22 Emperor Frederick II of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 23 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen

Kent L. Christopher Rexburg, ID

INTRODUCTION mperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen is considered to be the foremost E falconer of all time (Burns 1944, others?). His major treatise on falconry and principal literary product of his life, De Arte Venandi Cum Avibus, was written during “the mature years

of his reign” following “thirty years of preparation for the task” (Wood and Fyfe, 1943). Created primarily between the years 1244 and 1250, the work has maintained not only a biblical stature among falconers worldwide but “has long been recognized as the first zoölogical treatise written in the critical This article is from a new book edited by Tom spirit of modern science” (Shearer, 1935). Cade soon to be published about gyrfalcons. 24 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 25 The scope of his work is clear ick II until modern times. Cultural and trained only by finesse.” He when quoting the Emperor directly and environmental circumstances, concluded, “not only that the art of from the General Prologue to the De in contrast, are very much differ- falconry presents greater difficul- Arte Venandi Cum Avibus: “We have ent. A focused look at the art and ties but requires more unusual skill investigated and studied with the practice of falconry with gyrfalcons than do other forms of venery.” greatest solicitude and in minute then and now reveals much regard- Frederick II was keenly aware detail all that relates to this art, ing the basic constitution of these of the “inborn antipathy” exercising both mind and body so Great Falcons of the North. of prey show toward mankind; that we might eventually be quali- “yet by means of this noble art fied to describe and interpret the one may learn how to overcome fruits of knowledge acquired from THEORY this natural aversion, to win their our own experiences or gleaned confidence, and to induce them from others. For example, we, at Fundamental Premise even to seek those they previously great expense, summoned from The Emperor’s fundamental avoided” (Book 1, Chapter 1). He the four quarters of the earth belief about falconry is clear from set forth the premise that birds of masters in the practice of the the title of Book I, Chapter I of the prey can be taught to go beyond art of falconry. We entertained text, Falconry Is an Art More Noble what they do in natural conditions these experts in our own domains, Than Other Forms of Hunting. Here and “hunt and capture even such meantime seeking their opinions, he classified all hunting into three birds as cranes, bustards, geese, weighing the importance of their categories “that in which inanimate and other large game birds that are knowledge, and endeavoring to re- instruments are employed; that in bigger and heavier than those they tain in memory the more valuable which live are trained to capture alone in their wild state, Falconers and their charges. of their words and deeds. catch other live animals; and that as well as to take smaller quarry As the ruler of a large kingdom in which combinations of the first not only in their natural fashion His thorough review was necessary per is a grave failing” and “laziness efforts. That the Emperor was fully and an extensive empire we were two are used.” The first category but more often than is effected by because as stated in the Author’s and neglect in an art that requires aware of the inherent problems is very often hampered by arduous included the use of “nets, snares, other methods.” Preface to Book II, “a work of this so much work and attention are clearly evident in Chapter XV of and intricate governmental duties, slings, bows, arrows, and numerous For the above stated reasons, kind in its very nature involves a absolutely prohibited.” As is true Book III, On the Characteristics of but despite these handicaps we did other instruments.” The second Frederick was a most passionate study of waterfowl, neutral birds, throughout his work, Frederick II Proper Flight; Also on Signs of Injury or not lay aside our self-imposed task employed “dogs, leopards, and and dedicated falconer. He pointed and land birds, raptores as well as provided ample reasoning to sub- Fatigue in Falcons, where he wrote, and were successful in committing other four-footed beasts, as well out that: “Any dabbler in venery harmless .” Frederick II ob- stantiate his claims. “Falcons that are worn out from to writing at the proper time the as birds of prey.” Frederick gave can readily hold in leash or let viously believed a complete knowl- bad methods of transportation, a elements of the art.” no examples of the third category, loose dogs or other quadrupeds; edge of avian natural history and Health long journey, or much bating, will Although Frederick II wrote which employed combinations of but in the pursuit of falconry no behavior was requisite to successful The ability of a falconer to give evidence of their fatigue when about several kinds of falcons and a the first two. He referred to the tyro can so easily join in the chase, falconry. He once again affirmed, maintain good health in his birds flying to the lure.” variety of methods used in the pur- “noble character of falconry” and either to carry his birds or to throw “it is not everyone who can qualify was of paramount importance to suit and capture of different types believed it, “more worthy than oth- them off at the quarry. Falcons and for the practice of falconry; only the Emperor “because their useful- The Primary Aspiration and of quarry, there is no doubt that he er forms of hunting.” He thought a other hawks are rendered clumsy an indefatigable, enthusiastic lover ness depends upon it; and he must Aims of True Falconers held gyrfalcons in highest regard practitioner of falconry “will in this or entirely unmanageable if placed of it, who is fitted for the sport at learn how to treat birds that be- In one relatively short, concise, and their flight at cranes most es- way learn more about the secrets under control of an ignorant in- the same time by instinct and by come ill” (Book II, Authors Preface). and brilliant piece of prose found teemed of all. Bearing this focus in of nature than if he followed other terloper. By using his hearing and training, can succeed in it.” In Book II at the end of Chapter in the Author’s Preface to Book II, mind, the purpose here is to probe kinds of venery” and further that eyesight alone an ignoramus may Chapter XLVII of Book II is XLVIII, Frederick II stated that for Emperor Frederick II made what principles at the foundation of his falconry “does not commend itself learn something about other kinds titled, Of Falconers and Their Qualifi- the falconer, “it is imperative that could well be the most profound art, to review carefully selected to the majority because skill in it is of hunting in a short time; but cations, and here he went into detail he should also be governed in his statement ever written to identify aspects of his practice, and then difficult to acquire and because it without an experienced teacher on the topic. Physical and mental relations with his birds by the state the true essence of falconry. He to compare his approach with the is more refined.” and frequent exercise of the art attributes discussed include being of their health.” The Emperor then wrote, “The falconer’s primary aspi- way modern falconers work with The birds used in falconry, properly directed no one, noble or “of medium size,” “moderately went into considerable detail about ration should be to possess hunting gyrfalcons. In the Author’s Preface to Frederick wrote, “are indeed more ignoble, can hope to gain in a short fleshy,” “diligent and persevering” how good health is recognized birds that he has trained through Book II, Frederick defined theory noble instruments of the chase time an expert or even an ordinary and in possession of “marked sa- in a falcon. Specific methods for his own ingenuity to capture the as “the general mental survey and than inanimate objects or trained knowledge of falconry.” gacity.” Other essential qualities feeding, daily care, and training quarry he desires in the manner he understanding of the principles of quadrupeds.” Other forms of The first chapter ends by con- include “a retentive memory,” presented throughout his work prefers. The actual taking of prey our subject without reference to its hunting “are less noble because cluding falconry to be “intrinsically “good eyesight,” “hearing should all focus on his belief in the vital should be a secondary consider- practical application” and practice they depend merely upon the use an aristocratic sport; and one may be acute,” “a good carrying voice,” importance of maintaining healthy ation.” These direct yet eloquent as “the knowledge of how to put of artificial implements,” “or they once more add that it is nobler, being “alert and agile,” “of a dar- individuals. Some of these specifics words pierce straight into the heart into operation the rules that we are carried on by means of four more worthy than, and superior to ing spirit” and “able to swim.” The will be discussed in the following of the art. Falconry, according to shall expound.” These same defini- footed animals.” Quadrupeds, he other kinds of venery.” falconer “should not be too young” section on his practice, but it the Emperor, is much more than tions will serve admirably through- pointed out, are slower, more easily and “have reached manhood’s seems prudent here to mention taking quarry with a of prey. out the context of this work. domesticated, less “wild and shy,” Attributes of Good Falconers estate,” “not be a sleepyhead, nor that health was of special concern The hunting bird must be some- The nature of humans and gyr- “limited to the earth’s surface” and Book I of the treatise is remark- a heavy sleeper” and “should not with gyrfalcons. These birds could how convinced by the falconer to falcons has likely remained similar more “readily caught” than birds able in revealing the ornithological be the slave of his stomach.” “A only be obtained from far away hunt not only the specific quarry from the reign of Emperor Freder- of prey which “can be captured world as known to Frederick II. drunkard is useless.” “A bad tem- lands after long journeys and great he selects but also in a certain way, 26 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 27 which he favors. This is indeed a in mind a desire to see his birds As with his emphasis on good remarkable accomplishment, for it make brilliant flights is difficult to health in birds used for falconry, PRACTICE often runs contrary to the falcon’s satisfy and is tempted to spur them the Emperor’s “primary aspiration” Introduction natural propensities. The falconer on to intolerable exertions that are and “aims of the true falconer” The monumental work of must possess a deep understanding sure to weaken them - a policy that identified above are apparent the Emperor Frederick II actu- of the falcon’s physical and mental is childish and not correct in its throughout the practice of his art. ally consists of six separate books, constitution, a similar thorough technique. This will be evident here when read- and Books II - VI deal specifically knowledge of the selected quarry, The third class must also be ing the section that briefly reviews with the practice of his art. Here and also recognize how both will censured because they are likely to methods used to develop gyrfalcons we carefully but briefly deal with behave and interact in a wide va- overstep the mark of good falconry for flights at cranes. Books II - IV which cover precisely riety of hunting situations. We will and misuse their birds. the topics that their titles proclaim: return to a further discussion of It is only the fourth group that The Stature of Gyrfalcons Book II, Of Falcons Used in Hunting, this outwardly simple but visionary is to be fully approved. A falconer There is no question that Their Furniture, Care, and Manning, statement when comparing the Em- in this class secures the best hunting Emperor Frederick II valued gyr- 80 chapters; Book III, On the Use of peror’s theory and practice falcons for use in falconry the Lure; on Training Falcons to Fly with modern falconry. more highly than all other in a Cast; on Educating Gerfalcons to Chapter XLVIII of Robinson Goshawks kinds of falcons. In the Fly at Cranes; and on Hounds Used in Book II is titled, Of Classes Author’s Preface to Book Falconry, 28 chapters; and Book IV, of Falconers and of the Aims III he wrote: “And since Crane Hawking with Gerfalcons and of the True Falconer. Here the gerfalcon is the most Other Falcons, 29 chapters. Selected the Emperor focused in noble of her race, as was for discussion are small bits of the clearly on his subject. The demonstrated in Book II Emperor’s practice considered first five paragraphs are of this work, we shall begin most relevant to the focus of our quoted in entirety below. with a consideration of current work on gyrfalcons. Read- “Falconers may be that falcon and, in doing ers are encouraged to refer to De divided into several cate- so, touch upon the dif- Arte Venandi Cum Avibus directly for gories. The chief object ferent instruments used a thorough study of the Emperor’s of some is to use as food by various people, as well theory and practice of falconry. the avian and (occasion- as the diverse methods ally) ground game which This is the only project that offers veterinary service for the employed by them for Proper Age to Take their falcons capture. This chicks. Buy a chick from most innovative consistent produc- training purposes. When Falcons and Feeding quarry they eat avidly or er of Northern Goshawks. This is the project that started we have done this we shall The Emperor discussed obtain- make other profitable use it all. A select number of large Northern goshawks will be be able to select and adopt ing young falcons from their eyries thereof. Others think nei- available to residents of the United States. The hens fly at the best.” from taking eggs to various aged ther of their stomach nor 38 oz and the tiercels fly at 27 oz. Deposits will be taken At the very core of his “nestlings and the so-called branch- starting in January. of mere gain, but only of A 45-page book and 45-minute video are for sale. art in both theory and ers” (Book II, Chapter XXX). He the enjoyment of securing The book and video cover AI techniques for captive propa- practice stood the noble clearly believed the older they were a satisfactory flight for gation of the Northern goshawk. The cost is $75.00 for USA gyrfalcon. Perhaps the taken from the eyrie the better their birds. Others, again, residents and $85.00 for overseas and nonresidents. most revealing quote in in terms of proper development, boast and talk about the Meg Robinson the entire work regarding strength, and overall health of the number of birds their 206 A West Main Street how the Emperor viewed individual. He did not think man falcons seize. Still others Waterford, WI 53185 USA gyrfalcons in relation to could raise young nestlings with- have no pleasure in such 262-763-6652(home) 262-534-2400(work) all others is found in Book out impairing growth and causing accomplishments and as- [email protected] IV at the end of Chapter other defects. Methods of feeding pire to have only fine fal- XXVIII that is titled, Of and raising young were used that cons, better trained than those of birds available; he does not abuse Cowards and How to Deal with Them. simulated natural conditions as others, that have gained honor and them, but preserves them in good Here he set down the following: closely as possible, and he recom- pre-eminence in the chase. When health and in proper training. He “although we have singled out the mended that falconers “observe these aspirations are satisfied they does not overwork his falcons, and gerfalcon as the crane-falcon par the feeding methods of the mother feel they have been fully repaid for yet keeps them up to the mark in all excellence, the fact must not be bird, for her system of nourishing their trouble. respects. He is the one who realizes overlooked that she is very easily her young is far better than any The first-named purpose of the the essentials of a noble art. taught to hunt everything that any one man may devise, and it should falconer is objectionable because it It should be the endeavor of the other falcon can chase and with therefore be adopted” (Book II, leads to worry and exhaustion of his falconer who keeps birds of prey, greater facility and swiftness, since Chapter XXXIII). He also discussed falcons as a result of his eagerness skilled in hunting other birds and she excels in courage, power, and catching falcons on migration, their merely to acquire much quarry for certain four-footed animals, to do speed. By whatever method other wintering ground, or when they re- the table. He cannot hope to keep so in the manner most creditable falcons are taught to capture any turn to nesting areas in spring, and good birds long. Nor are those in to himself while observing with the bird the gerfalcon may be instruct- mentioned that both immature and the second category more to be greatest care the noblest canons of ed even more expeditiously to do adult birds can be taken (Book II, approved, since he who has always falconry.” the same.” Chapter XXXI). Lowering a man over a cliff to an eyrie. 28 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 29 His methods clearly are the foun- Luring and Use of the Creance con’s feathers do not suffer harm, could be used for the purpose of dation of falconry worldwide over The first fifteen chapters of and the meat on the lure remains illustration, but those outlined the past seven and a half centuries, Book III focus on luring and basic unsoiled. The shorter and thicker above are sufficient examples of and with the help of his son Man- principles used throughout the Em- the meadow grass, the better the his steady focus on safety, health, fred, they achieved unsurpassed peror’s practice are clear. During situation for our purpose.” Wet and continual orchestration of influence on the art and practice. training, he provided meaningful grass was to be avoided because “a favorable experiences that build The screen perch used commonly rewards which not only built con- falcon who sees dew-sprinkled grass confidence in the falcon, based on by falconers since his reign is per- fidence in the falcon, but also an- will think there is water beneath it meaningful rewards that guide the haps the only significant piece of ticipation and eagerness to behave and may not come down at all.” If developing hunting partner along modern falconry equipment not in the desired manner when given forced by the creance to land in this a selected course. mentioned by the Emperor, ex- the opportunity to do so. For exam- situation, the falcon will be “more cluding, of course, the recent em- ple, in Chapter II titled On Various frightened than if she fell into dry Flying in a Cast ployment of radio telemetry. Even Classes of Falconers Who, Reprehensibly, grass.” For similar reasons, the Em- Considerable insight into fal- the bells illustrated in the original Do Not Use a Lure, he listed several peror advised against lure flying on con psychology and handling manuscript are strikingly similar reasons why forgoing the methods can be gleaned to those obtained during modern lure misleads the falcon from the Emperor’s dis- times from Ardabil in northwest into problem behaviors. cussion of flying birds Iran and also those imported into Employing live pigeons or in a cast (Chapters XVI - America from Leipzig, chickens regularly to call XVIII). Gyrfalcons and sa- for Native Americans during the back a falcon will, among kers were “most frequently fur trade era (Carnie, pers comm). other maladies he point- taught to take large birds, Frederick was responsible for intro- ed out, make the falcon in whose capture co-op- ducing European falconers to the “more willing to return to eration is more necessary use of the hood; a practice adopted her master than to attack than in hunting small from the Orient (Book II, Chapter a crane.” When training a birds.” Falcons that flew LXXVII) as well as countless other falcon to come to the lure in a cast learned their basic practices far to extensive to he used meat, “we have lessons with the “hare review here. observed the falcon to train” and “crane train” Emperor Frederick II estab- enjoy most.” He tied this more easily than others, lished the traditional approach to both sides of the lure but the Emperor pointed to taking, manning, and handling “so that no matter upon out that “Some birds can falcons. He recommended taking which side that device be flown together and eyas birds at the “brancher” age, falls to the ground there some cannot,” and also appropriate housing, equipment, is meat in evidence,” and “that there are fewer ger- feeding schedules, capturing and he took carefully outlined falcons and sakers that fly transporting procedures, and prop- steps to make sure the well together than of any er “carriage of a falcon on the fist” falcon “will be fairly eager other species.” He further (he used both hands depending on for food.” After establish- revealed that “neither her wind direction). Nine chapters in ing a pattern of consistent acts nor her appearance Book II focus on the topic of - response, the Emperor may indicate a falcon’s Falconer with a cast of falcons. ing alone and how to avoid or deal strengthened desired be- disposition to collaborate; with it. He covered training of the haviors with suitable re- because some birds will Regarding kinds of food to use sidered good as food.” seeled falcon through the senses of wards while guiding the sit quietly together on the he believed birds were more suit- He further wrote: “the flesh of taste, hearing, and touch (Chapter falcon toward envisioned same perch yet cannot be able than “quadrupeds” (Book II, domestic animals does not agree LIII) and taming of falcons by the goals. He wrote, “owing to flown in a cast and will Chapter XXXIII) and that: “Wild with the growing falcon as well as gradual restoration of eyesight the favorable experience, she will a creance in a crosswind or tailwind: not associate in other ways. On birds (especially those that feed on that of wild beasts, for the farm (Chapter LIV). Horses, carrying come a longer distance to the lure.” “In windy weather the only alterna- the other hand, falcons that will grain and fruit) furnish more sus- animals live in less pure air and con- falcons in and out of mews door- The basic technique of reinforcing tive is to call her upwind. The line fly together do not always agree to taining and better food than those sume less suitable food than their ways, the bath, and On Sprinkling the actions that gradually merge and will not then become entangled as remain on the same perch and to of the barnyard. Wild fowl that eat wild counterparts. The former also Falcon with Water are all thoroughly create a confident and proficient the falcon circles, for no turn will live harmoniously otherwise. They meat, particularly worms, are less get less exercise while searching for discussed in his typical practical crane hawk is seen throughout his be necessary. The wind comes from must be tested in action, and the nourishing. The flesh of birds that food and have more superfluous fat.” manner based on extensive per- procedure. straight ahead, and with its aid she best method of doing this is to fly feed on fish is the least desirable. sonal observation and experience. Use of the creance also illus- is in a favorable position to descend them in unison to the lure.” Young falcons should be given the Handling Techniques, As stated in the Translator’s Introduc- trates a primary focus on safety, and go to perch.” The Emperor then entered flesh of domestic fowl, like hens and Equipment, and Influence tion, “there is little speculation, and health, and reinforcement with a The Emperor explained how to into a fascinating account of how pigeons, only when it is impossible With few exceptions, most of very little verbal digression. Nor minimum of negative experience. recognize when the falcon is ready to test their compatibility and teach to secure birds of the fields, such the techniques and equipment is he dogmatic in expressing his He pointed out after listing options for her first free flight without the cooperation when a falcon showed as [wild] pigeons, doves, thrushes, identified by the Emperor in Book opinion; whether he approves or that “A meadow is by far the best creance, how to lure from foot, any of “at least three signs by which larks, wrens, partridges, and other II have been well known to falcon- disapproves, he gives his reasons locality for outdoor luring, as there horseback, and many other related birds of prey manifest unwillingness small birds that are generally con- ers since his reign and up to today. for his conclusions.” is no obstruction of the line, the fal- topics. Countless other practices to work together.” In very brief re- 30 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 31 view, he encouraged non-coopera- scriptions of rest based on specified tions explain how to encourage The Emperor provided elab- tive falcons to focus their attention individual characteristics “so that pursuit of the hare train including orate and specific instructions on a hare “because a falcon bears they may recover their strength and tying meat to a “counterfeit hare,” for preparing a live crane for use greater resemblance to an avian keenness.” He noted that “An eyas how to pull this dummy on foot and as a train. The crane’s claws are lure than to a quadruped hare.” is less harmed by bad handling than from horseback, and the employ- blunted not with a knife but “are When confident on the hare train, a wild caught falcon,” and this was ment of hounds. Skilled assistants charred by means of a lighted he fattened the falcon and flew her “primarily because they are more were required throughout the pro- wooden splinter until their sharp at the train with an experienced accustomed to captivity.” cess. The Emperor’s preference for (needle-like) points are blunted “make falcon” achieved the desired Key to success in his program using a hare rather than a goose, and thickened; then when the collaboration repetitively, lowered was establishing a solid foundation bustard, or other bird at this pre- crane strikes no serious injury is her weight once again, and then en- of physical and mental health in the liminary stage in development “is inflicted on the falcon.” Frederick tered the falcon with an agreeable gyrfalcon, and this could require that no other flight is more beauti- continued: partner at cranes. ful or more resembles the “The beak is rendered harmless When discussing fal- flight at a crane than that by passing a small cord through cons flown in a cast who learned with a hare.” He the opening in the two nostrils crab while standing on the World Bird Sanctuary further explained that it and binding the lower mandible quarry (Chapter XVIII), is undesirable to have the to the upper, so that the crane the Emperor identified The World Bird Sanctuary has a number of gyr chase these other birds cannot bite. Then the crane must two primary reasons birds long term contacts with the U.S. Air Force to when hunting cranes. He be seeled so as to render her quite “refuse to stand peace- provide wildlife control on airfields throughout recommended flying hares blind and unable to see when and fully side by side on their around “plantations and where to strike the falcon. the country. quarry.” The first is fear thickets,” which taught the A weak crane may be used for of losing her prey and gyr “to throw up to great- the train at the beginning of the “she spreads her wings We are looking for people with falconry expe- er heights - a necessary instruction period, but it should and tail over it, bends rience and wildlife/biology related degrees to accomplishment in crane be able to stand on its feet.” her head, and turns her add to our team of professionals. Full training hawking.” All eyases and Frederick then described how back to her approaching will be given. badly handled passage or to carry a strong crane in a cloth companion.” The second haggard gyrs required this sling between two sticks and ex- is a fear of being directly We provide attractive salary (depending on training. plained: “The crane’s efforts to attacked by the other bird experience), free accommodation and the op- escape, the carrying about, and shown when “she opens portunity of full-time employment. The Crane Train the bending of its legs in the sling, and spreads her wings, Chapters XXII to XX- which causes pain in the knees, all faces her foe, flattens her For further information contact: VII deal specifically with contribute to stupefy and weaken feathers, opens her beak, the highly refined process the bird to a point where it can be and fixes her eyes upon of instructing the gyrfal- utilized in the train.” her enemy. As soon as Mike Cooke con with the crane train. It The Emperor then provided her associate reaches her, Assistant Director began by lowering the fal- specific instructions for placing she attacks with beak and PO Box 270270 con’s weight, and “Those leather straps like jesses on each talons.” He then described St. Louis, MO 63127 birds that are naturally leg which join to a two-foot cord: related postures in the sec- (877)938-6193 more eager and coura- “the opposite end of which is fas- ond bird approaching the [email protected] geous have less need of tened to a single cord at least ten first already on the quarry. being reduced than those paces long and the size of the shaft con at such a distance behind the to make a dead crane call “to teach that show less spirit and of a goose quill. A further requisite crane that she can see the meat a falcon to recognize the call of Building Power and Courage a full year or more of careful han- keenness.” The gyrs weight was is an iron stake a foot in length on its back. A third man takes his the crane.” After describing how After explaining luring and dling after acquiring the bird. The adjusted based on her “eagerness with a sharp point and a head large position near the second assistant to make the incision and draw out teaching falcons to fly in a cast, the Emperor recognized that “Power to fly, taking care to maintain her enough and flattened laterally to on the side away from the hand the voice box, he instructed “the Emperor outlined his procedures and courage are two qualities req- strength.” The Emperor found provide space for a hole the size of holding the falcon.” falconer should then grasp the “for instructing falcons to capture uisite in gerfalcons if they are to it “necessary to have her thinner a man’s thumb.” The Emperor described thor- end of the pulmonary tube and quarry. As gerfalcons always take make good hunters. To be powerful when flown at a train than when en- After making all the above oughly how to proceed from this blow into it, inflating the lungs and precedence in our consideration, they must be sound in health and tered to free-flying birds or hares.” preparations, the Emperor de- starting point in the use of the trachea with air. Taking care not and as they must be taught by meth- must be and must have been well The procedure was timed to scribed clearly how to set every- crane train for the gyrfalcon’s ed- to allow the air to escape between ods that vary according to their treated. Their courage is derived coincide with crane migration, thing up in a “meadow or a flat ucation. In a gradual way, the train his fingers, let him pinch the end individual characteristics, we shall from a virile will power. For this, and sometimes done before moult grassy place where the herbage is began to resemble a strong, wild of the larynx, near his mouth, and discuss first the various kinds of ger- also, careful handling is essential, to “facilitate their further train- short and sparse.” Meat to entice bird as the gyr developed positive remove it from his lips. When he falcons” (Chapter XIX). He reviews for improper treatment may render ing when they are again brought the falcon was tied to the crane’s association with the quarry and wishes to imitate the voice of the eyases and those “taken wild after them inactive and awkward.” into the open.” He advised that, back in a specified manner. With confidence in flying and catching live crane, he has only to compress leaving the nest” both before and When the gyrfalcon was strong “Lessons with the train should be all in readiness, “one man stands cranes. the sides of the bird and release after the moult. Negative effects and healthy enough to begin train- pursued without any interruption, at the end of the cord stretched As a further example of the the end of the tube held in his from long journeys are discussed, ing for hunting, the first step was to and once begun they should be across the wind, while a second thoroughness of the Emperor’s fingers. The crane will then emit and he recommended several pre- fly her at hares. Detailed instruc- completed in their regular order.” falconer stands holding the gerfal- methods, he clearly explained how the same call as the live one.” 32 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 33 in the Education of the Gerfalcon. Here hours of the day, and the prevail- he pointed out that although some ing weather.” The text that follows courageous falcons will attack wild reveals a remarkable understanding cranes without preparing them with of cranes, essential when hunting the train, it could be a big mistake them at the sophisticated level of to allow them to do so. The gyr the Emperor’s practice. Consider may be injured, discouraged, and the next four chapters (II - V), “the oftener she is flown at a crane which convey learned information in this fashion the less eager she about the best seasons for hawk- will be to fly at such quarry.” This ing in different regions, suitable forced the falconer to revert to weather, time of day, and specific using a train, but the gyr quickly districts most appropriate for crane recognized the weakened and easy hawking. The Emperor was far crane and had already learned that beyond just catching cranes with the wild crane is “much stronger.” gyrfalcons. He employed a huge He explained how “in this manner command of gyrfalcon and crane she develops the bad habit of refus- behavior and nature along with an ing to fly at a wild crane, since she exhaustive knowledge in the theory is able to distinguish it from that and practice of falconry to capture used in the train. For this reason it his chosen quarry in the manner is only before they are entered to he preferred. Doing so, Frederick wild cranes or other large birds that II achieved his primary aspiration the train is useful in giving instruc- in the art. tion to both timid and courageous A small group of cranes was falcons.” best to enter a novice falcon “since In the previous chapter, he had cranes assist each other against a already pointed out that “having common foe,” but deciding be- once flown her at a strong crane, tween a group of two or three de- she must never be given a weak pended on the presence of young Crane Hawking quarry; for this leads to bad hab- birds. It was a mistake to fly such its.” small groups near a large flock of When being rewarded with a The falconer was expected to The Emperor’s procedure in using cranes because the falcon may not good meal following a successful release the gyr at the crane when the crane train was clearly to make fly the selected birds boldly and if flight at the train, this was done it flew and not before. Assistants the gyr “become so habituated she did catch one, “many, if not all, Falcon resting on board a ship during a storm. to build a positive association with were instructed to remain still until to good results that in case she of the other cranes would come the crane’s voice. He even had an the gyr passed by them, then chase fails, through lack of assistance or to the assistance of their captured assistant move the crane’s wing “to and be ready to assist the gyr by some accident, to capture a crane companion,” (Chapter VI). Later in “These are the nature of the local- sential for the falconer to “first of make her think the quarry is still restraining the crane’s feet. Move- at which she is flown, she will not Chapter VIII, the Emperor provid- ity, the direction of the wind, the all make himself familiar with the alive and giving voice.” ment from an assistant too soon thereby be rendered overcautious ed instructions On How the Mounted provision of dogs for co-operation entire region in which he intends When the gyr was ready to be could cause the gyr to fly to him for in future flights. Thus the effect of Falconer Separates Two or Three Cranes in the hunt, and the nature of the to go crane hawking.” entered at a captive flying crane, food. Falconers were advised to vary previous successful operations will from a Flock. aid he himself and his fellow falcon- the trainer used a make hawk and training spots and not use the same prevail. This would not be the case On the Equipment Suitable for a ers can bring to the falcon. The last- To Proceed the pupil was flown with it in a cast. ground more than twice in a row to were she flown first to large birds Falconer Hunting Cranes is the title named assistance is indispensable Chapters X - XII go into detail If the gyr could not be flown in a accustom the gyr to fly in different without practice with a train, for of Chapter VII. Requirements of because, though the crane, strong about posting assistants in various cast, the crane’s feet and beak were locations where cranes are found. she would then have no memories clothing to be worn, behavior and and dangerous, may inflict only a circumstances including: On the secured in the manner mentioned The long procedure elaborated of former happy experiences.” equipment of the horses to be single wound on the falcon, that Posting of Assistants on an Open Plain previously to prevent injury to the by the Emperor was not required employed, and essential falconry injury may prove to be a serious Free of Obstacles, Either on a Quiet Day falcon. Throughout the training for all gyrfalcons. As he explained, CRANE HAWKING equipment, including how to use handicap.” or When a Breeze Is Blowing; On Post- process assistants were required, “the method we have described it, are all described. Chapter IX is He continued: “In this form of ing Assistants on a Plain Where There but at this point more were need- for the education of gerfalcons Primary Requisites titled On the Signs That Cranes Will the chase, there must be at least Are Impediments to the Hunt, Both in a ed “because the crane now in use is adapted to the less spirited of Following his discussion of the Remain Quiet While the Falcon Is Being four men in addition to the falcon- Breeze and When the Air is Quiet; and is stronger than those previously them. A courageous falcon will not train and using hounds to assist the Slipped. Here the Emperor made er, or falconers, who are to fly their On Posting Assistants on a Hillside employed and the flight of the require such long, continued train- falcon, the Emperor began Book IV use of his extensive observations to birds. If there are more, all the bet- under Various Conditions of Wind and gerfalcon is longer.” Assistants were ing.” Again, this seems directly re- titled Crane Hawking with Gerfalcons describe how to recognize the dis- ter. They must be mounted on fast Terrain. Chapters XIII - XVI then ex- “posted to windward ahead of the lated to the long, difficult journeys and Other Falcons. The initial chap- position of the cranes being flown, horses, and each man should if pos- plain where the falconer should po- crane, another to the right, and a necessary for Frederick II to obtain ter is On Cranes and Their Feeding a skill that was elemental to serving sible be accompanied by a trained sition himself: On the Position of the third to the left of the quarry, so gyrfalcons. Habits because “it is important to the falcon at the proper moment. hound. It is absolutely necessary Falconer in a Breeze on a Plain without that no matter in which direction In the final chapter dealing know where cranes are generally The Emperor identified four to have at least one dog; and any Obstacles; On the Post of the Falconer the bird flies, or turns, a man on with the crane train, the Emperor found, for they shift their habitat primary considerations for a falcon- number up to four is desirable.” in a Breeze on a Plain with Obstacles; horseback is at hand to give aid.” commented On the Value of the Train with the changing seasons, the er who hawks cranes (Chapter X): He pointed out that it is es- On the Position of the Falconer on a 34 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 35 MerlinMerlin SystemsSystems Inc.Inc. TOP QUALITY TRANSMITTERS RELIABLE- POWERFUL- LIGHTWEIGHT BEST OF ALL -- AFFORDABLE 100% SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

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Hillside That Presents No Obstacles, On the earth up to the eyes. Its breast through effective and clever ma- the Position of the Falconer on Either is then exposed. The falconer must neuvers.” a Windy or a Quiet Day; and On the now hold the crane’s wings with his The Emperor then described Position of the Falconer on a Hillside hands and allow the falcon stand- how each of these is recognized with Obstacles and on Either a Windy ing on her quarry to deplume it.” and how to deal with the situation. or a Quiet Day. Frederick II had a To further reward the falcon, In one fascinating paragraph, Fred- remarkable understanding of how the crane’s heart was removed for erick II wrote: “We have ourselves to proceed under various circum- her to eat and the breast slit open witnessed such craft and shrewd- stances after suitable locations to with a knife to make feeding easier. ness in cranes that one might hawk cranes had been selected. The gyr was fed well, rested, and believe them to possess reasoning Chapters XVII - XXI discuss pre- then flown again two days later. powers. For example, after we had cautions, hounds, On Encircling the Gyrs sometimes took a crane slipped a gerfalcon at them and Cranes on Horseback before Slipping the but were unable to hold on for she had separated one of the birds Falcon, On the Nature of the Assistance various reasons. This may have oc- from the flock and was in pursuit, to Be Given a Gerfalcon When Flying at curred due to locality, the strength her quarry, happening to see Cranes, On the Gerfalcon That Binds of the crane, help from other vultures standing in a field, took to Her Quarry, and On the Gerfalcon cranes, the gyr having been too fat, refuge among them and so gained Figures of falconers illustrating the proper handling of falcons to prevent bating. Unable to Bind to Her Prey, and on the human assistance having been too sanctuary, because the gerfalcon Proper Treatment of That Condition. late, or the appearance of eagles. would not then dare to attack the Flying Gyrfalcons in a Cast was desire to fly alone.” Again he point- “lofty flights over flying cranes are The Emperor emphasized that When caused by the falcon being crane. It seemed as if the crane for Training, Not Crane Hawking ed out, “gerfalcons and sakers are the most laudable and promising, when approaching cranes “there too fat, immediate rewards of food knew the falcon would think the The Emperor did not, as is among those that are least willing for the falcon whose pitch is high must be no quickening or slowing were not given and the gyrs weight vultures were eagles that she would commonly believed, routinely fly a to fly double.” He recommended dominates the crane wherever it down of pace and no delays, for reduced. In all other cases, the gyr not have the courage to approach.” cast of gyrfalcons at cranes. Flying that neither, “should, as a rule, be may be and does not permit it to fly frequently this uneven progress was rewarded well with food either Throughout his writing, one birds together was done primarily flown in a cast.” In comparison he far off. She can stoop harder and, disturbs the cranes and causes from a captive crane or lure to gets an unmistakable impression to show a novice in training what mentioned, “peregrines and noble after the stoop, rebound to greater them to take alarm, rise, and fly build the falcon’s confidence while that Frederick II not only had the was expected. Chapters XXIII and falcons, who are not so strong or heights, giving an exhibition of away.” He had not only the ap- preventing discouragement. When highest regard for gyrfalcons, but XXIV cover this topic in detail. competent in taking their prey as beautiful and elegant flying. She is proach down to a refined art, but a gyr was injured, she was fed well also a similar level of appreciation The experienced make hawk was gerfalcons and sakers, may be flown less exposed to injury, since she can also what to do when faced with a and kept quiet long enough for for his primary quarry. The crane slipped at the cranes before the as many as three together with good dominate the crane and not allow it number of contingencies after the a complete recovery “not only to challenged the gyr like no other novice who would follow and join results; and the cranes will be un- to fly wherever it pleases or to travel gyrfalcon began her flight. Of main regain her health but that she may quarry known to the Emperor, and on the kill. Specific instructions on able to escape.” far from the falconer’s assistants, concern was proper presentation forget her injuries.” here lies the foundation for his how to accomplish this successfully from whom she may receive help.” of the quarry followed by effective In Chapter XXII, the Emper- passion. He flew the most noble, based on the experience and char- Flight Characteristics The gyrfalcon would either assistance to prevent the crane or or identified six reasons why a capable, and courageous falcons at acteristics of each bird are provid- In chapters XXV and XXVI, “bind to” its quarry or “force it to cranes from injuring the gyrfalcon. gyrfalcon might fail to capture a quarry that challenged the falcon ed. A primary concern, as always, the Emperor described the vari- earth, but neither bind to nor hold A gyrfalcon that bound to a crane crane: “(1) that she was not given and falconer to the utmost, and he was preventing harm to either fal- ous modes of flight displayed by it.” Some falcons would circle above required immediate help from the sufficient practice with the train; did it at the epitome of refinement con. The goal was to develop an ad- falcons entered to, first standing the grounded crane, others would nearest assistant who galloped over, (2) that she is too fat, or (3) too in the art. No one before or since mirable performer that would take cranes and then cranes on passage. land nearby and watch the quarry. dismounted, and ran to her. “He thin; (4) that she was frightened has taken the art of falconry with cranes alone. He advised against He talked about a high, low, and Binding to and fighting with the should then seize both legs of the by eagles or vultures; or (5) she any kind of hunting bird flown at flying birds “continuously together, moderate approach, flying fast or crane was not preferred because crane, bind them together, extend may abandon pursuit of the crane any type of quarry to a higher level for if they fly uninterruptedly in a slowly, and following a “direct or “the falcon cannot battle with the them along the ground backward, for that of other birds (an act of perfection than did the Emperor cast they develop bad habits. When an indirect line.” The advantages crane without sooner or later re- and place a foot on them. Also, the called checking); and, finally, (6) Frederick II when flying gyrfalcons one falcon expects always to be and disadvantages of each were ceiving an injury from her quarry.” crane’s beak must be forced into the quarry may have eluded her at cranes. assisted by the other she loses her then analyzed. He concluded that Both favorable and unfavorable 36 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 37 elements of waiting in the air above suspect or, at best, odd in our rela- art with modern environmental sci- the crane and watching from the tively new nation. Falconry has even ence. Their phenomenal successes MIDWESTMIDWEST FROZENFROZEN RODENTSRODENTS ground are discussed. For example, been judged cruel and unethical worldwide confirm that falconry Now from EagleWing Publishing when “flying about overhead she by some (Edge 1943, 1944, Hilton continues to advance the naturalist’s can quickly overtake a crane that 1978, 1980). Sentiments like these aim. We specialize in large has risen from the ground,” and led to the largest undercover sting orders, but can ac- she may not be able to do this when operation ever orchestrated by the Attributes and Aspirations Rabbit Hawker’s Dogs commodate smaller starting from the ground. Further, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service being of Falconers shipments. All orders “Dogs for the Bush” when in the air “the falcon cannot directed at the falconry communi- The attributes of good falcon- Selecting, Training, and Hawking with are shipped on dry be harmed by other cranes coming ty and resulting in no substantial ers outlined by Frederick II hold Beagle, Brittany, Jack Russell’s, and ice. Vacuum packing (as is their custom) to the assistance wrongdoing (McKay date). The true in modern times. Falconry was Mini-Dachshund. is available. We can of their companion prostrate on birds and their habitats will benefit reserved for the highest stratum of provide references if the ground.” When in the air, the when awareness of the respectable society during the Emperor’s reign, Authors needed. There is a $100 Brian Kellogg minimum. falcon also would not become wet nature of falconry overcomes fear but all socio-economic classes prac- Clifford Kellogg from vegetation or be hampered and ignorance that cause modern tice today in America. American Steve Layman when taking off from “long herbage critics to cling to unfounded ob- falconers in general, however, rep- Teddy Moritz Small Mice (14-17 g.)...... as low as...... $.25 or high grain.” jections of the ancient art. Modern resent “an affluent, middle-aged, Al Nye The falcon watching its crane scientific studies clearly reveal well-educated group of hunting Floyd Presley Adult Mice (18-22 g.)...... as low as...... $.45 from the ground, however, does so falconers to be “environmentally specialists with an intense interest Jake Thorpe Small to Medium Rats (75-125 g.)...... as low as...... $.65 Bill Oakes “with less exertion than in the first concerned and active, and the ma- in their sport” (Peyton et al 1995). Large Rats (200+ g.)...... as low as...... $1.50 method, and she is more inclined jority are involved in conserving and This profile parallels that of falcon- to await the arrival of human or managing raptors and/or educating ers during the reign of Frederick II. Jumbo Rats (300+ g.)...... as low as...... $1.75 canine assistance before initiating the public about raptors” (Peyton et The birds, human nature, and basic Available for $20.00 Post Paid in the USA. Chicks ...... as low as...... $.25 her attack.” She is also better able al 1995). requirements of the art remain Send Check or Money Order to: Quail ...... as low as...... $1.00 to focus on her selected victim and America has become a lead- stable while politics and cultures not check on other cranes. ing force promoting a worldwide change. EAGLEWING PUBLISHING One can understand how Fred- environmental awareness, but our Modern falconers are typically Post Office Box 188 Call Brian Hahn at 317-882-8088 erick II was able to fly experienced most admired naturalists have not as discriminating nor refined Warrens, WI 54666 or visit our web site at www.midwestreptile.com gyrfalcons at cranes without injury. rarely been falconers. However, in their aspirations as was the Em- www.EagleWingPublishing.net His gyrfalcons learned to wait for closer examination reveals that peror. Taking a selected quarry in a human or canine assistance. Their modern falconers often do become preferred manner was primary for primary job was to dominate and employed in environmental and Frederick II while the actual capture of quarry taken. This emphasis also hundred years. Ronald Stevens and on at a high pitch. Emphasis on force the crane to ground, and educational professions. Compare of prey was secondary. Although can abuse birds by pushing them a few others made some forward health, gradual conditioning that then keep it subjugated until help this with Frederick II who, as stated there has been considerable growth beyond healthy limits. Only a few movement with gyrs during this leads to a set goal, and building arrived. The gyr would then be by Burns (1944), “combined the over the past thirty years toward the falconers in modern times achieve time, but full realization of the power and courage with meaning- rewarded from the dead crane as practical talents and experience of ideal established by the Emperor, the fourth level of practice where great power of these magnificent ful reinforcements as stressed by described previously. All partici- the expert falconer with powers of modern falconers still tend to place the primary goal is to have well- birds as revealed during Frederick Frederick II is, paradoxically, seen pants including falcon, quarry, dog, observation and insight that made emphasis on either killing game trained birds in peak condition that II’s reign became for the most part more with the guided development falconer, and assistants had pivotal him the most gifted naturalist of his or spectacular flying rather than a earn distinction and supremacy in a lost art. It is ironic that the advent of imprinted gyrfalcons than other roles that were integral to success time.” Prominent modern examples mature balance between the two. the chase. The falconer’s reward at of captive breeding combined with modern methods. The new para- in crane hawking, which was, at of falconer/naturalists include When examining the four this prestigious level is deep appre- the use of imprinted birds led to digm achieved with domestically its best, a beautifully orchestrated Frank and John Craighead. These categories of falconers defined ciation of a magnificent predator modern grand flights with gyr- produced and imprinted gyrfal- endeavor by a master falconer. identical twin brothers made many by Frederick II, we recognize that interacting with challenging prey falcons. These are new methods cons incorporates the basic prin- significant contributions to wildlife few today fall into the first class of and is unrelated to social or material unknown to the ancients. Captive ciples of Frederick II’s approach biology, the conservation of wild catching game primarily for food gain. It also has nothing to do with breeding and the employment to falconry more than traditional MODERN FALCONRY and scenic rivers, and even as wilder- or other profitable use. Many more the kind of hawk flown and can be of imprinted gyrfalcons for high, methods of training and handling COMPARED WITH ness survival trainers for the United join ranks with the second group achieved with merlins on starlings, waiting-on flights at game created in use today. States Armed Forces. Another good whose primary motivation is the en- Cooper’s hawks on quail, goshawks a new paradigm in a truly ancient Crane hawking and sage grouse THE EMPEROR’S ART example is the falconer led recovery joyment of sensational flying. When on snowshoe hare, peregrines on art. Related excitement inspired hawking are similar in that both Cultural Appreciation of Falconry of peregrine falcons, the first bird taken to the extreme, killing game red grouse, and countless others the renaissance in falconry with pursue formidable and challenging Falconry reached its zenith as a ever to be removed from the United becomes not only less important as well as with gyrfalcons on sage gyrfalcons. quarry. Thorough understanding of highly esteemed pursuit during the States List of Endangered Species. but meaningless. Modern sky trials grouse. Training methods used today cranes and grouse, the falcons used reign of Frederick II. Today the art is The Peregrine Fund founded by are competitive with a higher is better are generally less refined than those in the pursuit, and how predator admired less in the United States of Tom Cade and located at the World focus that promotes this category. As Use of Gyrfalcons used by the Emperor. He certainly and prey interact in various circum- America and most other countries. Center for Birds of Prey in Boise was Frederick II pointed out, expecting and Handling Methods made use of many more assistants stances is essential. Dogs are used America’s heritage is founded upon primarily responsible for the pere- too much can weaken a bird and is Although gyrfalcons are valued than is the case today. Interesting for both the flight at cranes and at firearms as weapons of war and im- grine falcon recovery. Most persons an immature strategy. Perhaps an higher than all other species today training gadgetry unknown to the grouse, and extensive preparation plements of the hunt. There is no involved with this effort were falcon- equal number of falconers today are in monetary terms, for practical Emperor like balloons and kites is required before finished results long history of falconry, and prac- ers who merged thousands of years in the third group and judge their use in falconry they have been have been employed by modern can be seen in the field. Primary dif- titioners of the art are considered of applied technology from their accomplishments by the numbers somewhat of a mystery for over two falconers to encourage gyrs to wait- ferences are that in crane hawking, 38 Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 39 FalconsFalcons forfor GameGame HawkingHawking ALEUTIEN, CHARLOTTE, PUGET SOUND PEALE’S PEREGRINE LINEAGES, PURE ANATUM ANATUM / PEALE’S CROSS PEALE’S / GYR HYBRIDS

2002 Peales Peregrines still available

• Limited Quantity of Peregrines and Hybrid crosses • All progeny are produced from successful game hawks. Springhill Falcons • Most are line bred to attempt to Skip & Judy King-Tubbs improve frequency of desirable genetic traits. 3385 Springhill Rd. • Commitments, with a deposit, before Bozeman, MT 59718 March 1 may receive a substantial Fax/Ph. (888)401-3807 discount. • Parent raised or imprinted (406)587-5902 • Some hacking available [email protected] Photo by T. Crawford “Visit our website for falconry art and breeding” at www.fwdart.com Falcons on a low perch. gyrs were flown from the fist and and the falconers. Emergency Con- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS numerous assistants were needed. servation Committee Publication I want to express sincere appre- Put that orange back in Assistants are not necessary to hawk No. 90. New York. ciation to Tom Cade, Joe Vorro, and sage grouse, and gyrs are flown like Hilton, J. R., 1978 ??? Kent Carnie for their review and the feet and cere never before in the long history of Hilton, J. R., 1980 (Mar). Fal- help with this manuscript. Tom’s falconry, from a high, waiting-on conry in America. Society for the command of the English language, pitch. Preservation of Birds of Prey un- superior editorial talents, and of your bird. The Emperor Frederick II and numbered “flyer”. Pacific Palisades knowledge of falconry were invalu- his son Manfred flew gyrfalcons at (CA). able. Joe is a real scholar of Freder- Chicken heads from all cranes in the grandest and most McKay, P., 1989. The pilgrim and ick II and made several significant natural, pasture raised Cornish sophisticated manner possible. the cowboy. New York etc.: McGraw- additions. Kent is the curator of the Today we are expanding the em- Hill. Archives of American Falconry and cross broilers available now. No ployment of gyrs in falconry into Peyton, R.B. et al, 1995. A pro- very knowledgeable about falconry antibiotics, growth hormones or new horizons and similar high file of falconers in the United States: literature generally. He was especial- levels of the art and practice. Great falconry practices, attitudes and con- ly helpful providing source material other additives. Heads from eight falcons of the North are truly in a servation behaviors. Trans. 60th No. for reference and helped create the to nine-week-old birds average time of renaissance. The gyrfalcons’ Am. Wildl. & Natur. Resour. Conf.. list of literature cited. Finally, I want unfathomable power and presence Washington, D.C.: pp. 181-192. to thank all the countless falconers Ray Seifer three to five ounces, and are once again fill falconers’ skies with Shearer, C., 1935. The renais- who provided insight into Freder- grace. sance of architecture in southern . ick II and the techniques that he Seifer Farms only 25¢ each plus shipping and A study of Frederick II of Hohen- pioneered, studied, and set down Rt 1 Box 91 A handling. Conveniently located LITERATURE CITED staufen. Cambridge: Heffer & on paper for use by others. It is the Burns, R.K., 1944. Stupor mundi Sons. falconers over the past seven and a Sutherland, NE 69165 off Interstate 80 in west central et immutator mirabilis. A review of The Wood, C.A. and Fyfe, F.M., half centuries that provide the true (308) 386-2394 Nebraska. Also, call about custom art of falconry. Quarterly Review of 1943. The art of falconry being the De verification of validity to the Biology. 19 (2): 144-146. arte venandi cum avibus of Frederick II premier significance Frederick size whole birds. Edge, 1943??? of Hohenstaufen. Stanford: Stanford II had on falconry. He is the Visit our web site at http://www.nque.com/Seifer-Farms Edge, R., 1944. The duck hawk Univ. Press. granddaddy of our art.