………………………………………………....11 2.4 Condiciones de cultivo…………………………………………………………….12 2.5 Reproducción y propagación……………………………………………………....17 3. Justificación……………………………………………………………………….......18 4. Objetivos ………………………………………………………………………….....19 4.1 Objetivos generales……………………………………………………………..…19 4.2 Objetivos particulares…………………………………………………………..…19 5. Hipótesis……………………………………………………………………………....20 6. Metodología ………………………………………………………………………....20 6.1 Orígen y mantenimiento de los organismos previo a los experimentos…………...20 6.2 Diseño experimental……………………………………………………………....22 6.2.1 Corte de los organismos…………………………………………………......27 6.2.2 Registro de parámetros fisicoquímicos durante los experimentos……….....29 6.2.3 Sustratos…………………………………………………………………….29 6.2.4 Iluminación………………………………………………………………….30 6.2.5 Mapas de superficie………………………………………………………...31 6.2.6 Registro del crecimiento…………………………………………………....34 6.3 Análisis estadístico de los datos………………………………………………….36 7. Resultados…………………………………………………………………………...38 7.1 Parámetros fisicoquímicos………………………………………………………..38 7.2 Mapas de superficie……………………………………………………………...38 ~ III ~ 7.3 Día de adhesión al sustrato………………………………………………………39 7.4 Día de regeneración de la boca…………………………………………….…...40 7.5 Día de cicatrización (experimento 3)…………………………………………...40 7.6 Sobrevivencia………………………………………………………………......41 7.7 Diámetro final…………………………………………………………….........44 8. Discusión……………………………………………………………………….…46 9. Conclusiones ………………………………………………………………..........52 10. Recomendaciones…………………………………………………………...…..52 11. Anexos.………………………………………………………………………….54 12. Referencias………………………………………………………………….......61 ~ IV ~ Índice de cuadros Cuadro 1. Características comunes de las familias Ricordeidae, Corallimorphidae, Discosomatidae………………………………………………………………………..….10 Cuadro 2. Principales características que distinguen a las 2 especies de la familia Ricordeidae………………………………………………………………………………..10 Cuadro 3. Parámetros fisicoquímicos óptimos para R. florida…………………………….16 Cuadro 4. Objetivos y condiciones particulares en las que se desarrollaron los tres experimentos…………………………………………………………………………….…23 Cuadro 5. Sustratos que se utilizaron para la propagación de R. florida………………..…30 Cuadro 6. Tipos de luces que fueron empleadas para la propagación de R. florida……..…31 Cuadro 7. Tabla de Evaluación de los resultados……………………………………..……37 Cuadro 8. Registro de parámetros de salinidad y temperatura en los tres experimentos ………………………………………………………………………………………………38 Cuadro 9. Rangos de intensidades mínimas y máximas de los tres tipos de lámpara empleadas en el estudio………………………………………………………………………………...39 Índice de figuras Figura 1. Morfología externa de un coralimorfo típico y morfología interna de R.florida….11 Figura 2. Banda de intervalo espectral donde se obtiene mayor absorbencia de clorofila a y c………………………………………………………………………………………..……13 Figura 3. Sistema de recirculación para el mantenimiento y la propagación de los organismos R. florida…………………………………………………………………………………….22 Figura 4. Tipos de corte que se llevaron a cabo en ejemplares de R. florida para su propagación………………………………………………………………………………....24 Figura 5. Diagrama de los objetivos y condiciones particulares en las que se desarrollaron los tres experimentos……………………………………………….………………….………..26 Figura 6. Diagrama de la metodología general para la propagacion de R. florida…………….28 Figura 7. Esquema de mapa de 34 puntos marcados en la reja cuadriculada………………..32 Figura 8. Esquema de mapa de 420 puntos generados por el programa Surfer 8 sobre cada mapa de superficie…………………………………………………………………………...34 ~ V ~ Figura 9. Medición del diámetro de un ejemplar de R. florida con el programa Imágen J………………………………………………………………………………………..…..35 Figura 10. Sobrevivencia de los fragmentos de R. florida al tipo de corte efectuado (expresado en porcentaje)………………………………………………………………………………42 Figura 11. Regresión lineal aplicada al crecimiento final de los fragmentos de R. florida………………………………………………………………………..……………..44 Figura 12. Ejemplares propagados de R. florida colocados en luz: a y b) HQI; c y d) LC………………………………………………………………………………..………....45 Anexo Anexo 1. Análisis exploratorio de las variables de respuesta…………………………..…..54 Anexo 2. Colinealidad de las variables explicativas (PAR, total, verde y azul) , donde la variable PAR fué la que presento menor colinealidad, para el experimetno 1 y 2……………………………………………………………………………………………..56 Anexo 3. Colinealidad para descartar las variables explicativas que presenten mayor colinealidad. (PAR, total, y azul).experimento 3…………………………………………...57 Anexo 4. Mapas de superficie de Intensidad de luz a partir de la combinación de luz Actínica azul y blanca (10,000 ºK)…………………………………………………………………...58 Anexo 5. Mapas de superficie de Intensidad de luz a partir de la lámpara HQI………………………………………………………………………………..…….....59 Anexo 6. Mapas de superficie de Intensidad de luz a partir de la lámpara LC……………………………………………………………………………………..……60 ~ VI ~ 1.-Introducción Actualmente, las poblaciones naturales de muchos peces e invertebrados están bajo presión por las pesquerías debido a la creciente demanda y valor comercial que conducen a su sobreexplotación. A causa de esto, en los últimos años, la acuacultura ornamental ha tomado impulso (Dayton, 1995) para incrementar el número de organismos producidos a través del cultivo y ayudar a mitigar el fuerte impacto ambiental de la extraccion. Si bien, la actividad de recolección y comercialización de organismos marinos para acuarofilia se concentra fundamentalmente en peces, en años recientes se ha incrementado el número de especies de invertebrados capturados, principalmente los corales (Wabnitz et al., 2003) seguidos de moluscos, camarones y anémonas (Rhyne et. al, 2009). Actualmente, el mercado de acuarofilia mundial para especies ornamentales es un negocio que mueve varios millones de dólares anuales (Calado et al., 2003; Rhyne et al., 2009). Los corales ornamentales producidos en ambientes confinados de acuarios, aclimatados a las condiciones de cautiverio (iluminación artificial, parámetros fisicoquímicos y alimentación controlados) son capaces de mantener coloraciones atractivas, así como presentar tasas de crecimiento altas y una menor posibilidad de introducir enfermedades a los acuarios a diferencia de los organismos extraídos del medio natural (Calfo, 2001). Dentro de las numerosas especies de corales ornamentales se encuentran los corales blandos (Calado et al., 2003), dentro de este grupo, existen algunas especies que presentan espículas de calcio en sus tejidos y pueden construir esqueletos cálcicos rígidos, sin embargo, no construyen arrecifes como en el caso de los corales duros (Den Hartog, 1980). En cautiverio, este tipo de corales viven bien con iluminación adecuada, pero requieren una óptima calidad de agua, con bajas concentraciones de compuestos tóxicos (nitratos, nitritos y amonio principalmente) ( Garcia, 2004). El Caribe Mexicano cuenta con una de las especies de corales blandos más populares para el acuarismo: Ricordea florida. Presenta una demanda real en el mercado de la acuarofilia (Rhyne et al., 2009). Aunque en la actualidad no se encuentra aún en la Lista Roja de la UICN para las especies en peligro de extinción (IUCN, 2010), su extracción y comercialización es ~ 7 ~ alta (Rhyne et al., 2009). Los principales lugares donde se extrae este recurso son: Florida y todo el Caribe, en especial Haití, debido a que hay muy poca restricción en la recolección, lo cual ha generado que la captura ilegal
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