DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Insecticidal Placement on Non-Target Arthropods in the Peanut Ecosystemt J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Insecticidal Placement on Non-Target Arthropods in the Peanut Ecosystemt J Effects of Insecticidal Placement on Non-Target Arthropods in the Peanut Ecosystemt J. W. Smith, Jr. and P. W. Jackson2 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 ABSTRACT regional major pest restricted to the southern area Three methods of applying insecticides to irrigat­ of Texas (Smith and Pitts 1974) also resides in ed peanuts for soil insect suppression were compared to evaluate their impact on non-target arthropods. the soil. The remaining arthropod species are Insecticides were applied as basal directed sprays, economically classified as occasional or potential broadcast sprays and granules. D-vac suction sam­ ples were utilized to compare population densities pests because they usually exist at population of non-target arthropods at regular intervals after densities below economic injury levels. insecticide application. All application methods showed immediate reductions in most non-target Natural biological control is usually sufficent in arthropod populations. Granular insecticide applica­ maintaining the foliage consuming pests below tions had the least detrimental impact on non-target arthropods and broadcast sprays the greatest. economically damaging levels. The egg and early larval stages of the foliage feeding lepidopterous complex oftentimes occur at high densities. How­ Pea~u~s i~ the Southwest are attacked by num­ erous ~nJurlOus and potentially injurious insects ever, predation, parasitism and microbial infection and mites, Those most commonly encountered in­ drastically reduce such populations prior to de­ clude: lesser cornstalk borer, EIasmopalpus ligno­ velopment of the more voracious feeding latter sel~us (Zeller); tobacco thrips, Franklinieiui fusca instars (Sears and Smith 1975; Sears unpublished (HInds); western flower thrips, F. occidentalis data) . (~ergande); corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Bod­ die) ; tobacco budworm, Fl.. virescens (Fabricius); Heavy use of non-selective, broad spectrum in­ g~anulate cutw?rm, Feltta subterranea (Fabri­ secticides can create ecological imbalances which ~ellowstrIped CIUS); armyworm, Spodoptera orni­ destroy effective natural control. This condition thogall1, (Guenee); beet armyworm, S. exigua (Hlfbner); fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J. E. was exemplified in Texas when peanut producers Smith) ; rednecked peanutworm, Stegasta bos- practiced a lesser cornstalk borer moth control queella (Chambers); threecornered alfalfa hop program based on prophylactic aerial application per, Spissistilus festinus (Say); southern corn of insecticides on 5, 7, and 10 day intervals during rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi 1969-1970. Plant defoliation by lepidopterous lar­ Barber; saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea vae became an economic problem. Spider mites (Drury); velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gem- previously innocuous (King et al. 1961), caused matalis Hub~e~; green cloverworm, Plathypena widespread damage and often completely killed s~abra (Fabricius}; cabbage looper, Trichoplusia large areas within fields or entire fields as large nt (H~bner); potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae as ca. 200 acres. These new acarine pests identified (Harris}; cotton square borer, Strymon melinus as carmine and twospotted spider mites were pre­ (Hubner); 3 burrowing stink bugs, Pangaeus bi­ viously unreported from peanuts in the Southwest. h:n~atus (Say), P. congruus (Uhler), Cyrtomenus Both spider mite species were found to be resist­ ct~1,atus (Palisot de Beauvois); carmine spider ant to all insecticides labeled for use on peanuts mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval: des­ when prophylactic use of organophosphorous in­ eri: spide~ mite, T. desertorum Banks; twospotted secticides preceded mite infestation. Thus within spider mite, T. urticae Koch; and several unidenti­ one year several new target pests emerged and the fied aphids, webworms, wireworms, leafminers, insecticide load on the peanut ecosystem increased. grasshoppers, flea beetles, stink bugs, white grubs, . These developments dictated an approach to soil armyworms and loopers. Insect control on peanuts that would be selective . These phytophagous arthropods and their asso­ for the target organisms and conserve natural clat~ na~ural enemies occupy 2 distinct ecological enemies for suppression of foliage feeders. Smith habItat~ In t?e peanut agroecosystem; soil and and Pitts 1974, Smith et al. 1975, developed a suc­ veg~tatlOI!' Eighty percent of the injurious or po­ cessful technique for soil insect control by apply­ tentIallr InJu;rlOus arthropods reside on the plant ing granular insecticides to irrigated peanuts and vegetation With the remaining balance residing in a basal directed insectidical spray to non-irrigated the soil. The major insect pest, the lesser cornstalk peanuts. These techniques apply the insecticide in borer, (King et al. 1961, Smith et al. 1975 Walton the soil habitat of the target pest and minimize et at 1964) is soil inhabitating. P. biIi~eatus a ~irect insecticidal exposure to the non-target fol­ rage arthropods. Such application techniques were lTexas Agricultural Experiment Station Paper no postulated to conserve natural enemies of foliage TAU8 74. This research was supported by Hatch Project feeding pests. Investigations were undertaken in 1789 and CSRS Grant No. 215-16-99. 1972 and 1973 to ascertain the effects of these in­ . 2Associate Professor and Research Associate respec­ secticidal application techniques on non-target fol­ tively. iage residents on peanuts. 87 PEANUT SCIENCE 88 Materials and Methods Insecticidal Application Techniques - Insecticides If) 2000 -- Untreated were applied as basal directed sprays placing one, 80° W - - - Granules A ....J _. - Broadcast flat fan nozzle on each side of the row directing the n, spray at the soil surface and lower stems and leaves of the plant. The nozzles were tilted 45° from the horizon­ «2: 1600 tal plane to further control the basal spray. Only non­ If) irrigated peanuts received basal directed spray applica­ tions. Broadcast applications were applied similar to conventional foliar applications using 2 nozzles per row ~ ~ .... I .... applied over the top of the foliage. All spray applications I 1200 .... were applied at 40 psi and 20 gallons total spray per 0 I .... I • acre. Granules were applied over the row and sifted I through the foliage and formed a 25-30 em band on the / soil surface. For irrigated fields the granules were in­ 8 800 I »< corporated with a 2-acre-in irrigation within 24 hrs. , <, If)- ". Insecticides applied included parathion, SevimolR, car­ / <, baryl, DyfonateR (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethyl phosphorothio­ 0 / ate), and DasanitR (0, O-Diethyl 0- P- (methylsulfinyl) 0 -, / ' .. phosphorothioate). Dasanit formulations were spray con­ o, 400 centrates or 15 % granules applied at rates of 1.0 and 0 V (All 0:: 2.0 lbs. actual insecticide per acre A) respectively. I Dyfonate was applied as a 10 % granular and an emulsi­ \- 0 2 4 6 fiable concentrate at 1.5 and 1.0 lb AllA respectively. 0:: Parathion and Sevimol were liquid formulations applied « DAYS AFTER APPLICATION at 0.5 and 1.0 lb AllA respectively. Figure lA All irrigated treatments were 49m x 24m in 1972 and 1973 while non-irrigated treatments were 27.5m x 7m PREDACEOJS in 1972 and 49m x 30.5m in 1973. Insecticides were ap­ HEMIPTERA plied on August 21, 1972 and August 8, 1973. Samples 200 obtained on treatment dates were taken just prior to application. 100 ...... Non-target arthropod assessment. - One hundred, If) 365cm2, D-vacR suction samples were taken per treat­ W "..... '<, ment for each sampling date. Samples were taken syste­ -.J matically by walking a figure 8 in each treatment. The. 0.... 2 composite sample from each treatment was placed in <{ 70 % ethyl alcohol. Arthropods were later removed, cate­ If) gorized and counted. U PARASITIC SPIDERS HYMENOPTERA Sampling in 1972 began on the day of insecticide ap­ ~ 20 plication, August 21, and continued at 2 day intervals I for 8 days. In 1973, sampling began on June 20, con­ o tinued at 7 day intervals until insecticides were applied. "'\ . - After insecticide application, the sampling interval was o ./' ",,-- Q 100 -_..... ..." shortened to 3-4 days for a 23 day period then returned ~\ ./........ <, to the 7 day interval. --If) o r' 'w o 0.... Results and Discussion o Figure 1 compares the impact of Dyfonate gran­ ~ 1COLEOPTERA DIPTERA ules and parathion broadcast spray on non-target tr 200 1000 arthropods in an irrigated peanut ecosystem. The « rate of increase in non-target arthropod density r--. in the granular and untreated areas after day 2 500 I was greater than the broadcast treatment (Fig I 100L~A..·.... 1A). Figure 1B shows the effects of these two / . /- methods of application on selected arthropod ~-.- -~'7'-: groups. o 2 4 6 8 o 2 4 6 8 Comparison of parathion basal directed sprays Figure IB DAYS AFTER APPLICATION and broadcast sprays (Fig. 2A, B) on non-irrigated Fig. 1. Comparison of Dyfonate granules and parathion peanuts revealed no differences in non-target broadcast spray on non-target arthropod density for irrigated spanish peanuts; (A) total fauna, (B) select­ arthropod conservation. Smith et al. 1975 postu­ ed groups. lated that basal directed sprays should be selective and conserve natural enemies residing on the pea­ nut foliage. The data presented in Figs. 2A, B do techniques on non-target arthropods. For irrigated not support this hypothesis. No explanation was peanuts differences may be attributed to the toxi­ available for the dramatic decrease
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Saltmarsh Caterpillar, Estigmene Acrea (Drury) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)1 John L
    EENY218 Saltmarsh Caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)1 John L. Capinera2 Distribution The saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury), is a native insect found throughout the United States. Its distribution extends to Central America, and in Canada it has damaged crops in Ontario and Quebec. As a pest, it is most common in the southern United States, particularly the southwest. Description and Life Cycle A generation can be completed in 35 to 40 days under ideal conditions, but most reports from the field suggest about six weeks between generations. The number of generations per year is estimated at one in the northern states to three Figure 1. Adult saltmarsh caterpillars, Estigmene acrea (Drury). to four in the south. Overwintering reportedly occurs in Credits: John L. Capinera, UF/IFAS the mature larval stage, with pupation early in the spring. Saltmarsh caterpillars usually are infrequent early in the season, but may attain high numbers by autumn. Eggs The eggs are nearly spherical in shape, and measure about 0.6 mm in diameter. Initially they are yellow, but soon become grayish in color. Females commonly produce 400 to 1000 eggs in one or more clusters. It is not unusual to find a single egg cluster containing 1200 eggs. Eggs hatch in four to five days. Figure 2. Eggs of the saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury). Credits: John L. Capinera, UF/IFAS 1. This document is EENY218, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date July 2001. Revised March 2013. Reviewed July 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Preference for High Concentrations of Plant Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Specialist Arctiid Moth Utetheisa Ornatrix Depends on Previous Experience
    Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2013) 7:169–175 DOI 10.1007/s11829-012-9232-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Preference for high concentrations of plant pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the specialist arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix depends on previous experience Adam Hoina • Carlos Henrique Zanini Martins • Jose´ Roberto Trigo • Rodrigo Cogni Received: 12 October 2012 / Accepted: 31 October 2012 / Published online: 15 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract Secondary metabolites are one the most per- diet with the high PA concentration, while larvae that were vasive defensive mechanisms in plants. Many specialist pretreated with a high PA diet showed no discrimination herbivores have evolved adaptations to overcome these between future feeding of different PA concentration diets. defensive compounds. Some herbivores can even take We discuss our results using mechanistic and evolutionary advantage of these compounds by sequestering them for approaches. Finally, we discuss how these results have protection and/or mate attraction. One of the most studied important implications on the evolution of plant herbivore specialist insects that sequesters secondary metabolites is interactions and how specialist herbivores may decrease the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix. This species sequesters the levels of chemical defenses on plant populations. pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its host plant, the legume Crotalaria spp. The sequestered PAs are used as a Keywords Coevolution Á Crotalaria Á Chemical defense Á predator repellent and as a mating pheromone. We used Diet choice Á Mating choice Á Taste receptors this species to test larval preference for different concen- trations of PAs. We purified PAs from plant material and added them at different concentrations to an artificial diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) SHILAP Revista De Lepidopterología, Vol
    SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España González, E.; Beccacece, H. M. First record of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 45, núm. 179, septiembre, 2017, pp. 403-408 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45552790005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017: 403-408 eISSN: 2340-4078 ISSN: 0300-5267 First record of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) E. González & H. M. Beccacece Abstract The presence of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr) is reported for the first time. Larvae of this species were found consuming soybean leaves in soybean fields in Córdoba province, Argentina, and were able to complete their life cycle. Characteristics of adults and larvae are provided for rapid identification in the field. Due to the widespread distribution of this species within the region where soybean is more intensively cultivated in South America, we conclude that D. sacrifica is a potential soybean pest. Further studies on infestation frequency, damage levels and control by natural enemies are needed. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiidae, Dysschema sacrifica , soybean, pest, Argentina. Primer registro de Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) en soja ( Glycine max (L.) Merr) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) Resumen Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) en soja ( Glycine max (L.) Merr).
    [Show full text]
  • 000363920800046.Pdf
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS SISTEMA DE BIBLIOTECAS DA UNICAMP REPOSITÓRIO DA PRODUÇÃO CIENTIFICA E INTELECTUAL DA UNICAMP Versão do arquivo anexado / Version of attached file: Versão do Editor / Published Version Mais informações no site da editora / Further information on publisher's website: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141480 Direitos autorais / Publisher's copyright statement: ©2015 by Public Library of Science. All rights reserved. DIRETORIA DE TRATAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Barão Geraldo CEP 13083-970 – Campinas SP Fone: (19) 3521-6493 http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br RESEARCH ARTICLE Feeding on Host Plants with Different Concentrations and Structures of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Impacts the Chemical-Defense Effectiveness of a Specialist Herbivore Carlos H. Z. Martins1,2☯, Beatriz P. Cunha3‡, Vera N. Solferini3‡, José R. Trigo1☯* 1 Laboratório de Ecologia Química, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Funcional e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6109, 13084–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 3 Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Martins CHZ, Cunha BP, Solferini VN, Trigo Sequestration of chemical defenses from host plants is a strategy widely used by herbivo- JR (2015) Feeding on Host Plants with Different rous insects to avoid predation. Larvae of the arctiine moth Utetheisa ornatrix feeding on Concentrations and Structures of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Impacts the Chemical-Defense unripe seeds and leaves of many species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae) sequester N-oxides Effectiveness of a Specialist Herbivore.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Lakes Entomologist the Grea T Lakes E N Omo L O G Is T Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol
    The Great Lakes Entomologist THE GREA Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol. 45, Nos. 3 & 4 Fall/Winter 2012 Volume 45 Nos. 3 & 4 ISSN 0090-0222 T LAKES Table of Contents THE Scholar, Teacher, and Mentor: A Tribute to Dr. J. E. McPherson ..............................................i E N GREAT LAKES Dr. J. E. McPherson, Educator and Researcher Extraordinaire: Biographical Sketch and T List of Publications OMO Thomas J. Henry ..................................................................................................111 J.E. McPherson – A Career of Exemplary Service and Contributions to the Entomological ENTOMOLOGIST Society of America L O George G. Kennedy .............................................................................................124 G Mcphersonarcys, a New Genus for Pentatoma aequalis Say (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) IS Donald B. Thomas ................................................................................................127 T The Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Missouri Robert W. Sites, Kristin B. Simpson, and Diane L. Wood ............................................134 Tymbal Morphology and Co-occurrence of Spartina Sap-feeding Insects (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Stephen W. Wilson ...............................................................................................164 Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae) Associated with the Dioecious Shrub Florida Rosemary, Ceratiola ericoides (Ericaceae) A. G. Wheeler, Jr. .................................................................................................183
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmosoma Myrodora, Scarlet-Bodied Wasp Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Joseph Mccarthy, Forest Huval, Chris Carlton and Gene Reagan
    Pest Management and Insect Identification Series Cosmosoma myrodora, Scarlet-Bodied Wasp Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Joseph McCarthy, Forest Huval, Chris Carlton and Gene Reagan Description Larvae of the scarlet-bodied wasp moth are light yellow and are entirely covered in long, thin hairs.The The scarlet-bodied wasp moth is a member of the hairs are yellowish-white with black tips mixed with a few family Erebidae.The species is well known for its striking black hairs, giving it a speckled appearance.The head and coloration and Batesian mimicry. Batesian mimicry refers rear part of the body are darker yellow, along with the to a situation where an otherwise harmless animal legs. imitates the coloration and behavior of a dangerous or inedible animal to avoid predation.The adult has a bright The caterpillar of this species constructs a cocoon red thorax, abdomen and legs.The abdomen includes from its larval hairs to protect the pupa within.The eight visible segments.The first four are red with a black cocoon is transparent, yellow and speckled with small stripe down the middle and metallic blue spots on each black spots. segment.The last four segments are black, each with three metallic blue spots (one in the center and two on Life Cycle either side).The wings are clear with black veins and Females lay eggs on hempvine (Mikania cordifolia or a thick black outline.The head is metallic blue, bearing Mikania scandens), the larval host plant.When the larvae large, black eyes and black antennae with white tips.The emerge, they first eat their egg casings before moving on bright coloration, clear wings and bicolored antennae to the plant itself.After about one week under normal give the moth its “wasp-like” appearance.This mimicry summer conditions in Louisiana, larvae build their is most apparent when it is flying.The fast-moving wings cocoons and pupate.The adult moths emerge after about and warning colors are convincing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Food Plants of Some 'Primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn ANSC Articles Department of Animal Science 1988 The food plants of some 'primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Carl W. Schaefer University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/ansc_articles Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Schaefer, Carl W., "The food lp ants of some 'primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)." (1988). ANSC Articles. 9. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/ansc_articles/9 9!E THE FOOD PLANTS OF SOME "PRIWtrTTIVE" PENTATOMOIDEA(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) CARL W. SCHAEFER Department of Ecotogy and Evolutionar.t Biolog.r, Unit,ersity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 U.S.A. ,ABSTR.ACT The iood plants of the Cydnidae (Cydninae,Sehirinae, Scaptocorinae, Amnestinae, Garsauriinae, Thau- mastellinae,Parastrachiinae, Corimelaeninae), Plataspidae, Megarididae, Cyrtocoridae, and Lestoniidae, compiled {iom the literature, are discussed.So too are the habitats ofthese insects,most ofwhich live on or are associatedwith the ground. This associationsupports an earlier assertionihat life on the ground was the way of lile o{ the early hemipterans. Most of these groups are polyphagous. However, the Plataspidae feed largely upon legumes, the Scaptocorinaeupon the roots ol Gramineae,some Cydninae also upon legumes,and many Sehirinaeupon members of the advanced dicot subclassAsteridae. Fallen seedsand roots are the preferred plant parts. A group ol mostly small drab shieldbugsappears to be primitive
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmosoma Myrodora, Scarlet-Bodied Wasp Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Joseph Mccarthy, Forest Huval, Chris Carlton and Gene Reagan
    Cosmosoma myrodora, Scarlet-Bodied Wasp Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Joseph McCarthy, Forest Huval, Chris Carlton and Gene Reagan Description Larvae of the scarlet-bodied wasp moth are light yellow and are entirely covered in long, thin hairs. The The scarlet-bodied wasp moth is a member of the hairs are yellowish-white with black tips mixed with a few family Erebidae. The species is well known for its striking black hairs, giving it a speckled appearance. The head and coloration and Batesian mimicry. Batesian mimicry refers rear part of the body are darker yellow, along with the to a situation where an otherwise harmless animal legs. imitates the coloration and behavior of a dangerous or inedible animal to avoid predation. The adult has a bright The caterpillar of this species constructs a cocoon red thorax, abdomen and legs. The abdomen includes from its larval hairs to protect the pupa within. The eight visible segments. The first four are red with a black cocoon is transparent, yellow and speckled with small stripe down the middle and metallic blue spots on each black spots. segment. The last four segments are black, each with three metallic blue spots (one in the center and two on Life Cycle either side). The wings are clear with black veins and Females lay eggs on hempvine (Mikania cordifolia or a thick black outline. The head is metallic blue, bearing Mikania scandens), the larval host plant. When the larvae large, black eyes and black antennae with white tips. The emerge, they first eat their egg casings before moving on bright coloration, clear wings and bicolored antennae to the plant itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Predatory and Parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores Living on Plants
    Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49(4), 1995, 412-453 PREDATORY AND PARASITIC LEPIDOPTERA: CARNIVORES LIVING ON PLANTS NAOMI E. PIERCE Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA ABSTRACT. Moths and butterflies whose larvae do not feed on plants represent a decided minority slice of lepidopteran diversity, yet offer insights into the ecology and evolution of feeding habits. This paper summarizes the life histories of the known pred­ atory and parasitic lepidopteran taxa, focusing in detail on current research in the butterfly family Lycaenidae, a group disproportionately rich in aphytophagous feeders and myr­ mecophilous habits. More than 99 percent of the 160,000 species of Lepidoptera eat plants (Strong et al. 1984, Common 1990). Plant feeding is generally associated with high rates of evolutionary diversification-while only 9 of the 30 extant orders of insects (Kristensen 1991) feed on plants, these orders contain more than half of the total number of insect species (Ehrlich & Raven 1964, Southwood 1973, Mitter et al. 1988, cf. Labandiera & Sepkoski 1993). Phytophagous species are characterized by specialized diets, with fewer than 10 percent having host ranges of more than three plant families (Bernays 1988, 1989), and butterflies being particularly host plant-specific (e.g., Remington & Pease 1955, Remington 1963, Ehrlich & Raven 1964). This kind of life history specialization and its effects on population structure may have contributed to the diversification of phytophages by promoting population subdivision and isolation (Futuyma & Moreno 1988, Thompson 1994). Many studies have identified selective forces giving rise to differences in niche breadth (Berenbaum 1981, Scriber 1983, Rausher 1983, Denno & McClure 1983, Strong et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Revealed by Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Nuclear Rdna Sequences 481-496 75 (3): 481– 496 20.12.2017
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2017 Band/Volume: 75 Autor(en)/Author(s): Lis Jerzy A., Ziaja Dariusz J., Lis Barbara, Gradowska Paulina Artikel/Article: Non-monophyly of the “cydnoid” complex within Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) revealed by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences 481-496 75 (3): 481– 496 20.12.2017 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2017. Non-monophyly of the “cydnoid” complex within Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) revealed by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences Jerzy A. Lis *, Dariusz J. Ziaja, Barbara Lis & Paulina Gradowska Department of Biosystematics, Opole University, Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland; Jerzy A. Lis * [[email protected]]; Dariusz J. Ziaja [[email protected]]; Barbara Lis [[email protected]]; Paulina Gradowska [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 02.x.2017. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 11.xii.2017. Editors in charge: Christiane Weirauch & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract The “cydnoid” complex of pentatomoid families, including Cydnidae, Parastrachiidae, Thaumastellidae, and Thyreocoridae, is morphologi- cally defined by the presence of an array of more or less flattened stout setae (called coxal combs), situated on the distal margin of coxae. These structures, suggested to prevent the coxal-trochanteral articulation from injuries caused by particles of soil, sand or dust, by their nature and function are unknown elsewhere in the Heteroptera. As such, coxal combs were regarded as a synapomorphy of this group of families, and enabled the definition of it as a monophylum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomic Value of the Metathoracic Wing in the Scutelleridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF EUNICE CHIZURU AU for theMASTER OF ARTS (Name) (Degree) in ENTOMOLOGY presented onnc0(10-VQAD lq/c,C? (Major) (Date) Title: THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE METATHORACIC WING IN THE SCUTELLERIDAE HETEROPTERA). Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy John D. Lattin Classification based on metathoracic wing venation does not coincide with the existing higher classification of the family Scutel- leridae.The wings of the genera in the Scutellerinae possess a similar general pattern of venation which is quite distinct from that of Eurygasterinae, Odontoscelinae, Odontotarsinae, and Pachy- corinae.The Scutellerinae wings possess three additional characters not found in the other subfamilies: a second secondary vein (present in all of the genera); an antevannal vein (present in three-fourths of the genera), and a Pcu stridulitrum (present in one-half of the genera).Based upon wing venation the genera at present included in the Scutellerinae do not fit into the tribal classification. The wings of the Scutellerinae fell into two natural groups, those with the Pcu stridulitrum and those without it.Those without the Pcu stridulitrum are more generalized than those with it. The four other subfamilies in the Scutelleridae, Eurygasterinae, Odontoscelinae, Odontotarsinae and Pachycorinae, cannot be separated from one another on the basis of the characters associated with the metathoracic wing.However, genera in these taxa could be separated from each other in most cases. The Pachycorinae are very homogeneous and very generalized as a group.Two-thirds of the genera are generalized.The Odonto- scelinae are more heterogeneous and specialized than the Odonto- tarsinae which are either generalized or intermediate-generalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Saltmarsh Caterpillar/Acrea Moth
    Colorado Insect of Interest Saltmarsh Caterpillar/Acrea Moth Scientific Name: Estigmene acrea (Drury) Figure 1. Saltmarsh caterpillar crossing highway Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Moths, Skippers) Family: Arctiidae/or Arctiinae of the Noctuidae (Woollybears and Tiger Moths) Identification and Descriptive Features: The caterpillars are densely hairy. Younger stages tend to be predominantly yellowish, but as they age they darken. However, there is wide variation on coloration from orange to nearly black. Indistinct striping may also be present. The adult moths are moderate size with a Figure 2. Adult s of the saltmarsh caterpillar, “acrea wing span of 3.5-4.5 cm. The forewings are moths”. Males on top row, females on bottom row.. white with black spotting. Female moths have yellow-orange hindwings and a generally orange abdomen. Males have white hind wings and an abdomen tipped with white. Distribution in Colorado: Statewide except at the highest elevations. Often locally common in many areas of both western and eastern Colorado. Life History and Habits: The saltmarsh caterpillar survives winter as a full grown larva within a cocoon, hidden amongst leaves and other debris on the soil. Pupation occurs in spring and the adults emerge in late spring. After mating the female lays a series of bright yellow egg masses on leaves over the course of several weeks. Eggs hatch about 4-5 days after being laid. Figure 3. Acrea moth with egg mass. Upon egg hatch the caterpillars originally feed as a group, producing skeletonizing injuries to leaves. As they get older, they individually disperse but continue to feed on leaves for another 3-5 weeks.
    [Show full text]