Invasive Plant Ecology and Management: Linking Processes to Practice CABI INVASIVE SPECIES SERIES Invasive species are plants, animals or microorganisms not native to an ecosystem, whose introduction has threatened biodiversity, food security, health or economic development. Many ecosystems are aff ected by invasive species and they pose one of the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Globalization through increased trade, transport, travel and tour- ism will inevitably increase the intentional or accidental introduction of organisms to new environments, and it is widely predicted that climate change will further increase the threat posed by invasive species. To help control and mitigate the eff ects of invasive species, scien- tists need access to information that not only provides an overview of and background to the fi eld, but also keeps them up to date with the latest research fi ndings. Th is series addresses all topics relating to invasive species, including biosecurity surveil- lance, mapping and modeling, economics of invasive species and species interactions in plant invasions. Aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, titles in the series provide international coverage of topics related to invasive species, including both a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions. Titles Available 1. Invasive Alien Plants: An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt, J.S. Singh, R.S. Tripathi, S.P. Singh and R.K. Kohli 2. Invasive Plant Ecology and Management: Linking Processes to Practice Edited by T.A. Monaco and R.L. Sheley Invasive Plant Ecology and Management: Linking Processes to Practice Edited by THOMAS A. MONACO US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA ROGER L. SHELEY US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, Oregon, USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Invasive plant ecology and management : linking processes to practice / edited by Th omas A. Monaco, Roger L. Sheley. p. cm. -- (CABI invasive species series ; 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-811-6 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Invasive plants--Ecology. 2. Invasive plants--Control. I. Monaco, Th omas A. II. Sheley, Roger L. SB613.5.I552 2012 581.62--dc23 2011037079 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 811 6 Commissioning Editor: David Hemming Editorial Assistant: Gwenan Spearing Production Editor: Simon Hill Typeset by Columns Design XML Limited, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. Contents Contributors vii Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Part I Assessing Ecosystem Processes and Invasive Plant Impacts 1 1 Managing Invasive Species in Heterogeneous Ecosystems 3 Joel R. Brown and Brandon T. Bestelmeyer 2 Linking Disturbance Regimes, Vegetation Dynamics, and Plant Strategies Across Complex Landscapes to Mitigate and Manage Plant Invasions 19 Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Brady W. Allred, R. Dwayne Elmore, and David M. Engle 3 Land-use Legacy Eff ects of Cultivation on Ecological Processes 36 Lesley R. Morris 4 Resource Pool Dynamics: Conditions Th at Regulate Species Interactions and Dominance 57 A. Joshua Leffl er and Ronald J. Ryel 5 Invasive Plant Impacts on Soil Properties, Nutrient Cycling, and Microbial Communities 79 Th omas A. Grant III and Mark W. Paschke Part II Principles and Practices to Influence Ecosystem Change 105 6 Weather Variability, Ecological Processes, and Optimization of Soil Micro-environment for Rangeland Restoration 107 Stuart P. Hardegree, Jaepil Cho, and Jeanne M. Schneider 7 Th e Eff ects of Plant-Soil Feedbacks on Invasive Plants: Mechanisms and Potential Management Options 122 Valerie T. Eviner and Christine V. Hawkes v vi Contents 8 Species Performance: the Relationship Between Nutrient Availability, Life History Traits, and Stress 142 Jeremy J. James 9 Reducing Invasive Plant Performance: a Precursor to Restoration 154 Joseph M. DiTomaso and Jacob N. Barney 10 Revegetation: Using Current Technologies and Ecological Knowledge to Manage Site Availability, Species Availability, and Species Performance 176 Jane M. Mangold Index 197 Contributors Brady W. Allred, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74077, USA; Email: brady.allred@okstate. edu Jacob N. Barney, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, 435 Old Glade Road (0330), Glade Road Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; Email: [email protected] Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Box 30003 MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA; Email: [email protected] Joel R. Brown, US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service and Jornada, Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Box 30003 MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA; Email: [email protected] Jaepil Cho, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center, 800 Park Blvd, Suite 105, Boise, Idaho 83712, USA; Email: [email protected] Joseph M. DiTomaso, Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 4, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Email: [email protected] R. Dwayne Elmore, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74077, USA; Email: dwayne. [email protected] David M. Engle, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74077, USA; Email: david.engle@okstate. edu Valerie T. Eviner, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California 1210 PES, Mail Stop 1, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, USA; Email: [email protected] Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74077, USA; Email: sam. [email protected] Th omas A. Grant III, Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, 230 Forestry Building, Campus Delivery 1472, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1472, USA; Email: [email protected] Stuart P. Hardegree, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center, 800 Park Blvd, Suite 105, Boise, Idaho 83712, USA; Email: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Christine V. Hawkes, Section of Integrative Biology, Th e University of Texas, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, Texas 78712, USA; Email: [email protected] Jeremy J. James, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826-A Hwy 205, Burns, Oregon 97720, USA; Email: [email protected] A. Joshua Leffl er, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Utah State University Forage and Range Research Laboratory, 696 N 1100 E, Logan, Utah 84322- 6300, USA; Email: josh.leffl [email protected] Jane M. Mangold, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University PO Box 173120, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3120, USA; Email: jane. [email protected] Lesley R. Morris, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Utah State University, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, 696 N 1100 E, Logan, Utah 84322- 6300, USA; Email: [email protected] Mark W. Paschke, Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, 230 Forestry Building, Campus Delivery 1472, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1472, USA; Email: [email protected] Ronald J. Ryel, Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230, USA; Email: [email protected] Jeanne M. Schneider, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Great Plains Agroclimate and Natural Resources Research Unit, 7207 W Cheyenne Street, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036, USA; Email: [email protected] Steven G. Whisenant, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University 2138 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Email: s-whisenant@tamu. edu viii Foreword Invasive plant species can substantially alter ecosystems. Direct economic losses to agri- culture, livestock production, forestry, and recreation are well known consequences of cer- tain invasive species. Less understood, yet probably more important, are changes to community and ecosystem processes that are caused by invasive plant species. Th ese altered ecosystems, sometimes created by large-scale plant invasions, are not simply structural reorganizations with new species. Many are novel ecosystems that look, function, and react quite