Science Bulletin 62 (2017) 1565–1568 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scib Short Communication The spatial pattern of farming and factors influencing it during the Peiligang culture period in the middle Yellow River valley, China ⇑ ⇑ Can Wang a, , Houyuan Lu a,b,c, , Wanfa Gu d, Naiqin Wu a,c, Jianping Zhang a,b, Xinxin Zuo a, Fengjiang Li a, Daojing Wang a, Yajie Dong a, Songzhi Wang d, Yanfeng Liu d, Yingjian Bao e, Yayi Hu d a Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China d Zhengzhou Municipal Institute of Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450052, China e The School of History and Culture, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China article info abstract Article history: Received 27 August 2017 Ó 2017 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. All rights reserved. Received in revised form 27 September 2017 Accepted 8 October 2017 Available online 12 October 2017 The Peiligang culture (ca. 7000–5000 cal BC) is the earliest Neo- To date, more than 120 Peiligang culture sites have been iden- lithic culture in the middle Yellow River valley and represents the tified, distributed over a large area of the middle Yellow River val- emergence of cereal farming in the region [1]. It has long been con- ley [4], but fewer than 20 sites have been excavated [5] and only 13 sidered representative of millet farming [2], which requires a dry sites had archaeobotanical data [3,4,6–8]. In this paper, in order to field, a certain amount of rainfall, and minimal crop management, answer the above question, on-the-spot investigations were car- but new records reveal that mixed farming of millet and rice (Oryza ried out at four sites of both types, and phytolith and plant sp.) took place during this period [3]. Therefore, it is possible that macroremain analyses were conducted on samples to recover the millet farming coexisted with mixed farming in the Peiligang cul- cultivated crop assemblages. In addition, published archaeobotan- ture rather than one or the other. The environmental conditions ical data were integrated to reveal crop remains in different Peili- required for mixed farming should be different from those required gang culture sites. Our study attempts to find the differences in for millet farming, because rice generally requires more soil mois- crop cultivation in the two types of sites and, finally, reconstruct ture and nutrients than millet. Thus, there is a need to know how the spatial pattern of agriculture in the middle Yellow River valley these agricultural modes were distributed in these sites and what during the Peiligang culture period. the influencing environmental factors were. However, crop assem- Four representative Peiligang culture sites, namely Wuluoxipo blages from the different Peiligang culture sites have rarely been (113°001400E, 34°3802000N), Zhuangling (113°804600E, 34°4901900N), comparatively studied previously; therefore, the spatial distribu- Lijiagou (113°3102600E, 34°3305400N), and Zhuzhai (113°3001900E, tion patterns of millet and mixed farming are still unknown. 34°4903100N) were investigated in a 2012 survey. Wuluoxipo, In terms of their geographical locations, Peiligang culture sites Zhuangling, and Lijiagou are located in hilly lands with higher ele- are classified into two types: those on the alluvial plains and those vation (178–275 m) and smaller area (2–3 ha), while Zhuzhai is on the hilly lands [1]. Sites of the former type are generally large, located in alluvial plains with lower elevation (105 m) and larger with thick cultural deposits and rich artifacts, while sites of the lat- area (10 ha) (Table S1). Archaeobotanical data from the other nine ter type are small, with thin deposits and fewer remains. These Peiligang culture sites were also collected. Geographic information contrasting traits may reflect different adaptive subsistence strate- on all thirteen sites is listed in Table S1. Fig. 1(a) also shows the gies [1]. Therefore, the question arises as to whether these two geographical locations of these sites. The thirteen sites are dis- types performed different agricultural modes to adapt to different tributed in the Luoyang, Zhengzhou, and Xuchang cities in the natural circumstances. northern Henan Province. Nine phytolith samples and two floatation samples (15 L) were ⇑ Corresponding authors. collected from one ash pit (WLXPH1) at Wuluoxipo, twenty-four E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C. Wang), [email protected]. samples for phytolith analysis were collected from three ash pits ac.cn (H. Lu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.10.003 2095-9273/Ó 2017 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. All rights reserved. 1566 C. Wang et al. / Science Bulletin 62 (2017) 1565–1568 Fig. 1. (a) Locations of the Peiligang culture sites discussed in the text. 1. Zhaigen; 2. Bangou; 3. Fudian; 4. Wuluoxipo; 5. Zhuangling; 6. Zhuzhai; 7. Shawoli; 8. Lijiagou; 9. Egou; 10. Peiligang; 11. Gangshi; 12. Tanghu; 13. Shigu. (b) Relative percentage of phytolith from common millet, foxtail millet, and rice at different sites. The H92 data of the Tanghu site are adapted from Zhang et al. [3]. (ZL-2, ZL-3, and ZL-4) at Zhuangling, one phytolith sample (LJG2) treating with 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 10% cold was collected from the Peiligang cultural layer at Lijiagou, and hydrochloric acid (HCl), separating it with a zinc bromide (ZnBr2, twelve phytolith samples and four floatation samples (30 L) were density 2.35 g/cm3) heavy liquid, and mounting it on a slide with collected from twelve ash pits at Zhuzhai. neutral resin and fixing a glass cover over it. Phytolith identifica- The wet oxidation method was used to extract phytoliths from tion, counting, and photographing was conducted using a Leica the soil. The procedure consisted of weighing out 2 g of soil, then DM750 light microscope at 400Â magnification. More than 400 C. Wang et al. / Science Bulletin 62 (2017) 1565–1568 1567 phytoliths were counted in each sample. Identification was aided At Zhuangling, a total of 10,533 phytoliths were encountered in by the use of reference materials and published keys for millet twenty-four samples, all of which contained crop phytoliths. In and rice phytoliths [9]. Phytolith abundance was expressed as a these samples, 376 phytoliths from common millet husks (g-type: percentage of all phytoliths counted. Fig. S1c) and 63 phytoliths from foxtail millet husks (X-type: All the floatation samples were floated by bucket with a 0.2 mm Fig. S1f) were found. The common millet phytoliths were dominant mesh screen. After drying, the light fraction samples were sifted in in all the samples, with the highest percentage reaching 13.94%, sample sieves (2, 1, 0.7, and 0.5 mm), and the <0.5 mm fractions while that of foxtail millet was 1.60%. were excluded because no charred seeds were found in these tiny At Lijiagou, a total of 436 phytoliths were identified from the remains. The remaining samples were sorted under a Leica L2 one sample (LJG2) that contained one phytolith from common mil- binocular stereomicroscope. Charred seeds, fruits, and plant let husks (g-type: Fig. S1b). The percentage of common millet phy- remains were removed from charcoal and stored in plastic tubes. tolith was 0.23%. We observed another slide from this sample and The identification of the charred remains was performed by found 3 pieces of common millet husks. Phytoliths of other crops Changjiang Liu at the State Key Laboratory of Systematic and were not found. Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany CAS. At Zhuzhai, a total of 5845 phytoliths were counted from twelve A total of nine samples were selected for AMS radiocarbon dat- samples, of which nine samples contained crop phytoliths. Present ing. The dating materials were mostly charcoal, except for two in these samples were 448 pieces of common millet husks (g-type: samples from Zhuangling and Wuluoxipo respectively, which were Fig. S1d), 32 rice phytoliths (including 29 double-peaks and 3 rice phytoliths. The phytoliths were extracted by Xinxin Zuo following bulliforms) (Fig. S1h, i), and 4 pieces of foxtail millet husks (X- an improved method described in Zuo et al. [10] and the purity of type: Fig. S1g). The highest percentage of common millet was the extracted phytoliths has been proven to be reliable for dating 40%, while the highest percentages of rice and foxtail millet were [10]. The nine AMS dates obtained from the four analyzed sites 5% and 0.6%, respectively. A total of 64 charred plant remains were are shown in Table S2. The ages cover the time interval 6417– found in four samples, with a density of 2.1 grains/L on average. 5226 cal BC (95.4% range), which is consistent with the Peiligang The crops were present in low quantities, including five grains of cultural period. common millet (Fig. S2b), six grains of foxtail millet (Fig. S2c), At Wuluoxipo, a total of 3868 phytoliths were counted from and one grain of rice (Fig. S2d), making up a small proportion of nine samples in WLXPH1, of which three samples (60–70, 70–80, all the charred remains (18.75%). and 80–90 cm) contained crop phytoliths, including 7 pieces of Fig. 1(b) shows the relative percentage of crop phytoliths in the common millet (Panicum miliaceum) husks (g-type: Fig. S1(a)) four analyzed sites and the Tanghu site [3]. According to the differ- and 4 pieces of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) husks (X-type: ences in the crop species found, these sites can be grouped into two Fig.