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Państwo Na Muzułmańskim Bliskim Wschodzie View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej Akademii Jerzy Zdanowski Państwo na muzułmańskim Bliskim Wschodzie Procesy genezy i czynniki trwania Jerzy Zdanowski Państwo na muzułmańskim Bliskim Wschodzie Procesy genezy i czynniki trwania Rada Wydawnicza Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego: Klemens Budzowski, Maria Kapiszewska, Zbigniew Maciąg, Jacek M. Majchrowski Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Hassan Jamsheer, dr hab. Krzysztof Trzciński Projekt badawczy NCN nr N N108 094140 Redakcja: Roman Małecki Okładka: Redaktor prowadzący: Halina Baszak-Jaroń Korekta: zespół ISBN 978-83-7571-2 Copyright© by Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego, Kraków 2014 Żadna część tej publikacji nie może być powielana ani magazynowana w sposób umożliwiający ponowne wykorzystanie, ani też rozpowszechniana w jakiejkolwiek formie za pomocą środków elektronicznych, mechanicznych, kopiujących, nagrywających i innych, bez uprzedniej pisemnej zgody właściciela praw autorskich. Na zlecenie: Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego www.ka.edu.pl Wydawca: Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o. – Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, Kraków 2014 Sprzedaż prowadzi: Księgarnia u Frycza Kampus Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego ul. Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1 A, 30-705 Kraków tel./faks: (12) 252 45 93; e-mail: [email protected] DTP: Joanna Sroka Druk i oprawa: Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o. Spis treści Wstęp: Państwo na Bliskim Wschodzie jako przedmiot badań ....................................7 Rozdział I. Czynniki państwotwórcze 1. Produktywność ...................................................................................................25 1.1. Efekt gospodarczy ....................................................................................... 25 1.2. Osadnictwo w Arabii ................................................................................... 27 2. Nierówności .......................................................................................................35 2.1. Plemię jako typ idealny ................................................................................ 36 2.2. Elity plemienne ............................................................................................ 38 2.3. Lineaże i marabuci ....................................................................................... 43 2.4. Konfederacje plemienne ............................................................................... 46 3. Wojna i podbój ..................................................................................................59 3.1. Wodzostwo i państwo nomadów .................................................................. 60 3.2. Przywództwo religijne .................................................................................. 62 3.3. Przywództwo wojskowe .....................................................................................72 4. Kolonializm ........................................................................................................77 4.1. Protektoraty ................................................................................................. 78 4.2. Plany podziału Imperium Osmańskiego ....................................................... 94 4.3. Nowe państwa.............................................................................................. 96 5. Nacjonalizm .....................................................................................................111 5.1. Kontrowersje wokół milletów ..................................................................... 112 5.2. Turkizm ..................................................................................................... 116 5.3. Idea narodowa a wojny bałkańskie (1912–1913) ........................................ 121 5.4. Nacjonalizm arabski ................................................................................... 125 5.5. Od mniejszości do narodu i państwa ......................................................... 131 5.5.1. Świadomość narodowa Ormian ...........................................................132 5.5.2 Koptowie – we wspólnym państwie .......................................................133 5.5.3 Berberowie – autonomia kulturalna......................................................134 5.5.4. Tragedia Asyryjczyków .........................................................................137 5.5.5. Niespełnione nadzieje Kurdów .............................................................138 5.5.6. Sukces maronitów ..............................................................................140 5.5.6. Ruch narodowy Żydów ........................................................................141 Spis treści Rozdział II. Typy państw bliskowschodnich 1. Państwo religijne: wspólnota Mahometa ...........................................................147 1.1. Religia a więzy krwi .................................................................................. 147 1.2. Początki państwa ........................................................................................ 154 2. Państwo imperialne: kalifat–sułtanat.................................................................157 2. 1. Nowi ludzie .............................................................................................. 157 2.2. Nowe źródła legitymizacji władzy ............................................................... 162 2.3. Organizacja państwa ................................................................................. 167 2.4. System ikta ............................................................................................... 173 2.5. Na obrzeżu imperium ................................................................................ 174 3. Państwo kolonialne ..........................................................................................177 3.1. Integracja z rynkiem światowym ................................................................ 177 3.2. Uśmierzenie plemion ................................................................................. 182 3.2. Etatyzm a interesy metropolii ..................................................................... 188 3.4. Bilans strat i zysków ................................................................................... 198 3.5. Elity miejskie i kwestia państwowości ......................................................... 204 4. Państwo narodowe ............................................................................................225 4.1. Kto tworzy państwo? .................................................................................. 225 4.2. Poza państwem .......................................................................................... 233 4.3. Wojny i rola wojska .................................................................................... 241 4.4. Powiązania z gospodarką światową ............................................................. 246 4.5. Modele narodowego państwa ..................................................................... 252 4.5.1. Eksperyment z zachodnią demokracją .................................................254 4.5.2. Model autorytarno-etatystyczny ............................................................256 4.5.3. Model autorytarno-neoliberalny ...........................................................264 4.5.4. Model islamistyczny ...........................................................................273 4.5.5. Modele hybrydalne ..............................................................................285 Zakończenie .........................................................................................................299 Bibliografia ...........................................................................................................307 Indeks ..................................................................................................................345 6 Wstęp Państwo na Bliskim Wschodzie jako przedmiot badań Państwo jest najczęściej definiowane jako organizacja polityczna społe- czeństwa mieszkającego na danym terytorium o określonych granicach. Or- ganizacja ta jest suwerenna i cechuje ją hierarchiczna władza publiczna oraz aparat przymusu. Powstawanie państw wiąże się z biurokratyzacją zarządza- nia, akumulacją środków i centralizacją instytucji. Procesy narodzin państwa są wielowarstwowe i można je postrzegać w co najmniej trzech płaszczyznach: bezpieczeństwa, zasobności i reprezentacji. W europejskiej literaturze można mówić przynajmniej o czterech głównych podejściach badawczych do naro- dzin państwa. Uważa się, że wykształciły się one: 1) w rezultacie wojny i pod- boju, 2) w następstwie umowy społecznej, 3) wskutek rozpadu istniejących wspólnot oraz 4) w konsekwencji transformacji ustroju plemiennego. W kon- cepcji Ludwika Gumplowicza konflikty i walki stanowią główną siłę napędo- wą rozwoju państwa. Żadne państwo nie może powstać bez użycia siły. Tho- mas Hobbes i Jean-Jacques Rousseau uważali, że konflikt i walka prowadzą raczej do upadku niż narodzin państwa, a podstawą jego uformowania się jest umowa społeczna, a więc pokojowe porozumienie o budowaniu czegoś, co ma być wspólnym dobrem. Trzecie podejście zakłada rodzenie się nowego or- ganizmu państwowego wskutek rozpadu wspólnot ludzkich. Fryderyk Engels zwrócił uwagę, że historia społeczeństwa pierwotnego jest znacznie dłuższa niż
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