Meet Tyrannosaurus Rex

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MEET TYRANNOSAURUS REX Discovery and name The name Tyrannosaurus means ‘tyrant lizard’ in Greek, while rex means ‘king’ in Latin. Because the first discoveries of Tyrannosaurus were incomplete, it was once known under several different names, including Dynamosaurus and Manospondylus. Tyrannosaurus was named by the famous palaeontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1905. Lived where and when? Tyrannosaurus rex lived in the Late Cretaceous (approximately 78-65 million years ago) in North America. Tyrannosaurus bones have been collected from Alberta, Saskatewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Texas and New Mexico. Super size and growth For a long time, Tyrannosaurus was considered to be the largest meat-eating dinosaur, measuring up to twelve metres long, four metres high and weighing over five tonnes! However, this size is surpassed by several other meat eating-dinosaurs, including Spinosaurus from Africa and Giganotosaurus from South America. Compared to humans, Tyrannosaurus rex grew fast and died young. By looking at the growth rings inside bones, it is thought that Tyrannosaurus grew in rapid spurts, with immature individuals putting on 2kg a day! The largest Tyrannosaurus known yet was 28 years old when it died. Where the bite meets the hype – feeding and fighting in Tyrannosaurus As if the size of Tyrannosaurus wasn’t scary enough, the mandibles of the ‘tyrant lizard’ were amongst the strongest jaws of all time! Tyrannosaurus was able to tear and bite through bone and flesh with a force three times stronger than the bite of an American alligator. Pieces of shattered bone have actually been found in the coprolites (fossil poo) of Tyrannosaurus! The jaws of Tyrannosaurus were so powerful that they’ve left marks on the bones of other dinosaurs, including the horns and hip bones of Triceratops, the spinal column and limb bones of duck-billed dinosaurs, and the leg bones of the small, fast-running Thescelosaurus. Some Tyrannosaurus skeletons have even been found with bite marks from other T. rex, including wounds with broken teeth stuck inside! Some juvenile tyrannosaur skulls bear bites marks from other juveniles. While some bite marks show signs of healing, some badly mangled specimens do not, possibly suggesting death and cannibalism from such fighting. 1/…1 .

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By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN and CHARL
VoL. 6, 1920 PALAEONTOLOGY: OSBORN AND MOOK IS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SKELETON OF THE SAUROPOD DINOSAUR CAMARASA URUS COPE (MOROSA URUS MARSH) By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN AND CHARLES CRAIG MOOK AMERICAN MusEUM or NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY Read before the Academy, November 11, 1919 The principles of modern research in vertebrate palaeontology are illustrated in the fifteen years' work resulting in the restoration of the massive sauropod dinosaur known as Camarasaurus, the "chambered saurian.." The animal was found near Canyon City, Colorado, in March, 1877. The first bones were described by Cope, August 23, 1877. The first at- tempted restoration was by Ryder, December 21, 1877. The bones analyzed by this research were found probably to belong to six individuals of Camarasaurus mingled with the remains of some carnivorous dinosaurs, all from the summit of the Morrison formation, now regarded as of Jurassic- Cretaceous age. In these two quarries Cope named nine new genera and fourteen new species of dinosaurs, none of which have found their way into. palaeontologic literature, excepting Camarasaurus. Out of these twenty-three names we unravel three genera, namely: One species of Camarasaurus, identical with Morosaurus Marsh. One species of Amphicaclias, close to Diplodocus Marsh. One species of Epanterias, close to Allosaurus Marsh. The working out of the Camarasaurus skeleton results in both the artica ulated restoration and the restoration of the musculature. The following are the principal characters: The neck is very flexible; anterior vertebrae of the back also freely movable; the division between the latter and the relatively rigid posterior dorsals is sharp.
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OF the SKELETON.' by HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
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