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No. 4917 Multilingual Services Division Department of The CANADIAN TRANSLATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES No. 4917 Some patterns in the life of the plankton of the central Arctic basin by E.A. Pavshtiks Original Title: 0 nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh v zhizni planktona tsentral'nogo arkticheskogo basseina From: Biol. Tsentral'nogo Arkticheskogo Basseina, p. 142-154, 1980 Translated by the Translation Bureau Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Arctic Biological Station Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. 1983 27 pages typescript 1 • 'DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETAR) OR STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES crF■ts •?•?t7 TRANSLATED rROM - TRADuCTION DE - Eh Rus Sian English AUTMOR - AUTEUR Pavshtiks, E.A. TITLE IN LNGLISN - TITRE ANGLAIS Sabine patterns in the life of the plankton of the central Arctic basin TIYI.L IN PORElée. LANGUAGE ITIPAN.5..I 7 E5II - I RC ••,1 URSI 'TITRE Eh LAhGut [TrANGERE CPANI:P PI E. NDmA.hs 0 nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh y zhizni planktona tsentral'nogo arkticheskogo basseina PLREREN:t II. RDRE,GA. EA.I.GoAÇE tAAA't Or br, O. OP rJELICA7a0Ni IN FL!..L , TRANS..I'LANTE R: FCI be. CrARACIERS Ririatf,rt rt., ANG1iTRANGimE lwc».., Eq. IVFC OL• R...Pi..IC•1•:ON:, Au COmr - E1 TrANSr.r•rE EN CArACTÉGES RGAAAINS. Biologiya tsentral'nogo arktichesko;.7o basseina FLU& CRC_ 5.- Ni , EREIntLI.AN:,..•.! Biology of the Central Arctic E.a=in .■■•■ N OR 5.PP-- P. E. :^t; - DITE or F•,..;E_ICI -rICK Du RAGES DAN! ,of • Academy 9f Sciences DATE DE RUBLICATIOA. L • ORIG NA. the USSR te.Sor Nt. 142-182 . _ vo..1.1b41- homir: • C: Or -• RE: RAGES LIE. DE N1N15PE DE RAZ.,EE D•c7Y...OGRAP.oiEE Moscow, USSR 1980 we 71 REQUESTIN DERARTMEN7 Fisheries and Oceans 7RNNELATION BUREAL, NO. 1035889 foliql.F7LRE-cLIEN- N c 7RE DCESIER E3RAN:-. N1 OR DIVISION TRANS:LA.1'0R p.3. H. S.I.F .B. _ • D IREcTION: OU 0!ViSiC ay. TRADuCTEUP. ZINITIALES , PERSON REDuESTING Dr. E.14 . Grainger DENANDi FAR _________ UNEDITED TRANSLATION For information only V OtIF NUMBER vOTRE DOSSIER edc TRADUCTION NON REVISEE Information seulemeut DATE OF ProLrEs- July 9, 1 9E^ DATE DE LA DEMANDE DEC - 2 1982 srs.2D1.1C- t IRE 5. E/elIl crevis si917 3 SOME PATTERNS IN THE LIFE OF THE PLANKTON OF THE CENTRAL ARCTIC BASIN by U.D.C. 577.472(26)577.475 E.A. Pavshtiks Since the drift of Nansen's "Prama", when the first plankton collections were made in the high latitudes of the Arctic (Sars, 1900), our knowledge of the specific composition of the plankton and of its conditions of habitation has been 142 greatly augmented. Samplings taken from the submarines "Nautilus" (Hardy et al., 1936) and "Seadragon" (Grice, 1962), as well as from the drifting station NP-1 (Shirshov, 1938, 1944) and the icebreaker "Sedov" (Bogorov, 1946) yielded valuable information not only with respect to the specific composition of the fauna of the pelagic zone of the Arctic Basin, but also as regards the biology of prolific species of Calanidae. Studies were made of seasonal variations in the age composition of populations, the distinctive character of the vertical distribution of the plankton, the penetration of the Central Arctic Basin by Pacific species/ and other questions. Nevertheless, the findings were clearly inadeauate for purposes of solving a number of zoogeographic problems (Virketis, 1946). This was because the systematiCs and taxonomy of the species of arctic zooplankton lacked clarity, which was later introduced by the investigations of Brodskii (1950, 1959) and Virketis (1957, 1959). Even when arrangements were being made for the regular study of the life in the pelagic zone of the Central Arétic Basin, resolving the problem of plankton productivity was considered the first-priority task. Virketis (1946) 143 in summarising the results of the 25 years of research on the plankton in the Arctic, wrote about the need for studying the interrelationship between organisms, food chains and the cycle of matter in the sea. Such studies began with the commen- cement of regular observations at the "North Pole" drifting stations of the Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute (AANII). Material and methodology. Forming the basis of this study were plankton samplings obtained in the fifties, sixties and seventies by hydrologists of AANII, acting on instructions from the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A total of 1638 samples of zooplankton were collected at 257 stations, the positions of which are shown in fig. 1. " Pee. 1. éxema pacnonmenlin nnairxioirnwx cranunit 1 - cn-1, 1937 r.. 2 - n/n 'Cano, 1937-1939 rr., 3 - CII-2 - 195d-1957 rr., 4 - C11-16, cn-17, cn-19, C1-1-201 1968-1974 rr. • • Fig. 1. Siting of the plankton stations 1 - NP-1, 1937; 2 - icebreaker "Sedov", 1937-1939; 3 - NP-2 - NP-7, 1950-1957; 4 - NP-16&17, NP-19, NP - 20, 1968-1974. The plankton was collected by Nansen nets (diameter 50 •cm, No. 23 silk mesh) and Juday nets (diameter 37 cm, No. 38 silk mesh). The catches were effected with closing nets. Arctic demersal, Atlantic, intermediate and arctic surficial 144 water masses were seined successively. The material collected was fixed in ethyl alcohol and in part, in 5% formalin. Processing of the samples was done under stationary conditions at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in accordance with the standard procedure (Yashnov, 1934; Bogorov, 1957). Results and discussion The fauna of the pelagic zone of the central part of the Arctic Basin has been described in a number of publi- cations (Dogorov, 1946; Brodskii and Nikitin, 1955; Virketis, 1946, 1957; Barnard, 1959; Grainger, 1965; Johnson, 1963; Minoda, 1967 et al.). The most detailed studies were those of the Calanoida. An investigation was begun into the life cycle of the dominant organisms in the plankton (Boaorov, 1946; Pavshtikr;, 1976, 1977; Minoda, 1967). By virtue of year- round observations of the status and development of the plankton on NP-2-NP-7, NP-16, NP-17, NP-19 and NP-20, information on its biomass was obtained. This information was used in compiling a map of the biomass of the seston in the 0-50 m layer during the growing season for eventual incorporation in the Atlas of -Ehe Arctic (Brodskii and Pavshtiks, 1976). The data provide evidence of the fact that during the polar day, beneath the old pack ice in the central part of the Arctic Basin the life is fairly rich in the upper layers of the igater*mass. Constituting the seston, besides detritus, are units of the Medusa (for example, Aeginopsis laurentii), Amphipoda (Gammaridae, Hyperiidae), Chaetognatha (juv.), pelagic shrimps (Decapoda) and pteropod molluscs (Pteropoda: Limacina helicina, Clione limacina), Calanoida .r* 7 (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, Metridia longa, Pareuchaeta norvegica, P. glacialis, Microcalanus pygmaeus) and others. The maximum biomass of the zooDlankton in the 0-50 m layer is normally observed in July, when C. hvperboreus are numerous there. Underwater prominences (ridges, banks, and shoals) are conducive to vertical intermixing of waters, enrichment of the upper layers with biogenic substanues, and consequently, the development of the phytoplankton and of the zooplankton feeding upon it. Some increase in the biomass of the seston during the period July to September is observed in the vicinities of elf. Lomonosov and Mendeleev underwater ridges, and also northwards of the New Siberian Islands and Vrangel Island. During the period July to September between 50 and . 90% of the zooplankton is concentrated near the surface in the 0-25 m layer. During the polar day the biomass of the 3 seston above the Lomonosov Ridge reaches 200-500 mg/m,. Patches of high seston biomass (up to 1000 mg/m 3 ) are found in the east, northwards of Vrangel Island, where modified Atlantic waters occur together with those of Pacific origin. Thus, despite the fact that the plankton population in the centre of the Arctic Basin is much lower than it is in moderate latitudes, in summer the biomass of the plankton 145 near the surface is the same as that in the Greenland Sea during winter and early spring. This is because in the Arctic Basin the large Calanidae (Calanus hyperboreus, Pareuchaeta glacialis), amphipods, pteropod mollusks, chaetognaths, appendicularians and other animals living at great depths further south, inhabit the upper layers of the water. Johnson (1963), citina the findings of drifting station "Alpha", noted that juvenile stages of Metridia longa are present in the plankton throughout a fairly long period and that during the polar night, P. glacialis and P. polaris lay eggs that have rich yolks long before the appearance of the phytomlankton. Apparently these carnivorous copepods have access to food even during the winter, while C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis retain a large Quantity of high caloric fat, which enables them to live without food for a long time in winter. The permanent zooplankton population in the centre of the Arctic Basin is relatively small, which is due to the low productivity of the phytoplankton even during the light period of spring and summer, and to the absence of meroplankton. The attribute of the vast majority of the arctic and abyssal benthic invertebrates to lay vitelline eggs and develop without passing through a larval stage is well known. Thorson (1936) noted that in the open sea to the east of Greenland only 5% of the benthic invertebrates have pelagic larvae. The abundance (population) of the plankton (specimens/ m3 ) changes most noticeably from season to seapon in the 0 - 250 m layer. In the spring and summer, alternating in time, almost all (up to 90%) of the plankton organisms migrate to this layer in order to feed and reproduce.
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