CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FINE ARTS LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 102 198 896 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924102198896 In compliance with current Copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2005 Coflege of Architecture Library Cornf'l I-'ivi-rsity CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 8^1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE MANUAL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHEOLOGY. MANUAL OF Egyptian Archeology AND ®uii)e tff i|e Stiibg of Antiquities iir ®0pt. FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS AND TRAVELLERS. BY SIR G. MASPERO, D.C.L., OxoN., MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE ; PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE DE FRANCE ; DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE SERVICE OF ANTIQUITIES IN EGYPT. TRANSLATED AND ENLARGED BY AGNES S. JOHNS. SIXTH ENGLISH EDITION. JlSaitI) Cfiree jl^uiiSrplr aiiti jToilasCriDo Kllustrations, - LON]:)ON: H. GREVEL AND CO. NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1914 PRINTED BV HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLEBBDRY. PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. TO put this book into English, and thus to hand it on to thousands who might not otherwise have enjoyed it, has been to me a very congenial and interesting task. It would be difficult, I imagine, to point to any work of its scope and character which is better calculated to give lasting delight to all classes of readers. For the skilled archaeologist, its pages contain not only new facts, but new views and new interpretations ; while to those who know little, or perhaps nothing, of the subjects under discussion, it will open a fresh and fascinating field of study. It is not enough to say that a handbook of Egyptian Archaeology was much needed, and that Professor Maspero has given us exactly what we required. He has done much more than this. He has given us a picturesque, vivacious, and highly original volume, as delightful as if it were not learned, and as instructive as if it were dull. vi PREFACE. TO THE SIXTH EDITION. "As regards the practical side of Archaeology, it ought to be unnecessary to point out that its usefulness is strictly parallel with the use- fulness of public museums. To collect and exhibit objects of ancient art and industry is worse than idle if we do not also endeavour to disseminate some knowledge of the history of those arts and industries, and of the processes employed by the artists and craftsmen of the past. Archaeology, no less than love, ' adds a precious seeing to the ; and without that eye ' gain of mental sight, the treasures of our public collections are regarded by the general ' visitor as mere ' curiosities — flat and stale for the most part, and wholly unprofitable." Thus wrot^ Miss Amelia B. Edwards in the preface to the first English edition of this book, published in 1887. Since then the book has passed through other editions. Every year, almost every month, fresh material is found for the study of Egyptology and fresh light is thrown upon it by the progress of excavation, exploration, and research. Hence it follows that in the course of a few years the standard textbooks require considerable addition and modification if they PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. vii are to be of the greatest value to students, who must always start from the foremost vantage ground. Each edition in succession was there- fore carefully corrected by the English editor, Miss Kate Bradbury ; and Sir Gaston Maspero himself revised-the work, suggesting or sanction- ing any modifications, or changes with his un- failing courtesy and care. Since the last edition was issued in 1902 new material has been acquired in great abundance. Our knowledge of the earliest developments of Egyptian archaeology has been consolidated and extended by further careful and prolonged study of the primitive remains that have come down to us, with results that have widened our perspective and extended our knowledge of Egyptian history. The discovery of valley temples has necessitated some changes in the chapters on tombs and temples. It has there- fore been decided to retranslate the book, re- modelling it where absolutely necessary, and introducing new material, but preserving its main characteristics untouched. The claims on Sir Gaston Maspero as Direc- tor-General of the Service of Antiquities in Egypt forbade any idea of asking him to viii PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. supply the additional matter, although he has most kindly assented to the production of the new English edition. Where any serious additions have been made, the sources of information have been indicated as far as possible in a footnote, and for references to the predynastic and Thinite periods the English editor is alone responsible. A short table of the principal epochs of Egyptian history has been added. Many aspects of Egyptian archaeology have necessarily been passed over. In a book of this size it is impossible to deal adequately, with the palaeography, the early relations with Nubia, and the Mediterranean peoples, nor yet with the difficult problems of the origin of the Egyptians. This work of Sir Gaston Maspero still remains the handbook of Egyptian archaeology, and to render it too bulky would be to deprive it of much of its usefulness and charm. For the new illustrations I have to thank Dr. Hogarth and Mr. Leeds for their kind assistance in procuring photographs of objects in the Ashmolean Museum ; Dr. Giiterbock for an excellent photograph of the Akhenaten PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITIQN. IX Statue ; and Dr. Flinders Petrie, the Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft, and the Egypt Exploration Fund for their courtesy in allowing me to reproduce illustrations published by them. A. S. Johns. Cambridge, 1913. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface , v List of Illustrations xiii The Principal Epochs of Ancient Egyptian History . xxiv CHAPTER*!. ARCHITECTURE—CIVIL AND MILITARY. 1. Private Dwellings 2 2. Fortresses 28 3. Public Works 41 CHAPTER IL RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE. 1. Materials and Principles of Construction . 5.3 2. Temples 72 3. Decoration 107 CHAPTER IIL TOMBS. 1. Mastabas 130 2. Royal Tombs and Pyramids 148 3. Tombs of the Theban Empire : the Rock-cut Tombs 169 xi xil CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. PAINTING AND SCULPTURE. PAGE 1. Drawing and Composition 194 2. Technical Processes 218 3. Sculpture 231 CHAPTER V. INDUSTRIAL ARTS. 1. Stone, Pottery, and Glass ... 277 2. Ivory, Wood, Leather, and Textiles .... 306 3. Metal 3j8 " Index . 27i . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE , 1. Brickmaking, from Eighteenth Djrnasty tomb-painting, of Rekhmara tomb ...... 4 2. House with vaulted floors, against the northern wall of the great temple of Medinet Habu .... 7 3. Plan of three-quarters of the town of Hat-Hotep- Senusert (Kahun), built for the officials and workmen employed in connection with the pyramid of Senusert II. at Illahun. W. M. F. Petrie .... 8 4. Plan of house, Medinet Habu ..... 9 5. Plan of house, Medinet Habu ..... 9 6. Fa9ade of a house toward the street. New Kingdoin . 10 7. Plan of central court of house, second Theban period . 10 8. Restoration of the hall in a Twelfth Dynasty house. W. M. F. Petrie 11 9. Wall-painting in a Twelfth Dynasty house, Kahun. Below is a view of the outside, above is a view of the inside of the dwelling. W. M. F. Petrie . .12 10. Box representing a house. British Museum , . .13 11. View of mansion, with two granaries, from the tomb of Anna, Eighteenth Dynasty . .13 12-13. Portico of mansion, from wall-paintings. Tell el Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty . .14 14. Plan of a Theban house with garden, from Eighteenth Dynasty tomb-painting . .15 15. Perspective view of the Theban house, from Eighteenth Dynasty tomb-painting . .16 16. Part of the palace of Ai, from tomb-painting. Eighteenth Dynasty, Tell el Amarna . .17 1 7. Perspective view of the palace of Ai, Eighteenth Dynasty, Tell el Amarna ....... 18 18. Frontage of house, second Theban period . .19 19. Frontage of house, second Theban period . .19 xiv LIST, OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Flrt, PAGE 20. Central pavilion of house, in form of tower, second . .20 Theban period . 21. Ceiling pattern from behind Medinet Habu, Twentieth Dynasty 20 22. Ceiling pattern similar to one at El Bersheh, Twelfth Dynasty .20 23. Ceiling pattern from tomb of Aimadiia, Twentieth Dynasty . .21 24. Wall-painting, palace of Tell el Amarna. W. M. F. Petrie 22 25. Part of painted pavement, palace of Tell el Amarna. W. M. F. Petrie 23 26. Plan of private house. Tell el Amarna. W. M. F. Petrie ......... 24 27. Door of a house of the Old Kingdom, from the wall of a tomb of the Sixth Dynasty . .26 28. Fa9adeof a Fourth Dynasty house, from the sarcophagus of Khiifu Poskhii . .27 29. Plan of second fortress of Abydos, Eleventh or Twelfth Dynasty ........ 30 30. Walls of second fort at Abydos, restored . -31 31. Fa9ade of fort, from wall-scene, Beni Hasan, Twelfth Dynasty . .31 32. Plan of main gate, second fortress of Abydos . .32 33. Plan of south-east gate, second fortress of Abydos . 32 Plan of gate, fortress el . 34. of Kom Ahmar . .33 Plan of 35. the walled city at El Kab . .33 36. Plan of walled . city of Kom Ombo . .34 Plan of 37. fortress of Kummeh . .35 38. Plan of fortress of Semneh . .36 Section 39. of the platform at A, B, of preceding plan . 37 40. Syrian fort ........ 37 The .