National Reports by Country 2019

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National Reports by country 2019

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Japan

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USA

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Australia compiled by: Andrew Bowie and Ruhi Humphries

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

The information provided will be used for reporting, fundraising, network ing, strategic development and updating of the live web-based implementation plan. As much as possible, please indicate the specific SOLAS 2015-2025 Science Plan Themes addressed by each activity or specify an overlap between Themes or Cross-Cutting Themes. 1 Greenhouse gases and the oceans; 2 Air-sea interfaces and fluxes of mass and energy; 3 Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry; 4 Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems; 5 Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry; Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems; Environmental impacts of geoengineering; Science and society.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight Describe one scientific highlight with a title, text (max. 300 words), a figure with legend and full references. Please focus on a result that would not have happened without SOLAS, and we are most interested in results of international collaborations. (If you wish to include more than one highlight, feel free to do so).

Origin, transport and deposition of aerosol iron to Australian coastal waters

Highlights: New aerosol trace metal data for coastal waters around Australia High heterogeneity in aerosol Fe sources and solubilities across Australia Biomass burning plays a key role in determining aerosol Fe solubility in Australia New aerosol Fe observations will improve modelling studies of southern oceans

Australia is a major source of Fe-laden dust to the anemic marine phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean and to Southern Hemisphere (SH) low latitudes diazotrophic bacteria. However, the paucity of observations and laboratory experiments on SH aerosols biases model predictions of atmospheric Fe deposition to the southern oceans and the subsequent response of ocean productivity. As a result of an extensive shipboard aerosol sampling effort, this study presents laboratory measurements of aerosol Fe concentrations, solubilities and fluxes and analysis of chemical tracers, highlighting the large heterogeneity between aerosol Fe sources in 5 coastal regions around Australia. While dust-sourced high Fe loadings and low Fe solubilities (5%) dominated aerosols from the western coasts of Australia, much lower Fe concentrations but greater Fe solubilities (10.5% and 13%) measured in aerosols along the east coast were attributed to solubility-enhancing atmospheric reactions with anthropogenic pollutants. Finally, surprisingly high aerosol Fe solubilities (>20%) in northern Australia aerosols were associated with direct emissions or atmospheric reactions with bushfire emissions at tropical latitudes, which accounted for 49% of the total soluble Fe flux from the continent to surrounding seawaters. Such data will greatly help constraining biogeochemical model representation of aerosol deposition to the SH.

Figure: Labile Fe fraction (color scale, LFe, %) and total Fe concentration (point size, TFe, ng m-3) in aerosols for each marine region delimited by the red dashed rectangles.

Citation: Morgane M. G. Perron, Bernadette C. Proemse, Michal Strzelec, Melanie Gault- Ringold, Philip W. Boyd, Estrella Sanz Rodriguez, Brett Paull, Andrew R. Bowie, 2020. Origin, transport and deposition of aerosol iron to Australian coastal waters. Submitted

- Ongoing atmospheric measurements of the RV Investigator https://research.csiro.au/acc/capabilities/rv-investigator/ - RV Investigator March 2019 voyage (IN2019_V03 – SOTS: automated moorings for climate and carbon cycle studies in the Southern Ocean) investigated trace metal aerosol supply to the subantarctic Southern Ocean

- RV Investigator Oct-Dec 2019 voyage (IN2019_V06: Maritime Continent observations of atmospheric convection, biogenic emissions, ocean vertical mixing, and the Indonesian Throughflow.) - RSV Aurora Australis ‘CAMMPCAN’ research voyages -– parallel projects, measuring aerosol and cloud properties in the Antarctic sea-ice region in the 2018/19 summer season. http://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2018/seeding-southern-clouds https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-16/cloud-researchers-using-new-technology-in- antarctica/10623752 - Voyages highlighted on Airbox page https://airbox.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/#tab19

- Southern Ocean Atmospheric Research (SOAR) Workshop, 19 – 21 November 2019, IMAS Hobart

- Atmospheric Composition & Chemistry Observations and Modelling Conference & Cape Grim Annual Science Meeting, November 2019, CSIRO Aspendale

- 3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Morgane M.G. Perron, Michal Strzelec, Melanie Gault-Ringold, Bernadette C. Proemse, Philip W. Boyd, Andrew R. Bowie, 2020. Assessment of leaching protocols to determine the solubility of trace metals in aerosols. Talanta Volume 208, 1 February 2020, 120377

Humphries, R. S., McRobert, I., Ponsonby, W., Ward, J., Keywood, M., Loh, Z., Krummel, P. B. and Harnwell, J.: Identification of platform exhaust on the RV Investigator, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3019-2019, 2019.

Alroe, J., Cravigan, L. T., Miljevic, B., Johnson, G. R., Selleck, P., Humphries, R. S., Keywood, M. D., Chambers, S. D., Williams, A. G. and Ristovski, Z. D.: Marine productivity and synoptic meteorology drive summer-time variability in Southern Ocean aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 1–27, doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-1081, 2019.

Dominick, D., Wilson, S. R., Paton-Walsh, C., Humphries, R., Guérette, É.-A., Keywood, M., Selleck, P., Kubistin, D. and Marwick, B.: Particle Formation in a Complex Environment, Atmosphere, 10(5), 275, doi:10.3390/atmos10050275, 2019.

Guérette, É.-A., Paton-Walsh, C., Galbally, I., Molloy, S., Lawson, S., Kubistin, D., Buchholz, R., Griffith, D. W. T., Langenfelds, R. L., Krummel, P. B., Loh, Z., Chambers, S., Griffiths, A., Keywood, M., Selleck, P., Dominick, D., Humphries, R. and Wilson, S. R.: Composition of Clean Marine Air and Biogenic Influences on VOCs during the MUMBA Campaign, Atmosphere, 10(7), 383, doi:10.3390/atmos10070383, 2019.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). Future RV Investigator voyages - Integrated Marine Observing System Southern Ocean Time Series climate and carbon cycle moorings (IN2020_V03) (April/May 2020), including project “Dust to the ocean: Does it really increase productivity?” - Measuring the world’s cleanest air – validating atmospheric measurements above the Southern Ocean (IN2020_V05) (August/September 2020) will provide a first-ever comparison of two Global Atmospheric Watch stations (Cape Grim and the RV Investigator). This will allow validation of Investigator aerosol instrumentation against a world-class benchmark which will improve confidence in both stations.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). - Atmospheric Composition & Chemistry Observations and Modelling Conference & Cape Grim Annual Science Meeting, November 2020, Murramurang Resort, NSW

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), 2019-2029

ARC Discovery funding, 2019-22, “Dust to the ocean: Does it really increase productivity?” Zanna Chase, Andrew Bowie, Peter Strutton

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). Australian Research Council Special Research Initiative for Excellence in Antarctic Science (submitted for funding to start in 2020)

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. International GEOTRACES program – www.geotraces.org

World Meteorological Organisation’s Global Atmosphere Watch Programme SOCRATES - https://www.eol.ucar.edu/content/socrates-project-overview US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement facility IGAC

Comments

Andrew Lenton (CSIRO Oceans and Atmospheres, Hobart, Tasmania) joined the SOLAS SSC

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS BELGIUM compiled by: Nathalie Gypens

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

The information provided will be used for reporting, fundraising, networking, strategic development and updating of the live web-based implementation plan. As much as possible, please indicate the specific SOLAS 2015-2025 Science Plan Themes addressed by each activity or specify an overlap between Themes or Cross-Cutting Themes. 1 Greenhouse gases and the oceans; 2 Air-sea interfaces and fluxes of mass and energy; 3 Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry; 4 Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems; 5 Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry; Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems; Environmental impacts of geoengineering; Science and society.

IMPORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups, cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight

1. Marine methane dissolved concentrations and emissions in the Southern North Sea in 2018

During the European heatwave of 2018 that led to record-breaking temperatures in many countries across northern and central Europe, average seawater temperature in July was 2.5°C higher than the mean from 2004 to 2017 for same month in the Belgian coastal zone (BCZ) (Southern Bight of the North Sea). The mean dissolved CH4 concentration in surface waters in July 2018 (338 nmol L-1) was three times higher -1 than in July 2016 (110 nmol L ), and an extremely high dissolved CH4 concentration in surface waters (1,607 nmol L-1) was observed at one near-shore station. The high dissolved CH4 concentrations in surface waters in the BCZ in July 2018 seemed to be due to a combination of enhancement of methanogenesis and of release of CH4 from gassy sediments, both most likely related to warmer conditions. The emission of CH4 from the BCZ to the atmosphere was higher in 2018 compared to 2016 by 57% in July (599 versus 382 μmol m-2 d-1) and by 37% at annual scale (221 versus 161 μmol m-2 -1 d ). The European heatwave of 2018 seems to have led to a major increase of CH4 concentrations in surface waters and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere in the BCZ.

-1 Figure 1: Dissolved CH4 concentration (nmol L ) as function of seawater temperature (°C) averaged for the nine stations in the Belgian coastal zone in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The highest concentration was observed during the European heatwave of 2018. The dotted line shows the exponential fit for data 2 - with seawater temperature (T) > 10°C: CH4 = 1.7527 exp(0.2283*T) (r =0.93), where CH4 is in nmol L 1 and T in °C.

Citation: Borges A.V., C.Royer, J. Lapeyra Martin, W.Champenois, N.Gypens, Response of marine methane dissolved concentrations and emissions in the Southern North Sea to the European 2018 heatwave, Continental Shelf Research 190 (2019) 104004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.104004

2. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sources and sinks of CO2 in the global coastal ocean

In contrast to the open ocean, the sources and sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the coastal seas are poorly constrained and understood. Here we address this knowledge gap by analyzing the spatial and temporal variability of the coastal airǦ sea flux of CO2 (FCO2) using a recent highǦresolution (0.25°) monthly climatology for coastal sea surface partial pressure in CO2 (pCO2). Coastal regions are characterized by CO2 sinks at temperate and high latitudes and by CO2 sources at low latitude and in the tropics, with annual mean CO2 flux densities comparable in magnitude and pattern to those of the adjacent open ocean with the exception of riverǦdominated -2 - systems. The seasonal variations in FCO2 are large, often exceeding 2 mol C m year 1, a magnitude similar to the variations exhibited across latitudes. The majority of these seasonal variations stems from the airǦsea pCO2 difference, although changes in wind speed and sea ice cover can also be significant regionally. Globally integrated, the -1 coastal seas act currently as a CO2 sink of -0.20 ± 0.02 Pg C year , with a more intense uptake occurring in summer because of the disproportionate influence of highǦ latitude shelves in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with estimates of the carbon sinks in the open ocean and the Arctic, this gives for the global ocean, averaged over -1 the 1998 to 2015 period an annual net CO2 uptake of -1.7 ± 0.3 Pg C year .

-2 -1 Figure 2: Spatial distribution of the amplitude of the seasonal FCO2 variability (mol C m year ) (a) calculated as the rootǦmeanǦsquare (RMS) for each grid cell of the monthly FCO2 anomalies ( ᇲ ). ୊େ୓మ ᇱ -2 -1 (b–f) Seasonal FCO2 anomaly ( ଶ in mol C m year , black lines) in different latitudinal bands ᇱ calculated as the mean of the surface weighted average ଶ of all grid cells pertaining to that band. Dotted lines correspond to uncertainties ( section 1.2.5 in Roobaert et al., 2019). For each panel, a positive value for a given month implies that the FCO2 is a stronger source/weaker sink of CO2 than the 18Ǧyear mean FCO2 calculated for this latitudinal band. A negative value means a stronger sink/weaker source. Winter covers the months of January, February, and March in the Northern Hemisphere and of ᇱ July, August, and September in the Southern Hemisphere. The seasonal ଶ profile is plotted twice for each latitudinal band in order to better visualize the temporal pattern. The RMS of the monthly FCO2 -2 -1 anomalies is also calculated for each latitudinal bands ( ᇲ , mol C m year ) and differs from the ୊େ୓మ ᇲ in panel (a), which is calculated at the grid cell level. ୊େ୓మ Citation: Roobaert, A., Laruelle, G. G., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Chou, L., & Regnier, P. (2019). The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sources and sinks of CO2 in the global coastal ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006239

3. DMSP and DMSO in seagrass meadows (collaboration between Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, The Netherlands)

DMSP and related sulfonium compounds dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) constitute an integral part of the marine sulfur cycle and play an important role in the global sulfur budget. DMS, via transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere, could have a cooling effect on climate and could help to compensate for warming from “greenhouse effect”. We recently added the seagrass P. oceanica to the short list of terrestrial and coastal magnoliophytes that have a high DMSP content. Our researches have also shown that the concentrations of DMSP and DMSO in P. oceanica are overall distinctly higher and exhibit a wider range of variations than other marine primary producers such as Spartina alterniflora, phytoplankton communities, epilithic Cyanobacteria and macroalgae. Concentrations of both DMSP and DMSO in P. oceanica leaves decrease from a maximum in autumn to a minimum in summer and are strongly related to the leaf size, i.e., the leaf age. To explain the seasonal pattern of decreasing concentrations with leaf aging, we hypothesized two putative protection functions of DMSP in young leaves: antioxidant against reactive oxygen species and predator-deterrent. In addition, the similar variation of the two molecule concentrations suggest that DMSO content in P. oceanica leaves results from oxidation of DMSP. DMSP and DMSO also show interannual variability of their contents in P. oceanica leaves, as reported from a four-year (2015-2018) monitoring survey. The remaining concentrations of the two molecules in seagrass leaves in summer could be related to the average high temperatures (≥ 75th percentile) of July-August (see Figure 3). DMSP and DMSO concentration dynamics in seagrasses therefore seem to depend on both plant-intrinsic and environmental factors. The study of DMSP and DMSO in seagrasses is at its very beginning. Almost everything remains to be discovered, so further research is needed.

Figure 3: Relationship between average DMSP concentrations in P. oceanica leaves and average high temperatures (≥ 75th percentile) in July-August, for depths 10, 20 and 30m and years 2015 to 2018. Blue lines are prediction from median regression with restricted cubic spline function and 95% confidence interval.

Citation: Richir, J., Champenois, W., Engels, G., Abadie, A., Gobert, S., Lepoint, G., Silva, J., Santos, R., Sirjacobs, D., Borges, A. V, 2020. A 15-Month Survey of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate and Dimethylsulfoxide Content in Posidonia oceanica. Front. Ecol. Evol.

- From April 2019, in the frame of Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS), the Modelling for Aquatic System (MAST) group from the Fresh and OCeanic systems Unit of research (FOCUS) of the Liege University is delivering in near real time and operational mode estimation of the air-sea flux of CO2 in the Black Sea. The service will be extended to reanalysis in June 2020 back to 1992. Further information on the methods and products can be found here. - Intercalibration experiment for measurement of carbonate system parameters and gases in sea ice at the Roland von Glasow air-sea-ice chamber of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK in the frame of ECV-ice SCOR working group with the support of the Eurochamp-2020 Infrastructure Activity. January 2020. - Analysis of samples from a 5-month in situ shading experiment (performed in 2018) of seagrass meadow portions. All environmental and biological sample/data except DMSP and DMSO were analysed during year 2019. - Participation (oral and poster communication, proceeding) to the 42nd CIESM Congress in Portugal. - Collaboration with Italian scientists to test in aquaria the effect of nutrient and temperature increases on DMSP and DMSO production in P. oceanica.

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc. 1. Borges A.V., C. Royer, J. Lapeyra Martin, W. Champenois, N. Gypens (2019). Response of marine Response of marine methane dissolved concentrations and emissions in the Southern North Sea to the European 2018 heatwave, Continental Shelf Research 190, 104004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.104004 2. Speeckaert G., A. V. Borges, N. Gypens (2019). Salinity and growth eﬀects on dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cell quotas of Skeletonema costatum, Phaeocystis globosa and Heterocapsa triquetra. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 226, 106275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106275 3. Crabeck O, Galley R J, Mercury L, Delille B, Tison J-L and Rysgaard S. (2019) Evidence of freezing pressure in sea ice discrete brine inclusions and its impact on aqueous-gaseous equilibrium. Journal of Geophysical Research Ocean, 124, 10.1029/2018JC014597 4. Thomas J.L., Stutz J, Frey M M, Bartels-Rausch T, Altieri K, Baladima F, Browse J., Dall’Osto M., Marelle L., Mouginot J, Murphy J G, Nomura D, Pratt KA, Willis MD, Zieger P., Abbatt J.,. Douglas T A, Facchini M C, France J, Jones A E, Kim K, Matrai P, McNeill VF, Saiz-Lopez A, Shepson P, Steiner N, Law K S, Arnold S R, Delille B, Schmale J, Sonke J E, Dommergue A, Voisin D, Melamed M L, Gier J, (2019). Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene 7, 58. doi:10.1525/elementa.396 5. Swart S., Gille S T, Delille B, Josey S, Mazloff M, Newman L, Thompson A F, Thomson J, Ward B, du Plessis M D, Kent E C, Girton J, Gregor L, Heil P, Hyder P, Pezzi L P, de Souza R B, Tamsitt V, Weller R A and Zappa C J, (2019). Constraining Southern Ocean air-sea-ice fluxes through enhanced observations, Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:421. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00421

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). - MOASIC, Leg 6, International Arctic Drift Expedition on the RV Polarstern led by AWI. - Analyzing samples from the 5-month in situ shading experiment for DMSP and DMSO contents (spring 2020; in collaboration with France) - Analyzing samples from the aquarium experiment on nutrient and temperature increases for DMSP and DMSO contents (spring 2020; in collaboration with Italy) - Writing a paper on the variability of DMSP and DMSO contents in P. oceanica leaves.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). - 52nd Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics – Towards understanding and assessing human impacts on coastal marine environments. Liège, Belgium – 25th to 29th May 2020

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. - ISOtopic Investigation of Greenhouse GAses in Polar regions: An Ocean Ice- Atmosphere Continuum (ISOGGAP) funded by the FRS-FNRS (2016-2019, 432 kEur). This project covers the theme 8 "High Sensitivity Systems- HS2" but will focus on arctic systems. ISOGGAP will address: 1) Gas exchange monitoring and process studies; 2) Regional dynamics of stressors and their effect in sea ice systems; 3) Improvement of the representation of biogeochemistry in regional models of sea ice 4) Identification of the elements of HS² that are key parameters to global change and incorporate them into Earth System Models. Partners: Jean-Louis Tison (Univesité Libre de Bruxelles) Bruno Delille (Université de Liège) - OCeANIC (nitrous Oxide and nitrogen Cycling in ANtarctic sea Ice Covered zone, BL/12/C63, 2016-2019, 250 kEur) funded by the Belgian Science Policy. Partners: Bruno Delille (Université de Liège), Frank Dehairs (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Jean-Louis Tison (Université Libre de Bruxelles) - Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, CDR J.0051.20, 2020-2021) Research Project funded by the F.R.S.-FNRS - Main funding for researches on P. oceanica is from the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) (Fellowship-Grant 1237018F and contract 2.4.637.10).

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). - The global aim of P. oceanica researches is to describe factors that drive DMSP and DMSO production in seagrasses, to quantify their role as provider of the dissolved DMS(P)(O) pool in the above water column and the DMS sea-air transfer and to study the ecological functions these molecules play in seagrass beds. This is being done in collaboration with European academic partners (FNRS as main funding agency; no submission dates at this state, there are just intentions).

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. - BEPSII (Biogeochemical Exchange processes at the Sea ice Interfaces) joint SOLAS-CLIC-IASC working group - ECVice (Essential Climate Variable for sea ice) SCOR working group - SOOS task group on Air-Sea Fluxes - CATCH (The Cryosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry)

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS ‘Canada’ compiled by: ‘Martine Lizotte’

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ? The Canadian SOLAS community had nothing to report here for this year.

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight

1.1 Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice-nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer.

This scientific highlight addresses SOLAS Theme #4. Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems

The ocean is an important source of ice nucleating particles (INPs) to the atmosphere, yet our understanding of the properties and concentrations of INPs in ocean surface waters remains limited. We investigated ice nucleating particles (INPs) in sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater samples collected in the Canadian Arctic during the summer of 2016. Unique in the current study, we showed that the concentrations of INPs were strongly correlated with meteoric water (terrestrial runoff plus precipitation). These results suggest that meteoric water may be a major source of INPs in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in this region. Future modelling studies of clouds and climate in the Arctic should consider this possible source of INPs.

Figure 1. Relationships between T10-values (indicator of freezing temperature of the INPs) for bulk seawater and (a) the water volume fractions for meteoric water, fMW, and (b) the water volume fractions for sea-ice melt, fSIM. The x-error bars are due to the uncertainties in seawater salinities and seawater δ18O values used when calculating fMW and fSIM..

Citation: Irish, V. E., S. Hanna, Y. Xi, M. Boyer, E. Polishchuk, J. Chen, J. P. D. Abbatt, M. Gosselin, R. Chang, L. Miller, and A. K. Bertram, Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19 (11), p. 7775-7787.

1.2 Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic

This scientific highlight integrates, to different degrees, all of the major SOLAS Themes (1-2-3-4-5)

Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, results from this overview paper summarize key discoveries that have been made in climate-related Arctic aerosol research by the NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) research network. Formed in 2013, NETCARE consisted of Canadian academic and government researchers along with international collaborators. Given the highly diverse nature of inter-related earth system processes that couple within the Arctic environment, the network was interdisciplinary, consisting of climate and air quality modellers, atmospheric chemists, aerosol and cloud physicists, biological and chemical oceanographers , biogeochemists, and remote sensing experts. Over the past 6 years, the network conducted a set of field campaigns and modelling projects focused on the sources and loss mechanisms of atmospheric particles, their chemical and optical characteristics, and their role in c limate. By studying the nature of fundamental biogeochemical and physical processes that connect aerosol to climate in environments that vary from pristine to polluted, such as those found in the Arctic, the results gathered will strengthen the accuracy of different modelling approaches used to simulate climate in these environments.

Figure 2. Map of the Arctic indicating NETCARE field work locations, including the ground station (Alert), CCGS Amundsen ship tracks in the summers of 2014 and 2016, and Polar 6 aircraft flights in summer 2014 (based out of Resolute Bay) and in spring 2015 (based out of Longyearbyen, Alert, Eureka, and Inuvik)

Citation: Abbatt, J. P. D., Leaitch, W. R., Aliabadi, A. A., Bertram, A. K., Blanchet, J.-P., Boivin-Rioux , A., Bozem, H., Burkart, J., Chang, R. Y. W., Charette, J., Chaubey, J. P., Christensen, R. J., Cirisan, A., Collins, D. B., Croft, B., Dionne, J., Evans, G. J., Fletcher, C. G., Galí, M., Ghahremaninezhad, R., Girard, E., Gong, W., Gosselin, M., Gourdal, M., Hanna, S. J., Hayashida, H., Herber, A. B., Hesaraki, S., Hoor, P., Huang, L., Hussherr, R., Irish, V. E., Keita, S. A., Kodros, J. K., Köllner, F., Kolonjari, F., Kunkel, D., Ladino, L. A., Law, K., Levasseur, M., Libois, Q., Liggio, J., Lizotte, M., Macdonald, K. M., Mahmood, R., Martin, R. V., Mason, R. H., Miller, L. A., Moravek, A., Mortenson, E., Mungall, E. L., Murphy, J. G., Namazi, M., Norman, A.-L., O'Neill, N. T., Pierce, J. R., Russell, L. M., Schneider, J., Schulz, H., Sharma, S., Si, M., Staebler, R. M., Steiner, N. S., Thomas, J. L., von Salzen, K., Wentzell, J. J. B., Willis, M. D., Wentworth, G. R., Xu, J.-W., and Yakobi-Hancock, J. D.: Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2527– 2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, 2019.

2.1 International Collaborations

International collaboration, including Canadian participation, to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) activities within the Working Group (WG) #143 “Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N 2O and CH4”. Activities carried out in this WG led to the following publication: Bange, Hermann W., Arévalo- Martínez, Damian L., De La Paz, Mercedes, Farías, Laura, Kaiser, Jan, Kock, Annette, Law, Cliff S., Rees, Andrew P., Rehder, Gregor, Tortell, Philippe D., Upstill-Goddard, Robert C. and Wilson, Samuel T. (2019) A Harmonized Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Ocean Observation Network for the 21st Century. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. ISSN 2296-7745. This paper is part of the MEMENTO joint initiative between SOLAS and COST Action 735. This activity addresses SOLAS Theme #1 Greenhouse Gases and the Oceans

3 An international collaborative activity, including Canadian participation, within the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group (WG) #152 “Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) intercalibration experiment on gases in sea ice” was conducted at the Roland von Glasow sea-ice chamber at the University of East Anglia in January 2020. This activity addresses the SOLAS cross-cutting theme on Integrated Topics and Theme #2

Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), Working Group (WG) #38 – Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean. International collaboration, including a Canadian representative, towards a review article “Unravelling the impacts of ocean acidification on marine trace gases and the implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate”, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, in press. Co-authors: Frances E. Hopkins, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Marion Gehlen, Oliver Andrews, Stephen D. Archer, Laurent Bopp, Erik Buitenhuis, Isabelle Dadou, Robert Duce, Nadine Goris, Tim Jickells, Martin Johnson, Fiona Keng, Cliff S. Law, Kitack Lee, Peter S. Liss, Martine Lizotte, Gillian Malin, J. Colin Murrell, Hema Naik, Andrew P. Rees, Jörg Schwinger, Philip Williamson This activity addresses several SOLAS Themes including #1-4-5

A compilation of Arctic sea-ice 18O data was initiated under Canadian leadership, in parallel to and in collaboration with an Antarctic effort lead by a US group. This was a joint activity of the Expert Group on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) and the Expert Group on Antarctic Sea ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCT) This activity addresses the SOLAS cross-cutting theme on Integrated Topics and Theme #2

A BEPSII-led position analysis on future Arctic sea-ice biogeochemistry and ice-associated ecosystems has been submitted to Nature Climate change. This activity addresses the SOLAS cross-cutting theme on Integrated Topics and Theme #2

A group review of the the United Nations' (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), was conducted by several members of the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS), including Canadian representatives. The paper “The benefits to climate science of including Early Career Scientists as reviewers”, Geoscience Communication, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-2019-20, is under review. Co- authors: Mathieu Casado, Gwenaëlle Gremion, Paul Rosenbaum, Jilda Alicia Caccavo, Kelsey Aho, Nicolas Champollion, Sarah L. Connors, Adrian Dahood, Alfonso Fernandez, Martine Lizotte, Katja Mintenbeck, Elvira Poloczanska, Gerlis Fugmann This activity addresses the SOLAS cross-cutting theme on Science and Society and recognizes the importance of including of early career scientist in the climate science dialogue.

2.2 Completed papers based on field measurements carried out as part of NETCARE (Network on Aerosols and Climate: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments)

Abbatt, J.P.D., Leaitch, W.R., Aliabadi, A.A., Bertram, A.K., Blanchet, J. -P., Boivin-Rioux, A., Bozem, H., Burkart, J., Chang, R.Y.W., Charette, J., Chaubey, J.P., Christensen, R.J., Cirisan, A., Collins, D.B., Croft, B., Dionne, J., Evans, G.J., Fletcher, C.G., Galí, M., Ghahremaninezhad, R., Girard, E.†, Gong, W., Gosselin, M., Gourdal, M., Hanna, S.J., Hayashida, H., Herber, A.B., Hesaraki, S., Hoor, P., Huang, L., Hussherr, R., Irish, V.E., Keita, S.A., Kodros, J.K., Köllner, F., Kolonjari, F., Kunkel, D., Ladino, L.A., Law, K., Levasseur, M., Libois, Q., Liggio, J., Lizotte, M., Macdonald, K.M., Mahmood, R., Martin, R.V., Mason, R.H., Miller, L.A., Moravek, A., Mortenson, E., Mungall, E. L., Murphy, J. G., Namazi, M., Norman, A.-L., O'Neill, N. T., Pierce, J.R., Russell, L.M., Schneider, J., Schulz, H., Sharma, S., Si, M., Staebler, R.M., Steiner, N.S., Thomas, J.L., von Salzen, K., Wentz, J.J.B., Willis, M.D., Wentworth, G.R., Xu, J.-W., and Yakobi-Hancock, J.D.: Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2527-2560, doi:10.5194/ac p- 19-2527-2019, 2019.

Galí, M., Devred, E., Babin M., Levasseur, M.: Decadal increase in Arctic dimethylsulfide emission Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (39) 19311-19317, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904378116, 2019.

Ghahremaninezhad, R., Gong, W., Galí, M., Norman, A.-L., Beagley, S. R., Akingunola, A., Zheng, Q., Lupu, A., Lizotte, M., Levasseur, M., and Leaitch, W. R.: Dimethyl sulfide and its role in aerosol

4 formation and growth in the Arctic summer – a modelling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14455 – 14476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14455-2019, 2019.

Gourdal, M., Crabeck, O., Lizotte, M., Galindo, V., Gosselin, M., Babin, M., Scarratt, M. and Levasseur, M.: Upward transport of bottom-ice dimethyl sulfide during advanced melting of arctic first-year sea ice, Elem. Sci. Anth., 7(1), p.33, doi:10.1525/elementa.370, 2019.

Hayashida, H., Christian, J., Holdsworth, A., Hu, X., Monahan, A., Mortenson, E., Myers, P., Riche, O., Sou, T., Steiner, M.: CSIB v1: a sea-ice biogeochemical model for the NEMO community ocean modelling framework, Geoscientific Model Development (GMD), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1965-1990, 2019, doi:10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, 2019.

Irish, V. E., S. Hanna, Y. Xi, M. Boyer, E. Polishchuk, J. Chen, J. P. D. Abbatt, M. Gosselin, R. Chang, L. Miller, and A. K. Bertram, Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(11), p. 7775-7787.

Irish, V.E., S.J. Hanna, M.D. Willis, S. China, J.L. Thomas, J.J.B. Wentzell, A. Cirisan, M. Si, W.R. Leaitch, J.G. Murphy, J.P.D. Abbatt, A. Laskin, E. Girard, and A.K. Bertram, Ice nucleating particles in the marine boundary layer in the Canadian Arctic during summer 2014, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(2): p. 1027-1039.

Lizotte, M., Levasseur, M., Galindo, V., Gourdal, M., Gosselin, M., Tremblay, J. -É., Blais, M., Charette, J., and Hussherr, R.: Phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide dynamics at two contrasting Arctic ice edges, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-422, accepted, 2019.

Mahmood, R., von Salzen, K., Norman, A.L., Gali, M., and Levasseur, M. Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(5), 6419-6435.

Si, M., E. Evoy, J. Yun, Y. Xi, S. J. Hanna, A. Chivulescu, K. Rawlings, D. Veber, A. Platt, D. Kunkel, P. Hoor, S. Sharma, W. R. Leaitch, and A. K. Bertram, Concentrations, composition, and sources of ice-nucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during spring 2016, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(5): p. 3007-3024.

2.3 Meetings, conferences and workshops

The Expert Group on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) hosted a successful annual meeting in Winnipeg (Canada) this year in connection with the International Sea-Ice Symposium. BEPSII also hosted a well-attended session during the symposium.

Several members of the Canadian SOLAS community took part in the SOLAS Open Science Conference (OSC) held in Sapporo, Japan, April 21-25 2019, as well as participated in the organization of plenary talk sessions, parallel discussion and poster sessions , and the Early Career Scientist Day (ECSD) during this event.

2.4 Fieldwork and laboratory activities

A laboratory study exposing phytoplankton cultures to ozone and measuring VOCs and the formation of aerosol particles formed was completed (Schneider et al., 2019). Results show that older cultures (3-weeks-old) are more prolific in the formation of both gases and particles than younger cultures (1- week-old). The particles formed were shown to be largely organic in nature, with only a small amount of sulfate present. Schneider, S. R., Collins, D. B., Lim, C. Y., Zhu, L., Abbatt, J. P. D.: Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Heterogeneous Oxidation by Ozone of a Phytoplankton Culture, ACS Earth Space Chem., 3, 2298-2306, 2019.

5 3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Bénard, R. Levasseur, M., Scarratt, M., Michaud, S., Starr, M., Mucci, A., Ferreyra, G., Gosselin, M., Tremblay, J.-É., Lizotte, M., Yang, G.-P.: Contrasting effects of acidification and warming on dimethylsulfide concentrations during a temperate estuarine fall bloom mesocosm experiment. Biogeosciences, 16, 1167-1185, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1167-2019.

Miller, L. A., Burgers, T., Burt, W.J., Granskog, M.A., Papakyriakou, T. N.: Air-Sea CO2 Flux Estimates in Stratified Arctic Coastal Waters: How Wrong Can We Be? Geophys. Res. Lett. 46: 235- 43, doi:10.1029/2018GL080099, 2019.

Sastri, A.R., Christian, J.R., Achterberg, E.P., Atamanchuk, D., Buck, J.J.H., Bresnahan, P., Duke, P.J., Evans, W., Gonski, S.F., Johnson, B., Juniper, S.K., Mihaly, S., Miller, L.A., Morley, M., Murphy, D., Nakaoka, S., Ono, T., Parker, G., Simpson, K., Tsunoda, T.: Perspectives on in situ sensors for ocean acidification research. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:653, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00653, 2019.

Watanabe, E., Jin, M., Hayashida, H., Zhang, J., Steiner, N.: Multi-model intercomparison of the pan- Arctic ice-algal productivity on seasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales, JGR Oceans, doi:10.1029/2019JC015100, 2019.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

Steiner, N. (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) and collaborators engaged with Inuit communities in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region with respect to the impacts of ocean acidification and sea-ice retreat on forage fish through regular interactions during Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC) meetings and the Fisheries Join Management Committee.

Several NETCARE publications (described in Part 1 – Section 2.2) have been co-authored with researchers and scientists from government entities such as Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) and Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Canada which represents a significant mechanism for knowledge mobilization.

The launch of the second “Sea-ice algae Model Intercomparison Project” is planned for 2019/2020.

Field experiments, as part of the “Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) intercalibration experiment on gases in sea ice”, are planned for Cambridge Bay in Spring of 2021, with initial deployments in Fall 2020. These experiments will focus on methods for measuring gases and primary production.

6 2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible).

EGU, Vienna, 3-8 May 2020. “Diversity and strength of ice-related dimethyl sulfide sources in the Arctic” by M. Levasseur, M. Lizotte, V. Galindo, M. Gourdal, M. Gosselin has been accepted for presentation in the Session CR7.1 – Cryosphere change impacts on marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling.

Preparations for the Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) Sea Ice Winter Field School, that will be held in Cambridge Bay in April 2021, are underway.

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway.

3.1 Projects underway

A Co-operative Observation Network to Address Community Research Priorities While Studying Marine Biogeochemistry, PI Brent Else. ArcticNET

Quantifying and Predicting Canada's Marine Carbon Sink, PI Roberta Hamme. NSERC

University of Toronto researchers (J. Abbatt team) are pursuing laboratory studies of the interactions of oxidants (such as ozone) with seawater, specifically studying the inorganic system. In the near future, using phytoplankton cultures, the team will examine the mechanisms for new particle formation as a result of light and oxidant exposure.

3.2 Papers underway

Several papers relating to the following SOLAS-relevant scientific activities are underway:

Sea-ice ecosystem services (BEPSII community).

Impacts of ocean acidification on dimethylsulfide cycling with a focus into the microbial processes involved.

Dimethylsulfide hotspots linked to hydrographic frontal structures and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic

Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) intercalibration experiment on gases in sea ice

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates).

The Canadian SOLAS community had nothing to report here for this year.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

Canadian co-leadership of BEPSII (Co-Chair Nadja Steiner, Lisa Miller and Brent Else are members of the Steering Committee).

Canadian co-leadership of SCOR WG 152 - ECV-Ice (Co-Chair Brent Else)

Lisa Miller is a member of the International Commission for Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP).

7 Comments The Canadian SOLAS community wishes to express its gratitude to the SOLAS IPO staff for their continued efforts in facilitating the communication of SOLAS activities.

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS China compiled by: Minhan Dai & Huiwang Gao

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

Title: Partial pressure of CO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the South China Sea: synthesis of an 18-year dataset

Text: Air-sea CO2 fluxes in marginal seas serve as an important component of the ocean’s carbon cycle. However, it remains challenging to reliably assess the carbon fluxes in individual coastal systems, which often feature large spatial and temporal variations. This study synthesizes spatial and temporal variations in surface seawater pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) and associated air-sea CO2 fluxes in the largest marginal sea of the North Pacific, the South China Sea (SCS), based on a large dataset collected from 47 surveys during 2000-2018. We found a large spatial variability in sea surface pCO2 in the SCS, except during winter when values remained in a narrow range. In general, seasonal variability was evident in surface water pCO2 values from the northern SCS, with lower values during the cold seasons and higher values during the warm seasons, except in the Pearl River plume and the area off northwest Luzon where winter upwelling occurred. In the SCS basin and the western SCS, pCO2 in surface waters was generally higher than in the atmosphere. We also revealed large intra-seasonal variations in the northern SCS during monsoonal transitions in both spring and fall. In spring, pCO2 increased with temperature in the northern SCS, which was a CO2 sink in March but became a CO2 source in May with April as a transitional month. Fall is also a transitional season for the northern SCS, where it changes from a CO2 source back to a CO2 sink. On an annual basis, the average CO2 flux from the SCS was 1.2±1.7 mmol m-2 d-1. Enhanced carbon sink on the northern SCS shelf was observed in winter. The annual average CO2 flux was significantly lower than the previous estimate, which can largely be attributed to the addition of new datasets in the previously under-sampled seasons and regions.

Figure: Distribution of seasonal averages and standard deviations (SD) of pCO2 and pCO2 in 1°1° grids in the South China Sea. The pCO2 values were normalized to the year 2010.

Citation: Li, Q., X.H. Guo, W.D. Zhai, Y. Xu, and M.H. Dai, 2020. Partial pressure of CO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the South China Sea: synthesis of an 18-year dataset. Progress in Oceanography, 182, 102272, doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102272. Title: Fertilization of the Northwest Pacific Ocean by East Asia air pollutants Text: Haze particles as a key air pollutant contain high level of toxins, which were hypothesized to inhibit phytoplankton growth when deposited to the ocean, and thus indirectly affect the climate. However, field observations have yet to provide conclusive evidence to confirm this hypothesis. Onboard microcosm experiments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) show that haze particles collected at the East Asia continent had an inhibition impact on phytoplankton growth only when at very high particle loading (2 mg L-1). In contrast, haze particles at low and medium loadings (0.03– 0.6 mg L-1) stimulated phytoplankton growth and shifted phytoplankton size structure toward larger cells, primarily due to the supply of inorganic nitrogen nutrients from the particles. Model simulations showed that haze particle loading in NWPO surface seawater was usually more than an order of magnitude lower than 2 mg L-1. This indicates that haze particles are unlikely to cause harm but to stimulate phytoplankton growth in the nitrogenϋlimited NWPO. Ocean biogeochemical modeling further shows that deposited nitrogen significantly enhanced surface ocean chlorophyll a concentration in the winter and spring of 2014. Overall, these results demonstrate that haze particles stimulate rather than inhibit primary production in the NWPO.

Figure: Responses of total Chl a to haze particle additions at different stations. At stations M1, M1B, and A1ϋb, addition of haze particles led to an increase in Chl a and enhancement increases with increasing haze particle loading (up to 0.6 mg L-1) in comparison to controls. YS1 and PN3 showed no response to haze particle additions while higher particle loading (2 mg L-1) caused a decrease in Chl a at all studied stations (Ar4, G7, B7, and H10) in comparison to controls, suggesting a toxicity effect. Citation: Zhang, C., A. Ito, Z. B. Shi, M. N. Aita, X. H. Yao, Q. Chu, J. H. Shi, X. Gong, and H.W. Gao, 2019. Fertilization of the Northwest Pacific Ocean by East Asia air pollutants. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33, doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006146. Title: New particle formation in the marine atmosphere during seven cruise campaigns Text: We measured the particle number concentration, size distribution, and new particle formation (NPF) events in the marine atmosphere during six cruise campaigns over the marginal seas of China in 2011–2016 and one campaign from the marginal seas to the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) in 2014. We observed relatively frequent NPF events in the atmosphere over the marginal seas of China, i.e., on 23 out of 126 observational days, with the highest frequency of occurrence in fall, followed by spring and summer. In total, 22 out of 23 NPF events were found to be associated with the long-range transport of continental pollutants based on 24 h air mass back trajectories and pre- existing particle number concentrations, which largely exceeded the clean marine background, leaving one much weaker NPF event that was likely induced by oceanic precursors alone, as supported by multiple independent pieces of evidence. Although the long-range transport signal of continental pollutants can be clearly observed in the remote marine atmosphere over the NWPO, NPF events were observed on only 2 out of 36 days. The nucleation-mode particles (<30 nm), however, accounted for as high as 35 %±13 % of the total particle number concentration during the NWPO cruise campaign, implying the existence of many undetected NPF events in the near-sea- level atmosphere or above. To better characterize NPF events, we introduce a term called the net maximum increase in the nucleation-mode particle number concentration (NMINP) and correlate it with the formation rate of new particles (FR). We find a moderately good linear correlation between NMINP and FR at FR ≤8 cm−3 s−1, but no correlation exists at FR>8 cm−3 s−1. The possible mechanisms are argued in terms of the roles of different vapor precursors. We also find that a ceiling exists for the growth of new particles from 10 nm to larger sizes in most NPF events. We thereby introduce a term called the maximum geometric median diameter of new particles (Dpgmax) and correlate it with the growth rate of new particles (GR). A moderately good linear correlation is also obtained between the Dpgmax and GR, and only GR values larger than 7.9 nm h−1 can lead to new particles growing with a Dpgmax beyond 50 nm based on the equation. By combining simultaneous measurements of the particle number size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at different super saturations (SS), we observed a clear increase in CCN when the Dpg of new particles exceeded 50 nm at SS=0.4 %. However, this case did not occur for SS=0.2 %. Consistent with the results of previous studies in the continental atmosphere, our results imply that particles smaller than 50 nm are unlikely activated as CCN at SS=0.4 % in the marine atmosphere. Moreover, κ decrease from 0.4 to 0.1 during the growth period of new particles, implying that organics likely overwhelm the growth of new particles to CCN size. The chemical analysis of nano-Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (nano-MOUDI) samples reveals that trimethylamine (TMA) and oxalic acid might appreciably contribute to the growth of new particles in some cases.

Figure: Relationship between the new particle formation rate (FR) and net maximum increase in the nucleation-mode particle number concentration (NMINP), growth rate (GR), and maximum geometric median diameter of new particles (Dpgmax) in NPF events over the marginal seas of China and NWPO (the black shapes were treated as outliers, i.e., greater than 3 standard deviations from the regression curve, and were excluded from the correlation analysis). Citation: Zhu, Y., K. Li, Y. Shen, Y. Gao, X. Liu, Y. Yu, H. Gao, and X. Yao, 2019. New particle formation in the marine atmosphere during seven cruise campaigns, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 89–113, doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-89-2019.

1) Time-Series

Time Location Parameters investigated Theme South East Asia Time-series Investigated how monsoonal forcing controls 9-22 Jul., 2019 Study station 1 (SEATS) in South biogeochemical cycles in the SCS China Sea

Parameters investigated include chemical Apr., Aug., Oct., and composition, optical properties and size distribution Huaniao Island 3, 4 Dec., 2019 of aerosols, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), airborne microorganisms

Jun. and Nov. 2019 Dongshan Bay Parameters related to the air-sea CO2 fluxes and 1 carbonate system were collected

2) Cruises ID Time Location Activities Theme 1 Parameters investigated include chemical composition and size distribution of aerosols, particle number concentrations and CCN, spatial 10-19 Dec., 2019 Yellow Sea 2-5 variations and sea-air fluxes of biogenic active gas (DMS, CH4, N2O, volatile halohydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons) 2 Parameters investigated include chemical composition and size distribution of aerosols, biogenic active gases (dimethyl sulfide, amines, 26 Dec., 2019- 18 East China Sea NH3, etc.), POPs, airborne microorganisms, 1, 3, 4 Jan., 2020 and Yellow Sea mercury, phytoplankton community structure. The biogeochemical cycle and climate effects of DMS, CH4 and N2O were studied 3 Winter, summer, Yangtze River fall in 2019 Estuary Spatial variations and sea-air fluxes of biogenic active gas (DMS, CH4, N2O, volatile 4 Spring in 2019 East China Sea halohydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons) were investigated. During the cruises, deck 2 5 Fall in 2019 East China Sea incubation experiments were carried out to assess the effects of nutrients, iron, dust additions 6 Northwest and ocean acidification on phytoplankton growth Fall in 2019 Pacific and production of DMS, 7 Oct., 2019-Jan., Northwest dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl 2020 Pacific sulfoxide (DMSO) Investigated the submesoscale variability and the 8 The prominent temporal evolution of the biogeochemistry cyclonic eddies 15 Mar.- 20 Apr., especially the export productivity within the in the Northwest 1 2019 mesoscale cyclonic eddies. Parameters related to Pacific Ocean the air-sea CO fluxes and carbonate system off Taiwan 2 were collected 9 The first GEOTRACES-China cruise investigated 16 stations with multi-disciplinary, platform, and 26 Apr.- 10 Jun., Western North instrumental observations, including LADCP, Pacific along the MVP, normal and trace metal clean CTD rosettes, 1 2019 GP09 Section in situ pumps, large volume incubation experiments, plankton trawling, and aerosol sampling.

Selected Projects - National Key Research and Development Program of China: The Migration and Transformation of Marine Biogenic Active Gases in the Atmosphere and Their Climate Effects (2016-2021), Leading PI: Ying Chen at Fudan University. (Theme 3 & 4) - NSFC General Program: Variation of Abundance and Community Structure of Airborne Microorganisms and Affecting Mechanism over the East China Sea (2018-2022), Leading PI: Ying Chen at Fudan University. (Theme 3 & 4) - National Key Research and Development Program of China: Vertical Observation of Aerosol Particles and their Characteristics at Single Particle Level within Marine Boundary Layer at Coastal Areas (2018-2021), leading PI: Bingbing Wang at Xiamen University. (Theme 4) - NSFC Innovative Research Group: Nitrogen Cycle under Global Change (2018-2023), Leading PI: Shuh-Ji Kao at Xiamen University. (Theme 1) - NSFC Youth Program: Utilizing Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Markers to Characterize the Molecular Composition and Fate of Atmospheric Dissolved Organic Carbon in the South China Sea (2018-2020), Leading PI: Hongyan Bao at Xiamen University. (Theme 3) - NSFC General Program: Effects of Multiphase Reactions for Atmospheric Organic Acid on Deposition Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Particles (2018-2021), leading PI: Bingbing Wang at Xiamen University. (Theme 3) - CHOICE-C (Carbon Cycling in China Seas-Budget, Controls and Ocean Acidification) project was renewed by the MOST of China for another 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019. This renewed project is termed as CHOICE-C II with a budget of 25 million CNY. Through comparative study of carbon cycling in River-dominated-Ocean-margins (RioMars, the northern South China Sea shelf being a case) and the Ocean-dominated-Ocean-margins (OceMars, the South China Sea basin being a case), CHOICE-C II is focusing on the carbon cycle in South China Sea in terms of its budget, controls and global implications. (Theme 1 & 2) - National Key Research and Development Program: Biogeochemical Processes and Climate Effect of Marine Biogenic Trace Gases in the East Marginal Seas of China (2016-2021). Leading PI: Guipeng Yang at Ocean University of China. (Theme 1)

- NSFC Major Program: CARBON Fixation and Export in the oligotrophic ocean (Carbon-FE) (2019-2023), Leading PI: Minhan Dai at Xiamen University. (Theme 1 & 2 & 3 & Environmental impacts of geoengineering) - NSFC General Program: Characteristics of Atmospheric Deposition Dominated by Haze Weather and Its Effect on Phytoplankton Growth in the Bohai and Yellow Sea (2019-2022), Leading PI: Huiwang Gao at Ocean University of China. (Theme 3) Infrastructure - New deep-sea research vessel (Dong-Fang-Hong 3) with the capacity of SOLAS researches has been delivered to Ocean University of China (OUC) in May 2019. - Xiamen University launched Dongshan Swire Marine Station (D-SMART) which locates in Dongshan Island, 140 km from Xiamen. D-SMART is now open for multidisciplinary observation, research, and education. Closely related to SOLAS research, D-SMART is designed to provide and host in situ ocean observation and to establish a multidisciplinary observation network for the atmospheric science, physical oceanography, biogeochemistry and marine biology, and to monitor and understand responses of the marine ecosystem to both climate change and anthropogenic activities. D-SMART is running time-series cruises for surrounding coastal sea and upwelling system. International interactions and collaborations 1) Conference presentations

- Ying Chen, Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and trace metals affects marine phytoplankton and their feedback to aerosols, SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 Apr. 2019, Sapporo, Japan (Plenary talk).

- Minhan Dai, Air-sea CO2 fluxes, diapycnal nutrient fluxes and export productivity in oligotrophic ocean, SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 Apr. 2019, Sapporo, Japan (Plenary talk). - Huiwang Gao, Changes in phytoplankton community due to dust addition in eutrophication, LNLC and HNLC seawaters in the Northwest Pacific, SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 Apr. 2019, Sapporo, Japan (Poster)

- Xiaohong Yao, Mapping concentrations of ammonia in the marine atmosphere along the long coastline in China, SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 Apr. 2019, Sapporo, Japan (Poster) - Jianhua Qi, Distribution of dry deposition velocities and fluxes of atmospheric part iculate nitrogen and phosphorus over the China Marginal Seas and Northwest Pacific , SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 Apr. 2019, Sapporo, Japan (Poster) - Xiaohong Yao, Formation of particulate matters in thin air, 6th Asian Aerosol conference, 20-24 May 2019, Hong Kong (Invited talk) 2) Conference & meetings organized - The 4th Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) International Workshop held at Hangzhou, 14-17 Apr., 2019. - From 6 to 9 Jan. 2019, the 4th Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences (XMAS - IV) with the theme of ‘The Changing Ocean Environment: From a Multidisciplinary Perspective’ took place in Xiamen, China. The symposium consists of 33 sessions covering physical oceanography, marine biogeochemistry, biological oceanography, and marine ecotoxicology along with workshops for emerging topics in marine environmental sciences. A SOLAS Session C4 entitled “Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study—Air-sea interactions and their climatic and environmental impacts” was included. In this session, the SOLAS scientific community exchanged new ideas and discussed the latest achievements in our understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change. Studies focusing on atmosphere-ocean exchange of climate active gases, atmospheric deposition, chemical transformations of gases and particles , interactions between anthropogenic pollution with marine emissions, feedbacks from ocean ecosystems and impacts to environments and climate were presented in particular. - Minhan Dai was one of the four Program Committee Co-chairs of OceanObs’19 which was held in Honolulu, Hawaii from 16 to 20 Sep., 2019. This is the first time for Chinese ocean observing community to be fully involved in the OceanObs conference series. 3) Contribution to international initiatives - Minhan Dai is engaged in REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes-2 (RECCAP2) which is an activity of the Global Carbon Project with a number of partners. The objectives of RECCAP2 are: 1) to quantify anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, 2) to develop robust observation-based estimates of changes in carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions and sinks by the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems, distinguishing whenever possible anthropogenic vs. natural fluxes and their driving processes, 3) to gain science-based evidence of the response of marine and terrestrial regional GHG (CO2, CH4, N2O) budgets to climate change and direct anthropogenic drivers. To address these objectives, RECCAP2 will design and perform a set of global syntheses and regional GHG budgets of all lands and oceans, and explore mechanisms by which to deliver regular updates of these regional assessments based on scientific evidence, considering uncertainties, understanding of drivers, and retrospective analysis of recent trends. RECCAP2 is expected to accomplish most of the work over 2019-2020 with publication of all papers by 2021. - Minhan Dai and Nianzhi Jiao were invited to participate the International Workshop on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research, held at IOC-UNESCO headquarters in Paris (France) on 28–30 Oct., 2019. The Workshop was co-convened by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC), the International Ocean Carbon Coordinating Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project (IMBeR), the Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change core project of the World Climate Research Programme (CLIVAR), and the Global Carbon Project (GCP). Human dimensions (outreach, capacity building, public engagement etc.) - The 7th Xiamen University Ocean Sciences Open House was held on 4 Nov., 2019, Zhou-Long- Quan Building, Xiang’An Campus, Xiamen University, China. - Launched on 1 Nov., 2019, the 70.8 Media Lab was jointly established by the Xiamen Universit y Faculty of Earth Science and Technology and Sina Xiamen. The Media Lab will fully integrate social media and the global forces marine research to promote the development of channels between the public and marine science, and enhance the marine awareness of citizens. 3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc. (1). Cao, Z., W. Yang, Y. Zhao, X. Guo, Z. Yin, C. Du, H. Zhao, and M. Dai, 2019. Diagnosis of CO2 dynamics and fluxes in global coastal oceans. National Science Review, doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz105. (2). Zhang, G.L., S.M. Liu, K.L. Casciotti, M.S. Forbes, X.J. Gu, Y.Y. Ren, and W.J. Zheng, 2019. Distribution of concentration and stable isotopic composition of N2O in the shelf and slope of the northern South China Sea: Implications for production and emission. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124. doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014947. (3). Li, C.X., B.D. Wang, Z.C. Wang, J. Li, G.P. Yang, J.F. Chen, L.N. Lin, Y.Lyu, and F. Guo, 2019. Spatial and interannual variability in distributions and cycling of summer biogenic sulfur in the Bering Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 4816-4825. (4). Zhang, C., X.H. Yao, Y. Chen, Q. Chu, Y. Yu, J.H. Shi and H.W. Gao, 2019. Variations in the phytoplankton community due to dust additions in eutrophication, LNLC and HNLC oceanic zones. Science of the Total Environment, 669, 282–293. (5). Shi, J.H., N. Wang, H.W. Gao, A. Baker, X.H. Yao and D.Z. Zhang, 2019. Phosphorus solubility in aerosol particles related to particle sources and atmospheric acidification in Asian continental outflow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 847-860. 4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage? - A mini-workshop to improve industry-science responses to multi-stressor impacts on aquaculture was convened by Weiwei You and Guihua Wang on the 4th GOA-ON International Workshop. This special event engaged aquaculture stakeholders directly in dialogue with scientists to bridge knowledge gap between science research and industrial practice. Through discussion, it aimed to identify ways to bridge these sectors in order to deliver scientific solutions that can sustain thriving coastal aquaculture, communities, and economies. - Xiamen University Faculty of Earth Science and Technology collaborated with Sina Xiamen to establish the 70.8 Media Lab. The Media Lab will fully integrate social media and the global forces marine research to promote the development of channels between the public and marine science, and enhance the marine awareness of citizens. - Engaged expert from Development Research Centre of the State Council to co-design a new initiative on coastal sustainability as a NSFC Major Program.

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). - There will be a summer cruise (from 20 May - 4 Jul., 2020) and a winter cruise (from the end of 2020 to Jan. 2021) to the Northwest Pacific conducted by R/V TAN KAH KEE, which aim to examine carbon fixation and export, or the biological bump in general, regulated by differently sourced nutrients including macronutrients (i.e., N, P, Si) and micronutrients (e.g., Fe). - Summer cruise of project “CCN associated with fresh and aged marine-traffic aerosols under high atmospheric NH3 background in the Yangzi River Estuary” is planned in 2020. - Fall cruise of project “Biogeochemical processes and climate effects of biogenic active gases in the eastern continental shelf of China” is planned in 2020. - Summer cruise for investigating the biogeochemistry of marine biogenic gases in the northwest Pacific Ocean is planned in 2020. - Cruises for the investigation of seasonal variations of DMS, CH4, N2O, volatile halocarbons, non- methane hydrocarbons and methanol in the Yangtze River Estuary are planned in 2020.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). - PICES-2020: Session S5, Atmospheric nutrient deposition and microbial community responses, and predictions for the future in the North Pacific Ocean, 22 Oct.-1 Nov., 2020, Qingdao, Cosponsored by SOLAS, Convened by J Jun Nishioka, Guiling Zhang, Huiwang Gao, etc. - C1 biogeochemistry workshop will be held at Ocean University of China, Nov., 2020, Qingdao - International meeting on marine biogenic gases will be held at Ocean University of China, Sep., 2020, Qingdao - International Scoping Workshop towards Integrated Research and Sustainability of the Coastal Ocean (Coastal-SOS) will be held in Xiamen, Sep. 2020. This workshop will gather an interdisciplinary community of scientists from geoscience, social economy, policy management, environmental ecology, model simulation, and other related fields for in-depth discussion on bold questions and solutions related to the coastal ocean. It will also promote opportunities where international collaboration can provide unique advantages of s cope, scale, expertise, and facilities that enable advancement of scientific understanding of key coastal ocean issues towards sustainability. 3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. - NSFC program: CARBON Fixation and Export in the oligotrophic ocean (Carbon-FE) (2019- 2023), Leading PI: Minhan Dai at Xiamen University. - NSFC Key Project: Source and sink of volatile halogenated organic compounds in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea and their influences on the environment (2019-2023), PI: Guipeng Yang at Ocean University of China. - NSFC General Program: Characteristics of atmospheric deposition dominated by haze weather and its effect on phytoplankton growth in the Bohai and Yellow Sea (2019-2022), Leading PI: Huiwang Gao at Ocean University of China. - NSFC General Project: Study on the source, distribution, transformation and removal of COS and CS2 in the continental shelf seas of eastern China (2020-2024), PI: Guipeng Yang from Ocean University of China. - NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund program: Impacts of atmospheric deposition on water quality and ecosystem in the coastal waters of Shandong Province (2020-2023), Leading PI: Huiwang Gao at Ocean University of China. - NSFC General Program: Influences of hydrodynamics on the spatial distribution and long-term variations of Persistent Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas (2020-2023), Leading PI: Xinyu Guo at Ocean University of China. 4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). - Project on C1 (e.g., DMS, methanol, methylamine) biogeochemistry in China marginal seas is to be submitted to NSFC in Apr. 2020. - The proposal of integrated research on sustainability of the coastal ocean is to be submitted to NSFC for Major Project in Sep./Oct. 2020. The prospective proposal aims to address how land- sea-ocean-atmosphere/ecosystem-resource-environment-social economic system is coupled in the coastal ocean under dual stresses of climate change and human activities. 5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. - Minhan Dai is a member of the Expert Group of the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy (HLP). HLP is a unique initiative of 14 serving heads of government committed to catalysing bold, pragmatic solutions for ocean health and wealth that support the UN Sustainable Development Goals and build a better future for people and the planet. The HLP has commissioned a series of ‘Blue Papers’ to explore pressing challenges at the nexus of the ocean and the economy. Lead by Jan-Gunnar Winther and Minhan Dai, Blue Paper #14 on Integrated Ocean Management, is part of a series of 16 papers that are being published between November 2019 and June 2020. This paper makes the case for integrated ecosystem-based management, which combines value creation and the safeguarding of ecosystem health. - Minhan Dai and Nianzhi Jiao were invited to participate the International Workshop on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research, held at IOC-UNESCO headquarters in Paris (France) on October 28– 30, 2019. The goal of this workshop was to bring together the decades of collective experiences of the above mentioned expert groups to inform the next generation of integrated ocean carbon research. Specifically, by discussing the themes on biological and geochemical aspects, temporal and spatial scales, methodologies and models, and societal applications of ocean carbon research, the workshop aimed to identify the research needed to fill critical knowledge gaps, better integrate our science so as to address the growing policy needs for information on how global change impacts on the carbon cycle and how, in turn, changes in the carbon cycle impact on our planet – with a focus on the ocean component. - Minhan Dai is engaged in REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes-2 (RECCAP2) which is an activity of the Global Carbon Project with a number of partners. The objectives of RECCAP2 are: 1) to quantify anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, 2) to develop robust observation-based estimates of changes in carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions and sinks by the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems, distinguishing whenever possible anthropogenic vs. natural fluxes and their driving processes, 3) to gain science-based evidence of the response of marine and terrestrial regional GHG (CO2, CH4, N2O) budgets to climate change and direct anthropogenic drivers. To address these objectives, RECCAP2 will design and perform a set of global syntheses and regional GHG budgets of all lands and oceans, and explore mechanisms by which to deliver regular updates of these regional assessments based on scientific evidence, considering uncertainties, understanding of drivers, and retrospective analysis of recent trends. RECCAP2 is expected to accomplish most of the work over 2019-2020 with publication of all papers by 2021.

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Taiwan compiled by: Chon-Lin Lee and Hon-Kit Lui

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight

Typhoon or hurricane is a major natural disaster in many coastal regions. In the East Asia such as in Taiwan, mainland China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, typhoon threatens about one billion people living in the coastal areas. Understanding the interactions between typhoon and ocean is critical to forecast the changes in the strength and the route of typhoon.

Two buoys deployed in the western North Pacific successfully captured the super typhoon Nepartak (equivalent to Category 5) in July 2016 at distances less than 20 km from the centre of the typhoon’s eye. Such unprecedented dataset combined with modelling results provide a new insights into typhoon-ocean interaction. This study shows a rapid temperature drop of about 1.5 °C in 4 hours in the surface ocean, largely due to the dramatic strengthening of velocity shear in the mixed layer and below. Such unprecedented atmospheric and ocean datasets gain our understanding of the evolution of physical conditions of the upper ocean responses to extremely strong typhoon. This study with those invaluable data help to validate certain related super typhoon-ocean interaction theories. Results will be incorporated into numerical forecast models, increasing the accuracy of forecasting the evolving processes of the super typhoon in the future. Figure: Satellite and buoy NTU1 observations of Nepartak. a Satellite SST difference between pre- storm sea surface temperature (SST) (5 July) and post-storm SST (8 July) with the typhoon track indicated by the gray line. Dashed circles and white contours in a indicate the radius of the Beaufort scale 10 wind and sea level anomalies of % % pressure (black line) and wind speed (blue line); c temperature in the upper 300 m; d meridional current velocity Vcurr at 75m (black line) and meridional wind velocity Vwind (red line). The two red vertical lines in b–d mark the beginning (left) and end (right) of the forced period. The black curve in c is the 27.2 °C isotherm. e Observed (red line), simulated (blue line), and pre-storm (black dashed line) temperature profiles at times 1–6 as indicated by the vertical black dashed lines in c and d. Black lines in e mark the mixed layer depth. The black vertical line in b–d marks the time of minimum sea level pressure.

Citation: Y.J. Yang et al. The role of enhanced velocity shears in rapid ocean cooling during Super Typhoon Nepartak 2016. Nature Communications, 2019, 10:1627.

2. Activities/main accomplishments in 2019 (e.g., projects; field campaigns; workshops and conferences; model and data intercomparisons; capacity building; international collaborations; contributions to int. assessments such as IPCC; collaborations with social sciences, humanities, medicine, economics and/or arts; interactions with policy makers, companies, and/or journalists and media). The Taiwan representative organized and leaded 5 meetings at the National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, aiming to link scientists related to SOLAS in Taiwan together. An integrated three-year proposal “From marine aerosols towards understanding of the influences of a harbor-industry city on the air quality, climate changes, environmental ecosystem and their social impacts” was submitted to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan at the end of 2019. The integrated 3- year proposal covers wide ranges of research interests, such as atmospheric chemistry, marine chemistry, marine ecosystem, management, education…etc. The titles of the subprojects are as follows: 1. Impact of sea spray aerosol on enhancing PM2.5 formation in a coastal City 2. Characterization of the chemical composition, physico-chemical properties and anthropogenic effects of sea spray aerosols and air-sea microlayer using aerosol spectroscopy and mass spectrometric approaches. 3. Multiple-wavelength polarization and Raman LIDAR in NSYSU for detections of atmospheric aerosols above Kaohsiung harbor area and exhaust emissions from cargo ships. 4. Influence of marine aerosol on the mass transfer, equilibrium distribution, and health-effect potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coastal region of southern Taiwan. 5. Impacts of natural and anthropogenic forcings on coastal acidification off southwestern Taiwan: Current status and its potential impacts on marine ecosystem. 6. Exploring possible impacts of natural- and human-induced environmental changes on small-scale marine resource based on spatiotemporal data of fishing vessels – a case on sergestid shrimp fishery of southwestern Taiwan. 7. Impact of Coastal Zone Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Port City Air Quality 8. Public Promotion of Key Sustainability Competencies through Education for Sustainable Development in the Contexts of Human, Ocean, Land, and Air. 3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Y.J. Yang, M.H. Chang, C.Y. Hsieh, H.I. Chang, S. Jan and C.L. Wei. The role of enhanced velocity shears in rapid ocean cooling during Super Typhoon Nepartak 2016. Nature Communications, 2019, 10:1627.

C.R. Wu, Y.F. Lin and B. Qiu. Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the Pacific North Equatorial Current bifurcation. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9:2162.

S. Huang and L.Y. Oey. Land-falling typhoons are controlled by the meridional oscillation of the Kuroshio Extension. Climate Dynamics, 2019, 52, 2855–2867.

C.H. Chow, W. Cheah, J.H. Tai and S.F. Liu. Anomalous wind triggered the largest phytoplankton bloom in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9:15550.

W.C. Chou, P.J. Liu, Y.H. Chen and W.J. Huang. Contrasting changes in diel variations of net community calcification support that carbonate dissolution can be more sensitive to ocean acidification than coral calcification. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019, 7:3.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). An integrated three-year proposal “From marine aerosols towards understanding of the influences of a harbor-industry city on the air quality, climate changes, environmental ecosystem and their social impacts” was submitted (8 subprojects) to the MOST of Taiwan at the end of 2019. The integrated proposal is expected to start on 1st August, 2020. It covers wide range of research interests, including atmospheric chemistry, marine chemistry, marine ecosystem, management, as well as education. We welcome international collaborations.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). The Taiwan representative plans to (1) organize 2 to three meetings for the SOLAS group in Taiwan in 2020, and (2) propose and chair a session in the topic of SOLAS Taiwan in the Annual Ocean Meeting in Taiwan in May, 2021.

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. The funding is expected to come mainly from the MOST of Taiwan, and partly from the National Sun Yat-sen University and different industry-academia cooperative research projects of the participants.

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). Submitting an international proposal will be considered in 2021 or 2022, depending on the progress and the achievement of the 3-year integrated project.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. The integrated 3-year proposal includes the collaborations between Taiwan SOLAS and University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Parts of the proposal is planned to be conducted with the Atmospheric Aerosol Research Center, UCSD.

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Finland compiled by: Lauri Laakso / Finnish Meteorological Institute, with contributions from the Finnish Marine Research Infrastructure FINMARI partners

Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)

o Heidi Pettersson, Jan-Victor Björkqvist, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen

Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)

o Jukka Seppälä

University of Helsinki (UH)

o Joanna Norkko, Petteri Uotila

University of Turku (UT)

o Jari Hänninen

Åbo Akademi University (ÅA)

o Martin Snickars

Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)

o Joonas Virtasalo

Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE)

o Ari Leskelä

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

Lobby for funding in suitable international organizations including EU. Provide feedback on work plan of relevant funding instruments, like Horizon, BANOS, CEF etc. Promote the uptake of results and data in e.g. Copernicus marine and atmospheric services

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight

Highlight 1 (Theme #5)

Figure 1 Discharges of wash water from SOx scrubbing ships in the Baltic Sea region during the time period 2006-2018. Contribution from open loop and closed loop scrubber were estimated at 77 and 0.1 million tonnes, respectively. The number of vessels using SOx scrubbing equipment was 99, whereas the rest, about 7850 vessels, have chosen to switch to low sulphur fuel instead Three kinds of scrubbers (open, closed, hybrid loop) were included in the wash water modeling, which was based on used engine power as a function of time. This allowed modeling of wash water release based on engine kWh, on top of which additional power requirement (three percent for open loop, 0.5% for closed loop) of pumps was included. Hybrid scrubbers were run in open loop mode whenever possible considering the alkalinity of seawater and regional restrictions. During 2018, 99 (2017: 85) vessels were installed with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea area. These vessels released about 77 million cubic meters (2017: 70 million m3) of wash water into the sea. Over 99.9% of this release came from vessels using open loop scrubbers. Most of the 99 vessels using a scrubber are RoRo or passenger vessels, but only 14 vessels were identified which have no possibility to operate the scrubber in closed loop mode. These 14 vessels were responsible for three percent of the open loop scrubber wash water discharge

Citation: J.-P. Jalkanen, L. Johansson, with additional contributions from work of M. Wilewska-Bien, L. Granhag, E. Ytreberg, K. M. Eriksson, D. Yngsell, I.-M. Hassellöv, K. Magnusson, U. Raudsepp, I. Maljutenko, L. Styhre, J. Moldanova and H. Winnes, Discharges to the sea from Baltic Sea shipping in 2006-2018, HELCOM Maritime19/13-4.INF, 2019

Highlight 2 (Theme #2)

Description of the geological structure of the first submarine groundwater discharge site in Finland (third in the Baltic Sea).

The submarine groundwater discharge site is located in the front of Lappohjan beach in Hanko, Finland. Groundwater is discharged through crater-like depressions (pockmarks) on the seafloor at water depths between 10 and 17 meters and approximately 200 m from the shoreline. Altogether there are more than twenty pockmarks up to 25 m wide and 2 m deep. Groundwater and pockmarks are hosted in the distal part of a subaqueous ice-contact fan, which is part of the First Salpausselkä ice-marginal formation. The distal part of the fan is predominantly composed of fine sand with moderate hydraulic conductivity. Coarse sand interbeds and lenses in the fan deposits provide conduits for localized groundwater flow to the pockmarks. This study is funded by the BONUS SEAMOUNT project.

Citation: Virtasalo, J. J., Schröder, J. F., Luoma, S., Majaniemi, J., Mursu, J., and Scholten, J. 2019: Submarine groundwater discharge site in the First Salpausselkä ice-marginal formation, south Finland. Solid Earth 10, 405-423, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-405-2019.

FMI:

Bonus-Integral winter cruise took place in March 2019. During the cruise, different greenhouse gases and relevant biogeochemical variables were measured on Northern Baltic Sea and especially on ice-covered areas. Cruise was part of international Bonus-Integral project (Themes #1, 3) FMI has been an active partner in developing coastal observations within the framework of JERICO-RI. (Themes 1, 2, 3, 5) FMI decided to include VOS line between Helsinki and Stockholm to ICOS-OTC network (Theme #1) SYKE

SYKE has been an active partner in developing coastal observations within the framework of JERICO-RI. (Themes #1, 2, 3, 5) SYKE participated in project "Operational Marine Acidification Indicators OMAI " funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers ( Grant #1900009) UH A new research vessel (R/V Augusta, 18 m catamaran) was delivered to Tvärminne Zoological Station in October 2019 and it will significantly improve the Finnish national capacity for near- shore coastal research. A profiling buoy was installed near Tvärminne Zoological Station in May 2019, continuing the water column monitoring that has been ongoing at the site since 1926.

GTK

BONUS SEAMOUNT cruise took place in October 2019 onboard r/v Geomari. The aim of the cruise was to sample and measure the structure of groundwater plume discharged from seafloor at the newly discovered submarine goundwater discharge site in Hanko, Finland. (Theme #1) GTK participated in the Aranda FINMARI cruise, 28 Aug to 6 Sep 2019, to the western Gulf of Finland. The aim of the cruise was to characterize hydrodynamics and sedimentation dynamics of a large submarine channel.

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

1) Björkqvist, J.-V., Pettersson, H., and Kahma, K. K., 2019: The wave spectrum in archipelagos, Ocean Sci., 15, 1469–1487, DOI: 10.5194/os-15-1469-2019. (Theme #2) 2) Björkqvist, J.-V., Pettersson, H., Drennan, W. M., and Kahma, K. K., 2019: A new inverse phase speed spectrum of nonlinear gravity wind waves, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 6097– 6119, DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014904 (Theme #2) 3) Humborg C, Geibel MC, Sun X, McCrackin M, Mörth C-M, Stranne C, Jakobsson M, Gustafsson B, Sokolov A, Norkko A, Norkko J (2019) High emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal Baltic Sea at the end of a summer heat wave. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 493 (Theme #1) 4) Karl, M., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Jalkanen, J. P., Johansson, L., & Fridell, E. (2019). Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) on the future air quality and nitrogen deposition to seawater in the Baltic Sea region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 (Theme #3, 5) 5) Uotila, P., H. Goosse, K. Haines, M. Chevallier, A. Barthélemy, C. Bricaud, J. Carton, N. Fučkar, G. Garric, D. Iovino, F. Kauker, M. Korhonen, V. S. Lien, M. Marnela, F. Massonnet, D. Mignac, K. A. Peterson, R. Sadikni, L. Shi, S. Tietsche, T. Toyoda, J. Xie, Z. Zhang, An assessment of ten ocean reanalyses in the polar regions, Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4242-z, 2019. (Theme #2)

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage? FMI stake holder events

Finnish Marine Research Infrastructure FINMARI research days, presentation on summer 2018 observations, Helsinki 26.2.2019; Stakeholders and Academia, 70 people. Lauri Laakso presented the research at Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station to President of Finland, Mr. Sauli Niinistö, Helsinki, 3.5.2019; Policy makers, 1 person. World oceans day exhibition on RV Aranda, 8.6.2019, General Public, 600 visitors Jerico-Next General Assembly, User meeting, Brest, France, 2019/07 Shipping & Environment II conference, 4.-6.9.2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, 100 visitors. Scientific conference on environmental research made in the maritime sector. Science to Policy workshop, 3.9.2019, Gothenburg, Sweden. Identification of priorities for environmental stressors from ships. 25 participants. IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee, 74th meeting, 13.-17.5.2019, London, UK. Developing guidelines for the next IMO GHG study, energy efficiency, Black Carbon, discharges from ships. IMO Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Expert meeting, 11.-15.3.2019, London, UK. Head of delegation, representing Finland European Sustainable Shipping Forum, Air Emissions subgroup meeting, 11.2.2019, Brussels . Presentation of new relevant projects concerning air emissions from ships. European Sustainable Shipping Forum, Air Emissions subgroup meeting, 13.9.2019, Brussels . Emission factor update for the group International Workshop on underwater noise, 30.1.-1.2.2019, IMO, London, UK. This workshop identified the status of knowledge and consecutive steps in introducing a new work item for the IMO MEPC. Nordic Council of Ministers, Atmosphere and Climate Group meeting, 19.-20.11.2019, Oslo, Norway. Presentation of synergies between EMEP, TFEIP and Copernicus reporting and possibilities for cooperation. SYKE

World oceans day exhibition on RV Aranda, 8.6.2019, General Public, 600 visitors Jerico-Next General Assembly, User meeting, Brest, France 2019/07

GTK Finnish Marine Research Infrastructure FINMARI research days, presentation on summer 2018 observations, Helsinki 26.2.2019; Stakeholders and Academia, 70 people. Joonas Virtasalo presented results from the Hanko submarine groundwater discharge site studies at the monthly meeting of the Geological Society of Finland, Helsinki, 7.11.2019, Stakeholders and Academia, 30 people. World oceans day exhibition on RV Aranda, 8.6.2019, General Public, 600 visitors

Instrument validation and test cruise, RV Aranda, Northern Baltic, 24 March – 2 April 2020 (Theme #3) Participation on ICOS-OTC carbonate system instrument intercomparison exercise, August-September 2020, Belgium (Theme #1) H2020/SCIPPER project. Started 05/2019, comprehensive on-board monitoring of exhaust plumes from ships (04/2020). Contains on-shore campaigns in Sweden, Germany, Netherlands and Southern France (08/2019, 08/2020). This project is the science component of SOx compliance monitoring. 18 partners, Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki as coordinator (Themes #3, 5). H2020/AIRCOAT project. Development of friction reducing surface for ship hulls. Measurements of water resistance of the newly developed surface foil at HSVA (Hamburg), coordinated by Fraunhofer CML (Themes #3, 5). Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services (CAMS-81). FMI provides data services concerning global and regional ship emissions. Data covers period 2000-2018 and is freely available from ECMWF (Themes #3, 5). SYKE Instrument validation and test cruise, RV Aranda, Northern Baltic, 24 March – 2 April 2020 (Theme #3) GTK Participation on the IODP Expedition 386 Japan Trench Paleoseismology, 14 Oct – 13 Nov, Japan (Theme #5)

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible).

GTK

BONUS SEAMOUNT (2017-2020) (Themes #1, #5)

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway.

All partners (FMI, SYKE, UH, UT, ÅA, GTK, LUKE): Finnish Marine Research Infrastructure (FINMARI) (Themes #1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

FMI H2020 JERICO-S3 (2020-24) (Themes #1, 3, 5) Bonus-Integral (2017-2020) (Themes #1, 3) H2020 SCIPPER (2019-2022) (Themes #1, 3) Science of SOx compliance monitoring H2020 AIRCOAT (2018-2021) (Theme #1) Development of friction reduction surface through air layering CAMS-81 (Themes #1, 3) Emission reporting for Copernicus Atmospheric MS ShipNOEm (Themes #1, 3) Air emissions, discharges, underwater noise reporting from Baltic Sea shipping. National funding source. GLORIA (Theme #5) Global health impacts of air quality and weather, especially shipping. Academy of Finland CSHIPP (Project platform to disseminate results), EU/ERDF BioDiv Support (Theme #4) Biodiversity studies of climate/air quality changes. Belmont Forum/Academy of Finland. SYKE

H2020 JERICO-S3 (2020-24) (Themes #1, 3, 5) UH Finnish Academy ”the impact of Antarctic Ice Sheet - Southern Ocean interactions on marine ice sheet stability and ocean circulation” project (Theme #2)

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). FMI “BUFFER – Building a resilience for fast changing coastal risks”, H2020, LC-CLA-13-2020, first stage submission date 13.2.2020 (Theme #5) New project, H2020/EMERGE starts 02/2020, 48 months. Environmental impacts of shipping SOx scrubbing. Emission measurements, water sampling, ecotoxicology testing. Integrated assessment of air/water pollution, cost/benefit analysis Submitted proposal, H2020/Decarbes: Decarbonising long-distance shipping Submitted proposal, Academy of Finland: Ship exhaust plume dispersion LUKE Vesiviljelyn innovaatio-ohjelma (continuation for years 2020-2022), Funding agency: EMKR, submission date 29.2.2020 (Theme #5) 5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

FMI ACRUISE/Plymouth Marine Lab. Climate impacts of global 0.5% Sulphur cap EMISSHIP/Univ Porto, Portugal. Impact of ships to air quality & health around the Iberian peninsula Air, water and noise reports in HELCOM Maritime19. Regular annual reporting of ship emitted pollutants in the Baltic Sea region. Jerico-S3 kick-off, San Sebastian, Spain, 2020/02 SYKE Jerico-S3 kick-off, San Sebastian, Spain, 2020/02 UH IUGG IAMAS, WCRP CLIVAR Southern Ocean Panel (Theme #2)

Comments FMI 10 active shipping projects, addressing various environmental topics including air, water pollution as well as underwater noise

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS ‘Germany’ compiled by: ‘Christa Marandino and Hartmut Herrmann’

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ? Better communication between researchers performing field and laboratory investigations. Need for more communication across the disciplines.

A new SOLAS summer school in 2020/2021 would be appreciated.

A support for community building nationally would be great.

Sea-Surface Microlayer - Its global role in ocean and climate science (O. Wurl, Themes 1 and 2)

Our main objective has been to provide a better understanding on how the ocean absorbs CO2 as a critical component for predicting climate change. In this context, we have focused on the role of the sea- surface microlayer (SML) in the air-sea CO2 exchange.

We have evaluated in situ data from the SML and CO2 fluxes from several cruises in the western Pacific, North Atlantic and Baltic Sea. We found an abrupt reduction of air-sea CO2 exchange if the SML contains surfactants at concentrations exceeding 200 μg/L (Mustaffa et al., 2020). This implies that an error of 20% in air-sea CO2 fluxes is induced if the computation includes typical wind-bas ed parameterizations not developed within a low-surfactants region (i.e., the western Pacific). Overall, we found that the SML reduces global CO2 fluxes by 19%, and that slicks, a sea surface phenomenon characterized by wave-dampening, exhibit the strongest suppression (Figure 1). Furthermore, cooler and saltier SMLs, i.e. denser SMLs, are hold at the surface due to interfacial tension until density anomalies exceeds the prevailing interfacial tension, and the denser SML sinks and is replaced with underlying bulk water (Wurl et al., 2019). Such buoyancy fluxes may explain the anomalously high gas transfer velocities not following generalized wind-based parameterization. We used our data to suggest improvements of wind-based parameterizations by introducing a non-zero intercept (Ribas-Ribas et al. 2019) and including near-surface turbulence as additional driving force (Banko-Kubis et al., 2019). For example, our global analysis shows that ignoring a nonzero intercept may bias the oceanic CO2 uptake by 0.73 Gt C yr−1. This work was completed with collaborations from Prof. Zappa (Columbia University), Propf. Landing (Florida State University) Dr. Battaglia (University of Bern), Dr. Humphreys (Universit y of East Anglia), and with support from the Schmidt Ocean Institute (USA).

Figure 1: (a) Gas transfer velocity k 660 for CO2 and (b) surfactant concentrations in the SML in the Western Pacific (FK161010) with and without the presence of slicks. Error bars represent 5–95% median values. Lines represent 50% median and cross symbols represent mean values. Letter n represents number of observations. Please note different scales of primary and secondary y axis. (from Mustaffa et al., 2020)

REFERENCES Banko-Kubis, H. M., Wurl, O., Mustaffa, N. I. H., & Ribas-Ribas, M. (2019). Gas transfer velocities in Norwegian fjords and the adjacent north Atlantic waters. Oceanologia, 61(4), 460-470.

Mustaffa, N. I. H., Ribas-Ribas, M., Banko-Kubis, H. M., & Wurl, O. (2020). Global reduction of in situ CO2 transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 476(2234), 20190763.

Ribas-Ribas, M., Battaglia, G., Humphreys, M. P., & Wurl, O. (2019). Impact of nonzero intercept gas transfer velocity parameterizations on global and regional ocean–atmosphere CO2 fluxes. Geosciences, 9(5), 230.

Wurl, O., Landing, W. M., Mustaffa, N. I. H., RibasǦRibas, M., Witte, C. R., & Zappa, C. J. (2019). The ocean’s skin layer in the tropics. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124(1), 59-74.

2. Activities/main accomplishments in 2019 (e.g., projects; field campaigns; workshops and conferences; model and data intercomparisons; capacity building; international collaborations; contributions to int. assessments such as IPCC; collaborations with social sciences, humanities, medicine, economics and/or arts; interactions with policy makers, companies, and/or journalists and media). 1) Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUES) are well-known sites for intense cycling and emission of climate-relevant trace gases to the atmosphere. The air-sea gas exchange of such long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHG) like CO2, N2O and CH4 is highly variable both spatially and temporally due to the sporadic nature of upwelling events. Hence, accurate estimation of the overall (annual) magnitude and sign of the fluxes as well as their zonal extent is challenging if only short-term field campaigns are considered. In the absence of sustained ocean-based observatories for LLGHG in most EBUES, top-down methods, which use atmospheric measurements to infer gas fluxes at the ocean’s surface using simple models are a promising alternative. In this study, two years of continuous observations from a ground-based atmospheric observatory for greenhouse gases, the Namib Desert Atmospheric Observatory (NDAO), were used to compute top-down estimates of the air–sea flux densities of the above-mentioned LLGHG and O2 from the Lüderitz and Walvis Bay upwelling cells in the northern Benguela upwelling ecosystem during upwelling events. The resulting estimates were compared with contemporaneous ship-based observations on board the R/V Meteor during the cruise M99 in July-August 2013. Upwelling events were net sources of CO2, N2O, and CH4 to the atmosphere. N2O fluxes were fairly low in comparison with other EBUS. Conversely, surface ocean CH4 release was quite high, suggesting a large sedimentary source of this gas off Walvis Bay area. These results highlight the suitability of atmospheric time series for characterizing the temporal variability of upwelling events and their influence on the overall marine emissions of LLGHG from the northern Benguela region.

Figure: Air–sea flux densities for CO2, O2, and N2O using bottom-up methods (a), with a shaded envelope depicting the estimated surface flux and its uncertainty. W14 and McG01 refer to two different gas transfer velocity parameterizations. Positive values indicate net evasion to the atmosphere. The top-down flux density estimate is plotted as a dot at the time of the peak of the associated atmospheric anomaly. The horizontal line extending from each dot represents the time period during which the flux density associated with the anomaly was estimated to have occurred. Dotted lines indicate the uncertainty of the top-down estimate. Grid-cell average satellite SST data for the three-day period are overlain with a cruise track and the Lüderitz–Walvis Bay domain (b). The days in August 2013 are marked with labels and open circles on the cruise track.

Citation: Morgan, E. J., Lavric, J. V., Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., Bange, H. W., Steinhoff, T., Seifert, T., and M. Heinmann: Air–Sea Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases and Oxygen in the Northern Benguela Current Region During Upwelling Events, Biogeosciences, 16 (20), 4065-4084, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4065-2019.

Field campaigns: - Cruise Transarktika 2019 (Barents Sea, March-April, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise MSM85 (Southeastern Greenland, July-August, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise M158 (Southeast Atlantic, September-October, SOLAS Theme 1) - PETRA-NERC/BMBF CAO Program Cruise JCR 18007 to the Fram Strait, Aug 2019 (SOLAS Theme 1) -BONUS INTEGRAL cruises to the central and northern Baltic Sea in Feb./Mar. and Aug. 2019

2) Gas transfer velocities were measured in two high-speed wind-wave tanks (Kyoto University and the SUSTAIN facility, RSMAS, University of Miami) using fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater for wind speeds between 7 and 85 m/s. Using a mass balance technique, transfer velocities of a total of 12 trace gases were measured, with dimensionless solubilities ranging from 0.005 to 150 and Schmidt numbers between 149 and 1360. This choice of tracers enabled the separation of gas transfer across the free interface from gas transfer at closed bubble surfaces. The major effect found was a very steep increase of the gas transfer across the free water surface at wind speeds beyond 33 m/s. The increase is the same for fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater. It is obvious that a new regime is established, which is governed by the intense turbulent mixing and permanent rapid disruption of the surface. The detailed mechanisms causing the steep increase of the gas transfer velocity at high wind speeds are still unclear and require further investigations. It can be explained as either significantly enhanced turbulence at the water surface, or a significantly enlarged surface area for the exchange processes, or a combination of both. Bubble-induced gas transfer played no significant role for all tracers in fresh water and for tracers with moderate solubility such as carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in seawater, while for low- solubility tracers bubble-induced gas transfer in seawater was found to be about 1.7 times larger than the transfer at the free water surface at the highest wind speed of 85 m/s. There are indications that the low contributions of bubbles are due to the low wave age/fetch of the wind-wave tank experiments, but further studies on the wave age dependency of gas exchange are required to resolve this issue.

Figure: Fitted contribution of the different components to the gas transfer velocity: (a) surface transfer velocity (b) bubble surface transfer velocity (low solubility limit) and (c) the bubble volum e transfer velocity (high solubility limit) as a function of the water-side friction velocity in double-logarithmic presentations. Please note the different vertical scales. The graphs include error bars of the ﬁtted parameters. In addition, the transition solubility is shown in panel (d) without error bars.

Citation: K. E. Krall, A. W. Smith, N. T. Takagaki and B. Jähne, Air-sea gas exchange at wind speeds up to 85 m/s, 2019, Ocean Sci., 15, 1783-1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1783-2019 SOLAS Theme 2

3) The export of organic matter (OM) from the oceans into aerosol particles establishes a significant carbon flux in the Earth system; however, functional OM relationships in the water column via the Sea Surface Microlayer (SML) to the atmosphere are still poorly understood. A better knowledge of the origin and evolution of marine aerosols, in particular of the organic content, is a challenging topic and requires expertise from a wide range of disciplines. The project MarParCloud (marine biological production, organic aerosol particles, marine clouds: a process chain) aimed at achieving a better understanding of the biological oceanic production of OM, its export into marine aerosol particles and finally its ability to act as ice and cloud condensation nuclei (INP and CCN). To this end, a field campaign was performed at the Cape Verde Atmosphere Observatory (CVAO), employing a variety of chemical, physical, biological and meteorological approaches. Measurements of the bulk water, the SML, ambient aerosol particles on the ground (30 m) and in mountain heights (744 m) as well as cloud water were carried out (Figure 1). First results are summarized in an overview paper (van Pinxteren et al., 2019) and show the proof of concept of the connection between OM emission from the ocean to the atmosphere up to the cloud level. A link between the ocean and the atmosphere was clearly observed as (i) the particles measured at the surface were well mixed within the marine boundary layer up to cloud level and (ii) ocean-derived compounds were found in the (submicron) aerosol particles at mountain height and in the cloud water. From a perspective of particle number concentrations, the marine contributions to both CCN and INP were, however, rather limited. Further studies are currently performed to elucidate the abundance and cycling of OM within the marine environment

Figure1: The different sampling sites during the campaign: the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO), the seawater station and the cloud station at the Mt. Verde.

Citation: M. van Pinxteren et al. Marine organic matter in the remote environment of the Cape Verde Islands – An introduction and overview to the MarParCloud campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-997, in review, 2019. SOLAS Theme 4

4) Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured in the marine boundary around the Arabian Peninsula using a research vessel during the AQABA campaign (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) from June to August 2017. Measurements were made from the south of France, through the Suez canal, through the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Arabian Gulf (and returning on the same route). In 2019 we published results stemming from this campaign of interest to the SOLAS community. The campaign was of particular interest to atmospheric chemists as it crossed regions pristine and polluted regions. Hydrocarbon distributions from the oil and gas industry were documented by Bourtsoukidis et al. 2019 (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7209–7232, 2019). The OH reactivity in the region was reported by Pfannerstill et al. 2019 (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11501–11523, 2019). A new marine emitted VOC methyl sulphonamide containing sulphur and nitrogen atoms was discovered and reported by Edtbauer et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-1021) and it´s OH rate coefficient determined by Berasategui et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-1030). Finally we discovered an important new deep sea source of ethane and propane to the atmosphere in the northern Red Sea. The submarine emission rates of this source rival some middle east countries. This result was published this year in Nature communications Bourtsoukidis et al. 2020 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14375-0). SOLAS Themes 3 and 5

5) Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., Löscher, C. R., Brown, I. J., Rees, A. P., Kitidis, V. and Bange, H. W. (2019) Nitrous Oxide Cycling in the Fram Strait. [Talk] In: 27th IUGG General Assembly, 08- 18.07.2019, Montreal, Canada.

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., Steinhoff, T., Brandt, P., Körtzinger, A., Lamont, T., Rehder, G., and H. W. Bange: N2O emissions from the northern Benguela upwelling system, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081648.

Bange, H. W., Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., de la Paz, M., Farias, L., Kaiser, J., Kock, A., Law, C. S., Rees, A. P., Rehder, G., Tortell, P. D., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., and S. T. Wilson: A harmonized nitrous oxide (N2O) ocean observation network for the 21st century, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(157), 2019 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00157.

Nagel, L., Krall, K. E., and Jähne, B.; Measurements of air-sea gas transfer velocities in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Science, 15, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-235-2019, data set: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.899774 van Pinxteren, M. et al.: Marine organic matter in the remote environment of the Cape Verde Islands – An introduction and overview to the MarParCloud campaign, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-997, in review.

Zavarsky, A., and Marandino, C. A.: The influence of transformed Reynolds number suppression on gas transfer parameterizations and global DMS and CO2 fluxes, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19 (3), 2019, DOI 10.5194/acp-19-1819-2019.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage? German Commission on Sustainability Research (DKN) Ship Emissions Group (C. Marandino co- chair) - stakeholder meeting (http://www.dkn-future-earth.org/community/arbeitsgruppen/arbeitsgruppen/shipping -emissions.html): Climate and shipping pollution: piecemeal regulation for different objectives? Health, climate, environmental, and socioeconomic implications and challenges for green shipping propulsion Hamburg, 12. / 13. March 2019 at KlimaCampus Hamburg - We invited people from NGOs, Hamburg Ports, ship building companies, MCN, the IMO, and research organizations to participate.

Mariana Ribas-Ribas (ICBM, Uni Oldenburg), Oliver Wurl (ICBM, Uni Oldenburg), Sanja Frka Milosavljević (Ruđer Bošković Institute, Croatia) and their co-workers will conduct a joint field study in the Adriatic Sea to investigate diurnal changes of the sea-surface microlayer (May 2020).

H. Herrmann et al.: Summer 2020: Participation in the MOSAiC Cruise with the project: Marine sugars in the Arctic environment (H. Herrmann et al.), SOLAS Theme 2, 4 and 5 Field campaign 2021, DUSTRISK, Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory, SOLAS Theme 3 and 4, Field campaign Phosdmap, October 2020, Namibia, SOLAS Theme 3 and 4

H. Bange lab: -GLACE (Circumnavigation around Greenland, July-September 2021, SOLAS Theme 1) - ODEN cruise 2020 (Northwest Greenland, June-August 2020, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise SO276 (GEOTRACES, Southern Indian Ocean, July-August, 2020, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise SO279 (Arabian Sea, December 2020, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise SO280 (BIOCAN-IIOE2; Arabian Sea, December 2020-January 2021, SOLAS Theme 1) - Cruise SO282 (BIOCAT-IIOE2; Bay of Bengal, March-April 2021, SOLAS Theme 1, includes the work groups of H. Herrmann/M. van Pinxerten-SOLAS Theme 4 and C. Marandino-SOLAS Theme 3) - Meteor/Merian cruise (Equatorial Atlantic, Benguela region, 2021 (proposed), SOLAS Theme 1) - Meteor/Merian cruise (Benguela region, 2021 (proposed), SOLAS Theme 1)

Summer 2021 - Baltic GasEx second round of campaigns aboard R/V EMB in central Baltic, led by G. Rehder, includes C. Marandino lab group, international participation (SOLAS Themes 1 and 2)

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible).

Marandino, C. A., Lennartz, S. T., von Hobe, M. (2020) A database for carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer, (Talk requested by session conveners), Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, United States. The database and request for input will be featured in the SOLAS newsletter.

The lab group of B. Jähne and C. Marandino were supposed to participate in the 8th Int. Symposium on Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Plymouth, UK in May 2020. C. Marandino was invited to present a keynote talk. However, this meeting has been cancelled and rescheduled for 2021.

June 2021 – 8th SOLAS Summer School in Cape Verde, led by C. Marandino

Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., Löscher, C. R., Brown, I. J., Rees, A. P., Kitidis, V. and Bange, H. W. (2019) Nitrous Oxide Cycling in the Fram Strait. [Talk] In: 27th IUGG General Assembly, 08- 18.07.2019, Montreal, Canada.

The final meeting of MarParCloud took place in June 2019.

M. van Pinxteren and H. Herrmann will present the main results of MarParCloud in a talk at EGU 2020.

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway.

MATE (Maritime Traffic Emissions) with focus on oil films, soot deposition and floating plastic (funded by MarTera and awaiting formal approval by BMWi; expected from June 2020 to May 2023). Coordinator: O. Wurl (ICBM, University of Oldenburg, SOLAS Theme 3)

From the H. Bange lab group (SOLAS Themes 1, 3, 5, Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems): - TRACE: TRace gAses (N2O, CO) Cycling in the Arctic marine Ecosystem - PETRA: Pathways and emissions of climate-relevant trace gases in a changing Arctic Ocean - NITROSO: Effects of ocean acidification on the emission and production pathways of NITRous Oxide in the Southern Ocean (Antarctic) Integrated carboN and TracE Gas monitoRing for the bALtic sea (EU BONUS INTEGRAL)

Global Shipping: Linking policy and economics to biogeochemical cycling and air-sea interaction (ShipTRASE) Belmont Forum CRA on ocean sustainability call; Coordinator A. Rutgersson (Sweden), German coordinator – C. Marandino, Other PIs – N. Matz-Lück (Germany), L. Recuero- Virto (France), funded from June 2020 to May 2023 (SOLAS Theme 3 and Science and Society)

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates).

O. Wurl (ICBM, University of Oldenburg) and H. Bange (Geomar) coordinate a proposal for a DFG research unit with the involvement of 18 PIs from Germany and Austria. Submission of preproposal by March 2020 and, if approved, submission of full proposal before the end of 2020. (SOLAS Themes 1, 2, 4, 5)

Further air-sea gas transfer measurements in the Annular Air-Sea Interaction Facility, the Heidelberg Aeolotron (B. Jähne, SOLAS Theme 2), with focus on - fetch and wave age dependency including the influence of varying wind speeds - influence of monomolecular surface films with varying physico-chemical properties

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

- 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition: HW Bange is member of the steering committee and co-chairing WG1 ‘Science and Research’ - SCOR WG #143: HW Bange and ST Wilson (U Hawaii) are co-chairs - CAO program by NERC/BMBF: HW Bange and AP Rees (PML, UK) are co-PIs of the PETRA project - Belmont Forum/Future Earth CRA on ocean sustainability – C. Marandino

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Ireland compiled by: Peter Croot and Jurgita Ovadnevaite

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

The information provided will be used for reporting, fundraising, networking, strategic development and updating of the live web-based implementation plan. As much as possible, please indicate the specific SOLAS 2015-2025 Science Plan Themes addressed by each activity or specify an overlap between Themes or Cross-Cutting Themes. 1 Greenhouse gases and the oceans; 2 Air-sea interfaces and fluxes of mass and energy; 3 Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry; 4 Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems; 5 Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry; Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems; Environmental impacts of geoengineering; Science and society.

IMPORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups, cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ? In 2018 Ireland set up a SCOR national committee and attended for the first time in October 2019 the SCOR international annual meeting. As part of the National SCOR activities in Ireland there is a concerted effort to get more researchers from all institutes involved in SCOR programs, including SOLAS. Previously, SOLAS related activities in Ireland have been almost exclusively concentrated at the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), as the bulk of oceanographic and marine atmospheric research is carried out there and/or in partnership with the nearby Marine Institute. This trend still exists today as SOLAS research in Ireland is split between atmospheric work at Mace Head (C-CAPS) and oceanographic work undertaken by researchers in the College of Science and Engineering at NUIG. One aspect then that we would like to explore with the IPO is linking making better links to Future Earth Ireland and developing links to social scientists outside of NUIG. A key potential collaborator in this context is the Socio-Economic Marine Research Unit (SEMRU) at NUIG, as they are not yet part of SOLAS Ireland. Researchers from outside NUIG may be attracted to SOLAS Ireland through links via the SFI research centres iCRAG and MAREI. ICRAG’s Public Perception and Understanding platform could also help to develop tools to communicating SOLAS science to stakeholder, industry and the general public.

Sulfate aerosols are typically the dominant source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) over remote oceans and their abundance is thought to be the dominating factor in determining oceanic cloud brightness. Their activation into cloud droplets depends on dynamics (i.e. vertical updrafts) and competition with other potential CCN sources for the condensing water. We present new experimental results from the remote Southern Ocean illustrating that, for a given updraft, the peak supersaturation reached in cloud, and consequently the number of droplets activated on sulfate nuclei, is strongly but inversely proportional to the concentration of sea-salt activated despite a 10-fold lower abundance. Greater sea-spray nuclei availability mostly suppresses sulfate aerosol activation leading to an overall decrease in cloud droplet concentrations; however, for high vertical updrafts and low sulfate aerosol availability, increased sea-spray can augment cloud droplet concentrations. This newly identified effect where sea salt nuclei indirectly controls sulfate nuclei activation into cloud droplets could potentially lead to changes in the albedo of marine boundary layer clouds by as much as 30%.

Figure: Comparison of cloud properties showing linear relationships in both observed data and subsequent parcel modelling. a Linear representation of the link between (Left) the cloud peak supersaturation (Speak, %) and number concentration of sea-salt particles which activated into cloud droplets; (Middle) critical dry diameters (Dc) and Speak; and (Right) the percentage of sulfate particles which activated into cloud droplets and Dc. The three linear representation give Pearson’s r-values as indicated at the top of the graphs (all are significant for p < 0.01). Each panel shows individual mP cases as grey circles and cAA cases as black circles, where error bars represent the uncertainty calculated for Speak, Dc, and nss-SO4 activated (see Methods). The open triangle (mP) and open square (cAA) shows the averaged case examples. b Parcel model simulations of experimental cases (red markers) with best fit line from model (red line) and experimental (black line) data.

Citation: Fossum, K. N., Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Preißler, J., Snider, J. R., Huang, R.-J., Zuend, A., and O’Dowd, C.: Sea-spray regulates sulfate cloud droplet activation over oceans, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3, 14, 10.1038/s41612-020-0116-2, 2020

Jurgita Ovadnevaite has been invited to contribute to the IPCC Working Group I (The Physical Science Basis) Sixth Assessment Report by providing an update on the sea-spray chapter; Peter Croot is the convener for Chapter 7P on the Open Ocean for the United Nations 2nd World Ocean Assessment report.

Indian Ocean GO-SHIP expedition on the RV Mirai MR19-04 (Dec 2019 – Feb 2020). Prof. Peter Croot participated in this expedition through a piggyback project hosted by JAMSTEC to look at urea and iodine cycling in this region.

POGO South North Atlantic (SoNoAT) training school onboard the RV Polarstern (PS120) from Port Stanley in the Falklands to Bremerhaven, Germany in June 2019. 23 Early career scientists from around the world took part in this training school, selected from nearly 900 applications. Prof. Croot participated as the chief lecturer during this expedition. During this shipboard training expedition, Prof Croot lead the teaching program and the shipboard physical oceanography program and introduced the students to the work of SOLAS and other SCOR activities.

International workshop entitled “Taller de observación global del océano”, held at the Universidad De Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile (May 30-31, 2019). This was a bilingual (Spanish/English) workshop on climate change in the ocean for students going on the POGO SoNoAT expedition and for interested students from the Universidad De Magallanes. The first day was a series of lectures and the 2nd day devoted to teaching modules on a variety of topics. Funding for this workshop was provided by POGO, the Nippon Foundation, AWI, NUI Galway, iCRAG and the Universidad De Magallanes. Prof Croot organized the workshop and developed the program, he introduced the students to the role of the SCOR programs, GEOTRACES, IMBER and SOLAS in ocean climate research.

Mace Head and C-CAPS, NUIG, are partners in MaREI, the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine RA3 (Observations & Operations) https://www.marei.ie/; NUIG are partners in iCRAG, the SFI research centre for research in Applied Geoscience https://icrag-centre.org Mace Head is part of the following activities: INP sampling in collaboration with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Ottmar Mohler, 2017.11-2019.06 INP sampling in collaboration with CNR-ISAC, Bologna, Matteo Rinaldi, 2018.04-ongoing ACTRIS PESPAT (pesticide) sampling campaign, RECETOX, Czech Republic, 28.04.2020- 28.05.2020. MONET POP (persistent organic pollutants) sampling campaign, RECETOX, Czech Republic, 2009.03-ongoing.

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Publications:

1. Fossum, K. N., Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Preißler, J., Snider, J. R., Huang, R.-J., Zuend, A., and O’Dowd, C.: Sea-spray regulates sulfate cloud droplet activation over oceans, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3, 14, 10.1038/s41612-020-0116-2, 2020. 2. Xu, W., Ovadnevaite, J., Fossum, K. N., Lin, C., Huang, R. J., O'Dowd, C., and Ceburnis, D.: Aerosol hygroscopicity and its link to chemical composition in coastal atmosphere of Mace Head: marine and continental air masses, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2019, 1-25, 10.5194/acp-2019- 839, 2019. 3. ten Doeschate, A., G. Sutherland, H. Bellenger, S. Landwehr, L. Esters, and B.Ward, 2019. Upper ocean response to rain observed from a vertical profiler. J. Geophys. Res., 124. doi:10.1029/2018JC014060 4. Swart, S., S. T. Gille, B. Delille, S. Josey, M. Mazloff, L. Newman, A. F. Thompson, J. Thomson, B. Ward, M. D. D. Plessis, E. C. Kent, J. Girton, L. Gregor, P. Heil, P. Hyder, L. P. Pezzi, R. B. D. Souza, V. Tamsitt, R. A. Weller, and C. J. Zappa, 2019. Constraining southern ocean air-sea-ice fluxes through enhanced observations. Front. Mar. Sci. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00421 5. Meskhidze, N., Völker, C., Al-Abadleh, H.A., Barbeau, K., Bressac, M., Buck, C., Bundy, R.M., Croot, P., Feng, Y., Ito, A., Johansen, A.M., Landing, W.M., Mao, J., Myriokefalitakis, S., Ohnemus, D., Pasquier, B., Ye, Y., 2019. Perspective on identifying and characterizing the processes controlling iron speciation and residence time at the atmosphere-ocean interface. Marine Chemistry 217, 103704.

Products:

Streamair app (a real-time data system, merging forecast and observational air pollution data into a multi-purpose data fusion, management and visualization platform for mobile devices) http://streamair.nuigalway.ie/

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

N.A.

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). Celtic Explorer Expedition CE20009 (24/8/20 – 15/9/20 Galway to Killybegs) Constraining the Impact of Arctic Amplification in the Nordic Sea: A biogeochemical approach (CIAAN) Chief Scientist: Audrey Morley (NUIG). Collaborators: Peter Croot (NUIG), Ulysses Ninnemann(U Bergen, Norway), Gavin Foster (U Southampton, UK), Rachel Cave (NUIG), Gerard McCarthy (Maynooth). Study Area:

Main research objectives: (1) Monitor current hydrographic conditions in the Nordic and Greenland Seas. (2) Determine Biogeochemical processes in the upper ocean. (3) Determine the climate signal transfer from modern hydrography into the geologic archive. (4) Constrain the transfer of temperature into the geologic archive. (5) Constraining the transfer of salinity into the geologic archive. (6) Constrain the transfer of the carbonate system into the geologic archive. (7) Constraining natural vs. anthropogenic carbon cycling using NPS. (8) Investigate the variation in cetacean and seabird species between Irish waters and Nordic waters in the survey area.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). None planned for 2019-2020.

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. National Ocean Acidification and Biogeochemistry: variability, trends and vulnerability (VOCAB), Marine Institute, Jan 1st 2017 – Dec 31st 2020 (R. Cave, NUIG) Importance of Physico-Chemical cycling of nutrients and carbon in Marine Transitional Zones (NUTS&BOLTS), EPA Ireland, Feb 1st 2019 – Jan 31st 2023 (P. Croot, NUIG) The national project VOCAB has been endorsed by IMBER and NUTS&BOLTS has also applied for IMBER endorsement. Engagement has been through the IMBER IPO. An ocean microlab for autonomous dissolved inorganic carbon depth profile measurement, Science Foundation Ireland, January 1st 2020–December 31st 2022 (B. Ward, NUIG) International Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate (SOCHIC), Horizon 2020, November 1st 2019– October 30th 2023 (B. Ward, NUIG)) South and Tropical Atlantic climate-based marine ecosystem prediction for sustainable management (TRIATLAS), Horizon 2020, June 1st 2019–May 31st 2023 (P. Croot, NUIG))

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates). The 2nd phase (2021-2026) of the SFI funded Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geoscience (www.icrag-centre.org) has been applied for and an official decision is due in the 3rd quarter of 2020. Within iCRAG2 there are SOLAS related projects on air/sea exchange of CO2 and other climate relevant gases (co-PI Croot (NUIG), FI’s Cave (NUIG), Ward (NUIG), McGovern (MI)). Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, has submitted a proposal to the ESA-Future Earth funding for Research Demonstrators for COP-26 (https://futureearth.org/initiatives/funding-initiatives/esa-partnership/). Submission deadline: 18th May 2020. SOLAS and Future Earth Ireland provided the Support letters.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

Cooperation with other IMBER endorsed projects likely over the next year. Also looking to develop links to other SOLAS projects in other countries where possible.

Comments SOLAS activities in Ireland are still ongoing and looking to expand and interact with other SOLAS researchers in the next years.

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Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Japan compiled by: Yuzo Miyazaki

This report has two parts:

-Part 1:reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 -Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

The information provided will be used for reporting, fundraising, networking, strategic development and updating of the live web-based implementation plan. As much as possible, please indicate the specific SOLAS 2015-2025 Science Plan Themes addressed by each activity or specify an overlap between Themes or Cross-Cutting Themes. 1 Greenhouse gases and the oceans; 2 Air-sea interfaces and fluxes of mass and energy; 3 Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry; 4 Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems; 5 Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry; Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems; Environmental impacts of geoengineering; Science and society.

IMPORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups, cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight

Atmospheric deposition is a source of potentially bioavailable iron (Fe) and thus can partially control biological productivity in large parts of the ocean. However, the explanation of observed high aerosol Fe solubility compared to that in soil particles is still controversial, as several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation. In Ito et al. (2019), a statistical analysis of aerosol Fe solubility estimated from four models and observations compiled from multiple field campaigns suggests that pyrogenic aerosols are the main sources of aerosols with high Fe solubility at low concentration. Additionally, they found that field data over the Southern Ocean display a much wider range in aerosol Fe solubility compared to the models, which indicate an underestimation of labile Fe concentrations by a factor of 15. Their findings suggest that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe to the open ocean and crucial for predicting anthropogenic perturbations to marine productivity.

Figure: Fe solubility versus Fe concentration (ng m3) for field data (black squares), IMPACT (red squares), TM4-ECPL (orange squares), CAM4 (purple squares), and GEOS-Chem (blue squares) over the Southern Ocean (>45°S) (Ito et al., 2019).

Citation: A. Ito et al. Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols, Science Advances, 5, eaau7671, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7671 (2019).

The SOLAS-Japan community launched Local Organizing Committee (LOC) and hold the SOLAS Open Science Conference in Sapporo from 21 to 25 April, 2019. (LOC members: Jun Nishioka, Yuzo Miyazaki, Sohiko Kameyama, Yutaka Watanabe, Masahiko Fujii, and Takeshi Yoshimura) -Jun Nishioka organized the SOLAS Science Steering Committee meeting in Jyozankei, Sapporo, from 26 to 28 April, 2019. -Japanese SOLAS organizing committee meeting was held at the University of Tokyo in Tokyo on 17 September 2019. -Japanese SOLAS organizing committee has contributed to Japanese Future Earth (FE) activity. 1) A presentation titled “SOLAS-relevant researches led by Japanese scientific community” was made by Yuzo Miyazaki and Jun Nishioka at the FE symposium organized by the Science Council of Japan in Tokyo on 7 August 2019. 2) Yuzo Miyazaki and Yoko Iwamoto attended the FE Japan summit organized by FE Japan committee in Tokyo on 19 December 2019. Theme 1: Greenhouse gases and the oceans Cruise/Field campaigns -NIES Volunteer Observing Ship Program using cargo ships (Atmosphere/Ocean Greenhouse Gas Observation: Japan-North America, Japan-Oceania; Atmosphere Greenhouse Gas/Aerosol Observation: Japan-Southeast Asia)

-R/V Mirai, underway pCO2 and CH4 observation in the Arctic Ocean (P.I. Murata), Sep. 2019

-R/V Mirai, underway pCO2 observation in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean (P.I. Murata), De.2019-Jan.2020.

-Oceanic observation in Southern Ocean by Kaiyo-maru (KY18-4) for air-sea CO2 flux measurement (December 2018-March 2019)

International collaboration -RECCAP2 (Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes phase 2; Co-char Patra, Mar. 2019-

Theme 3: Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry Meetings/international collaboration/workshop -Workshop on atmospheric deposition of aerosols and their effects on biogeochemical cycles and climate, Nagoya, on 23-24 December 2019 (Organized by Akinori Ito and Michihiro Mochida)

Theme 4: Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems Cruise/field campaigns -Aerosol, seawater and microlayer observation during the R/V Toyoshio Maru cruisein the western part of the Seto Inland Sea, on 8-12 July 2019. (PI: Y. Iwamoto and K. Takeda)

Theme 5: Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry Meetings/international collaboration/workshop -Oxygenated Compounds in the Tropical Atmosphere– Variability and Exchanges (OCTAVE) Intensive Field Campaign Workshop, Brussels, on 16-17 May 2019 (Organizers: T. Stavrakou, J. Brioude, Presentation: Y. Miyazaki)

Cross-Cutting Theme: Field campaign/Laboratory Experiment -Sea ice experiment in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan for sea ice gas exchange process and light measurement above/under the sea ice in February 2019 (with scientists from France). -Sea ice tank experiment in Roland von Glasow air-sea-ice chamber (University of East Anglia) for sea ice storage and exchange process for gas in January 2020 (with scientists from UK, Canada, Belgium, Japan). General SOLAS Cruise/field campaigns -Shinsei-Maru KS-19-11 cruise at the Sea of Japan in June 2019. (Chief scientist: Urumu Tsunogai) -Seisui-Maru SE-19-15 cruise at Ise Bay, Japan in September 2019. (Chief scientist: Fumiko Nakagawa) -Shinsei-Maru KS-19-21 cruise at the Sea of Japan in October 2019. (Chief scientist: Urumu Tsunogai)

Meetings/international workshop -Early Career Scientist Day in SOLAS Open Science Conference in Sapporo on 21 April 2019: Organized by M. Lizzote, S. Kameyama, and Y. Iwamoto --"Biogeochemical linkages between the surface ocean and atmosphere" session at Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) meeting 2019, in May 2019 (Conveners: Y. Miyazaki, J. Nishioka, K. Suzuki, Y. Iwamoto)

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Ito, A., S. Myriokefalitakis, M. Kanakidou, N. M. Mahowald, R. A. Scanza, D. S. Hamilton, A. R. Baker, T. Jickells, M. Sarin, S. Bikkina, Y. Gao, R. U. Shelley, C. S. Buck, W. M. Landing, A. R. Bowie, M. M. G. Perron, C. Guieu, N. Meskhidze, M. S. Johnson, Y. Feng, J. F. Kok, A. Nenes, R. A. Duce (2019) Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols, Science Advances, 5, eaau7671, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7671.

Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O'Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bastos, A., Bastrikov, V., Becker, M., Bopp, L., Buitenhuis, E., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Currie, K. I., Feely, R. A., Gehlen, M., Gilfillan, D., Gkritzalis, T., Goll, D. S., Gruber, N., Gutekunst, S., Harris, I., Haverd, V., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, E., Kaplan, J. O., Kato, E., Klein Goldewijk, K., Korsbakken, J. I., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., Melton, J. R., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Peregon, A., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Séférian, R., Schwinger, J., Smith, N., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F. N., van der Werf, G. R., Wiltshire, A. J., and Zaehle, S. (2019) Global Carbon Budget 2019, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1783–1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019.

Bui, O.T.N., S. Kameyama, Y. Kawaguchi, S. Nishino, U. Tsunogai, H. Yoshikawa-Inoue (2019) Influence of warm-core eddy on dissolved methane distributions in the southwestern Canada Basin during late summer/early fall 2015. Polar Science, Vol. 22, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2019.100481.

Thomas J. L , Stutz J. P, Frey M. M, Bartels-Rausch T, Altieri K, Baladima F, Browse J, Dall’Osto M, Marelle L, Mouginot J, Murphy J. G, Nomura D, Pratt K, Willis M, Zieger P, Abbatt J, Douglas T. A, Facchini, M. C, France J, Jones A. E, Kim K, Matrai P. A, McNeill V. F, Saiz-Lopez A, Shepson P, Steiner N, Law K. S, Arnold S. R, Delille B, Schmale J, Sonke J, Dommergue A, Voisin D, Melamed M. L, Gier J. (2019) Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system. Elementa- Science of the Anthropocene, 7(1), p.58. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.396. Yoshizue, M., Iwamoto, Y., Adachi, K., Kato, S., Sun, S., Miura, K., Uematsu, M (2019) Individual particle analysis of marine aerosols collected during the North-South transect cruise in the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, Journal of Oceanography, 75, 513-524.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage? None.

PART 2 - Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). (No specific order) -Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project 2, 2020-2025 (Scientists involved: Sumito Matoba, Yuzo Miyazaki, Daiki Nomura, Sayaka Yasunaka, and many others) -MOSAiC expedition (leg5: from June to August 2020) (Daiki Nomura) -R/V Hakuho-maru KH-20-2 cruise, Chemical and biogeochemical transfer of marine organic aerosols from the sea surface to the atmosphere in the Kuroshio current over the western North Pacific, July 2020 (PI: Yuzo Miyazaki, Youhei Yamashita, Koji Suzuki). -Seisui-Maru cruise (Chief scientist: Fumiko Nakagawa) at Ise Bay, Japan in September 2020. -NIES Volunteer Observing Ship Program using cargo ships (Atmosphere/Ocean Greenhouse Gas Observation: Japan-North America, Japan-Oceania; Atmosphere Greenhouse Gas/Aerosol Observation: Japan-Southeast Asia) -Sampling of aerosol and reactive oxygen species in seawater during R/V Toyoshio Maru cruise in Seto Inland Sea, Japan, 6-10 July 2020 (PI: Y. Iwamoto and K. Takeda) -Influence on Marine ecosystem at western North Pacific by Atmospheric Chemical Trace Species from East Asia (IMPACT-SEA) (PI: F. Taketani and K. Nagashima) ίR/V Mirai cruise in Apr. 2020 ίR/V Mirai cruise in Feb-Mar 2021

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). (No specific order)

-SOLAS related session “Atmospheric nutrient deposition and microbial community responses, and predictions for the future in the North Pacific Ocean” will be held in PICES annual meeting in Qingdao in Oct. 2020, which will be organized by Jun Nishioka with three other co-conveners.

-SOLAS related session in JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020, Chiba, 25 May 2020 (Conveners: S. Kameyama, Y. Iwamoto, M. N. Aita, D. Sasano) -ISAR6 S1_MOSAiC session in March 2020 (Daiki Nomura)

-Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS) Workshop on Biogeochemical Interactions between Ocean and Atmosphere, Sapporo, in 2020 (Organizer: A. Ito, Y. Miyazaki, J. Nishioka) 3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. (No specific order) -Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project 2, 2020-2025 (Scientists involved: Sumito Matoba, Yuzo Miyazaki, Daiki Nomura, Sayaka Yasunaka, and many others) -A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 17H00780, PI: Urumu Tsunogai -A Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 19K22908, PI: Urumu Tsunogai. -Global Environmental Research Coordination System from Ministry of the Environment of Japan -A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 18H04143, PI: Yugo KANAYA, FY2018-2020, Origins and ice nucleating abilities of bioaerosols in the marine atmosphere: Links among ecosystems, chemical substances, and clouds explored with fluorescence properties -A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 19H04233, PI: Yuzo Miyazaki, FY2019-2021, Organic nitrogen aerosols in the marine atmosphere: What is a key factor of marine microbial activity controlling the formation? -Long-term observations of the impacts of climate change on air quality and oceanic deposition in the Asia-Pacific regions, Ministry of Environment, PI: Hiroshi Tanimoto, 2018-2022.

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates).

-The SOLAS-Japan National Committee has been discussing the linkage with and possible contribution to Future Earth in collaboration with the National Committees of IGAC, iLEAPS, etc.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

-NIES has participated the activity of Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) since 2007.

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Norway compiled by: Siv K. Lauvset

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

Norway does not have a dedicated SOLAS scientific project, so funding for SOLAS research is limited and spread on different projects. We want to write a proposal to the Research Council of Norway to attempt to get funding to do more SOLAS research in Norwegian coastal areas. Is there a way we can use SOLAS to our benefit? How do we, for example, best argue that we become part of an international effort that SOLAS is?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight The ocean’s chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). This phenomenon, commonly referred to as “Ocean Acidification”, is endangering coral reefs and the broader marine ecosystems. In this study, we combine a recent observational seawater CO 2 data th product, i.e., the 6 version of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (1991–2018, ~23 million observations), with temporal trends at individual locations of the global ocean from a robust Earth System Model to provide a high-resolution regionally varying view of global surface ocean pH and the Revelle Factor. The climatology extends from the pre-Industrial era (1750 C.E.) to the end of this century under historical atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pre-2005) and the Representative Concentrations Pathways (post-2005) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s 5th Assessment Report. By linking the modeled pH trends to the observed modern pH distribution, the climatology benefits from recent improvements in both model design and observational data coverage, and is likely to provide improved regional OA trajectories than the model output could alone, therefore, will help guide the regional OA adaptation strategies. We show that air-sea CO2 disequilibrium is the dominant mode of spatial variability for surface pH, and discuss why pH and calcium carbonate mineral saturation states, two important metrics for OA, show contrasting spatial variability.

Figure 1: Spatial distribution of global surface ocean pHT in 1770. Panel a, the annually-averaged surface ocean pHT adjusted to be approximate for the year 1770. Panel b, the difference between pHT in 2000 and 1770 (pH2000 – pH1770) in the global surface ocean.

Citation: Jiang, L.-Q., B. R. Carter, R. A. Feely, S. K. Lauvset, and A. Olsen (2019), Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future, Scientific Reports, 9(1), doi:10.1038/s41598-019- 55039-4. 2. Activities/main accomplishments in 2019 (e.g., projects; field campaigns; workshops and conferences; model and data intercomparisons; capacity building; international collaborations; contributions to int. assessments such as IPCC; collaborations with social sciences, humanities, medicine, economics and/or arts; interactions with policy makers, companies, and/or journalists and media). OTC workshop in November 2019 (capacity building) Participation in several Community White Papers for OceanObs’19 Research cruise with R/V Johan Hjort in May-June 2019 where 13 Argo floats, 3 of which are full BGC-Argo floats, were deployed. Strong participation (as lecturers and participants) in the IOCCP training course on a suite of biogeochemical sensors, Sweden, 10-19 June 2019 (http://www.ioccp.org/2019-training- course#about)

SEACRIFOG workshop on practical oceanography and data management , Bergen 1-10 April 2019 (https://www.seacrifog.eu/news-events/news/)

“Time-varying ecological geography of the global ocean”, workshop at the IMBER Future Oceans 2 Open Science Conference, Brest, France, June 2019

Workshop “Estimating the impact of climate change on Living Marine Resources: Sources of and constraints on uncertainties in climate models”, Bergen, October 2019

Establishment of the Northeast Atlantic GOA-ON hub

Start of new EU H2020 project COMFORT coordinated by UiB/Geophysical Institute (project director: [email protected], project manager: [email protected]). Full title: Our common future ocean in the Earth system – quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points’, website: www.comfort-project.eu. Project start: 1 Sept. 2019, duration 4 years. 32 partners from Europe, India, Canada, and South Africa. 3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc. Friedlingstein, P., et al. (2019), Global Carbon Budget 2019, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11(4), 1783-1838, doi:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019.

Wanninkhof, R., et al. (2019), A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(400), doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00400.

Steinhoff, T., et al. (2019), Constraining the Oceanic Uptake and Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases by Building an Ocean Network of Certified Stations: The Ocean Component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS- Oceans, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(544), doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00544.

Kitidis, V. et al. (2019). Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO 2 on the north-west European shelf. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5

Omar, A. M. et al. (2019). Trends of Ocean Acidification and pCO2 in the Northern North Sea, 2003–2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(10), 3088-3103. doi:10.1029/2018JG004992.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

Skjelvan, presentation at Research days in Bergen, September 2019, audience: external research users (general public) Skjelvan, Passion for Ocean festival, experimental stand, August 2019, audience: external research users (general public)

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible).

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway. - ICOS Norway and OTC, funded by Research Council of Norway until March 2021. Continuation until 2024 applied for in Oct 2018. Funded in January 2020 - Norwegian Ocean Acidification Monitoring program - NorArgo, funded by the Research Council of Norway - NorEMSO, funded by the Research Council of Norway

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates).

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. Participates as Ocean Acidification expert in OSPAR

IOCCP SSC member responsible for ocean carbon synthesis products, including SOCAT.

Executive council member for the Northeast Atlantic GOA-ON hub

Deliveries towards UN’s SDG on Ocean Acidification

Comments

Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS Poland compiled by: Tymon Zielinski

This report has two parts:

- Part 1:reporting of activities in the period of January 2019-Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for2020 and 2021.

The information provided will be used for reporting, fundraising, networking, strategic development and updating of the live web-based implementation plan. As much as possible, please indicatethe specific SOLAS 2015-2025 Science Plan Themes addressed by each activityor specify an overlap between Themes or Cross-Cutting Themes. 1 Greenhouse gases and the oceans; 2 Air-sea interfaces and fluxes of mass and energy; 3 Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry; 4 Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems; 5 Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry; Integrated studies of high sensitivity systems; Environmental impacts of geoengineering; Science and society.

IMPORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups, cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1- Activities from January 2019toJan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight As part ofInternational Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP; www.ioccp.org) with headquarters at IOPAN in Sopot, Maciej Telszewski (Director) and Artur Palacz (Project Officer)in 2019 engaged in a number of coordination and communication activities promoting the development of a global network of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observations, supporting in part the implementation of the 2015-2025 SOLAS Science Plan. IOCCP and SOLAS provided a joint contribution to the first meeting of the IOC-UNESCO Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research. The Variability in the Oxycline and Its Impacts on the Ecosystem (VOICE; http://www.ioccp.org/voice) initiative concluded its preparatory stage with the publication of an OceanObs’19 Community White Paper.A number of other OceanObs’19 Community White Papers relevant for SOLAS science benefited from our contributions (see list below).

In the area of technical capacity building, IOCCP and SOLASco-sponsoredthe IOC-GO2NEsummer school on oxygen(http://mel.xmu.edu.cn/summerschool/go2ne/index.asp). During IOCCP-BONUS INTEGRAL training course on a suite of biogeochemical sensors (http://www.ioccp.org/2019- training-course) there were several sessionswith direct relevance to the main themes of SOLAS, including on calculating air-sea fluxes using the FLuxEngine toolbox (led by Jamie Shutler) and on biogeochemical modelling (led by Véronique Garçon). Course materials with video lectures were made available online. In addition, we conducted a prototype technical workshop on “Underway

CO2 data and metadata quality control procedures,” future editions of which could be of interest to SOLAS researchers.

Organization of an international symposium called the Sopot Forum for Young Scientists. Presidency in EurOcean. Leaders in the POLAND-AOD network. Polish coordination in the NASA Maritime Aerosol Network. Membership in the Scientific Council of the Climate Forum – Science on Climate. Coordination of the Sopot Association for the Advanced Sciences activities. Organization of a number of public events, promoting science.

Workshop on underway CO2 data and metadata quality control procedures 1-3 April 2019, Sopot, Poland

4th Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network Science Workshop 14-17 April 2019, Hangzhou, China

Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network Executive Council 13, 18 April 2019, Hangzhou, China

8th Session of the Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee 30 April - 3 May 2019, Kiel, Germany

IOCCP & BONUS-INTEGRAL Training Course on a Suite of Biogeochemical Sensors 10-19 June 2019, Kristineberg, Sweden

Global Ocean Oxygen Network Summer School 2-4 September 2019, Xiamen, China

OceanObs’19 Conference 16-20 September 2019, Honolulu, USA

Oxygen Data Platform Scoping Workshop 11-12 November 2019, Sopot, Poland

14th Session of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) Scientific Steering Group & Global Ocean Observing System Biogeochemistry Panels of Experts 13-15 November 2019, Sopot, Poland

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Evans, K., Chiba, S., Bebianno, M.J., Garcia-Soto, C., Ojaveer, H., Park, C., Ruwa, R. Simcock, A.J., Vu, C.T., Zielinski, T., (2019). The global integrated world ocean assessment: Linking observations to science and policy across multiple scales; Frontiers in Marine Science, DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00298;

Palacz, AP, M Telszewski, G Rehder, and HC Bittig (2019), Training the next generation of marine biogeochemists, Eos, 100,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO136334. Published on 06 November 2019.

Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H. C., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M. K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., and Wanninkhof, R.: GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019.

Garçon V, Karstensen J, Palacz AP, Telszewski M, Aparco Lara T, Breitburg D, Chavez F, Coelho P, Cornejo M, Dos Santos C, Fiedler B, Gallo N, Grégoire M, Gutierrez D, Hernandez-Ayon M, Isensee K, Koslow T, Levin L, Marsac F, Maske H, Mbaye BC, Montes I, Naqvi W, Pearlman J, Pinto E, Pitcher G, Pizarro O, Rose K, Shenoy D, Van der Plas A, Vito MR and Weng K (2019) Multidisciplinary Observing in the World Ocean’s Oxygen Minimum Zone Regions: From Climate to Fish—The VOICE Initiative. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:722. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00722

Tilbrook B, Jewett EB, DeGrandpre MD, Hernandez-Ayon JM, Feely RA, Gledhill DK, Hansson L, Isensee K, Kurz ML, Newton JA, Siedlecki SA, Chai F, Dupont S, Graco M, Calvo E, Greeley D, Kapsenberg L, Lebrec M, Pelejero C, Schoo KL and Telszewski M (2019) An Enhanced Ocean Acidification Observing Network: From People to Technology to Data Synthesis and Information Exchange. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:337. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00337

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage? We run workshops and science fairs, open lectures and projects with kids related to marine environment.

PART 2- Planned activities for 2019/2020 and 2021 1. Planned major national and international field studies and collaborative laboratory and modelling studies (incl. all information possible, dates, locations, teams, work, etc.). 1. Ny-Alesund Flagship programs, ongoing activities. 2. Summer Arctic campaign using the r/v Oceania and in cooperation with an international team of researchers. 3. NASA AERONET, ongoing activities.

2. Eventslike conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible).

1. CommOcean Conference December 2020 in Sopot, Poland 2. Organization of Open Science Days May 2020. 3. Organization of an international conference for young scientists entitled: Where the World is Heading (May 2020). 4. Participation in European Maritime Day, Cork, Ireland, May 2020. 5. Participation in UN Oceans Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, June 2020.

3. Funded national and international projects/activitiesunderway. A number of projects to be submitted during 2020/21.

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies andpotential submission dates). A number of projects to be submitted during 2020. We will seek funding on national and international levels.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc. 1. IOCCP.

2. NASA AERONET (agreement until 2029).

2. Ny-Alesund Flagship programs.

3. Bilateral agreement with the Alfred Wegener Institute.

4. Global Observing Network for Reference Surface Water pCO2 Observations.

5. Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). 6. EurOcean.

7. Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON).

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Report for the year 2019 and future activities

SOLAS USA compiled by: Rachel Stanley

This report has two parts:

- Part 1: reporting of activities in the period of January 2019 - Jan/Feb 2020 - Part 2: reporting on planned activities for 2020 and 2021.

IM PORTANT: This report should reflect the efforts of the SOLAS community in the entire country you are representing (all universities, institutes, lab, units, groups , cities).

First things first…Please tell us what the IPO may do to help you in your current and future SOLAS activities. ?

PART 1 - Activities from January 2019 to Jan/Feb 2020 1. Scientific highlight SOLAS THEME 1

The ocean has absorbed the equivalent of 39% of industrial-age fossil carbon emissions, significantly

modulating the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 and its associated impacts on climate. Despite the importance of the ocean carbon sink to climate, our understanding of the causes of its interannual- to-decadal variability remains limited. This hinders our ability to attribute its past behavior and project its future.

A recent study by McKinley et al. (2020 – see full citation below) focuses on a key period of interest -- the 1990s, when the ocean carbon sink did not grow as expected. Previous explanations of this behavior have focused on variability internal to the ocean or associated with coupled atmosphere/ocean modes, but a clear mechanistic explanation does not yet exist. Here, we use an idealized upper ocean box model to illustrate that two external forcings are sufficient to explain the pattern and magnitude of the variability. In the Figure (panel a), this box model result (red) is compared to an ensemble of 6 ocean hindcast models (green) and 4 observationally-based products (blue). Correlations across the timeseries in panel (a) are 0.89 to 0.95, indicating that the box model captures the dominant mechanisms of our best estimate of the real- world variability.

First, the global-scale reduction in the decadal-average ocean carbon sink in the 1990s is attributable to the slowed growth rate of atmospheric pCO2. Acceleration of atmospheric pCO2 growth, particularly after 2001, drove recovery of the sink (panel b, red dash). Second, the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo explains the timing of the global sink within the 1990s. Global sea surface cooling with the eruption led to an uptake anomaly. The subsequent rewarming and presence of excess surface carbon content slowed the sink for the rest of the decade (panel b, red). These results are consistent with previous experiments using ocean hindcast models with and without forcing from variable atmospheric pCO2 and climate variability (panel b, green solid and dash, respectively). The fact that variability in the growth rate of atmospheric pCO2 directly imprints on the ocean sink implies that there will be an immediate reduction in ocean carbon uptake as atmospheric pCO2 responds to cuts in anthropogenic emissions.

McKinley, G.A., A.R. Fay, Y. Eddebbar, L. Gloege and N. Lovenduski, External forcing explains recent decadal variability of the ocean carbon sink, revised for AGU Advances, 2020. Read it on ESSOArchive

Research Projects GOHSNAP Oxygenation of the Labrador Sea Water prevents large-scale hypoxia from developing anywhere in the Atlantic, and anthropogenic CO2 storage in the Labrador Sea is the highest in the global ocean. he assumption that, in the Atlantic, O2 and CO2 uptake and their variability are tied to the dynamics of heat loss and the overturning circulation pervades the literature but has never been evaluated on the basis of direct observations. Thus, Gases in the Overturning and Horizontal circulation of the Subpolar North Atlantic (GOHSNAP) addresses this gap and the urgent need to better understand interactions between gas uptake, transport, and the overturning circulation. Specifically, this program will provide a continuous 2-year record of the trans-basin, full water column transport of O2 across the southern boundary of the Labrador Sea, leveraging the mooring infrastructure of the US-lead, international Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program

(OSNAP). The addition of O2 sensors at various depths on this array, supplemented by observations collected by autonomous platforms will allow for the quantification of O 2 export from the Labrador Sea. SOLAS THEME 1 and 2

MOSAiC: US scientists are participating in the year-long international Arctic MOSAiC project in which the German research icebreaker Polarstern is trapped in ice for a year. One US project in MOSAiC focuses on surface ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interactions. The project led by Blomquist, Helmig, Fairall, Archer and Ganzeveld directly observes of air-sea gas exchange and deposition for several climate-active compounds: carbon dioxide, methane, dimethylsulfide, and ozone. Modeling objectives include development of improved ocean to sea ice to atmosphere gas transfer parameterizations and local/regional scale atmospheric chemistry modeling to assess the role of sea ice gas transfer on climate active trace gas budgets. SOLAS THEME 2 (other parts of MOSAiC are releveant to other SOLAS themes)

NAAMES: The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES) has just finished. This was a 5 year NASA EVS mission focused on plankton blooms and ocean-aerosol- cloud interactions. There have been over 40 publications already from NAAMES. Details on the project are available at: https://naames.larc.nasa.gov/ SOLAS THEMES 3, 4, and 5

SeaSCAPE project: A large interdisciplinary project, led by CAICE at UC San Diego, in 2019 generated sea spray aerosol in a large wave flume, and characteristics were examined over the course of an algal bloom. The big new focus for these experiments was looking at oxidation impacts on emissions, including aged seaspray aerosol, secondary aerosol formation, and gas phase chemistry. https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/research-highlight-scientists-bring-ocean-lab- study-human-impacts-ocean-and-climate SOLAS THEMES 3 and 4

Saildrones: Western Boundary Currents, like the Gulf Stream, and their neighboring subtropical mode water (STMW) formation regions are areas of intense ocean uptake of atmospheric CO 2. However, the observations used to quantify this uptake are extremely sparse. Jaimie Palter and others are using a Saildrone to complete an autonomous wintertime survey of ocean and atmospheric pCO2 in the Gulf Stream region. The Saildrone completed five crossings of the Gulf Stream and traversed through part of the STMW formation region throughout the mission from 1/30-3/7/2019, as it experienced 3 major storms. SOLAS THEME 1

SPIROPA: The continental shelf break of the Middle Atlantic Bight supports a productive and diverse ecosystem. Current paradigms suggest that this productivity is driven by several upwelling mechanisms at the shelf break front. This upwelling supplies nutrients that stimulate primary production by phytoplankton, which in turn leads to enhanced production at higher trophic levels. Although local enhancement of phytoplankton biomass has been observed in some circumstances, such a feature is curiously absent from time-averaged measurements, both from satellites and shipboard sampling. Why would there not be a mean enhancement in phytoplankton biomass as a result of the upwelling? Dennis McGillicuddy is leading an interdisciplinary team designed to investigate these issues. The team conducted three cruises within the past two years, in spring of 2018 and spring and summer of 2019, each with repeated crossings of the shelf-break front. http://science.whoi.edu/users/olga/SPIROPA/SPIROPA.html SOLAS THEMES 1 and 2

Working Groups Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry (OCB) formed a working group to address critical gaps in understanding the ocean carbon sink and how it sits in the global carbon cycle. https://www.us- ocb.org/filling-the-gaps-in-observation-based-estimates-of-air-sea-carbon-fluxes-working-group/ SOLAS THEME 1

Workshops The Ocean Atmosphere Interaction Committee (a subcomittee of OCB) held a workshop on October 1-3, 2019 to discuss priorities for research USA in the area of ocean atmosphere interactions and specifically to develop a US SOLAS science plan. The three day workshop was mostly discussion based, with participants sharing their ideas on exciting questions and directions of research. Currently the OAIC and interested participants from the workshop are working on the US SOLAS science plan, which should be ready for broader community input by June. SOLAS THEMES 1-5

Broecker Symposium: A symposium was held in 24-26 October, 2019 to honor the life and work of Wally Broecker. http://wallysymposium.ldeo.columbia.edu/.

The ArcticOcean 2018/ MOCCHA/ ACAS/ Ice science workshop was held in Stockholm, Sweden in March 2019. Four US projects (including 10 US PIs and 7 US institutions) were involved and presented results.

The Ocean Sciences Meeting co-sponsored by AGU, ASLO, and TOS was held in February in San Diego. Many SOLAS-relevant sessions were included in that meeting. SOLAS THEMES 1-5

3. Top 5 publications in 2019 (only PUBLISHED articles) and if any, weblinks to models, datasets, products, etc.

Beaupre, S.R, D. Kieber, W.C. Keene, M. S. Long, J.R. Maben, X. Lu, Y. Zhu, A. A. Frossard, J.D. Kinsey, P. Duplessis, R.Y.W. Chang, and J. Bisgrove. Oceanic efflux of ancient marine dissolved organic carbon in primary marine aerosol. Science Advances. Vol 5. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6535. (2019)

Bourne, H. L., Bishop, J. K. B., Wood, T. J., Loew, T. J., and Liu, Y.: Carbon Flux Explorer optical assessment of C, N and P fluxes, Biogeosciences, 16, 1249–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16- 1249-2019, 2019.

Frossard, A.A., V. Gerard, P. Duplessis, J.D, Kinsey, X. Lu, Y. Zhu, J. Bisgroc, J.R> Maben, M.S. Long, R.Y.W. Chang, S.R. Beaupre, D.J. Kieber, W.C. Keene, B. Noziere, R.C. Cohen. Properties of Seawater Surfactants Associated with Primary Marine Aerosol Particles Produced by Bursting Bubbles at a Model Air–Sea Interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 16, 9407-9417. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02637 (2019)

Gassó, S., & Torres, O. Temporal characterization of dust activity in the Central Patagonia desert (years 1964–2017). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 3417– 3434. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030209 (2019)

Horowitz, H. C. Holmes, A. Wright, T. Sherwen, X. Wang, M. Evans, J. Huang, L. Jaegle, Q. Chen, S. Zhai and B. Alexander. Effects of Sea Salt Aerosol Emissions for Marine Cloud Brightening on Atmospheric Chemistry: Implications for Radiative Forcing. Geophysical Research Letters. doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085838 (2020)

Ji, B.Y, Z.O Sandwith, W.J. Williams, O. Diaconescu. R. Ji, Y. Li, E. Van Scoy, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, S. Zimmerman, and R.H.R. Stanley. Variations in Rates of Biological Production in the Beaufort Gyre as the Arctic Changes:Rates From 2011 to 2016. Journal of Geohpysical Research Oceans. Doi: 10.1029/2018JC014805. (2019)

Koenig, T.K., S. Baidar, P Campuzano-Jost, C.A. Cuevas, B. Dix, R.P. Fernandez, H. Guo, S.R. Hall, D. Kinnison, B.A. Nault, K. Ullmann, J.L. Jimenez, A. Saiz-Lopez, R. Volakmer. Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi/10.1073/pnas.1916828117. (2020)

Juranek, L.W., T. Takahashi, J.T. Mathis, and R. Pickart (2019), Significant biologically -mediated

CO2 uptake in the Pacific Arctic during the late open water season, J. Geophysical Research – Oceans, 124, doi:10.1029/2018JC014568.

Manfredi Manizza Dimitris Menemenlis Hong Zhang Charles E. Miller. Modeling the Recent Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO2 Sink (2006–2013). Global Biogeochemical Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006070, 2019.

4. Did you engage any stakeholders/societal partners/external research users in order to co- produce knowledge in 2019? If yes, who? How did you engage?

The large scale EXPORTS project was going to have its second cruise in May, 2020. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, this cruise has been delayed.

2. Events like conferences, workshops, meetings, summer schools, capacity building etc. (incl. all information possible). Note: fewer workshops than usual are included b/c many workshops have been cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.

A symposium is being planned for May 4 to honor the life and work of Taro Takahashi at LDEO.

The American Meterological Society National Meeting will be Jan 10-14, 2021 in New Orleans.

The fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union will be from Dec 7-11 in San Francisco.

3. Funded national and international projects/activities underway.

Too many to report.

4. Plans / ideas for future national or international projects, programmes, proposals, etc. (please indicate the funding agencies and potential submission dates).

Too many to report.

5. Engagements with other international projects, organisations, programmes, etc.

Too many to report.

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