Cardiff School of Sport

DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1

Student name: Tessa Louise Langford Student ID: St20006460

Programme: select programme

Dissertation title: Notational analysis in shooting for Super League Netball players

Supervisor: Peter O’Donoghue

Comments Section Title and Abstract (5%)

Title to include: A concise indication of the research question/problem. Abstract to include: A concise summary of the empirical study undertaken. Introduction and literature review (25%)

To include: outline of context (theoretical/conceptual/applied) for the question; analysis of findings of previous related research including gaps in the literature and relevant contributions; logical flow to, and clear presentation of the research problem/ question; an indication of any research expectations, (i.e., hypotheses if applicable). Methods and Research Design (15%)

To include: details of the research design and justification for the methods applied; participant details; comprehensive replicable protocol. Results and Analysis (15%) 2

To include: description and justification of data treatment/ data analysis procedures; appropriate presentation of analysed data within text and in tables or figures; description of critical findings. Discussion and Conclusions (30%) 2

To include: collation of information and ideas and evaluation of those ideas relative to the extant literature/concept/theory and research question/problem; adoption of a personal position on the study by linking and combining

1 This form should be used for both quantitative and qualitative dissertations. The descriptors associated with both quantitative and qualitative dissertations should be referred to by both students and markers. 2 There is scope within qualitative dissertations for the RESULTS and DISCUSSION sections to be presented as a combined section followed by an appropriate CONCLUSION. The mark distribution and criteria across these two sections should be aggregated in those circumstances.

different elements of the data reported; discussion of the real-life impact of your research findings for coaches and/or practitioners (i.e. practical implications); discussion of the limitations and a critical reflection of the approach/process adopted; and indication of potential improvements and future developments building on the study; and a conclusion which summarises the relationship between the research question and the major findings. Presentation (10%)

To include: academic writing style; depth, scope and accuracy of referencing in the text and final reference list; clarity in organisation, formatting and visual presentation

CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd

CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS)

SPORT COACHING

2013-4

NOTATIONAL ANALYSIS IN SHOOTING FOR SUPER LEAGUE NETBALL PLAYERS

(Dissertation submitted under the discipline of Performance Analysis)

TESSA LOUSIE LANGFORD

NOTATIONAL ANALYSIS IN SHOOTING FOR SUPER LEAGUE NETBALL PLAYERS

Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd

Certificate of student By submitting this document, I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, that all quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged, and that the word count given below is a true and accurate record of the words contained (omitting contents pages, acknowledgements, indices, tables, figures, plates, reference list and appendices).

Word count: 10,256 Name: Tessa Louise Langford Date: 21-03-14

Certificate of Dissertation Supervisor responsible I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own effort. I have received dissertation verification information from this student

Name: Date:

Notes: The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Performance Analysis 3

1.3 Rationale 3

1.4 Hypothesis 4

1.5 Scope 4

1.6 Overall Purpose 4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Performance Analysis 6

2.2 Coaching Research on Netball Shooting 7

2.3 Tactical Analysis 8

2.3.1 Tennis 8

2.3.2 Rugby 8

2.3.3 Hockey 9

2.4 Performance Analysis of Netball 10

2.5 Tactical Analysis of Netball 11

2.5.1 Tactics in Netball 11

2.5.2 Feeding 12

2.5.3 Defending 12

2.6 Shooting Tactics 13

2.6.1 Roles of Shooters 13

2.6.2 Relationship Between the GA and GS 14

CHAPTER 3

METHOD

3.1 Overall Design 17

3.2 Action Variables 17

3.3 System Design 17

3.4 Operation Definition 18

3.5 Pilot Study 21

3.6 Reliability 22

3.7 Data Source 23

3.8 Matches Used 24

3.9 Data Analysis 24

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

4.1 Quarter 27

4.2 Shot Type 28

4.3 Defender 29

4.4 Shooter 29

4.5 Feeder Position 30

4.6 Shooter Position 31

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

5.1 Factors Not Affecting Shot Outcome 34

5.1.1 Quarter 34

5.1.2 Defender 35

5.1.3 Shot Type 36

5.2 Factors Affecting Shot Outcome 37

5.2.1 Shooter Effects 37

5.2.2 Feed Position Effects 38

5.2.3 Shooter Position Effects 40

5.3 Strengths and Limitations 41

5.4 Practical Implications 42

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Findings of the Study 45

6.2 Future Research 45

REFERENCE LIST 47

APPENDICES

APPENDICES A: Ethical Approval A-1

APPENDICES B: Pilot Study A-4

APPENDICES C: Kappa Results A-6

APPENDICES D: Statistical Test in SPSS A-10

TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1. Notational system design. 18

2. Agreement of Kappa suggested by Altman (1991) 22 sited in O’Donoghue (2012).

3. The mean and standard deviation for scored, missed, 28 total and percentage for each type of shot.

FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Description Page

1. Position boundary for GS 13

2. Position Boundary for GA 13

3. Different feed areas 19

4. Different shooting areas in the D 19

5. Information sheet with a key for; type of shot, feed 21 area and shooting area

6. Kappa value of agreement for each performance 23 indicator, colour coded

7. The average number of shots scored and missed in 27 each quarter

8. Shots scored and missed under different marking 29 conditions

9. The average amount of goals scored and missed by 30 the GA and GS

10. Different feed areas on court with average mean and 31 percent success rate

11. Different shooting areas with average mean and 32 percentage of success rate

12. Boxed out set up 35

13. The left and right side of the court in context with 40 attacking direction

14. Shot percentage calculated to different areas of the 41 shooting circle (O’Donoghue and Roberts 2013)

Acknowledgements

I would like to say a big thank Peter O’Donoghue my supervisor. Without his support and guidance I would not have been able to complete this study.

i Abstract

Shooting in netball is a key aspect to winning. The purpose of the study was to see if different performance indicators effected shot outcome. Ten Super League netball matches were analysed using pre-recorded Sky video footage; data was collected from both teams allowing data from twenty teams.

A hand notation system was designed, to collect the data, which was inputted directly into Excel and exported into SPSS. Two non-parametric tests were used in order to distinguish if there was a significant difference and effect on shot outcome the test were Friedman and Wilcoxon test.

The results showed that, feed area, shooter position, shot type and the shooter all have an effect on shot outcome. It also highlighted the most successful feed area, which was 2 (left of the post) and shooters were, most successful, closer to the post.

Practical implication of the study included how the information can be used in order to help coaches may decisions and plan training session based on the information found. The results can also highlight the areas for improvement for example shooting accuracy in all areas.

ii

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Netball was originally called basketball and was invented in the United States of America in 1891 (Navin, 2008). The game was brought over to England in 1895 and the first netball game was also played in England in that year (Delextrat & Goss-Sampson, 2010). As netball started to evolve, Navin (2008) stated that students started to educate each other and the game was continually changing and improving. There were no set rules at this time and college students would use waste paper baskets as goals and walls as boundaries. As the game grew it started to be taught in schools, and rings were placed for goals, and boundaries set.

At the present time netball is a competitive sport, the court is a rectangle shape and split into three-thirds; a center third and two goal thirds at each end. Each team has a defensive third and only certain positions are allowed in each section (Hickey & Newton, 2007).

The game consists of 7 players allowed on court from each team; changes can be made in the intervals or when time is stopped for injury or illness (Navin, 2008). The aim of the game is to get as many goals as possible by team cohesion, co-operation and understanding (Hughes, Dawkins, David & Mills, 1997). To do this the ball needs to enter the goal area, by the players keeping possession of the ball and then off loading it to the goal shooter (GS) or goal attack (GA). These are the only two positions that are allowed in the shooting semi circle, and therefore the only ones allowed to shoot (Galsworthy, 1997).

Netball is played by over 20 million female players today and is watched on television, Internet and is becoming increasingly popular (Delextrat & Goss- Sampson, 2010). Netball is growing in other ways as well as popularity; research studies have been carried out to improve knowledge of the game. An area in particular, which is being increasingly improved, is performance analysis. By

2 using performance analysis, augmented feedback can be provided to players by using video match analysis (O’Donoghue, 2006).

1.2 Performance Analysis

Performance analysis is differentiated from the other disciplines such as physiology, because the results collected are related to performance rather than fitness for example (Hughes & Bartlett, 2008). According to O’Donoghue (2010), performance analysis will help with decision making and develop understanding of the game which will benefit players performance level overall. There are two types of Notational systems: manual and computerised, for this study a hand notational system will be designed and used to collect the performance indicators.

1.3 Rationale

There is limited research in netball when you compare it to other sports such as football. Research in netball started around the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. However there is particularly limited research in shooting, therefore this study should help to gain more information around the area.

The purpose of the study is to see if different performance indicators effect shot outcome in netball at Super League Level. The performance indicators are:  The position of the feeder  Position of the shooter  Type of shot  Who shot, either GS or GA  How many defenders are marking the shot  Outcome of the shot.

3 To ensure the hand notational system works effectively, a pilot study will be carried out, O’Donoghue (2010) states that it is important to try out the system using a phase of a match, and check the system is working correctly and as simply as possible while collecting the necessary data.

1.4 Hypothesis

The null hypothesis for this study is:  The shot percentage will not be influenced by any factors

The alternative hypothesis for this study is:  The shot percentage will be effected by one factor

1.5 Scope

The scope to this study includes looking at Super League netball, which is a high- level netball tournament. The League consists of eight teams, which including top international players from England and Wales which play competitively against each other (Navin, 2008). Data will be collected from all teams which are: Celtic Dragons, Manchester Thunder, Yorkshire Jets, Loughborough Lightning, Hertfordshire Mavericks, Surrey Storm, Team Bath and Team Northumbria. The video data of performance play is from 2012-13 and the results will only be useful for Super League Players.

1.6 Overall Purpose

The overall purpose of the study is to see if, quarter, shot type, defender, GA or GS, feeder position and shooter position have an effect on the shot outcome. This will be done using a hand notation system, and video footage pre-recorded on sky. The performers are female and during the study there will be no contact with them. The data will be analysed in Excel and SPSS and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests will be carried out.

4

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this chapter is to see how observation behavior can be used to indirectly study the unseen tactical planning, decisions making and strategies of players and teams. Therefore other sports will be looked at and researched to see how the process works and how valuable it is. Netball will then be narrowed down looking specifically at shooting and the different tactics involved.

2.1 Performance Analysis

Notational analysis is a type of method, which can be used in many disciplines such as biomechanics (O’Donoghue, 2010), which requires an analysis of performance (Hughes & Franks, 2004). Notational analysis can provide different types of evaluation such as technical analysis and qualitative analysis (O’Donoghue & Ingram, 2001). Technical analysis looks at the mechanical side rather than statistics; the way in which skills are performed (O’Donoghue, 2010). This process can be done without expensive equipment using qualitative analysis, videoing the skill (Underwood & McHeath, 1997). We see notational analysis mainly in team sport looking at movement patterns and how they relate to tactics and strategies (Bartlett, 2001).

All information allows coaches to make decisions based on match information and give feedback to the players (O’Donoghue & Ingram, 2001). It has been used by coaches to make decisions based on match information. Evans (1998) did a study looking on; work to rest ratio, movement and play patterns in badminton. He wanted to use the results to create tactical match plans for future training. A particular result showed an increase in the amount of errors playing the clear shot compared to others (Evans, 1998).

Every sport has different attacking strategies and tactics that are varied in order to win games. Performance analysis can help show which tactics work, and which don’t, and highlight any technical skill problems. There are also a number of ways in which Performance analysis can also help the coach make important decision makings in trainings and match situations.

6 2.2 Coaching Research on Netball Shooting

It is essential in netball that the shooters have a high percentage success rate because without good scoring in a game, the match will be lost (Cornwell, 1992). This is also clearly agreed by Lees, (1992) who states, in order to win the game, the shooters have to get their shots in. For shooters to have a high percentage success rate they need to practice in their spare time. They can do this without their teammates because it’s a closed skill and has to be executed with precision (Cornwell, 1992).

When competing at a high level such as Super League, shooters need to enhance their success rate, by practicing shots from all areas of the semi-circle and the different types of shots, for example step-back, running shot, falling out of court (Crouch 1992; Hickey and Newton 2007; Keenlan 2006b). Playing at a high level, it’s also important to practice dynamic movement and make it game specific. Feeders can vary their types of pass to work the shooter; this can also be seen as practice for the feeders. To increase the intensity gradually, defenders can be added in to add more pressure. According to Cornwall (1992) this will help the shooter to create and protect their space in the circle. Not only do you have to have the physical ability to shoot but the mental ability. In the game there is a lot of pressure on the shooters as they are the only ones who can shoot, if a shot is missed, they cannot let it affect their performance for the rest of the match. In coping with the high demands and pressures that come with the responsibility of being one of the two people that can shoot it is important to rehearse game pressure prior to events (Woodlands, 2006). Research regarding shooting statics is limited especially at Super League Level, and shooting; this study will look at shooting statistics for the GA and GS and effects.

Research around netball is very limited, however netball is a growing sport and becoming more popular. Steel and Chad (1991) carried out a study looking at movement patterns in netball. The purpose of the study was to look at the movements patterns for each positioning and use the information to create specific training programs for positions. To carry out the study, netball matches were recorded and in order to analyse the performances two trained analysts

7 analysed the videos and communicated together in order to gather all the data. The results of the study showed when designing training programmes, coaches need to be specific with which muscles they need to improve, are related to the type of training exercise.

2.3 Tactical Analysis

2.3.1 Tennis

The study carried out by Hughes and Clark (1995) aimed to see if the surface of the court and gender have an effect on strategies for elite tennis players. The results showed that women played and won more points at the net on grass court surface. Therefore using this knowledge that more points were won at the net this will encourage elite players to approach the net more often knowing they can win points from this compared to staying on the baseline (Hughes & Clark, 1995). However when the women played at the Australian and US Open the women remained at the baseline rather than the net. This could be because the ball speed when played on grass is slower compared to clay. This is showing for each court surface players need to change their tactics. Overall the study found there was an effect on court surface and gender; this therefore shows that elite tennis players should create their own strategies taking into consideration the court surface. By using strategies it will increase chances of winning, by using your own knowledge of strengths and weaknesses as well as your opponents to your advantage (O’Donoghue & Ingram, 2001). The shortest rallies took place on grass court at Wimbledon where points were won mainly from service point.

2.3.2 Rugby

A study was carried out by Wheeler, Askew and Sayers, (2010) to see how skill execution related to attacking strategies in rugby union. In order to do this, a notational analysis system was created to collect all the necessary data. The results of the study showed offloading and tackle breaks were related with success. This finding proposed that teams were restricting the space for the ball carrier. Therefore this broke down the space and made it incredibly hard for the

8 ball carrier to make a successful off load of the ball due to having more than one defender in a tackle. This tactic proved successful at rugby union level. The study also showed how tackle breaks and line-breaks were associated with scoring tries; this was due to side-stepping manoeuvre. Therefore showing the most effective strategy when carrying the ball was side-stepping (Wheeler et al. 2010).

However when Laird and Lorimer (2004) carried out a study in international rugby, who found different successful tactics. The study showed an increase number of tries were scored when possession of the ball was gained further up field. This was due to the decreased amount of space the defenders had therefore making it harder for them to defend. By using this information coaches can facilitate and develop specific test procedure and training programs (Laird & Lorimer, 2004). Although the study thoroughly reviewed attacking strategies, there was no mention to any defensive decision-making that could affect the attack.

2.3.3 Hockey

Hockey and netball have similar attacking principles; for example, Whitaker (1992), describes a basic attacking strategy as ‘penetrative movement’, that means when receiving the ball your first movement should be to go forward, or at least threaten too. In netball when players receive the ball their first instincts is to pass the ball forward, in order to make their way down court towards the shooting circle.

Another principle in hockey is keeping possession of the ball and making sure you are controlled and composed in order to keep it (English Hockey Association, 2008). This also applies in netball because when you are being tightly marked by opponents, you need to be composed in order to keep possession and therefore possession is of most importance in scoring goals (Beagles, 1992).

Laird and Sutherland (2003) carried out a study looking at the successful and unsuccessful penalty corners in field hockey. A hand notational system was designed using two flow charts tables to allow a tally system. Altogether two

9 hundred and fifty penalty corners were analysed from hockey World Cup in Holland. The result showed that the most successful goals were straight shots at goal, or when they were flicked or undercut. The shots that were shot along the ground and on target were most likely saved by the goal keeper or defender. Therefore the most successful shots at goal on short corners are straight, flicked or undercut.

Laird and Sutherland (2003) discussed how coaches can use the information in order to benefit and improve the individual and team performance. It was concluded that in training sessions coaches should only concentrate on strategies that will be successful rather than spending time on tactics that aren’t. Therefore practicing the successful strategies such as new manoeuvres for short corner which are successful, rather than focusing on skills that aren’t as successful would be more beneficial. This study showed that tactics and strategies can be changed and re-prioritised by using performance analysis statistics, resulting in an increase chance in goal scoring and therefore winning (Laid & Sutherland, 2003).

2.4 Performance Analysis of Netball

There is limited research in netball specifically in shooting. However there are a number of studies that have looked at other areas using performance analysis (O'Donoghue, Mayes, Edwards and Garland, 2008; Steel & Chad, 1992). All of the other areas are useful and develop understanding of the game. A particular study looked at the role of each position and the effect they have on the game along with the physical demands on players. Davidson and Trewartha (2008) looked at the physical demands on three different elite players; goal shooters, centres and goal keepers by analysing their work to rest rate. The results showed that centre had the most physical demand compared with goal shooter and goal keeper, however all position have a different type of physical demand on the body. From this research it gained a wider range of knowledge about the movement patters of netball players with relation to position. However this research did not take into consideration specific movement patterns during the match and the environment (Steel & Chad, 1992). The sample taken was small

10 and should have been taken from each position rather than just three, as they all require different physical demands. This is because each position has different boundaries/areas which they are allowed in (Navin, 2012). For example the GS and GK are allowed in only one third where center (C) position in allowed in all three and has a greater amount of court area to move around.

2.5 Tactical Analysis of Netball

2.5.1 Tactics in netball

The main essential and principles that is required by a shooter is precise technique, composure, accuracy and rehearsed game pressure (Woodlands, 2006). Rehearsed game pressure is important particularly as there are only two players who can shoot therefore the rest of the team depends on them to score goals when they pass the ball to them. But even if any of the above requirements is not met by the shooters, Woodlands (2006) describes it will lead to the shooter being ‘lost’ when the pressure is on in a game. Therefore it is crucial the shooters are relaxed and ambitious to score at all opportunities given. It is also crucial that shooters are prepared to put in extra training time practicing, form all areas of the circle and be able to know where their most high success areas are (Navin, 2012).

In order for the players to score they need their team mates to bring the ball to them by utilizing each other and getting free upon several movements (Navin, 2008). The positions, which are most likely to feed the shooters, are wing attack (WA) and centre (C) this is because they are the only positions allowed in the attacking third as well as GS and GA. However the ball can be fed to shooters from the centre third but not the defending third as the ball is not allowed to travel over a third.

11 2.5.2 Feeding

When feeding into the circle the main players are C and WA just like the GS and GA they both must work together (Keenlan, 2006 2a). The primary focus for the feeders are to pass the ball to the shooter making sure its minimal effort for shooters to set up a shot (Navin, 2012). According to Navin (2012) who explains that the best place to make a pass into the shooting circle is from the edge. She also describes that feeds that are fed into the circle away from the edge, are under high pressure as the opponent will be marking the ball. Navin (2012) also describes that balls fed from the pockets of the D equals a cut in half of the space because of the baseline. However elite level performers have the ability to distribute high quality passes yet in a preferred situation they prefer to feed from a comfortable position which is a close angle and distance (Navin, 2012). During feeding it is important, to judge where the defender is, the position of the shooter and where the space is (Keenlan, 2006 2a). Once a pass has been made into the circle, feeders still need to be prepared for either of your shooters to pass back, therefore repositioning is important (Keenlan, 2006 2a). This also does not just apply when feeding the shooters this should be happening all the way down court.

In netball players have three seconds until they have to release the ball, therefore when feeding or making a pass if there is no option to pass straight away, players need to wait, watch and read the play (Keenlan, 2006). In past literature there is limited research to see if the positioning of the feed has an influence on shot outcome.

2.5.3 Defending

There is limited research, on how defenders affect the shooting outcome when marking the shot. The goal defence (GD) will try and stop the GA running into space. Goal keeper (GK) will work to stop the GS from receiving a pass (Hickey and Newton 2007). However Hickey and Newton (2007) explains that if a shooter receives a pass and attempts to shoot, it’s the defenders job to mark the shot and

12 add as much pressure as possible. From the analysis of literature regarding the effects defending has on shooters there appears to be a gap in research.

2.6 Shooting Tactics

The roles are different for GS and GA, mainly because there positioning boundaries are different. The green areas in figure 1, shows where the GS is allowed which is in the attacking goal third. The green area in figure 2, shows the GA is allowed in the centre and attacking third (Hickey & Newton, 2007).

Figure 1. Position boundary for Goal Shooter

Figure 2. Position boundary for Goal Attack

2.6.1 Roles of Shooters

There are many roles for the GS the main one is to shoot as many goals as possible (Woodlands, 2006). There are particular areas where the GS needs to have strength and be developing them at all times. These factors are suggested by Keenlan (2006 2b); GS needs to have strength to hold space in the shooting

13 circle but also strength to catch the ball in the air. The ability to move in small cramped spaces. Crouch (1992) agrees with this and how the GS needs to learn to govern space. The ability to make a move and turn it into another, whilst moving quickly and having good agility skills in the circle. Woodland (2006) describes if a shooter can show and have a diversity set of moves and leads in their performance, they can be described as a successful shooter. Crouch (1992) believes to progress GS skills further they need to work on rebounds, ready in case the other shooter misses when shooting. The former gold medallist in the world common wealth games for South Africa who was captain and played GS stated that most important skills needed are: short, quick definite movements, good movement in a restricted space, variety of shots, strong core and vision (Ian van Dyk, cited in Woodlands, 2006 p2).

According to Woodlands (2006) who describes the GA has two priorities; firstly to share the responsibility with the GS to score as many goals as possible and secondly link with the other feeders in order to get the ball to the circle. The GA needs strong drives outside the circle as well as being able to drive into the shooting circle while being aware of GS where the space is when entering (Keenlan, 2006). Crouch (1992) describes a GA needs to keep the ball moving all the time because set plays are easier to mark than variety of movement. Keenlan (2006) also talks about how the GA has a defending responsibility to stop the GD from attacking down court. Sharelle McMahon, (cited in Woodlands, 2006) who played GA for Australia and has won two gold medals at the Commonwealth Games believes changes in direction and speed is vital in a GA and ability to be fit in order to deal with the physical demands outside of the circle.

2.6.2 Relationship Between the GA & GS

It’s important that the GS and GA work the circle together ensuring they are balancing the area and space of the post. In order to change play around the GS maybe forced to come out of the circle to create space. This is supported by Beagles (1992) who discuss that, if the GS was forced to move out of the circle or towards the edge, the GA needs to be aware of the space the GS is creating for them, and run into the space. Beagles (1992) describes that this will also happen

14 if the GD and GK are double marking the GS, the C and WA need to be aware and look for the GA running into space as they will be a free player. By having a constant variety of change in attack this will make it harder for the defence to mark (Beagles, 1992).

Important aspect for the GS and GA is to be aware of where the ball is, in relation to what side and positions on court and therefore position themselves free on that side ready to either move again or receive a pass (Beagles, 1992). In order for this to happen the attacker needs to protect their space instead of leading a dodge (Navin, 2012). In terms of the shooter, if they were to attempt to shoot from the edge of the circle, there is an increased chance of an error happening compared to being close to the post as possible (Beagles, 1992).

15

CHAPTER THREE

3. METHOD

3.1 Overall Design

Overall ten Super League Matches were analysed and statistics were taken from each team, therefore results were from twenty teams. The data was collected in an Excel spread sheet and the matches were pre-recorded from Sky Sports TV. A pilot study was carried out, to test the hand notation system followed by a reliability study. Once the data was in Excel the data was rearranged in order to carry out the Friedman test and Wilcoxon test to extract appropriate results. Ethical approval was accepted by Cardiff Metropolitan Ethics Committee (Apendix A).

3.2 Action Variables

There are a number of performance indicators used in order to collect all the necessary data, these are: - The position of the feeder - Position of the shooter - Type of shot - Who shot, either GS or GA - How many defenders are marking the shot - Outcome of the shot

3.3 System Design

In order to analyse 10 netball matches, a forty two inch TV was used to play the video footages and a hand notational system was used to record the data which was inputted straight into Microsoft Excel. The TV footages was pre recorded on Sky Sport and therefore allowing the footage to be stopped, paused, fast- forwarded and rewound at any point during the analysis. When analysing the matches it took two and half hours to complete one match there for taking twenty five hours to complete all the matches.

17

A table was designed in order to record the performance indicators. The table has nine main columns, which are recorded using numbers, letters and tally’s. The first four columns are information leading up to the shot and the other five are to do with the shooter information specifically. Below in I Table 1, shows the design of the hand notation, data was recorded for every attempted shot at goal.

Match Quarter Penalty/ Feeder Shooter Shooter Defender Shot Outcome Rebound Position position Type GA GS 1 2 3 S M Table 1. Notational system design.

3.4 Operation Definitions

Match – Initials of the team were used to record which team shot, e.g. LL = Loughborough Lighting.

Quarter – numbers 1-4 were used to label which quarter the shots were taken in.

Penalty/Rebound – ‘P’ was used if a penalty was awarded therefore effecting the feed or shot at goal. Penalty will be awarded when there is either a contact or obstruction (Woodlands, 2006). ‘R’ was recorded if the ball was rebounded by a shooter and reshot. A rebound happens when there is a missed shot at goal, when this happens the shooters and defenders both have a chance to get the ball (Woodlands, 2006). In this system it was only marked when the shooter got the rebound, and took a shot.

Feeder Position – Numbers 1-10 were used to label where the feeder was stood when passing to the shooter. The figure 3 below shows all the possible positions where the feeder would have been stood.

18

Figure 3. Different feed areas

Shooter Position – Numbers 1-7 were used to record where the shooter was standing when taking a shot at goal. The shooting circle was split into 7 sections seen below in figure 4.

Figure 4. Different shooting areas

Shooter – the shooter column was split into two with the headings GA and GS. A tally was used to mark who took the shot at goal.

Defender – 0, 1 and 2 numbers were used to record how many defenders were marking the shot.

Shot Type – Letter A to H were used to record the type of shot:

19 A = Standard 2 feet shot – the shooter has both feet parallel on the floor, shoulder width apart. It was not considered a standard shot if her feet left the floor during release or if the feet were not parallel.

B = Step in Shot – was recorded when a shooter placed one foot forward when shooting, even a small step was counted. In order to step in the shooter must be balanced and feel comfortable doing it with (Keenlan, 2006).

C = Step back shot – the shooter takes a step back away from the post to give them self space away from the defender’s outstretched marking arm (Woodlands, 2006).

D = step left shot – was recorded when the shooter side-stepped to the left and took a shot at goal. This may happen when the defender is positioned to the side of the shot (Woodlands, 2006). The movement is lateral therefore the shooter may use this step for a better angle to shoot from.

E = Step right shot – is the same as D however, step to the right not left.

F = Running Shot – also known as lay-up shot. The shot at goal is a continuous movement and when the ball is released at the highest point when shooter is elevated off the ground (Keenlan, 2006).

G = Falling out of court shot – shooter is falling out of court on the back line, at the same time taking a shot at goal (Keenlan, 2006).

H = Jump Shot – similar to the standard shot, however the jump shot consists of a little jump at the release stage (Woodlands, 2006). Keenlan (2006) suggests this happens, when a shooter needs to take a quick shot to avoid the defender from marking the shot.

Outcome – The column was split into two with headings S = success and M = miss. Tally’s were marked in the column showing the outcome of the shot.

20

For every attempted shot, all the necessary data was imputed into the hand notational system. During the analysis the analyst had a sheet in front of them which is shown in figure 5, showing feed and shooting areas and the list of different types of shots. This was to minimize confusion for the analyst and increase the accuracy of the testing procedure.

Figure 5. Information sheet with a key for; type of shot, feed area and shooting area.

3.5 Pilot study

A pilot study was carried out to ensure the hand notation system worked efficiently. According to O’Donoghue (2010) a pilot test will ensure unseen errors to be experienced while testing which will allow time to resolve the problem. Also a pilot test will make sure the data collected includes all the required data (O’Donoghue, 2010). After carrying out the pilot study, (see in appendices B) the system worked except for situations where there was a penalty in the shooting

21 circle or a shooter got a rebound. Therefore an extra column was added to the system called penalty/rebound while testing. It worked efficiently and recorded all the required data.

3.6 Reliability

There are two types of reliability inter-operator and intra-operator. Intra-operator includes that same observer analysing the same match twice. Although it’s a way to check the system inter-operator is more reliable. Inter-operator consists of the two observers analysing the same match, this allows and shows that the system can be used successfully and record data which is independent of the individual operator perception (O’Donoghue, 2010). Also according to O’Donoghue this will allow the objectivity of the system to be seen, during inter-operator. Kappa determines the proportion between time agreed by observer one and two (O’Donoghue, 2012). O’Donoghue stated a very good Kappa Value is 0.8, below table 2, shows the values with colour representation of strength agreement.

Kappa Value Strength of Agreement Colour Code

0.8-1.0 Very Good

0.6-0.8 Good

0.4-0.6 Moderate

0.2-0.4 Fair

0.0-0.2 Poor

Table 2, Agreement of Kappa suggested by Altman (1991) cited in O’Donoghue (2012)

In this study inter-operation reliability study was carried out using half a netball match on each performance indicator, O’Donoghue stated an acceptable kappa value is 0.8. Figure 6 shows the Kappa Values for each performance indicator and (individual Kappa can be seen in appendices C) is colour related with Altman’s (1991) sited in O’Donoghue (2012) agreement colour code. As seen

22 below the strength of the reliability is between 1 - 0.7 showing a good strength of agreement in accordance to O’Donoghue accepted Kappa value.

1.0 0.9 0.8

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

Kappa Kappa Value 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Performance Indicators

Figure 6. Kappa Value of agreement for each performance indicators, colour coded.

3.7 Data Source

All together data was collected from twenty Super League Netball teams which were: Loughborough Lightning, Manchester Thunder, Celtic Dragons, Hertfordshire Mavericks, Surrey Storm, Brunel Hurricanes and Team Bath 2012- 2013 series. All video footages were recorded on Sky Sports, and therefore already approved protocol. During the study there was no contact with any of the players.

23 3.8 Matches Used

All together 10 matches were analysed resulting in data from 20 teams. Below is a list of all the matches which were analysed: 1. Loughborough Lightning V Manchester Thunder 2. Celtic Dragons V Hertfordshire Mavericks 3. Hertfordshire Mavericks V Manchester Thunder 4. Hertfordshire Mavericks V Surrey Storm 5. Team Bath V Celtic Dragons 6. Celtic Dragons V Surrey Storm 7. Team Bath V Manchester Thunder 8. Celtic Dragons V Surrey Storm (semi finals) 9. Team Bath V Celtics Dragons (finals) 10. Team Bath V Brunel Hurricanes

Matches used in this study provided the necessary information to collect all the data. In this study the level of standard was looked at rather than one team, therefore the matches chosen were the games broadcasted on Sky TV.

3.9 Data analysis

All data was collected on an Excel spread sheet, this saved time instead of writing on paper and then typing up the results. The data was inputted in to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) in order to carry out the Freidman test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. However before this can happen the data, needs to be in the correct format to be able to transfer the data and work out the average means, standard deviation and percentages. In order to do this pivot tables were created.

Data in SPSS, two statistical tests were used; Friedman Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The Freidman is a non-parametric test and is used, when testing three or more related samples, if the p vale is less than 0.05, this means there is a significant difference (O’Donoghue, 2012). The Wilcoxon Test is used when there are two repeated measure it is the opposite of paired sample t-test.

24 The Wilcoxon test was used when looking at the GA and GS because they are two repeated measures. If there was a significant difference between the performance indicators, the Wilcoxon test was used to look into further which were significant and which were not.

25 CHAPTER FOUR

4. Results

4.1 Quarter

Figure 7, shows the number of shots scored and missed for each quarter on average for each match. Overall the results for each quarter are very similar and not a large difference. From the bar chart it shows the most shots were successfully scored in the fourth quarter, and in the same quarter the most amount of misses. A Friedman tests was performed in SPSS to see if there was a significant difference, the result showed P = 0.387 meaning there was no significant difference. For there to be a significant difference p needs to equal lower than 0.05 (O’Donoghue, 2012).

20

18

16

14

12

10 missed 8 scored

6

Average Goals Scored & Missed & Scored Goals Average 4

2

0 1 2 3 4 Quarter

Figure 7. The average number of shots scored and missed in each quarter

27 4.2 Shot Type

Figure 3, represents the average mean and standard deviation in scored, missed, total and percentage for each type of shot. The results show shot type A and B were used the most compared to the other types of shots. Shot type A success percentage rate was 74.7%, and for type B it was 73.0%, these are very close percentages. Altogether more shots were taken using shot type A than B. These results show although more players shot using a standard shot, the success rate was better when players stepped in to shoot. Shot types C to H were used a lot less compared to A and B and the success percentage for each of them were inconsistent ranging 5% to 60%. However further calculation of the mean and standard deviation were done on types C, D, E, F and G, showing 78% success rate therefore when the types of shots are performed correctly, goals are scored. The Freidman test was carried out to see if there was a significant difference with a p value of 0.501 showing there was not.

Shot Type Scored Missed Total Percentage Standard Shot 35.4 + 11.4 12.3 + 6 47.7 + 14.5 74.7 + 10.2 Step In Shot 12.2 + 11.4 2.1 + 1.9 14.4 + 12.7 73.0 + 29.8 Step Back Shot 1.3 + 1.2 0.7 + 1.4 1.8 + 1.4 64.8 + 42.5 Step Left Shot 0.9 + 1.1 0.1 + 0.2 0.9 + 1.1 47.5 + 49.9 Step Right Shot 0.2 + 0.4 0.2 + 0.5 0.4 + 0.6 20.0 + 41.0 Running Shot 0.3 + 0.7 0.1 + 0.2 0.3 + 0.8 12.5 + 31.9 Falling out of 0.3 + 0.6 0.4 + 0.5 0.6 + 0.8 15.0 + 32.8 Court Shot Jump Shot 0.1 + 0.2 0.0 + 0.0 0.1 + 0.2 5.0 + 22.4 Not Types A&B 15.1 + 13.0 1.3 + 1.4 18.3 + 14.4 78.8 + 18.3 Table 3. The mean and standard deviation for scored, missed, total and percentage for each type of shot.

28 4.3 Defender

In figure 8 the results represent the amount of goals scored and missed under different shooting conditions, how many defenders were marking the shot? It clearly shows the most shots were taken when only 1 defender was marking the shot. This was when most shots were scored and most misses occurred. When there were two defenders marking there were more shots successful and little missed, even though the total number of shots were less, there were less shots missed. The Freidman test was performed to see if there was a significant difference and there wasn’t p = 0.431.

60

50

40

30

Missed Axis TitleAxis 20 Scored

10

0 0 1 2 Defender

Figure 8. Shots scored and missed under different marking conditions

4.4 Shooter

Figure 9 shows the mean amount of goals scored and missed. Overall the goal shooter had the greatest amount of shots and also the most amount of misses. The goal attack had fewer amount of shots than the goal shooter however still a lot of misses. A Wilcoxon test was done in order to see if there was a significant difference between them both. P = 0.28 meaning there was a significant difference between the GS and GA.

29 50

45

40

35

30

25 Missed 20 Scored 15

Average Goals Scored & Missed & Scored Goals Average 10

5

0 GA GS Shooter

Figure 9. The average amount of goals scored and missed by the GA and GS.

4.5 Feeder Position

Figure 10 shows the different feed areas with the mean and total, with percentage of shot success. The area which was the most successful was area 2. However in area 2 there were less feeds in comparison to area 4 on the opposite. The area which had the highest total of feeds was in area 4. Areas 8, 9 and 10 are the furthest areas from the shooting circle and had the least amount of feeds. 9 and 10 feed areas have 100% success rate however there were the least amount of feeds from these area. In Figure 10 it shows the further away the feed form the circle the decrease in amount of feeds.

30

Figure 10. The different feed areas on court with average and percentage success rate.

4.6 Shooter Position

Figure 11 shows the difference circle areas 1-7 with the mean and total with percentages of success rate in that area. Area 1 shows the highest amount of shots taken and also the most successful. Area 1 is the closest area to the post. The results show that the further away the shooters are shooting away from the post the decrease in success rate and total amount of shots taken. A Friedman test was done on areas 1-4 and is showed there was a significant difference, of 0.033.

31

Figure 11. Different shooting areas with the average means and percentages of successful shots.

32

CHAPTER FIVE

33 5. DISCUSSION

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the results and highlight the findings. Altogether ten matches were analysed which allowed twenty statistics extracted altogether, as both teams were analysed during one match. The purpose of the study was to see if performance indicators had an effect on shot outcome.

The null hypothesis of this study was shot outcome will not be influenced by any factors. This hypothesis has been rejected, and the alternative hypothesis has been accepted. The alternative hypothesis was that shot outcome would be affected by one factor. This is agreed as more than one factor affected shot outcome.

5.1 Factors Not Affecting Shot Outcome

Three performance indicators did not affect shot outcome which were the amount of defenders marking, quarter and type of shot.

5.1.1 Quarter

The quarter did not affect shooting outcome during this investigation. The results for goals scored and missed during all quarters were similar in results, although quarter four did show a small increase in scored and missed shots. Reasons for this could be either fatigue or pressure, which could cause mistakes, however there is no past research in order to support this theory. Ahmed (2013) carried out a study in basketball players, to see if passing accuracy and grip strength was affected when player’s upper body was extremely fatigued. Netball and basketball have similar factors such as the constant changing in pace, involving accelerations and explosive movements just like passing and rebounding. The results showed fatigue did affect passing accuracy; this does not justify the findings in this study as Ahmed (2013) carried it out on junior players and not in a competitive environment. The current study looked at elite performers; previous training would have been carried out in order to prepare the athletes to cope with the high intensity demands on the body physically and mentally. Psychological

34 pressure may affect the players in matches for example shooting outcome especially if the match is close in score, however further research needs to carried out in order to justify this.

5.1.2 Defender

Shots were missed when shooters were unmarked during the study. In netball, defenders don’t want shooters taking shots unmarked. However in some situations it is unavoidable, for example when an umpire has blown obstruction against both circle defence, the shooter is awarded with a penalty shot (England Netball, 2009). If this situation were to happen near the edge of the circle the shooter taking the penalty has two options, either shoot or pass. This is also known as boxed out situation too defenders, as shown in diagram 3. The GA has the ball and GD has been pulled up for obstruction and has to stand by the GA side. The GS is being restricted to only a small area where they cannot receive a pass because of the tight restriction marked by GK. The GK has chosen to do this to force the GA to shoot and stop a ‘bounce’ or ‘pop pass’ to the GS. A shooter is more likely to miss from far out than in close proximity to the post.

Figure 12. Boxed out set up

Largest total of goals scored and missed were when only one defender was marking the shot. A commonly used defence strategy is man to man marking also known as one on one marking. This type of defence includes each payer closing

35 down there positional opponent keeping them away from activity on court, a GD or GK will restrict the shooters from shooting (Woodlands, 2006). Man to man is also about stopping or delaying your opposition from receiving or making an effective pass. This strategy is predominantly used and supported and why more shots were taken with one defender marking. By marking man to man it restricts shooter from making ‘pop passes’ to each other in the circle to get shots closer to the post.

Fewer shots were taken altogether with two defenders marking however in comparison to successful shots there were less misses as well. This could be due to their shooting position; under the post. In netball both defenders will double mark the shooter when they are close to the post and not likely to pass to the other shooter. Therefore adding as much pressure as possible, to force a miss shot. High performance level shooters should not be missing under the post, as this should be the norm to them.

5.1.3 Shot Type

This study focused on the different types of shots looking at the feet position. The investigation wanted to see if the type of shot had an effect of the shooting outcome. The Freidman test was carried out to see if there was a significant difference, results showed there was not.

However, standard and step in shot types were used considerable increased amount than the others. Standard shot was shown in the results to be the most used and successful shot. Standard shot includes feet shoulder width apart allowing the shooter to be balanced (Shakespear & Caldow, 2009). If a shooter had a stance too wide the player would find it hard to move quickly after shooting and a stance too narrow the shooter would be off balanced resulting in a miss (Keenlan, 2006b).

Step in shot was the second most used shot, this maybe because of the style of the shoot. There are two techniques Australian high release and Caribbean shot. During a Caribbean shot the feet position can be positioned in two ways either

36 parallel, shoulder width apart or one foot in front of the other. Therefore this accounted for the increase in step in shots during the study. Both techniques are successful and balanced, Keenlan, (2006b) stated as long the shooters keeps their ‘central of gravity over their feet’, their position will be balanced.

Shooters will always shoot in a preferred, practiced and balanced position however sometimes they have to change in order to get a clear short at goal. When a defender is tall shooters, have the option to step back or to the side, this allowed for greater distance between the ball and defenders hand (Shakespear & Caldow, 2009) and clearer vision. However, it prolongs the flight of the ball and increases the chances of tall defence making tips. A shooter may use the jump shot top to get height to see over the defences marking. These are reason why shooter would use these alternative ways to shoot and why there can be unsuccessful. Literature states that when stepping away from defender, shooters should use a small step, if the step is too long there is a high chance of being unbalanced (Shakespear & Caldow, 2009). Therefore this could be a factor which affects shot type backwards, forward and side when shooting on one foot, causing them to be off balanced and force miss shot.

5.2 Factors Affecting Shot Outcome

Three factors effected shot outcome during this investigation they were shooter, feed areas and shooting area.

5.2.1 Shooter Effects

Wilcoxon test was carried to see if there was a significant different between the GA and GS. The results showed there was with a p value of 0.28. Although there was large difference in amount of shots the success percentages were similar percentages with only 8% difference on average.

37 The GS main job is to score goals and have the necessary skills to work in a confined space (Association and England Netball, 2009). A GS will use less energy than other position however they still need to have good stamina to shoot but also strength to hold themselves against defenders. When attacking down court the main aim is to feed the ball to the shooter allowing them to take a shot. The GS predominant space on court is in the circle. Occasionally there times when they drive out in order to create space. Therefore because the GS is mostly in the D they are most likely option to pass the ball too. The GA will assist the GS by helping the attack bring the ball to the edge of the D.

The GA has other responsibilities than shooting and also a larger boundary area; the GA has to work together with WA off centre passes, in order to create plays to move forward towards the goal (Keenlan, 2006b). The GA also has a responsibility to defend the GD and stop them from attacking down court, however when there is a turn over there is a greater distance for the GA to travel to the circle compared to GS and therefore GS will be in stronger position than GA.

Predominantly in netball set plays from centre pass conclude with the GS shooter taking the shot, however this is not always possible when defence are strong. It was discussed in O’Donoghue, Mayes, Edwards and Garland, (2008) study looking at top and bottom teams in Super League Netball. The results discussed how top of the table teams defence were successful in gaining interceptions and defensive rebounds, this may be explained by hard defending and man to man marking.

5.2.2 Feed Position Effects

Although the results shows 100% success rate on average for a match in areas 9 and 10. This does not mean tactics should be changed in order to feed from these areas as because the total amount fed from those areas is very low, and also high risk feed area of being intercepted along with area 8 as well. Out of 20 teams the feed position 8, 9 and 10 were used very little. Past literature has stated when feeding into the attacking D, in order to have a high success rate of

38 pass the closer the feed from circle edge the higher the success rate, and less chance of interception because the ball is in flight a shorter amount of time (Navin, 2012; Shakespear & Caldow, 2009). This was shown in the current study in areas 2, 3 and 4 the average percentage had high success rate. However in area 2 which showed the highest percentage, the amount of feeds in total in area 2 is 2/5 smaller than area 4. However area 2 is the most successful feed area and should be used more.

On the left side of the court nearly triple more feeds were fed from area 5 compared to 2. After finding this result further investigation was carried out, in order to find out why this happened. When looking back at matches teams with tall shooter were more likely to feed the shooter with an overhead type of pass. On centre passes when the ball was received in area 5, the receivers were turning inwards therefore taking less time to see down court. And instead of making short sharp passes that ball was directly thrown into the shooter using an overhead type of pass. This was seen particularly a lot in Celtic Dragons who have a very tall shooter, this tactic was successful however the percentage of success rate was not 100%. When feeding from area 5 the accuracy of the pass has to be accurate. When the GS receiving this pass was most likely on their right side there could be a link with dominant hand to side. And feeding from area five is risky as the ball is in flight longer allowing defence time. However if a shooter was not tall this tactic would not be effective.

When attacking down the left side, diagram 3 shows the direction of the attackers with relation to right and left side. The defenders were stronger and more tips and interceptions were made therefore attack took the ball right only occasionally using the left side, yet when they did feed from the left it was highest success rate. From finding this the circle defence were then looked at in more detail, the same occurrence happened. If a weak pass was made to the left the defender were very quick and interception and tips were made which is to be expected in high level elite performers, however less amount on the right side. After finding this pattern the left side of the court is the defenders right side as they are facing the other way. Therefore the right ride of the defence was stronger and right side in attack was stronger. Further research should be carried out to see if there is a

39 relationship with defenders dominant hand in comparison to defending areas on court.

Further investigation also found when the attackers were on a particular side, the defence’s tactic was to stop the attack from swinging the ball, across D. This was not always achieved, however the intentions could be seen.

Figure 13. The left and right side of the court in context with the attacking direction

5.2.3 Shooter Position Effects

The current investigation showed there was a significant difference between the different areas in the shooting circle. The results showed the closer the proximity to the post the greater the shot percentage outcome. This is also supported by O’Donoghue and Roberts (2013) who carried out a study to see if momentum existed in netball shooters. In the study percentages of different shots areas were calculated, diagram 4 below shows the results. This supported the current study’s finding and therefore shooters should aim to take a shot, as close as possible to

40 the post. With high level performance shooters, it’s important that shots missed do not affect performance, Roberts and O’Donoghue (2013), suggested in order to handle missed shots shooters should focus on the next chance to shoot. However when playing against strong opposition when shooter receive the ball in circle they need to shoot in order to win, therefore they need to have high successful shooting rate from all areas of the circle. It was discussed earlier the importance of practicing from all areas and in pressured environments. This study showed shooting accuracy needs to be improved.

It was concluded in a basketball study by Okazaki and Rodacki, (2012) who looked at shooting and how increased distance affected a jump shot. Although this study was carried out in basketball, they both share similarities, especially as netball originated from basketball. The finding showed, when shooting distance increased, the accuracy decreased this is also shown in results for shooting area in and O’Donoghue and Roberts (2013) study.

Figure 14. Shot percentages calculated for different areas of the shooting circle (O’Donnoghue and Roberts, 2013).

5.3 Strengths and Limitations

The study showed many strengths; including the quality of the video footage used. The video was pre-recorded on Sky Sports and watched on a forty two inch TV, this increased the footage clarity. The high quality footage allowed for clear identification on who was shooting and areas players were feeding and shooting from. However although the footage was high pixel quality the coverage was a

41 limitation to the study during collection of results. The camera on occasions replayed previous plays and zoomed in on coaches and crowds. On these occasion data could not be collected. This also happened in the shooting circle, there were times when the shooters position of their feet were not always visible due to camera angle therefore data could not be collected.

The performance indicators used in the study accounted for all affects which could happen to shot outcome. The data collected, analysts can use the information to feedback to coaches on areas of strength and improvements. For example the shot success rate for different areas needs to be improved. However actual players positioning could be taken into consideration, especially when substitutions are made in the shooter circle. If you have a shooter who is not performing in quarter one for example, a substitution has been made and that player shoots exemplary. Therefore for every new shooter a new set of stats should have been carried out. Also by adding in which players were making feeds a further investigation could have been carried out, to see if specific players/positioning feed from dominate areas. Another limitation was types of shot as it did not take into consideration in the definition of the style specifically the Caribbean shot. When shooters were stepping in this was also included when a Caribbean shot was taken. Therefore further investigation needs to be carried out to see if the two different types of styles have an effect.

Strength to the study includes the level in which were analysed, elite performers. Super league netball is the highest level of netball and shows statistics for good model of practice. The results are useful to the players but also others who are aiming for that level. Elite performers are role models for many adults and children aspiring to be perform like them.

5.4 Practical Implications

Practical implications can be made from this study. Coaches can see clearly which feed areas were the most successful and areas which were at greater risk of being unsuccessful. The type of shot which was the most successful was the standard and step in shot. These two types could also be classed at Australia

42 high release and Caribbean shot. It showed the best places to shoot from which was closer to the post, therefore coaches can use this to create tactics and utilise it in training and games.

43

CHAPTER SIX

44 6. CONCLUSION

6.1 Findings of the Study

The findings of the study showed shooter, feed area and shooting position had an effect on the shot outcome. Therefore the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The results concluded that most successful feed area was area two however altogether feeds were most successful when the ball was fed from the circle edge, which was suggested by Navin, (2012), Shakespear and Caldow, (2009). Shooters got more shots in when they were closer to the post however, accuracy in areas furthest away needed to be improved.

Implications of the study allowed coaches to the use information to feedback to players and team. As well as using the information to make decision and base training session on tactics, which work instead of those which, are successful.

6.2 Future Research

The study has found a number of areas which further research could be carried out in the future:

 In relationship with the quarter, further research could be carried out to see if fatigue or psychological effects have an affect on the players standard of performance.  If there is a relationship with defenders dominant hand in comparison to defending areas on court.  Further investigation could carried out to see if the shooting style Caribbean shot and Australian High Release have an effect on shooting outcome.  Instead of just analysing the different types of shots, the types of passes could also be looked at and see which types are most successful and less chance of being intercepted.

45 Reference

Ahmed, T. (2013) The effect of upper extremity fatigue on grip strength and passing accuracy in junior basketball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 37, 71.

Beagles, I. (1992) Progressing Skills Into Tactics. In: Crouch, H. ed. Netball Coaching. 2nd ed. London: A and C Black Publishers.

Bartlett R. (2001) Performance analysis: Can bringing together biomechanics and notational analysis benefit coaches? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 1(1), 122-122.

Cornwell, G. (1992) The Basic Skills od Netball. In: Crouch, H. ed. Netball Coaching. 2nd ed. London: A and C Black Publishers.

Crouch, H. (1992) The netball coaching manual. London: A & C Black

Davidson, A., & Trewartha, G. (2008) Understanding the physiological demands of netball: A time-motion investigation. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 8(3), 1-1

Delextrat, A., & Goss-Sampson, M. (2010) Kinematic analysis of netball goal shooting: A comparison of junior and senior players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(12), 1299-1307

English Hockey Association. (2008) Hockey. London: A. & C. Black

Evans, S. (1998) Winners and errors. The Badminton Associated of England Limited: Coaches Bulletin ‘Courtside’, 108 8-9.

Galsworthy, B. (1997) Netball: The Skills of the Game. Ramsbury: Crowood Press (UK).

Hickey, J. and Newton, A. (2007) Understanding Netball. Leeds: Coachwise.

47 Hughes, M. and Bartlett, R. (2008) what is performance analysis? In M. Hughes and I.M. Franks (eds, Essentials of Performance Analysis. An introduction (pp.8-20), London: Routledge

Hughes, M. and Clark, S. (1995) Surface effect on elite tennis strategy. In Science and Racket Sports (edited by T.Reilly, M. hughes and A. Lees), pp. 272-277. London: E & FN Spon.

Hughes, M., Dawkins, N., David, R. and Mills, J. (1997) The perturbation effects and goal opportunities in soccer. Journal of Sport Sciences, 16, 20.

Hughes, M. and Franks, I.M. (2004) Notational Analysis of Sport: Systems for Better Coaching and Performance in Sport. 2nd ed. London: Psychology Press.

In Association, England Netball, & England Netball. (2009) Netball. London: A. & C. Black

Keelan, A., Webster, J., & All Australia Netball Association. (2006a) High performance: Centre court notes. (). Harris Park, NSW: All Australia Netball Association

Keelan, A., Webster, J., & All Australia Netball Association. (2006b) High performance: Goal shooting notes. (). Harris Park, NSW: All Australia Netball Association

Laird, P., and Lorimer, R.. (2004) An examination of try scoring in rugby union: A review of international rugby statistics. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 72-72.

Laird P, & Sutherland P. (2003) Penalty corners in field hockey: A guide to success. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 3(1), 19-19.

Lees, D.A. (1992) The Application Of Biomechanics To Netball Skills. In: Crouch, H. ed. Netball Coaching. 2nd ed. London: A and C Black Publishers.

48 MacIntosh, B. R., & Rassier, D. E. (2002) What is fatigue? Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquée, 27(1), 42-55. doi:10.1139/h02-003

Navin, A. (2008) Netball: Skills, Techniques, Tactics. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press.

Navin, A. (2012) Netball practices and training: A practical guide for players and coaches. Ramsbury: Crowood

O'Donoghue, P. (2006) "The use of feedback videos in sport", International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-1.

O'Donoghue, P. (2010) Research Methods for Sports Performance Analysis. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.

O' Donoghue, P., & Ingram, B. (2001) A notational analysis of elite tennis strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(2), 107-115

O'Donoghue, P., & MyiLibrary. (2010) Research methods for sports performance analysis. New York: Routledge

O'Donoghue, P., & MyiLibrary. (2012) Statistics for sport and exercise studies: An introduction. New York: Routledge

O'Donoghue, P., Mayes, A., Edwards, K. M., & Garland, J. (2008) Performance norms for british national super league netball. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 3(4), 501-511

Roberts C and O'Donoghue P. (2013) Momentum in netball shooting. In: Peters, D. M., & O'Donoghue, P. Performance analysis of sport IX. London: Taylor and Francis. 136-142.

49 Shakespear, W., & Caldow, M. (2009) Netball: Steps to success. Leeds: Human Kinetics

Steele, J.R and Chad, K.E. (1991) An analysis of the movement patterns of netball players during match play: Implications for designing training programs. Sport Coach, 15, p21-28.

Thomas, M. (2000) Netball: Know the Game. 3rd ed. London: A. & C. Black

Treadwell, P.J. (1998) Computer aided match analysis of selected ball-games (soccer and rugby union) In T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids and and W. Murphy (eds), Science and Football II. London: E & F Spon.

Underwood, G. and McHeath, J. (1997) ‘Video analysis in tennis coaching’, British Journal of Physical Education, 8: 136-8

Whitaker, D.L. (1992) The Hockey Workshop: A Complete Game Guide. Marlborough: Crowood.

Wheeler, K. W., Askew, C. D., & Sayers, M. G. (2010) Effective attacking strategies in rugby union. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(4), 237- 242.

Woodlands, J. (2006) The netball handbook. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Wheeler, J. (1976) Better netball. London: Kaye & Ward

50

APPENDICES

1 APPENDICES A

When undertaking a research or enterprise project, Cardiff Met staff and students are obliged to complete this form in order that the ethics implications of that project may be considered. If the project requires ethics approval from an external agency such as the NHS or MoD, you will not need to seek additional ethics approval from Cardiff Met. You should however complete Part One of this form and attach a copy of your NHS application in order that your School is aware of the project. The document Guidelines for obtaining ethics approval will help you complete this form. It is available from the Cardiff Met website. Once you have completed the form, sign the declaration and forward to your School Research Ethics Committee. PLEASE NOTE: Participant recruitment or data collection must not commence until ethics approval has been obtained. PART ONE Name of applicant: Tessa Louise Langford Supervisor (if student project): POD School: School of Sport Student number (if applicable): St20006460 Programme enrolled on (if applicable): Sports Coaching Project Title: Notational Analysis in Shooting for Super League Netball Players

Expected Start Date: 23/09/2013 Approximate Duration: 7 Months Funding Body (if applicable): Click here to enter text. Other researcher(s) working on the If your collaborators are external to Cardiff Met, project: include details of the organisation they represent. Will the study involve NHS patients or No staff? Will the study involve taking samples of No human origin from participants?

In no more than 150 words, give a non technical summary of the project The project I am going to research is if shot outcome is affected by different variables at Super League Netball level. The performance indicators will be; quarter, shooter, feed position, shooter position, shot type, defender and outcome. A hand notational system will be designed to collect the necessary data, which will be transferred into Excel. The data will then be exported into SPSS where two non-parametric tests will be carried out to see if

A-1 there is significant difference.

Does your project fall entirely within one of the following categories: Paper based, involving only documents No in the public domain Laboratory based, not involving human No participants or human tissue samples Practice based not involving human No participants (eg curatorial, practice audit) Compulsory projects in professional No practice (eg Initial Teacher Education) If you have answered YES to any of these questions, no further information regarding your project is required. If you have answered NO to all of these questions, you must complete Part 2 of this form

DECLARATION: I confirm that this project conforms with the Cardiff Met Research Governance Framework Signature of the applicant: Date: Tessa Langford

FOR STUDENT PROJECTS ONLY Name of supervisor: Date: Pete O’Donoghue

Signature of supervisor:

Research Ethics Committee use only Decision reached: Project approved Project approved in principle Decision deferred Project not approved Project rejected Project reference number: 13/05/211U Name: Peter O’Donoghue Date: 31/10/2013

Signature:

Details of any conditions upon which approval is dependant:

A-2 Click here to enter text.

A-3 APPENDICES B

Pilot Study

Match/ Quarter Penalty/ Feeder Shooter Shooter Defender Shot Outcome Team Rebound Position Position Type GA GS 0 1 2 B 1 2 4 GS 0 A S TN 1 4 2 GS 2 A M B 1 2 2 GA 1 A S TN 1 P 1 GS 1 A S B 1 3 3 GS 1 A M TN 1 3 1 GS 1 A S B 1 2 3 GS 1 A S B 1 3 3 GS 1 A M B 1 4 4 GS 1 A S B 1 1 1 GS 1 A M B 1 P 1 GS 0 A S TN 1 1 1 GS 0 A S TN 1 7 1 GS 0 A M TN 1 R 1 GS 1 A M TN 1 R 1 GS 2 A M TN 1 P 1 GS 0 A S TN 1 2 1 GS 1 A S B 1 P 5 GA 0 A M TN 1 P 1 GS 1 A M TN 1 P 1 GS 0 A M B 1 4 4 GS 1 A S TN 1 P 4 GS 1 A M TN 1 R 1 GA 1 A S B 1 3 3 GS 1 A M TN 1 4 4 GA 1 A M TN 1 3 3 GA 1 A M B 1 4 1 GS 2 A M B 1 R 1 GS 1 A M TN 1 4 3 GS 1 A M TN 2 2 1 GS 2 A M TN 2 P 1 GS 1 A S B 2 P 4 GS 1 A M B 2 4 4 GS 1 A M B 2 R 1 GA 1 A S TN 2 2 2 GA 1 A M TN 2 P 2 GA 1 E M TN 2 R 1 GS 1 A S

A-4 TN 2 1 3 GA 1 A S TN 2 1 1 GS 1 A S B 2 3 3 GA 1 C M B 2 3 1 GS 2 S TN 2 2 4 GS 1 A S TN 2 2 2 GA 1 D M B 2 P 3 GA 1 A S TN 2 4 4 GA 1 A M TN 2 R 1 GS 2 A S B 2 P 4 GA 1 A M B 2 R 1 GS 0 G M TN 2 1 1 GS 0 A S B 2 1 1 GS 1 B M B 2 P 1 GS 0 A M B 2 R 1 GS 2 A M B 2 P 1 GS 0 A S B 2 2 2 GS 2 B M B 2 P 2 GS 1 E M B 2 P 1 GA 1 M B 2 P 1 GA 0 A M B 2 R GA 1 A S B 2 1 1 GS 1 A S TN 2 1 1 GS 0 A M B 2 1 1 GS 1 A S TN 2 2 1 GS 0 A S B 2 1 1 GA 1 A M TN 2 2 2 GA 1 A M TN 2 R 1 GS 1 A S TN 2 3 1 GS 0 G S

A-5

APPENDICES C

Kappa result for number of defenders

Weighted Kappa result for feed areas

A-6

Weighted Kappa value for shooting areas

Kappa result for shot type

Kappa result for shooter

A-7 Kappa result for penalty/rebounds

Kappa results for quarter

Kappa result for outcome

A-8 Kappa result for Team

A-9 APPENDICES D

Statistical Tests in SPSS

N 20 Chi-Square 3.030 Df 3 Asymp. Sig. .387 Table 1 Friedman Test showing there was no significant difference between each quarter

N 19 Chi-Square 1.684 Df 2 Asymp. Sig. .431 Table 2 Friedman Test showing there was no significant difference under different marking conditions

N 20 Chi-Square 18.670 Df 4 Asymp. Sig. .001 Table 3 Friedman Test showing there was a significant difference between feed areas.

N 20 Chi-Square 8.724 Df 3 Asymp. Sig. .033 Table 4 Friedman Test showing there was a significant difference between shooting are

A-10

N 15 Chi-Square 1.368 Df 2 Asymp. Sig. .504 Table 5 Freidman Test showing there was no significant difference between shot types.

Table 6 shows there was a significant difference between the GA and GS

A-11