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Education of the Deaf in the Sixties: a Description and Critique

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Education of the Deaf in the Sixties: a Description and Critique I 70-19,358 SCHOWE, Jr., Ben Marshall, 1920- EDUCATION OF THE DEAF IN THE SIXTIES: A DESCRIPTION AND CRITIQUE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1970 Education, special University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED EDUCATION OF THE DEAF IN THE SIXTIES A DESCRIPTION AND CRITIQUE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ben Marshall Schowe, Jr., B.A., M.A. ******* The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by n Adviser College of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In various ways many people have contributed to the com­ pletion of this dissertation. Some of them will know that I appreciate their help because they may have read parts of the dissertation or discussed it with me. Others may be surprised that I credit them with encouragement or help worthy of mention because their help has been of a less direct nature. Professr :3 Alfred C. Clarke and Paul Klohr have served as members of my graduate committee. They have been critical ob­ servers of my work and the development of this dissertation. Professor Edgar Dale, my adviser, has lived through my efforts to sum up nearly fifty years of experience with deaf people. How trying this may have been to him and the extent to which I wish to express my appreciation might be summed up in Dr. Dale's own words, "Ben, when you finish this we shall dance in the streets!" Not the least to have reason to "dance in the streets" is Laura, my wife, to whom I owe considerable for assuming more than her share of household cares during periods of intensive graduate study. Furthermore, her editing and typing of this manuscript has been invaluable. ii VITA August 6, 1920 . Born - Akron, 0hJo 1942 ............. B. A., Gallauc College, Washington, D. C. 1943 ............. Teacher-Librarian, Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, Staunton, Virginia 1944 ............. Teacher, Primary and Intermediate Grades, Ohio School for the Deaf, Columbus, Ohio 1955 ............. M. A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1958 ............. Research Consultant, R. F. Project 664 #AF 19(604)1577 Hand Signals for Communication in High-level Noise. Research Foundation, Ohio State University 1959 ............. Teacher-Librarian, Ohio School for the Deaf, Columbus, Ohio 1960-1969......... Consultant, Media Services and Captioned Films, U. S. Office of Education 1964-1966.........Resource Director for summer Workshops for Im­ proving Instruction for the Deaf, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 1964-1966.........Advisory Committee on Study of Library Services in Schools for the Deaf, American Instructors of the Deaf 1967 ............. Consultant, Lecturer, Evaluator of Summer Work­ shops and Institutes, Media Services and Captioned Films, U. S. Office of Education 1968 ............. Coordinator, Curriculum Workshop, Ohio School for the Deaf, Summer 1967-196 9 .........Resource Committee, Project LIFE, National Educa­ tion Association 1968-196 9 ......... Lecturer and Consultant, University of Tennessee, University of Massachusetts, and Illinois School for the Deaf on subject of Media Services iii PUBLICATIONS "The Art of Living With a Hearing Aid,” Volta Review, December, 1950. "Captioned Films for the Deaf," Teaching Aids News, November, 1965. "Deaf Children and A-V Aids: Some General Criteria," Film News, December, 1968. Hand Signals: Fingerspelling. Henry W. Moser and others, Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1958. "Projecting Books as an Aid to Teaching Reading to Deaf Children," Volta Review, September, 1962. "Resource Center at the Ohio School for the Deaf," Audiovisual Instruction, November, 1966. "The Role of Media Specialists and Librarians: Towards Tomorrow's Learning Centers." Report of the Proceedings of the 44th Meet­ ing of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969. "A Small School Instructional Media Center: Its Diffusion of Inno­ vations for Learning," American Annals of the Deaf, November, 1967. "Some Observations on Sign Language," Educational Research Bulletin, Ohio State University, May, 1958. iv PUBLICATIONS (Continued) "Suggestions and Media in Teaching Composition to Deaf Students," Report of the Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Conven­ tion of American Instructors of the Deaf. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Survey of Flight-line Hand Signals. Henry W. Moser and others, Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1958. "Two Ears Hear Better Than One," Volta Review, July, 1950. "Visual Teaching Aids and Library Notes," The Ohio Chronicle (Ohio School for the Deaf, Columbus) (A weekly series of articles from December 23, 1961, through April 28, 1962.) "We Made Our Library a Teaching Aid Center," Audiovisual Instruction, October, 1962. "Who Needs Media Workshops?" Missouri Record (Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton), March, 1968. v FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Education Communications: Professors Edgar Dale, I. Keith Tyler, and Norman Woelfel Sociology: Professor Alfred C. Clarke Curriculum: Professor Alexander Frazier Elementary Education: Professors Laura Zirbes and Leland B. Jacobs vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................. ii VITA ............................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................ x GLOSSARY ......................................................... xii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale . 1 Outline . 4 Theoretical Framework . 5 A Survey . 12 Communication of Deaf Children . 12 Learning Theory and Programs . 29 Diffusion and Implementation of Programs . 37 Schools for the Deaf as a System . 37 Parents of Deaf Children - Status and Role . 39 Resources for the Educational Failure . 53 Summary . 56 II. DEAF CHILDREN’S COMMUNICATION RELATED TO SCHOOLS. 59 Threat of Handicap . 59 Limitations of Chapter . 61 School Practice . 64 Helmer Myklebust . 66 Lee Meyerson . 77 Hallowell Davis and S. Richard Silverman . 79 vii Chapter Page II. (Continued) D.M.C.Dale . 83 Great Britain Study . 87 Richard Brill . 90 Hans Furth . 91 Harley Z. Wooden . 95 Jack W. Birch and E. Ross Stuckless . 97 Louis DiCarlo . 100 Behavioral Factors Design . 103 Contrasting Desctiptions of the Deaf . 108 Levels of Communication Attainment . 117 Communication Contact . 120 Thomas E. Jordan . 127 Cyril Fry . 128 Contributions of Anthropologists . 133 Summary . 142 III. LEARNING THEORY AND PROGRAMS FOR DEAF CHILDREN. 144 Learning Theory . 144 Biological View . 158 Programs and Special Materials - Evaluation . 168 What Should Be Taught - Some Criteria . 175 "Mechanical Problems" . 185 Special Materials . 191 Summary . 211 IV. DIFFUSION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNING PROGRAMS FOR DEAF CHILDREN ................................. 212 The Role of Media Services and Captioned Films. 212 Criteria for Assessing Summer Institutes. 215 A Design for Planning and Evaluating an Instruc­ tional Materials Center . 223 Summary . 240 V. SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF - AS A SYSTEM ................ 241 Rationale - A Communication System . 241 Curriculum Planning . 249 viii Chapter V. (Continued) Media Specialists and Librarians . 255 Houseparents . 258 Professional Organizations . 260 Publications . 265 Communication Model . 286 Summary . .292 VI. PARENTS OF DEAF CHILDREN - STATUS AND ROLE .... Review . 293 The Problems of Decision . 294 Experiment in Teaching . 296 Santa Ana's "Total Approach" . 302 Austin Preschool . 304 Parent Organizations and Publications . 306 Preschool Programs . 313 Parents' Responsibility for Communication . 319 Summary . 323 VII. RESOURCES FOR EDUCATIONAL FAILURES ............... Introduction . 324 Technological Juggernaut . 325 Deaf Youth Who Do Not Communicate - A Biograph­ ical Sketch . 327 Role of Organizations of and for the Deaf . 331 Adult Education and Deaf Teachers . 337 "Drop-outs" . 338 Evaluation and Training for Drop-outs . 339 Publications . 341 Assessment of a Workshop . 345 Strategies and Techniques Design (Guba) . 351 Universe of Concerns Design . 356 Summary . 368 VIII. IMPLICATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 Oral Gesture Sequence ................................. 14 2 Manual Gesture Sequence .... ...................... 14 3 Oral Gesture Sequence ................................. 14 4 Fingerspelling Sequence ............................... 14 5 Manual Gesture - Early. Version I .................... 26 6 Manual Gesture - Early, Version II.................... 26 7 Manual Gesture - Early, Version I I I .................. 26 8 Manual Gesture -Dress ............................... 26 9 Manual Gesture -Bathe ............................... 26 10 Factors That Affect Behaviors ......................... 105 11 Communication Level Design........................ 117 12 Evaluation Report F o r m ............................... 171 13 Observation Check F o r m ............................... 172 14 Experience Story Chart ............................... 189 15 Opaque Projector ...................................... 189 16 Photo-copied Reader .................................... 189 17 Overhead Projector Transparency ....................... 189 18 Mediated Interaction Visual Response System .......... 190 19 Programmed Instruction (Project LIFE) ................ 195 x Figure Page 20 Filmstrip Frames from "Tim's Pet" ...................
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