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ISSUES of STATELESSNESS in INTERNATIONAL LAW Two Cases: the Baltic States and Israel/Palestine

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ISSUES of STATELESSNESS in INTERNATIONAL LAW Two Cases: the Baltic States and Israel/Palestine ISSUES OF STATELESSNESS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Two Cases: The Baltic States and Israel/Palestine Writing Requirement University of New Mexico School of Law First Reader: Professor Jennifer Moore Second Reader: Professor Timothy Canova May 3 1,2000 Margaret E. Keen 308 Andrews Lane Corrales, NM 87048 (505) 792-9147 ISSUES OF STATELESSNESS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Two Cases: The Baltic States and IsraeWalestine Introduction ............................................................................. :............................................ 1 I . The Problem Of Statelessness............................................................................................. 3 Origin ..................................................................................................................................3 Legal Status of Statelessness at International Law .............................................................. 7 I1 . Case Studies ...................................~..~................................................................................13 The Baltics ......................................................................................................................... 13 Pre-Independence History of Baltic States ..................................................................13 Baltic Nationality Laws ............................................................................................ -15 Latvia ..................................................................................................................... 16 Estonia..................... .. ........................................................................................ -17 Lithuania ............................................................................................................ 19 The Russian Federation Point of View ........................................................................20 Former Soviet Union ..............................................................................................20 Russian Federation ................................................................................................. 23 Effects of Baltic and Russian Nationality Laws on Statelessness ............................... 26 Estonia .................................................................................................................... 27 Latvia ..................................................................................................................... 28 Status of Compliance with International Law .......................................................... 29 Lithuania ............................................................................................................... -29 Latvia ................................................................................................................... -29 Estonia ................................................................................................................... -30 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................30 The Palestinians .............................,.. ..........................................................................3 1 Twentieth Century History of Palestine ........................................................................31 Statelessness of Palestinians ........................................................................................ 34 United Nations Position ............................................................................................... 39 Israel's Level of Compliance with International Law ................................................. 42 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. -47 111 . Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 49 INTRODUCTION Statelessness is a condition in which an individual has no citizenship or nationality1 in any country . Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual and a state that "confers The tenn "nationality" can be used to mean citizenship or identification with an historical nation of origin other than the nation in which the individual is a citizen or permanently resides. For purposes ofthis paper. nationality will be used without qualification to mean citizenship. To indicate the second meaning of nationality. ethnicity or nationality of origin will be referenced. mutual rights and duties on boW2 and has been called "man's basic right, for it is nothing less than the right to have rights."3 Under domestic-. law, it is the prerequisite for the realization of .- _ . , -- . _.- . other fundamental rights, because, as'a matter of definition, without affiliation with a state one has no mechanism or context in which to exercise rights or duties, not only resulting in problems pertaining to the ability to work, access to social services, housing, etc., but also to obtaining documentation allowing exit from or re-entry to the country. In addition, although states could be seen as merely an organizational tool of human beings, at customary international law, there has been no practical recognition of human beings except through states, and thus stateless individuals lack the protections provided by states to their citizens abroad, such as diplomatic assistance, and thus have no rights in the international corn~nity.~'?nternational law is essentially rendered inoperable for the stateless indi~idual."~ Law pertaining to statelessness in the modem international community has evolved from a non-issue prior to the Twentieth Century, when it first became a notable problem, to recognition that nationality is a Eundamental human right. Currently, international law is attempting to assert an obligation on states prohibiting statelessness. In addition, a trend can be identified that may be leading ultimately to recognition of a right of an individual to a nationality based on his or her subjective priorities and self-identification. This paper will begin by reviewing the origin of the problem of statelessness and the history of the development of Jeffrey L. Blackman, State Successions And Sratelessness: The Emerging Right To An Eflective Nationality Under International Law, 19 MICH. J. INT'L L. 1 14 1, 1 148 (1998). Id, quoting former Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Earl Warren. 4 See Ruta M. Kalvaitis, Citizenship And National Identify In The Baltic States, 16 B.U.INT'L L.J. 23 l,251 (1 998). Blackman, supra note 2, at 1 150. international law pertaining to statelessness. It will then analyze two case studies in which -.- \ -. statelessness continues unresolved, the Baltic _States and IsraeWalestine. These case studies will . illustrate two types of statelessness, the international law relevant to each situation, and the stance the United Nations has taken to try to resolve the problem. The final section will discuss the commonalities and differences of the two cases in light of a growing body of human rights coming to be recognized by international law. I. THE PROBLEM OF STATELESSNESS Origin Statelessness is primarily a Twentieth Century phenomenon. Prior to World War I, statelessness was limited to unusual individual circumstances. As a result of the Peace Treaties following the war breaking up the empires, the League of Nations, controlled by Western powers, promulgated the model of the nation-state, which was intended to replace the old laws of /-\ feudal society and was based on the principle of equality of all citizens before the law.6 However, the League of Nations drew the boundaries of the new nation-states without regard to national identification of the inhabitants of the territory, creating "state-nationals", who held the ruling power, other "nationals", and officially recognized "minorities".' The scheme included Minority Treaties imposed on the new successor states, although not on conquered states like ~erman~.~These treaties setup protections under the auspices of the League for groups of minorities that met a certain profile and thus were labeled "minorities" for purposes of the trea~ies.~These groups made up an average of 30% of the new states' populations (or See HANNAHARENDT, THE ORIGINSOF TOTALITARIANISM290 (3d ed. 1973). ' Id. at 270. See id. at 269. See id. at 270-27 1. approximately 30 mil~ion).'~However, other non-state "nationals" constituted up to 20% of a ,+'--I state's population." Thus, up to. 50% of the popplation was not represented by the government -- ' -- .. controlled by the state-nationals. An effect of the minority treaty scheme was that the implication prior to the war that only state-nationals could be citizens of a given state was in essence crystallized as an accepted norm. That is because the scheme explicated that minority interests could only be protected by an institution external to the state, in this case the League of Nations, instead of the state, unless and until the minority was completely assimilated, and thus divorced from its origin.I2 This environment caused resentment by the new states and a general non-compIiance with the treaties, as well as discontent among the unrepresented nationalities, each considering the treaties arbitrary in "handing out rule to some and servitude to other^."'^ Revolutions and civil wars caused many to flee their states, which then de-nationalized the refigees en masse. This resulted in the statelessness of
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