This Book Is the First Complete Description of 13Th Century Architecture in Austria

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

This Book Is the First Complete Description of 13Th Century Architecture in Austria This book is the first complete description of 13th century architecture in Austria. This period was significant for ist political and historical events and upheavels in the provinces of Austria, but at the same time for the transition from romanic to gothic style. The book is the result of the author's continuous studies in this field of architectural history for more than 35 years. Basing on his doctoral thesis of 1975 the author is outlining a completely new panorama of the development in 13th century architecture by using the results of recent investigations, reconstructions and newly interpreted historical sources. Some important results were achieved on behalf of FWF- projects under the author's direction (reconstruction of the Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, research on the history of the Imperial Palace di Vienna). The results are corresponding in perfect way with the scientifical researches in neighbouring countries as Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Germany, in regard of the long range cultural communications during the Middle Ages, which in former theories were denied by presupposing a distinct stylistic retard in Austrian architecture. Highly important was the author's proof that in the 13th century in Austria existed a contemporaneity between advanced and retarded stylistic forms. The choice of the stylistic attitude mainly depended on the client. The introduction of the book gives a survey of the actual state of research, followed by three chapters, which explicate the conditions in the 12th century, differentiated geographically (alpine regions, Danube valley) and concerning the clientage (dukes, archbishops and bishops of Salzburg and Passau) as well. By this way the general tendencies and motives (Cistercian architecture of Heiligenkreuz and Zwettl; Patavian architecture at Göttweig, Kremsmünster, Vienna, St.Pölten, Tulln; architecture at Salzburg - cathedral of archbisphop Konrad III - Gurk, Seckau, Hartberg) are outlined, which dominated the further development. In the following first main part, which is describing the first half of 13th century, the important role of the Austrian sovereigns (duke Leopold VI and duke Friedrich II) as founders and benefactors of eminent church architecture is emphasized. With these works of art most actual influences of french gothic architecture came to Austria (Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, cloisters at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz). The quarrel in ecclesiastical policy between the Babenberg dukes of Austria and the bishops of Passau, concerning the plan to establich a further diocesy in Austria, caused a competition in the field of architecture between the two powers. Thus the bishops of Passau reconstructed their patronage churches (St.Pölten, Kremsmünster, Ardagger) in Austria in a sumptuous way. Besides this stylistically advanced architecture there existed also a building acitivity not to be neglected, which was supported by the lower aristocracy and the duke's officials, who also founded some monasteries and churches. These buildings were constructed by local workmen, who were following the traditional patterns of late romanic style (Baumgartenberg, Wilhering, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Petronell). At the dawn of the Babenberg dynasty an important political intervention of emperor Friedrich II. von Hohenstaufen took place. Recent researches indicate that the reconstruction of St.Stephen's church in Vienna with the famous "Riesentor" with sculptural decorations in Norman Style was initiated by the emperor, even as the foundation of the castle at the place of the later Imperial Palace, which obviously followed the type of the emperor's fortresses in Sicily. In spite of the political agitations and upheavals in the middle of the century some remarkable works of architecture were created, as the castle of Starhemberg, the fortresses at the border to Hungary (Wienertor at Hainburg), St.Virgil's chapel at Vienna and the charnel house at Tulln), where different inconological motives (links to Jerusalem) and stylistic approaches (Norman Style) can be registered. In the second half of the century under the reign of prince Ottokar Přemysl (since 1251) a new cultural direction in policies as well as in the arts was achieved. Motives, created in Bohemia, were taken over in church buildings (Dominikanerkirche, Minoritenkirche Stein, Dominikanerinnenkirche Imbach) and private houses (Gozzoburg) in and near Krems, at Marchegg and Leoben. Ottokar founded new cities but also continued the Babenberg traditions in regard of his internal policy; so he finished the monasteries at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz. Recent investigations indicated that some of the most important architectural projects, which were supposed to date from the time of the early Habsburgs, already have been conceived under the reign of Ottokar (choir of Heiligenkreuz, Leechkirche at Graz, reconstrucion of the main church of Wiener Neustadt). Even after the takeover of power under Rudolph I. of Habsburg, the main lines, pronounced under Ottokar, as the promotion of mendicant architecture (Tulln, Retz, Wels, Imbach, Dürnstein, Krems, Wiener Neustadt), the maintenance of Babenberg traditions (fountain chapel at Heiligenkreuz, cloister Klosterneuburg), but also the introduction of new ideas in space structure (hall-churches at Tulln, Imbach) were continued. Nevertheless also uncommon solutions occured, as the monastery church of Stams. The sumptuously illustrated book contains many plans, graphic and computer-aided virtual reconstructions by the author..
Recommended publications
  • Landeszentrale Für Politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, Director: Lothar Frick 6Th Fully Revised Edition, Stuttgart 2008
    BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG A Portrait of the German Southwest 6th fully revised edition 2008 Publishing details Reinhold Weber and Iris Häuser (editors): Baden-Württemberg – A Portrait of the German Southwest, published by the Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, Director: Lothar Frick 6th fully revised edition, Stuttgart 2008. Stafflenbergstraße 38 Co-authors: 70184 Stuttgart Hans-Georg Wehling www.lpb-bw.de Dorothea Urban Please send orders to: Konrad Pflug Fax: +49 (0)711 / 164099-77 Oliver Turecek [email protected] Editorial deadline: 1 July, 2008 Design: Studio für Mediendesign, Rottenburg am Neckar, Many thanks to: www.8421medien.de Printed by: PFITZER Druck und Medien e. K., Renningen, www.pfitzer.de Landesvermessungsamt Title photo: Manfred Grohe, Kirchentellinsfurt Baden-Württemberg Translation: proverb oHG, Stuttgart, www.proverb.de EDITORIAL Baden-Württemberg is an international state – The publication is intended for a broad pub- in many respects: it has mutual political, lic: schoolchildren, trainees and students, em- economic and cultural ties to various regions ployed persons, people involved in society and around the world. Millions of guests visit our politics, visitors and guests to our state – in state every year – schoolchildren, students, short, for anyone interested in Baden-Würt- businessmen, scientists, journalists and numer- temberg looking for concise, reliable informa- ous tourists. A key job of the State Agency for tion on the southwest of Germany. Civic Education (Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, LpB) is to inform Our thanks go out to everyone who has made people about the history of as well as the poli- a special contribution to ensuring that this tics and society in Baden-Württemberg.
    [Show full text]
  • Reshaping a Tradition. Founding the Habsburg-Lorraine Dynastic State in the 18Th Century
    Исторические исследования www.historystudies.msu.ru _____________________________________________________________________________ Лебо К. Reshaping a tradition. Founding the Habsburg-Lorraine dynastic state in the 18th century Аннотация: В статье исследуются компоненты власти в композитарной монархии Габсбургов и конструирование политической легитимности посредством управленческих практик, сочинений, речей и изображений. Монархия Габсбургов в XVIII в. не представляла собой однородного целого, объединяя территории с различной степенью интеграции. Выборность корон и их переходы от одной ветви рода к другой создавали сложную ситуацию, в которой Габсбургам удавалось утвердить свое господство, сочетая следование традиции и изменения. Административные реформы поддерживались символическим дискурсом. Династический дискурс пришел на смену истории правящего дома и стал способом утвердить принцип государственного интереса. Власть династии была основана на доминировании над территорией. Новые вертикальные связи исходили от Марии Терезии, распространяя ее господство за пределы владений Австрийского дома. На своих более чем двухстах портретах Мария Терезия всегда изображалась с регалиями, вид которых варьировался в зависимости от места, где картина должна была находиться, с тем, чтобы подчеркнуть своеобразие каждой территории и единство монархии, связь между правителем и подвластной территорией. Ключевые слова: династическое государство, дом Габсбургов, империя, институциональные реформы, композитарная монархия, наследственная монархия, символический
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Review and Quantitative Analysis of International Criminal Justice
    CHAPTER TWELVE A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE Section 1. The Historical Stages of International Criminal Justice ICJ made its way into international practice in several stages. The first period ranges from 1268 until 1815, effectively from the first international criminal pros- ecution of Conradin von Hohenstaufen in Naples through the end of World War I. The second stage begins with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and ranges from 1919 until 2014, when it is expected that all of the existing direct and mixed model tribunals will have closed, leaving only the International Criminal Court (ICC). The third impending stage will begin in January 2015, when the ICC will be the primary international criminal tribunal. 1.1. The Early Historic Period—Thirteenth to Nineteenth Centuries The first period, which could prosaically be called the early historic period, is characterized by three major events occurring in 1268, 1474, and 1815, respectively. In 1268, the trial of Conradin von Hohenstaufen, a German nobleman, took place in Italy when Conradin was sixteen years of age.1 He was tried and exe- cuted for transgressing the Pope’s dictates by attacking a fellow noble French ruler, wherein he pillaged and killed Italian civilians at Tagliacozzo, near Naples. The killings were deemed to constitute crimes “against the laws of God and Man.” The trial was essentially a political one. In fact, it was a perversion of ICJ and demonstrated how justice could be used for political ends. The crime— assuming it can be called that—was in the nature of a “crime against peace,” as that term came to be called in the Nuremberg Charter’s Article 6(a), later to be called aggression under the UN Charter.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomatic Note to the Decleration of Sovereignty
    REM PUBLICAM DECLARARE MEMORANDUM DILPOMATICAE October 2013 via Babenberg Diplomatic of Dynasty Babenberg Diplomatic Service a Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of the Sovereign Dynasty of Babenberg ratified by the CarlsRat WeisenRat published by the Department of Sovereignty Representation for the sovereigns Dynasty Babenberg The patriarch of Dynasty The General Ambassador of the Sovereign Dynasty Structure 1. History, Dynasty, Activities I. Remarks to archive II. Extrapolation to the Department of customary international law 2. Explicit the diplomatic note on the declaration 3. Legal situation results in I. Originary non-state subject of international law from customary international law including clause to declarative extension to originary subject of international law II. Establishment and extension of already existing diplomatic relations 4. Lex Vita Babenberg & Confederation of United Constitutions and Laws 5. Future orientation I. Actions and the duty of the Babenberg Dynasty, their value, experience, wisdom, knowledge, the well-being of the earth and humanity– People’s empathy II. Operations; Diplomacy, Peace Foundation, Peace maintenance, Peace keeping; Education; Family – children – youth; including foundations and companies of the Babenberg Dynasty III. Cultural maintenance and or restoration IV. International cooperation 6. Financial affairs of the Sovereign Babenberg Dynasty I. Financial concept/s, subsidy/s, donation/s, use of funds 7. Concluding information I. Documents and references II. Closing words 2 | S e i t e 1. History, Dynasty, Activities The Babenberg family has had a wide variety of names which have already been used in the past, as well as today. With the first document from the year AD 414, the roots of the entire family arise, internal records leading up to the year 69 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Art & History of Vienna
    Art & History of Vienna Satoko Friedl Outline History Architecture Museums Music Eat & Drink Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 2 History Architecture Museums Music Eat & Drink Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 3 "It all started with a big bang…" Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 4 Prehistoric Vienna . Sporadic archeological finds from Paleolithic age . Evidence of continuous settlements from Neolithic age (~5000 BC) Venus of Willendorf (~25000 BC, Naturhistorisches Museum) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 5 Vindobona: The Roman Fortress . Founded ~20 AD (after today‘s Austria was conquered) . "Standard" layout Roman military camp (castrum) surrounded by civilian city . Several excavation sites and archeological finds Reconstruction of Vindobona Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 6 Roman Excavations in Vienna (1) Roman floor heating (Excavations in Römermuseum, Hoher Markt) Roman stones from the thermae (Sterngasse/Herzlstiege) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 7 Roman Excavations in Vienna (2) Roman and medieval houses (Michaelerplatz) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 8 Location of the Roman Fortress (1) . Upper edge was washed away by a flood in 3rd century Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 9 Location of the Roman Fortress (2) Street called "Tiefer Danube Graben" canal (deep moat) Rotenturm- strasse Place called "Graben" (moat) St. Stephen‘s Cathedral Tiefer Graben(modern city center) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 10 Old Friends… Is it worth the long travel? Obelix, shall we go to Vindobona? Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 11 The Dark Ages .
    [Show full text]
  • Best Local Scene in Salzburg"
    "Best Local Scene in Salzburg" Gecreëerd door : Cityseeker 4 Locaties in uw favorieten Old Town (Altstadt) "Old Town Salzburg" The historic nerve center of Salzburg, the Altstadt is an enchanting district that spans 236 hectares (583.16 acres). The locale's narrow cobblestone streets conceal an entire constellation of breathtaking heritage sites and architectural marvels that showcase Salsburg's vibrant past. Some of the area's prime attractions include the Salzburg Cathedral, Collegiate by Public Domain Church, Franciscan Church, Holy Trinity Church, Nonnberg Abbey, and Mozart's birthplace. +43 662 88 9870 (Tourist Information) Getreidegasse, Salzburg Getreidegasse "Salzburg's Most Famous Shopping Street" Salzburg's Getreidegasse is the most famous street in the city, therefore the most crowded. If you are really interested in getting a view of the charming old houses, try to visit early, preferably before 10 in the morning - pretty portals and wonderful courtyards can only be seen and appreciated then. The Getreidegasse is famous for its wrought-iron signs, by Edwin Lee dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries - the design of the signs dates back to the Middle Ages! It is worth taking a second look at the houses because they are adorned with dates, symbols or the names of their owners, so they often tell their own history. +43 662 8 8987 [email protected] Getreidegasse, Salzburg Residenzplatz "Central Square" Set in the center of Altstadt, Residenzplatz is a must visit when visiting the city. Dating back to the 16th Century, it was built by the then Archbishop of Salzburg, Wolf Dietrich Raitenau.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the Wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince
    The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince «The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince» by Alexander V. Maiorov Source: Byzantinoslavica ­ Revue internationale des Etudes Byzantines (Byzantinoslavica ­ Revue internationale des Etudes Byzantines), issue: 1­2 / 2014, pages: 188­233, on www.ceeol.com. The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician-Volhynian Prince Alexander V. MAIOROV (Saint Petersburg) The Byzantine origin of Prince Roman’s second wife There is much literature on the subject of the second marriage of Roman Mstislavich owing to the disagreements between historians con- cerning the origin of the Princeís new wife. According to some she bore the name Anna or, according to others, that of Maria.1 The Russian chronicles give no clues in this respect. Indeed, a Galician chronicler takes pains to avoid calling the Princess by name, preferring to call her by her hus- band’s name – “âĺëčęŕ˙ ęí˙ăčí˙ Ðîěŕíîâŕ” (Roman’s Grand Princess).2 Although supported by the research of a number of recent investiga- tors, the hypothesis that she belonged to a Volhynian boyar family is not convincing. Their arguments generally conclude with the observation that by the early thirteenth century there were no more princes in Rusí to whom it would have been politically beneficial for Roman to be related.3 Even less convincing, in our opinion, is a recently expressed supposition that Romanís second wife was a woman of low birth and was not the princeís lawful wife at all.4 Alongside this, the theory of the Byzantine ori- gin of Romanís second wife has been significantly developed in the litera- ture on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Rev. Msgr. W. Ronald Jameson, V.F
    206 TOURS PRESENTS: A S PIRITUAL C ATHOLIC J OURNEY CATHEDRAL OF ST. MATTHEW THE APOSTLE PATRON SAINT OF CIVIL SERVANTS CZECH REPUBLIC & AUSTRIA PILGRIMAGE SPIRITUAL LEADER: REV. MSGR. W. RONALD JAMESON, V.F. A PRIL 23 - M AY 4, 2014 | $4,249 FROM W ASHINGTON www.pilgrimages.com/stmatthewscathedral Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna Infant Jesus of Prague, Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic Strauss Statute in Stadt Park, Vienna St. Charles Church, Vienna ABOUT REV. MSGR. W. RONALD JAMESON, V.F. Msgr. Jameson was raised in Hughesville, MD and studied at St. Charles College High School, St. Mary’s Seminary in Baltimore and the Theological College of the Catholic University of America. Msgr. Jameson was eventually ordained in 1968. Following his ordination, he completed two assignments in Maryland parishes, followed by an assign- ment for St. Matthew's Cathedral (1974- 1985). Msgr. Jameson has served God in many ways. He has achieved many titles, assumed positions for a variety of archdiocesan posi- tions and served or serves on multiple na- tional boards. In October 2007, Theological College bestowed on Msgr. Jameson its Alumnus Lifetime Service Award honoring him as Pastor-Leader of the Faith Communi- ty due to his many archdiocesan positions and his outstanding service to God. His legacy to St. Matthew's Cathedral will undoubtedly be his enduring interest in building parish community, establishing a parish archive and history project, orches- trating the Cathedral's major restoration project and the construction of the adjoining rectory and office building project on Rhode Island Avenue (1998-2006). *NOTE: The "V.F." after Msgr Jameson's name denotes that he is appointed by the Archbishop as a Vicar Forane or Dean of one of the ecclesial subdivisions (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart's View of the World
    Between Aufklärung and Sturm und Drang: Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart’s View of the World by Thomas McPharlin Ford B. Arts (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy European Studies – School of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Adelaide July 2010 i Between Aufklärung and Sturm und Drang: Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart’s View of the World. Preface vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Leopold Mozart, 1719–1756: The Making of an Enlightened Father 10 1.1: Leopold’s education. 11 1.2: Leopold’s model of education. 17 1.3: Leopold, Gellert, Gottsched and Günther. 24 1.4: Leopold and his Versuch. 32 Chapter 2: The Mozarts’ Taste: Leopold’s and Wolfgang’s aesthetic perception of their world. 39 2.1: Leopold’s and Wolfgang’s general aesthetic outlook. 40 2.2: Leopold and the aesthetics in his Versuch. 49 2.3: Leopold’s and Wolfgang’s musical aesthetics. 53 2.4: Leopold’s and Wolfgang’s opera aesthetics. 56 Chapter 3: Leopold and Wolfgang, 1756–1778: The education of a Wunderkind. 64 3.1: The Grand Tour. 65 3.2: Tour of Vienna. 82 3.3: Tour of Italy. 89 3.4: Leopold and Wolfgang on Wieland. 96 Chapter 4: Leopold and Wolfgang, 1778–1781: Sturm und Drang and the demise of the Mozarts’ relationship. 106 4.1: Wolfgang’s Paris journey without Leopold. 110 4.2: Maria Anna Mozart’s death. 122 4.3: Wolfgang’s relations with the Weber family. 129 4.4: Wolfgang’s break with Salzburg patronage.
    [Show full text]
  • Salzb., the Last Day of Sept. Mon Trés Cher Fils!1 1777 This Morning There
    0340. LEOPOLD MOZART TO HIS SON, MUNICH Salzb., the last day of Sept. Mon trés cher Fils!1 1777 This morning there was a rehearsal in the theatre, Haydn2 had to write the intermezzos between the acts for Zayre.3As early as 9 o’clock, they were coming in one after another, [5] after 10 o’clock it started, and it was not finished until towards half past 11. Of course, there was always Turkish music4 amongst it, then also a march. Countess von Schönborn5 also came to the rehearsal, driven in a chaise by Count Czernin.6 The music is said to fit the action very well and to be good. Now, although there was nothing but instrumental music, the court clavier had to be brought over, [10] for Haydn played. The previous day, Hafeneder’s music for the end of the university year was performed by night7 in the Noble Pages’ garden8 at the back, where Rosa9 lived. The Prince10 dined at Hellbrunn,11 and the play started after half past 6. Herr von Mayregg12 stood at the door as commissioner, and the 2 valets Bauernfeind and Aigner collected the tickets, the nobility had [15] no tickets, and yet 600 had been given out. We saw the throng from the window, but it was not as great as I had imagined, for almost half the tickets were not used. They say it is to be performed quite frequently, and then I can hear the music if I want. I saw the main stage rehearsal. The play was already finished at half past 8; consequently, the Prince [20] and everyone had to wait half an hour for their coaches.
    [Show full text]
  • European Pilgrimage with Oberammergau Passion Play
    14 DAYS BIRKDALE & MANLY PARISH European Pilgrimage with Oberammergau Passion Play 11 Nights / 14 Days Fri 24 July - Thu 6 Aug, 2020 • Bologna (2) • Ravenna • Padua (2) • Venice • Ljubljana (2) • Lake Bled • Salzburg (3) • Innsbruck • Oberammergau Passion Play (2) Accompanied by: Fr Frank Jones Church of the Assumption - Bled Island, Slovenia Triple Bridge, Slovenia St Anthony Basilica, Padua Italy Mondsee, Austria Meal Code DAY 5: TUESDAY 28 JULY – VENICE & PADUA (BD) DAY 8: FRIDAY 31 JULY – VIA LAKE BLED TO (B) = Breakfast (L) = Lunch (D) = Dinner Venice comprises a dense network of waterways SALZBURG (BD) with 117 islands and more than 400 bridges over Departing Ljubljana this morning we travel DAY 1: FRIDAY 24 JULY - DEPART FOR its 150 canals. Instead of main streets, you’ll find through rural Slovenia towards the Julian Alps EUROPE main canals, instead of cars, you’ll find Gondolas! to Bled. Upon arrival we take a short boat ride to Bled Island (weather permitting), where we DAY 2: SATURDAY 25 JULY - ARRIVE Today we travel out to Venice, known as visit the Church of the Assumption. BOLOGNA (D) Europe’s most romantic destination. As we Today we arrive into Bologna. This is one board our boat transfer we enjoy our first Returning to the mainland, we visit the of Italy’s most ancient cities and is home to glimpses of this unique city. Our time here medieval Bled Castle perched on a cliff high above the lake, offering splendid views of the its oldest university. The Dominicans were begins with Mass in St Mark’s Basilica, built surrounding Alpine peaks and lake below.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnificent Journeys
    Magnificent Journeys Taking Pilgrims to Holy Places TM Join us for our 20th Anniversary Pilgrimage SPRING 2020 VOL. 13 inRiver South France with excursions Cruise to Paris and Lourdes FLORENCE ROME MONTRÉAL JERUSALEM Founder’s Letter Dear Pilgrim Family, nother amazing year has Acome to an end. It is crazy to think that the second decade of the third millennium has come to completion. As I reflect on the many blessings of the past year, I am reminded of Luke 17:11-19. In this passage Jesus healed 10 lepers, and only one, the Samari- tan, comes back to thank Jesus. We should never be one of the nine who failed to ex- press gratitude. My husband, Ray, and I are so thankful for the many blessings and mir- acles with which God continues to grace our family, Magnificat Travel, and you, our pilgrimage family. A pilgrim who traveled to France with Immaculate Conception Church in Den- ham Springs, Louisiana, wrote to us saying, “Words cannot adequately express what this pilgrimage meant to my husband and me. We learned so much about the saints and realized what great examples of faith they are to us. The sites were beautiful and The Tregre Family gathers for the holidays (from top left): Andrew Tregre, Matthew Tregre, Evelyn the experience wonderful.” Tregre, Brandon Marin and Mike Templet. Front row: Alexis Tregre, Caroline Tregre, Ray Tregre, In 2019, we partnered with 44 Spiri- Amelia Tregre, Maria Tregre, Katie Templet and Charlotte Templet. tual Directors and Leaders as we coordi- nated and led 34 pilgrimages and missions around the world.
    [Show full text]