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Understanding Religious Violence in Indonesia

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Understanding Religious Violence in Indonesia UNDERSTANDING RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDONESIA Theological, Structural and Cultural Analyses1 Ahmad Salehudin UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta - Indonesia Abstract: Lately Indonesia is facing a lot of tremendous experience about religious violence. Indonesian Islam which is previously assumed as peaceful religion is suddenly changing to be frightening religion. The destruction in some places such as Bali Bombing, JW Marriot Bombing, and Sampang riot in some places Islam is the trigger of religious violence. This paper discusses the repetition of religious violence in Indonesia especially after New Order era. The writer argues that religious violence in Indonesia is as natural disaster, historical process in human evolution and as close experience that presenting and relating to human history. It may be caused by political condition and the response to economic injustice. In doing so, it is kind of social acceleration toward the process of change and also being a factor of the emergence of new agenda. This is because every disaster, including religious violence, requires an adjustment and a new formulation of the functions that have been damaged. Keywords: Religious violence, natural disaster, theology. Introduction In October 2002, many people were shocked when all mass media such as print media, electronic media, and online media reported a suicide bombing in Bali Island that caused more than 187 people dead and 400’s were wounded. This tremendous phenomenon was then followed by same phenomena that made many people, be it Muslims 1 The earlier version of this paper was presented at The 12th Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS), held by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and the State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN) Sunan Ampel, Surabaya, 5-8 November 2012. Journal of Indonesian Islam; ISSN1978-6301 Published by the Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (LSAS)and the Postgraduate Program (PPs), the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) SunanAmpelSurabaya - Indonesia Ahmad Salehudin or non-Muslims, Indonesians and foreigners, aware that the pattern of Islamic religiosity in Indonesia is changing. Indonesian Islam which is usually considered as friendly and tolerant, then, suddenly showing cruel face and frightening, not only for non-Muslims but also for Muslims themselves. Historically, the changing pattern of Islam in Indonesia recently appeared in the end of the New Order and to be clearer after the New Order fell down in 1998. Post-1998, the violence cases on behalf of religion increased both in their intensities and ways. The bomb exploded everywhere and every time from the crowded centres, hotels, to the worship places. Some of the cases such as the suicide Bali bombings at Legian street, Bali (October 22, 2002) which led to hundreds of people dead, a suicide bombing at the Ritz Charlton Hotel and JW Marriot Hotel in Jakarta (2009) which killed dozens of people, a book bomb in the JIL and News Office 68 H, Utan Kayu street, East Jakarta (March 2011) which caused the police hands broken, and suicide bombing of Muhammad Sharif in the mosque of the Cirebon police station on Friday (04/15/2011) and so on. There are also many other forms of terrorism, ranging from more intimidation, vandalism of religious place, arson of the religious member house and to murder up. Actually, the terror action is not only carried out by terrorist groups, but also by the state in order to deracinate a group which is identified as terrorist group. For example how the television broadcasting raid terrorist in Temanggung, Central Java. The television illustrated it as a horrible moment like war movies. Also when the fully armed Detachment 88 troops siege a house suspected to be harbouring terrorists, strafed it with bullets and thrown it with the hands bombs. Those views that usually aired repeatedly by television and became the main dish of print media for some days bring on the pain and frightening terror not only to the directly victims but also to indirectly victims such as the television viewers as well as readers of mass media. Actually, suicide bombings were not previously “known” in Indonesia as ways to make the dream comes true. The pattern of “struggle” of Islamic groups in Indonesia using a suicide bombing is adopted from the struggle patterns of religious groups abroad2as an impact of globalization era that provides the homogenization of social 2 Ahmad Salehudin, Satu Dusun Tiga Masjid: Tarik-menarik antar aliran Islam dalam Masyarakat Jawa (Yogyakarta: Pilar Media, 2007). 306 JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM Volume 06, Number 02, December 2012 Understanding of Religious Violence action patterns. It is a matter of fact that globalization provides much opportunity for the people to learn more and copy the idea as well as the way to make it comes true. Therefore this condition provides a vast opportunity for the Islamic groups in Indonesia to learn from other people or groups across the world how to achieve their goal effectively. In addition from those series of terrible events we also know that there are imitations (copying) or Talibanization3 in conducting religious violence in Indonesia. However, as previously explained religious violence in Indonesia is not new phenomena. It is easy to find the evidence in the history of religion in Indonesia. The failure to avoid, prevent and overcome the religious violence is because of the assumption that religious violence is new phenomena. Religious Violence: A Theoretical Frame Work The phenomenon of religious violence is old phenomenon. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why such horrible phenomena repeat. In order to have thorough understanding, religious violence will be elaborated as a close experience and subjected as a natural disaster. First, religious violence is as close experience. It means that that religious violence always presents, happens and relates to the human history both directly experienced by the subject people themselves and by the other people in many places and times. However, in fact religious violence is always assumed to be new phenomenon, as something that never happened before. As a result, the conception and response to the religious violence are not based on knowledge and collective consciousness. It just looks like fire-fighters4 douse the flames after a fire. The fact that religious violence is very close to the human experience should raise awareness, not only among social 3Talibanization was used by Beelver Singh to identify new phenomena of religious terror in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. According to Singh, Talibanization is the process of involves the adoption of Islamist doctrines, ideologies, and values that are largely militant in character, which for some groups includes the adoption of violence– suicide bombing–to achieve their goals. 4 Assumes the religious violence such as fire does not mean putting the role of fire in a less important position, because it is based on the role behind its creation, the fire department is supposed to work when there is a fire. This is of course different from the religious violence that could have been prevented and/or minimized to know and understand the signs, then find a solution to solve it. JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM 307 Volume 06, Number 02, December 2012 Ahmad Salehudin scientists who are studying and observing the social phenomena and their changes intensively but also religio-social scientists, clergies, and policy makers to examine the properties, causes, consequences of it as well as the responses and overall impact. Base on this awareness, it will be found a theoretical framework of the repeatability of religious violence, especially those that occur in Indonesia. This theoretical framework is very important and able to be used by stakeholder. As Murphy said in Irwan Abdullah, “to manipulating, domesticating, remoulding, reconstructing and harvesting…”5. Second, religious violence can be categorized as natural disaster. It means that religious violence does not happen suddenly or it can be said that natural disaster is God will. Religious violence–like natural disaster—has a certain characteristic that can be explained or studied. Eruption for example has certain characteristic such as the increase of water temperature around the mountain, the exodus of animals, etc. By understanding the characteristic of natural disaster people will have chance to anticipate or avoid the natural disaster. Because religious violence also has certain characteristic that can be studied therefore religious violence can be defined as natural disaster. Based on the characteristic of religious violence, stakeholders have a lot of chance to make holistic and productive policy to avoid, eliminate the effects of religious violence. Religious violence— borrowing Jan Smith word—“…. are part of nature, have happened in the past and will happen again...”6. Furthermore, if religious violence has been to be collective consciousness, the anticipated program should be integrated into the life and social policy. Repeated Religious Violence In the history of religious violence in Indonesia, it is found out that religious violence in Indonesia has become a daily part the religious life. Interestingly, it is also found out that religious violence was a ritual of violence accruing since long time before Indonesia got independence until today, where democracy has always glorified. By 5 Irwan Abdullah, Dialektika Natur, Kultur, Struktur: Analisis Konteks, Proses, dan ranah dalam Konstruksi Bencana (Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Antropologi pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2006.), p. 7. 6 Jan Smith, “Are Catastrophe is Nature Ever Evil?” in WB Dress (ed.), Is nature Ever Evil? Religion, Science and Value (London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2003), p. 97. 308 JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM Volume 06, Number 02, December 2012 Understanding of Religious Violence doing a flashback on some of religious violence, since the early development of Islam in Indonesia until today, it will be known that religious violence in Indonesia is close experience that always repeats.7 The first case is the execution of Syech Siti Jenar in the 1500's.
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