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Les Référendums Sur La Souveraineté De L'écosse Et De La Catalogne

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Les Référendums Sur La Souveraineté De L'écosse Et De La Catalogne Université de Montréal Les Référendums sur la souveraineté de l’Écosse et de la Catalogne Le Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec en comparaison par Anthony Beauséjour Faculté de droit Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention du grade de Legum Magister (LL.M.) Septembre 2015 © Anthony Beauséjour, 2015 Les Référendums sur la souveraineté de l’Écosse et de la Catalogne Le Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec en comparaison Résumé L’année 2014 est marquée par les référendums sur la souveraineté de l’Écosse et de la Catalogne, deux nations partageant de nombreux points communs sur les plans de l’histoire et de la culture. Le cadre juridique pré-référendaire de chacune de ces régions est fondamentalement le même : l’existence juridique de l’Écosse et de la Catalogne est directement issue de la volonté d’un État central unitaire, respectivement le Royaume-Uni et l’Espagne. La compétence législative de tenir un référendum sur l’autodétermination de ces régions est d’ailleurs ambiguë. Devant ce dilemme, le Royaume-Uni permet à l’Écosse d’organiser un référendum sur sa souveraineté. Il en résulte un processus démocratique juste, équitable, décisif et respecté de tous. De son côté, l’Espagne interdit à la Catalogne d’en faire de même, ce qui n’empêche pas Barcelone de tout mettre en œuvre afin de consulter sa population. Il en découle un processus de participation citoyenne n’ayant rien à voir avec un référendum en bonne et due forme. 20 ans après le dernier référendum sur la souveraineté du Québec, l’étude des référendums de l’Écosse et de la Catalogne nous permet de mettre en lumière la justesse, mais aussi l’incohérence partielle des enseignements de la Cour suprême du Canada dans son Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec. D’un côté, la nécessité d’équilibrer les principes constitutionnels sous-jacents de démocratie et de constitutionnalisme est mise en exergue. Parallèlement, les concepts de question et de réponse claires, d’effectivité et de négociations post-référendaires prennent une toute autre couleur face à un nouvel impératif absent des conclusions de la Cour suprême : celui des négociations pré-référendaires. Mots-clés : constitutionnalisme, démocratie, référendum, sécession, Écosse, Catalogne, Québec, Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, obligation de négocier, principe d’effectivité v Abstract The year 2014 is marked by the referendums on sovereignty of Scotland and Catalonia, two nations that have a lot in common in terms of history and culture. The pre-referendum legal framework for each of these regions is basically the same: the legal existence of Scotland and Catalonia comes directly from the will of a unitary central state, respectively the United Kingdom and Spain. The legislative competence to hold a referendum on self-determination of these regions is also ambiguous. Faced with this dilemma, the United Kingdom allows Scotland to hold a referendum on sovereignty. This results in a fair democratic process, equitable, decisive and respected by all. For its part, Spain prohibits Catalonia to do the same, which does not prevent Barcelona to spare no effort to consult its population. The outcome is a public participation process that has nothing to do with a referendum in due form. 20 years after the last referendum on Quebec sovereignty, the study of the Scottish and Catalan referendums allows us to point out the accuracy but also the partial inconsistency of the teachings of the Supreme Court of Canada in its Reference re Secession of Quebec. On one hand, the need to balance the underlying constitutional principles of democracy and constitutionalism is highlighted. At the same time, the concepts of the clear question and answer, effectiveness and post-referendum negotiations take on another color in face of a new imperative that is absent from the conclusions of the Supreme Court: the pre-referendum negotiations. Keywords : constitutionalism, democracy, referendum, secession, Scotland, Catalonia, Quebec, Reference re Secession of Quebec, duty to negociate, effectivity principle vi Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... vi Table des matières ..................................................................................................................... vii Liste des figures ......................................................................................................................... xi Liste des sigles .......................................................................................................................... xii Remerciements .......................................................................................................................... xv Note au lecteur ......................................................................................................................... xvi Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Titre I – Le cas écossais : a gentleman’s game ........................................................................... 3 Chapitre 1 – Mise en contexte .................................................................................................... 3 Section I – Historique ......................................................................................................... 3 Sous-section 1 – Origines de la nation écossaise ............................................................ 3 Sous-section 2 – Treaty of Union .................................................................................... 5 Sous-section 3 – Vers le Scotland Act ............................................................................ 6 Section II – Description de la nation écossaise ................................................................... 9 Sous-section 1 – Description économico-démographique .............................................. 9 Sous-section 2 – Description linguistique ..................................................................... 10 Sous-section 3 – Description des symboles nationaux ................................................. 11 Section III – Statut juridique de l’Écosse au sein du Royaume-Uni ................................. 12 Sous-section 1 – Dévolution en droit britannique ......................................................... 12 Paragraphe A – Statut des autorités déléguées ......................................................... 12 Paragraphe B – Création d’une autorité déléguée ..................................................... 15 Sous-section 2 – Scotland Act ....................................................................................... 16 Sous-section 3 – Modifications au Scotland Act ........................................................... 20 Chapitre 2 – Référendum du 18 septembre 2014 ...................................................................... 22 Section I – Élections générales de 2007 et de 2011 .......................................................... 22 Section II – Edinburgh Agreement ................................................................................... 26 Sous-section 1 – Négociations à distance ..................................................................... 26 vii Paragraphe A – Position britannique ........................................................................ 27 Paragraphe B – Position écossaise ............................................................................ 28 Sous-section 2 – Signature de l’entente ........................................................................ 30 Paragraphe A – Contenu de l’entente ....................................................................... 31 Paragraphe B – Nature de l’entente .......................................................................... 33 Section III – Déclenchement du référendum .................................................................... 35 Sous-section 1 – Order in council ................................................................................ 35 Sous-section 2 – Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013 ................ 36 Paragraphe A – Personnes éligibles à voter .............................................................. 36 Paragraphe B – Jugement sur l’exclusion des détenus ............................................. 37 Sous-section 3 – Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 .................................... 39 Section IV – Campagne référendaire ................................................................................ 41 Section V – Scrutin et résultats ......................................................................................... 45 Chapitre 3 – Suites du référendum ............................................................................................ 48 Section I – Démission du premier ministre écossais ........................................................ 48 Section II – The Vow ......................................................................................................... 49 Sous-section 1 – Smith Commission ............................................................................. 49 Sous-section 2 – Scotland Bill .....................................................................................
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