Fenomenul Literar Postmodernist (Note De Curs)

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Fenomenul Literar Postmodernist (Note De Curs) Aliona Grati Fenomenul literar postmodernist (Note de curs) Ediţie revăzută şi completată 1 Autor: Aliona GRATI, doctor habilitat în filologie, conferențiar universitar Coordonator științific: Alexandru BURLACU, doctor habilitat în filologie, profesor universitar Lector: Nina CORCINSCHI, doctor în filologie, lector superior Machetare și copertă: Igor Condrea ISBN: 978-9975-9880-7-0 © Text: Aliona Grati, 2013-2016 Toate drepturile rezervate Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naţionale a Cărţii Grati, Aliona Fenomenul literar postmodernist : (Note de curs) / Aliona Grati ; Univ. Pedagogică de Stat „Ion Creangă”. – Ch.: UPS „Ion Creangă”, 2013. – 196 p. Bibliogr.: p. 188-195 (128 tit.) – 100 ex. ISBN 978-9975-9880-7-0 CZU 821.09(075.8) G 77 2 TABLA DE MATERII Cuvânt înainte .............................................................................................5 I. Postmodernismul, studiu introductiv 1.1 Postmodernitate, postmodernism, postmodern: definiţiile şi arheologia termenilor .............................................................................7 1.2 Condiţionări istorice şi ştiinţifice. Temeiuri filozofice ......................9 1.3 Estetica postmodernistă ...................................................................13 1.4 Disocierile lui Ihab Hassan .............................................................18 1.5 Portretul-robot al literaturii postmoderniste ....................................20 II. Poetica postmodernismului 2.1 Biografia ideii de intertextualitate ...................................................30 2.2 Tipurile de relaţii dintre texte ..........................................................31 2.3 Procedee postmoderniste în textul poetic ........................................43 2.4 Procedee postmoderniste în textul prozastic ...................................49 III. Precursorii postmodernismului românesc 3.1 Modele de literatură estetă, autoreferenţială şi parodică .................64 3.2 Poezia manieristă românească .........................................................65 3.3 Proza experimentală. Tetralogia Ingeniosul bine temperat de Mircea Horia Simionescu – o enciclopedie a invenţiilor literare .....71 IV. Postmodernismul literar românesc 4.1 Grupări, reviste şi antologii .............................................................76 4.2 Optzeciştii, nouăzeciştii, douămiiştii ..............................................82 4.3 Noua orientare literară în Republica Moldova ................................87 V. Poezia generaţiei ’80 5.1 Fenomenul liric optzecist ................................................................91 5.2 Mircea Cărtărescu. Metaficţiune istoriografică în poemul Levantul .....98 3 5.3 Alţi scriitori ai paradigmei .............................................................107 5.4 Primul val de poeţi optzecişti în Republica Moldova ...................118 VI. Proza generaţiei ’80 6.1 Textualism şi autenticitate în viziunea prozatorilor optzecişti ......146 6.2 Proza scurtă ...................................................................................152 6.3 Romanul postmodernist. Mircea Nedelciu despre proza dialogizată ......................................................................155 6.4 Strategii textualiste în romanul Femeia în roşu de Mircea Mihăieş, Mircea Nedelciu şi Adriana Babeţi ....................158 6.5 Inovaţiile romanului basarabean ...................................................161 6.6 Relaţiile dintre scriitor şi personajele sale în romanul Schimbarea din strajă de Vitalie Ciobanu ..........................................167 6.7 Romanul Gesturi. Trilogia nimicului de Emilian Galaicu-Păun. Corporalitatea lumii şi literaturii ........................................................171 VII. Textul dramatic postmodern 7.1 Teatrul şi textul dramatic postmodern. Antiteatrul, metateatrul, antipiesa, metapiesa ............................................................................178 7.2 Matei Vişniec – spirit demitizant. Piesele Ţara lui Gufi, Angajare de clovn – parabole cu mijloacele absurdului, farsei, parodiei, comicului grotesc de limbaj .................................................181 Referinţe bibliografice ............................................................................188 4 CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE „Fiecare civilizaţie modelează o sensibilitate”, spunea Andrè Malraux, iar literatura este calea cea mai eficientă şi mai subtilă de înregistrare a acestor paradigme. Spaţiul literar satisface aspiraţiile noastre pentru frumos, în el putem găsi posibile răspunsuri pentru întrebările noastre, dar şi pentru confuziile şi neliniştile lumii postmoderne. Lucrarea de faţă este concepută în forma notelor de curs şi constituie o introducere în istoria fenomenului literar postmodernist, fiind destinată studenţilor filologi, profesorilor şi cadrelor didactice interesate de o pregătire riguroasă şi atingerea performanţelor maxime atât în procesul de învăţare, cât şi în activitatea pedagogică. Ea constituie o sinteză coerentă şi unitară, cu funcţionalitate teoretică şi practică, a concepţiei asupra acestui fenomen mondial. Atenţia se concentrează asupra problemelor fundamentale din aria fenomenului literar postmodernist. Se va porni de la o privire generală asupra postmodernităţii ca fenomen social şi postmodernismului ca fenomen cultural, apoi se va continua cu teme în care se vor analiza particularităţile postmodernismului românesc. Demersul nostru a fost motivat de complexitatea procesului literar contemporan, imposibil de studiat în întregime în cadrul limitat al cursului fundamental de Literatură română postbelică. Cartea va fi un suport didactic pentru cursul opţional de Postmodernism românesc, menit a completa şi lărgi orizontul de cunoaştere al studenţilor privind literatura în tranziţie de la modernitate la postmodernitate. Totodată, aceasta va contribui la realizarea obiectivelor gnoseologice şi de aplicare, descrise în programa acestei disci- pline. Ne-am străduit, în măsura posibilităţilor noastre de documentare, să ţinem seama de principalele contribuţii despre postmodernitate. În cuprinsul acestor note de curs sunt prezentate gradat numeroase teorii asupra fenomenului postmodernist la nivel global şi cel românesc, multiple aplicaţii practice, precum şi noi modele de analiză a textului postmodern. Algoritmii preconizaţi pentru analiza literară iau în consideraţie stadiul inves- tigaţiilor specializate, achiziţiile teoretice şi metodologice în vederea surprin- derii cât mai reuşite a miracolului fiecărei creaţii şi a semnalării inefabilului caracteristic textului literar. Observaţiile critice sunt dublate de comentarii filozofice şi psihologice, de judecăţi axiologice şi metaliterare, având conşti- inţa faptului că literatura face parte dintr-un complex cultural indivizibil. Cartea se finalizează cu o listă a literaturii critice recomandate la temă. Aliona GRATI 5 6 TEMA I. POSTMODERNISMUL – STUDIU INTRODUCTIV 1.1 Postmodernitate, postmodernism, postmodern: definiţiile şi arheologia termenilor Orice întreprindere de definire a postmodernismului se arată foarte complicată şi contradictorie, întrucât nu există o singură teorie unitară a fenomenului. Descrierea acestei realităţi ambigue, înşelătoare ca un Proteus cu o mulțime de feţe este extrem de dificilă. Într-un interval de timp scurt s-a scris foarte mult despre postmodernism, bibliografia fiindu-i uriaşă. Majoritatea lucrărilor au stârnit polemici, asigurându-i termenului o carieră îndelungată. Unii autori au susţinut aporetic ideea de schimbare de paradigmă, alţii au fost reticenţi față de ea şi chiar au negat-o cu înverşunare. Printre teoreticienii şi criticii care au gândit şi au interpretat fenomenul se numără Carl Jencks, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Giani Vattimo, Davide Lyon, Francis Fukuyama, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Jürgen Habermas, Allan Bloom, Hans Jonas, Daved Frisby, Matei Călinescu, Linda Hutcheon, Steven Connor ş.a. Aceşti gânditori au căutat să definească o para- digmă capabilă să unifice cunoaşterea. Se cade să facem distincţie între postmodernism şi termenii înrudiţi cu el: postmodernitate şi postmodern. Postmodernismul este un fenomen major de natură politico-socială şi cultural-estetică corespunzătoare postmodernităţii. Postmodernitatea se raportează la perioada istorică care urmează modernităţii, adică la noua realitate instalată prin anii ’70 ai secolului trecut, la noile ei condiţii socio- logice, tehnologice, economice etc. Se consideră că tranziţia de la modernitate la postmodernitate s-a produs, în mod accelerat, după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Postmodernismul înglobează interpretă- rile intelectuale, culturale, artistice şi filosofice ale acestor condiţii noi. Calificativul postmodern se referă la aceste interpretări, denumind, spre exemplu, filosofia, cultura sau literatura postmodernă. Termenii au început a fi utilizaţi în contextul discuţiilor despre fenomenele poststructuralismului şi deconstrucţiei. 7 Printre primii care au utilizat termenul postmodernism a fost Arnold Toynbee. În ampla sa lucrare A Study of History (1939), isto- ricul englez consemna apariţia unei noi epoci în istoria Occidentului care, după 1870, a succedat vechea ordine burgheză, pe care el o caracteriza ca fiind „decadentă”, „anarhistă” şi „iraţionalistă” şi pe care o credea ca fiind şi ultima. Nefiind la fel de marcați ca europenii de ororile războiului, poeţii americani postbelici, Randal Jarrell, John Berryman şi Charles Olson au eliberat, prin anii ’40-’50, noţiunea de pesimismul investit de Toynbee, promovând o viziune
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