THE UNIVERSITY of CALGARY Exploring Emerging Recreation and Its Planning Challenges: the Case of Disc Golf in Calgary. by Hugo H
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Exploring Emerging Recreation and its Planning Challenges: the Case of Disc Golf in Calgary. by Hugo Haley A Master’s Degree Project Submitted to: The Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary. In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Environmental Design (Planning) Faculty of Environmental Design, Planning Program CALGARY, ALBERTA June, 2002 © Hugo Haley 2002 Abstract This document studies the emerging recreational activity of disc golf through the examination of its recent conflict-ridden integration into urban parks in Calgary. This research was inspired by a case of recreation conflict that did not appear to be sufficiently understood by the user group and municipal staff. The thesis of this document proposes that planning for the emerging sport of disc golf by municipal officials and representatives of the user group can suffer from severe limitations in research, procedure and organizational capacity. These limitations can contribute to serious conflict between recreation interest groups. The findings indicate that this proposition is consistent with the Calgary context. Recommendations are presented to improve disc golf planning and management in Calgary based on effective planning research, sound management of recreational resources, and community involvement best practices. The research has also produced resource material based on several public surveys conducted during the term of this research. i Acknowledgements & Dedication My thanks go out to all those that have supported me in this project. My supervisors at the University of Calgary, Professor Don Schultz and Dr. Douglas Brown, guided me through this project with insight and understanding. Craig Burrows-Johnson, Disc Golf Guru, has been outstanding in his support with reference materials from the ‘CBJ Disc Golf Archives.’ I also want to thank Dr. William K. Stell, resident of the Triwood Community, for his openness and the use of his personal files. Don Patrician at the City of Calgary was very helpful by providing accounts of his experience and understanding of the emerging recreation activity of disc golf. And a special thanks to the disc golfers of Calgary that responded with such enthusiasm to my survey – keep the faith. Mom and Dad – thanks for all the wine and cold-cuts. I wouldn’t have survived without them. Deepest thanks to Lindsay – who offered kind words when they were needed, put up with the late nights, and tolerated the house being turned into a ‘market research call centre’ for a month in September. This document is dedicated to all those who use urban parks: dog walkers, mountain bikers, bird watchers, picnickers, and …. disc golfers. At the end of the day, we all have to live together. ii Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements & Dedication ...................................................................................... ii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................iii List of Tables & Figures ..................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Project Background............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Origins of the Flying Disc................................................................................... 3 1.3 Origins and Growth of Disc Golf........................................................................ 4 1.4 Disc Golf as ‘Play’.............................................................................................. 6 1.5 Modernism, Postmodernism & Disc Golf .......................................................... 7 2 Methodology............................................................................................................... 9 2.0 Introduction......................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Player Survey.................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Phone Survey of Calgary Population................................................................ 18 2.3 Literature Review.............................................................................................. 22 2.4 Key Informant Interviews................................................................................. 23 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 25 3 Theoretical Context and Analysis............................................................................. 26 3.0 Overview........................................................................................................... 26 3.1 The NIMBY Syndrome.................................................................................... 26 3.2 Evolution of NIMBY Syndrome Literature...................................................... 28 3.3 Conflict in Parks and Recreation Settings ........................................................ 32 3.4 Public Involvement ........................................................................................... 42 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 54 4 Disc Golf in Alberta: Issues, History, Study Context............................................... 56 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Catching On: Locations Around Alberta .......................................................... 56 4.3 Growth in Disc Golf Participation .................................................................... 57 4.4 Disc Golf in Public Parks.................................................................................. 64 4.5 Course Closure, Controversy & Case Study Context ....................................... 66 5 Recreation Conflict at West Confederation Park...................................................... 78 5.0 Introduction....................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Site Context....................................................................................................... 78 5.2 Disc Golf Development at West Confederation Park....................................... 86 5.3 Conflict Ignites at West Confederation Park .................................................... 91 iii 6 Discussion............................................................................................................... 117 6.0 Introduction..................................................................................................... 117 6.1 NIMBY or Not? .............................................................................................. 117 6.2 Conflict Theory Applied to Disc Golf ............................................................ 121 6.3 Public Involvement ......................................................................................... 130 6.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 137 7 Conclusions & Recommendations.......................................................................... 140 7.0 Introduction..................................................................................................... 140 7.1 Summary of Findings...................................................................................... 140 7.2 Recommendations........................................................................................... 144 7.3 The Big Picture ............................................................................................... 148 Interviews Cited in the Text............................................................................................ 151 References Cited in the Text........................................................................................... 153 Appendix 1 2001 Disc Golf Player Survey: Frequency & Percentage Totals Appendix 2 2001 Disc Sports Phone Survey Appendix 3 Vision Statement Principles of the Urban Parks Master Plan Appendix 4 Agreement: City of Calgary with Alberta Disc Sports Association Appendix 5 Letter from member of Community Opposition Appendix 6 River Valleys Committee (RVC) letter to Alderman Joanne Kerr iv List of Tables & Figures Figure 1.A Original Disc Golf Target Basket.................................................................. 5 Figure 1.B Disc Golfer Putting ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 2.A Location of Forest Lawn Disc Golf Course................................................. 13 Figure 2.B Forest Lawn Disc Golf Course .................................................................... 14 Figure 2.C Forest Lawn Disc Golf Course at 14th Avenue & 52nd Street SE.............. 14 Table 2.D Table of Responses Required from Each City Quadrant............................. 20 Figure 3.A Ladder of Citizen Participation...................................................................