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Club Mosses, Ferns & Horsetails: the Seed-Free Vascular Plants Vascular Plants

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Club Mosses, Ferns & Horsetails: the Seed-Free Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Club Mosses, Ferns & Horsetails: Vascular Plants - a quick review the Seed-free Vascular Plants Two unrelated groups within “cryptogams” – seed free vascular plants – are recognized as phyla: 1. Lycopodiophyta : lycopods 2. Polypodiophyta: ferns & horsetails 1 2 Vascular Plants - a quick review Vascular Plants - a quick review Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? They produce free spores, the principal dispersal units, via meiosis. Spores develop within a sporangium (pl. sporangia) Spore: a reproductive cell, capable of developing into an adult without fusion with another cell. Life-cycle Life-cycle sporangium spores spores 3 4 1 Vascular Plants - a quick review Vascular Plants - a quick review Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? Spores germinate and develop into gametophytes that exist Like all plants, seed-free plants produce two kinds of gametes in their independently of the spore-producing plants. The gametophytes gametophytes: sperm and egg that unite to form a zygote (2n or (haploid, n) tend to be inconspicuous and short-lived. diploid) via fertilization Life-cycle sporangium Life-cycle sporangium zygote gametophyte gametophyte spores spores 5 6 Vascular Plants - a quick review Vascular Plants - a quick review Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? Why were the seed-free plants “grouped” together? The sporophyte (2n) develops from the zygote and is more conspicuous, usually perennial and lives for an indefinite period Life-cycle – alternation of generations Life-cycle sporangium sporangium sporophyte sporophyte zygote zygote gametophyte gametophyte spores spores 7 8 2 Wisconsin Seed-free Plants Wisconsin Seed-free Plants The best website to identify and see images of Wisconsin’s seed- The best manual to identify lycopods free plants is Gary Fewless’ at UW-Green Bay; links provided and ferns is Ferns of Northeastern below and Central North America (2nd ed.) in the Peterson Field Guides Warning: - synonyms! Key to Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin Families and genera (and thus List of Pteridophytes of Wisconsin species names) are changing quickly Glossary of Fern Terminology in the seed-free plants also: Michigan Online Flora 9 10 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts Leaves microphylls: small, simple, one-veined leaves Carboniferous forest from Illinois Sporangia: the spore producers on the This group arose in the Later Silurian about 420 million sporophytes are located singly on the upper years ago and was dominant in the Carboniferous and surfaces or in axils of the bracts of a cone or used to be much more diverse. of green leaves 11 12 3 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Lycopods and ferns – in general – contribute Lycopodiaceae - club mosses to a great phylogenetic diversity in the 15 genera and about 375 species Northern Hardwoods province Lycopodium now split into several genera Climate change will drive many out of WI Evergreen, stems elongate and 2017 – specimen & model 2070 – model projection dichotomously branching. Leaves often densely covering the stem. Many species over-collected for Christmas wreaths. Diphasiastrum complanatum Ground cedar, crowfoot 13 14 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiaceae - club mosses 15 genera and about 375 species Lycopodium now split into several genera Evergreen, stems elongate and dichotomously branching. Leaves often densely covering the stem. Many species over-collected for Christmas wreaths. Oily compounds in the cell walls ignite rapidly into a flash of light Diphasiastrum complanatum Ground cedar, crowfoot 15 16 4 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiaceae - club mosses Lycopodiaceae - club mosses other examples Dendrolycopodium obscurum Ground pine Homosporous: “same spore” - one kind of spore produced; cones terete (rounded) 17 18 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiaceae - club mosses Lycopodiaceae - club mosses other examples other examples Lycopodiella inundata Bog club moss Huperzia lucidula Shiny club moss Alkaloid for Alzheimers? 19 20 5 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Huperzia lucidula Shiny club moss Polytrichum forest mosses 21 22 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Selaginellaceae - spike mosses Selaginellaceae - spike mosses 1 genus and about 750 species Mainly tropical family with some species extending into arctic regions Heterosporous: “different” spores of both hemispheres Unlike Lycopodiaceae, Leaves spirally arranged and often 4- Selaginellaceae are heterosporous ranked on the secondary and ultimate with different types of spores: branches. microspores and megaspore - the micro give rise to male gametophytes Spores borne in or near the axils of and the mega give rise to the female well-differentiated sprophylls, usually gametophytes. on 4 sided strobilus. 23 24 6 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Selaginellaceae - spike mosses Selaginellaceae - spike mosses Heterosporous: “different” Selaginella eclipes meadow spike moss 25 26 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Isoetaceae - quillworts Selaginellaceae - spike mosses 1 genus and about 150 species; worldwide; 2 spp. in WI - Isoetes echinospora most common Aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. Microphylls quite long (15+ cm). Selaginella ruprestis Selaginella selaginoides I. butleri - Rock spike moss Isoetes echinospora Northern spike moss not native Endangered! 27 28 7 Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta - ferns & horsetails Isoetaceae - quillworts Equisetaceae - horsetails, scouring rushes Heterosporous plants with sporangia borne at the base of sporophylls which are similar to vegetative leaves. 1 genus, Equisetum, 15 species with Megasporangia + microsporangia a cosmopolitan distribution except for Australia or New Zealand [9 species in Wisconsin] Shoots monomorphic or dimorphic (see right). Often highly branched (horsetails) appearing like leaves. Others not branched (scouring rushes). 29 30 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Equisetaceae - horsetails, scouring rushes Equisetaceae - horsetails, scouring rushes Leaves in whorls, united to megaphyll form a sheath around the sheath stem; these leaves are reduced megaphylls – with a blade branch that has a complex system of veins. Internodes with conspicuous vertical ridges; jointed stems; stems hollow (both important taxonomic features Horsetails belong with the for keying species) “normal” looking-leaved ferns 31 32 8 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Equisetaceae - horsetails, scouring rushes Equisetaceae - horsetails, scouring rushes Sporangia clustered terminally in cones Horsetails are homosporous and form composed of polygonal, umbrella-like conspicuous green gametophytes structures with sporangia beneath. 33 34 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Equisetaceae - some examples of native horsetails & scouring rushes Equisetaceae - some examples of native horsetails & scouring rushes Equisetum arvense Equisetum sylvaticum Equisetum laevigatum Equisetum scirpoides Field horsetail Woodland horsetail Smooth scouring rush Dwarf horsetail 35 36 9 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta the true ferns the true ferns Most diverse of the vascular Like the horsetails, leaves are cryptogams, both in species number megaphylls; blade is called a frond (ca. 11,000 worldwide) and form and the petioles as stipes. (small aquatics to trees). 37 38 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta ferns ferns Circinate vernation: vernation is the arrangement of folded Sporangia borne on the margin or the lower surface of the leaf; leaves in a bud, forming a crozier or fiddlehead, i.e. coiled or often grouped in sori (pl.) sorus (sing.); a sorus may be rolled up at the tip and unfolding lengthwise when emerging - protected by a flap-like structure called the indusium. due to auxin and differential growth of tissue. Protects young bud. 39 40 10 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta ferns ferns The sprorangium is often associated with an annulus a cluster The sprorangium is often associated with an annulus a cluster or row of cells with thick walls that open the sporangium and or row of cells with thick walls that open the sporangium and catapult the spores into the air. catapult the spores into the air. annulus 41 42 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta ferns There is major disagreement on what are the fern families, but 30 are generally recognized worldwide. Use the list of genera & families in the Student Herbarium. 43 44 11 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Ophioglossaceae - adder’s tongue family Ophioglossaceae - adder’s tongue family Sporangia are on an erect Primitive ferns; 4 genera in Wisconsin: Primitive ferns; 2 genera in Wisconsin: axis with a green blade Ophioglossum and Botrychium (now 3 genera) Ophioglossum and Botrychium (now 3 genera) attached below sporangia Botrychium mormo Goblin fern Botrychium lunaria Moonwort fern Ophioglossum pusillum Botrypus virginianum Adder’s tongue fern Rattlesnake fern 45 46 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Osmundaceae - royal fern family Osmundaceae - royal fern family Primitive ferns; 3 species of Osmunda in Wisconsin; All widespread & 1 genus in Wisconsin: Osmunda easily separated by position of fertile Bot 401 exam plants! portions Fertile and sterile leaves dimorphic Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda claytoniana Osmunda regalis Cinnamon fern Interrupted fern Royal fern 47 48 12 Phylum Polypodiophyta Phylum Polypodiophyta Dennstaedtiaceae
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