G. Phase 1 Archaeological Assessment
PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND FIELD INVESTIGATION
HIDDEN COVE DEVELOPMENT BRANDRETH PILL FACTORY
VILLAGE OF OSSINING,
WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NEW YORK PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT and HELD INVESTIGATION HIDDEN COVE DEVELOPMENT BRANDRETH PILL EACTOR Y Village of Ossining, Westchester County, Ne\\-' York
Prepared For:
Peler StoJali~ 427 Bedford Road Pleasantville. NY 10570
Prepared Uy lli~lorical PerspcLlive~. Inc. P.O. I3(lX 3037 \liestport, CT 06880
Primary Author: Sara Mascia. Ph.D. Field DireclOr: James Cox
September 201)6 Managemen! Summary
SHPO Project Review Number (if available)c' _
Involved State and Federal Agencie~ (DEC, CORPS,FHWA.elc.):
Phase ofSuT\iey:cPCh"",'~'_,~ _
Location lnfonnation Location: Water Street Minor CC;yC,","DC;",C;;C;oCoC'"TCoC.CnCoc,c'OnC"CiOoOinCgc------ County Westchesta
Survey Area ~Metric & English) Length: _ Width: Depth (when appropriate): Numher ofAcres Survt"ved:
U.5.G.S. 7.5 Minute Quadrangk Map: Ossining _
Archaeological Survey Oven'iew Number & Inter,a] of Shovel Tests: 15 at 15 meter interval or ~ma1Jer Number & Size ofunits,,'CC,,'o5_5cO""'"m'-'-v"S,OC'Cm"- _ Width of Plowed Strips: Surface Sur'iey of Transect rnterval:
Results ofAn:haeological Survey Number & name of prehistoric sites identified: N:.0eo"''- _ Number & name of historic ~ites identitied: None Number & name of sites recommendcd for Phase "llc/AC--y-oC;dC,-,-,,------
Results of Architectur Report Author ($): Sara F. Mascia and James Cox Date of Report: Septc~,,~lb~,~'~2~O~(l6'- _ TABl.E OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTiON. .. __ " J II RESEARCH METHODS AND GOALS .. __ ... " I III CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW.. . 1 Environmental Review ...... 2. PrC(;untacl Ovcr\i~w .. ,.. ,2 Historical Devdopment ,_ ... 4 IV, CULTURAL RESOURCES POTENTIAL ... , , _10 v. FIELD METIiODOLOCiY . . _ , , ...... 11 Vl. RESULIS OF SlJI3SURFACE TESTING.. . " . , , _12 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECO~1MENDATIONS.. _ .... 13 Villi. S1I3110GRAPHY ... 15 FIGURES PHOTOGRAPHS APPENDIX I: National Kegislcr of Historic Places Nomination Form, Brandreth Pill Factory. APPENDIX II: Record DfShnveJ TL'st Excavations APPENDIX If!: Catalog of Recovered ArtifacIs " FIGURES I. Sit.' Locur;un. USO. S. Ossining Quadrangle. 7.S MinUTe Serie:;" (j 979). 2. Proposed Site Pl<.lIl and Area of Polt'rJlial Effect 3. USDA Sl,il S\lrv~y (If Putnam :md V,'c<;tchestcr COllnti~s, 1994, ~. l1Iumatioll ofthe Oliver Cromwell field House. Collection ofthe Ossining Historical Society. 5 111ustratio:"l ofthc Brandreth Factory, 1848, Courtesy Norman T. MacDon 6, Att.1S (if1·... i!w York & Vicinity. Ossining, Si!W' York Beers, Ellis & Soule, New York, 1867. 7a. / Jlu~tration ofthc Arandrcth \\\)rk~. lion] The D 7b. lHustrat(ml ofBrandn:th's Pills and Allcock's Porous Plasters Factory, Courtesy Noman T. M 8. At/as of Westchester COUnt)' (hsilling, A'e',I' York G. W. Broml~y, New Yurk, 1881. 9. Photograph ofClift' Cunage, Courtesy Nomlan T. MacOonald. lOa. Photogr 11. At/,ll 0fWestchl.'ster Cuunty. Ossining. \ew York Bien, New York, 1893. 12. AlIas of Westchi'sler County OssininK, .,",,'<,w York G. W. Bromley, New York, /901. 13. Insurance Atlas. Ossining lV'fm,' York Sanborn, New York, ca. 1920. 14. Atlas oj' Westchester County Ossining, ;\ew York Vol. 4., O. Hupkins. New York, 1930. 15. Areas ofPolenliaI Archaeological Sensltil'i(v. 16. Location of Archaeological Shovel Tests. iii I. INTRODUCTION The proposed reside:ltial development Hidden Cove on the Hudson will be situated in the Village of Ossining,. Westchester County, New V'lrk. The project parcel. is j'lunded on the SQllth and west by t:'le Metw-Nurth railroad easement that pamllel~ the Hudson River and commercial property, to the north by commercial property and to the east by a steeD slope (Figure 1). A portion of t~e ~ite is situated adjacent to, and on lOp o( an elevated landform that overlooks the f ludson River. The proposed actiull wuulu entail 130 ne\\' dwelling units, 2~ of which would be in the renovated Brandreth Pill Factory and the remainder in new Slru<:tures idenritied as the Plateuu Building, and To\Hlhouses 101-113 ,1n the proposed project site plan fFigure 2). The proposed Townhouses would be constructed at tJ1C edge of the roadbed on the northwestern edge of the elevated landlornl, The 19t1l century Brandreth Pill Factory. located on Water Street, is I;sted ,1n the We~tcheSler County Hi<:toric Building lnvcntol) (1/5/88), the Sti1ll: Regbtcr of Historic Places l6f2Ji~UI. and the National Register ofl-1istoric Pl The proposed development requires sill' plan approval. a conditional use permit, and architectural review. Hislorical Perspecti"es. Inc. (fIPI) ha~ conducted lhl' nec~ss;HY culnu-al resources evaluation to address local review n:quin::rllt:lJb, as well as the requirements of the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). The New York State Office of Parks. Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRIIPj will review the Hidden Cove on the Hudson proposal as a function (lfthe State Historic Preservation Act, Section 14,09. ne Area of Potential Effect (APE) for archaeological resources is considered the footprint of the direct subsurface impacts; the APE for hisloric resources is a larger study area, approximately are half mile. II. RESEARCH METHODS AND GOALS The research lor the cultural resources evaluation was designed to provide a framework for assessing the potential for cultural resources within the project site. In order to evaluate the potential of prccontact archaeological sensitivity, it is nece~:;ary to understand that there arc many variables that affect how the landscape was used over time. Among these variahles arc considerations of land 510pe, soil penneability, di~tance to water sources, and the prcscncc of natural n::;uurces. Research In New York has demonstrated that Native inhabitants selected sites for habitation with specitlc parameters in mind. In order to fully assess the potential for prccontact and historic sites within this project area, several lines of evidence were used.. Hi<.;10rical documcnts and resources were con3ulted at local libraries and bolh the Ossining Historical Society and 'the \Vestchester County Historical Sodety. Ihis hackground research was used ,0 address 1',1,'0 research questions; first what is the potential for the e;.,:i.~tence of significant precontact and historic sites, and second, what is the likelihood that any of these potential resources have survived hislOric and moderr. disturbances. In order to address 'th(' potential archaeological ~nsitivity of the rrope~'. several research methods were empluyed, incluJing reviewing primary and secondary historical documents. available cartographic resources, state site files, National Register data. and interviews with local informants. Of particular note was the assistance and information provided l by Norman T MacDunaLd . In addition, f(lr the Pha~ L'\ study, two field visits were condllcted 011 March J and Man:h 2L, ~006. During the second site visit the archaeologist conducted an extensive walkover of the property identifying historical structures and foundations, historical middens, evidence (1f land modification, evidence of disturbance, and areas of pott'ntial precontact archaeolog,ical deposit~ induding rock shelters, ridgc~ al1d terraces (see Photographs A-Tj. III. CONTEXTUALOVl:mVII~:W The following Contextual Overview IS broken down into three subsections: Environmental Setting, Precontact Overview. and Historical Developm~nl. I Norman 1, MacDonald is a local ~istorian and is married to a descendant of Henjamin Brandreth. Environmental Setting The project site is situated in the Hudson VaHey region. which is described in geological terms as part of the Ne~ England Upland Physiographic Province. a nonhcl11 extension of the Great Appalal:hian Valley \Schuberth IQti8:74). Bedrock beneath v..'estches!cr County is part of the Manhattan Formation. il rolling lowland area campmed of metamorphic rocks (l:-'dchsen et a1. lW!I :46). These rocks include the harder gneiss and schists, in contact with Inwood Marbk. which is easily eroded. Much of the bedrock is covered by Atlantic Coastal Plain deposits. Soils within the southern portion of the project site arc predominantly Hollis Rock outcrop complex, a shallow, well drained rocky soil in hilly areas along the tops and sides of hills (USDA \994; Figure 3). The slopes surrounding the hills usually rarlge from 35 to 60 percent. Soils of this c\)mplex arc typic:J\ly 60 percent Hollis soil, 20 percent Rock \lutCrop soil, and 20 percent other soils. The typical composition ofthe layers of Hollis soil are: surfa,,'c layer 0-1 inchc~ dark hrown fine ~andv loam subsurtace layer 1-16 inches - dark yellowish brown fine sand) loam bedrock 16 inches - fractured and folded granite Along the Hudson River. thae is also a significant amount ufsoils identified as Urban land (Uf). This s(1il type is typically ass0,iated with commercial or industrial structures along tmnsportation corridor~, in this case, the MetroNorth Railroad, ["his soil is pre~ent in the northem portion of the APE when: the Brandreth factory complex stands. At thc northem horder of the sile there is also a small amount of soils identified as Udorthents (Uc), wet substratum. rhis soil is associated 'Nith poorly drained locales that haw been altered by filling episodes in rectangular areas. The fill ranges in texture from sand to silt loam with the fill material present usually more than 20 inches deep. Tile closest wa:cr so.urces are the. Hudson River, to the. west. and a small, uni~entified sj,'ring-led strea": that runs through the project site and was dJrcct~d under the CXlstmg factory structure durmg the 19 centuT)' (See FIgure I). Preeontaet Overview A detailed chronology of the Precontaet pcriod in the project area is not provided in this report. Instead, a brief discussion of the precontaci period follows. It has already been established that preconlact peoples occupied the Hudson Valley area tor at least 13,000 years. lhe diversity of tlora and fauna. as well as the presence of wetlands and fresh waterways within the area has made this region higbly atlractive to Native Americans who have likely exploited the immediate vicinity for several thousands llfyears. Known prec,mtact sites in the area demonstrate thai this ecosystem provided diverse eClllogical rCS,lurces. Campsites. larger hahitation sites, and task-specific sites have been found along the shores of Ihe Hudson River throughout Westchester County. Therefore, this assessment of precontact archaeological sensitivity tor the project site focuses on dOCLlmenting the known Native American sites in the immediate vicinity and estahlished palterns ofprecontaci settlement that arc pertinent to the project APE. Knmnl {'recontact Silt's Within the P"Jject Vicinity Research at the OPRHP and the NYSM found that whill' no previomly reported precontact sites have been documented in the project APE, several have been found within a one-mile radius. Table I lists these known precont:Jct period sites. Arthur C. Parker, who investigated many precontact sites in Westchester County during the th early 20 century, reported lWO of these sites. Three of the other sites listed were also early sites with no identified investigator. Untortunately. sile documentation from this early exploration period contains minimal information about the nature of these sites. Only one of the listed sitl's tA 119-12-0011 i was professionally excavated. Louis Brennan investigated a site identified as Piping Rock in 1977. Altbough no details of the exact location were included in the state inventory. Brennan reported that PaleoIndian and Archaic lithic material was recovered at the site. The presence of precontact remains near the project site. and close to the Hudson River suggests that there might be potential for precontact materials to be present on the dev:lted promontory within the project parcel. 2 Table I. In\-'entoried Preeontact Archaeological Site~ within a I-Mile Radius of the Project Site SITE NUMBER/ SITE OESCRIPT~~-ILOCATION TO lREMARKS ,n';oE~S,,'Gc+'NrlA,-T"'"O"N__+ " JPROJECT ~L- _ NY_SM_# iO~R_H_P_t.j _ -- --- , ------~------ 6\1 T Prcconl3el site, Crawhuckie I, Approx, 1'2 mile northv,es! 10ld S' ":'1 no fiunher .mlormatlon., , aV31 " a bl e on Hu d son R' lver .. Ite rl e ~-f------+------f------+---I --- 612 Precontaet site, Crllwhuck ie 2-7, ust over 1/2 ,mile northwest Old Site File no further information availahle on Hudson Rlvcr 613 Approx. ],'4 mile nOltheast fon Hudson River 5182 !ACP West46-"in Sing Approx, 1,14 mile south on Sing near Village of Hudson River IossininJ.'." 5183 !Approx, I mile northwest on ACP West 54- "along shore Pn:contact Village, no further Hudson River - around orthe Hudson c,1 miles n. infornlation available mouth ofthe Crolon River jorSino Sing" Almost 1 mile to the Pa\co-hu~ter ~aJton northwest on Hudsoll River Al 19-12-001 ! & Early Louis Brennan. 1977 (ArchaiC ~tle, PlpmK Rod, at the mouth or the Croton River The sile file examination further found that there have bcm a numher of archaeohmical studies conducted 011 adjacent and nearby properties in the last quarter of the 10,1, century, Several of these st~dies were completed along corridors that peripherally pass through the project neighborhood (!l'om 1/4 to 1,'2 mile distant). The majorily of these stUdies. listed in Table 2, did n0t produc~ any relevant information on the precontact period, as in aU but one report nl! precontact material was rt'covered. Tahle 2. Nt'arby Surveys On File. SURVEY REPORT T1TU:/AlrrHORIDATE -~OCATION S1T'E: TYPE NUMBER TO PROJECT 8 Propo~('d Sewer Lme In the VIllage of Corndor passes None SectIOn of I Ossinlllg, LoUis Brennan hy APE ~ II I:jCOITIdor exanllned:J" I mde to the east th,s report IS over 1'2 mile south ofAPr h8------hPhase [ Osslnmg SanitarY Se\\ocr DIstrictNan Corndor passes I hree Isolated preeontact I I JOlhSChtld-SU"an Mayer. 197(1 by APr - 1/16 artIfacts in disturb..::J 1'mile to the east context near Route 9 I v<,r I mile north of APE I .f -8--- A-Jdendunlto Projecv'Loui; Hrennan/1979 - Corridor passes~ None. Section 01' fi.hY APE -II 16 Corridor examined in I mile to the east I this report is Ii? mile J L . .. . south of APE i II - A"h"olog,,,TS'my of R""""om'Y . -el 0,;, I mile No" - ~" Ryad Sewer ProJec.VI.oUls ?!ennan/~d_. __ . south . ------.------, I 42 =nRte 9: Cedar Place to Beach Road/Jerome I milo.: north None -i~:~~~~i;~~;9~': so~th [0'- S";" to Highland J.lIl ,,,,Ie NO"-----=-=_ J Historiral I>evelopment The' Rrandreth Works site, a~ it is today, encompasses approximately two acres of land. A brief summary of the site's history as it pertains to the potential historical and archaeologiclJ) ~ensitivity of the site is IXL'sented helow. Norman T. t\.lacOonald completed a m,)fe detailed history oflhe site, and more specifically the Brandreth Works, in 2005. The history of the project site began long before the arrival of Beniamin Brandreth in the 19 th century. Once part of Philipshurg Manor, the land now known as. the Village of Ossining, had been granted by the Native inhahitants (the Sine ."J'inck) to Frederick Phil ipse in 1685 (Bolton 1848:488.4(0). Soon after the Manor was founded, the village of Sing Sing (later Ossining) was established in the location of a former native village by tenants of the manor. The Philipse family retained ownership of tht' Manor until the end of the Revolutionary War. At that time, the CpmmissiOJlers of Forfeiture divided and sold th<" property tt) local re~idenl~, including the Delavan family. Oliver Cromwell Field was bom on December 6, 1761 in England. He married Elizabeth Gittings in 1787 and resided in Worcester. In 1799. not long after Field and his family left England for America, Field purcha~ed 17.5 acres of land along lhc Hudson River from Daniel Delavan. This parcel included the current project site. Field immediately constructed a house on the promontory thal overlooks the Hudson Ri"er (Figure 4). The house \lias a large l:>uilding in lht' Greek Revival style lhat had large c(liumns on Ihe southern exposure. During the Field's occupancy a small summerhouse, or g On April 20. 1835 Ok.. er Cromwell Field died in testate. Soon after his death, Elizabeth Field deeded a large portion of their Sing Sing property (inc:1uding the house) to William Haxall, who later conveyed the hill property to Dr. Benjamin Brandreth on Aug.ust 1, 1836. One month later, Elizabeth Field conveyed 1.5 acres of riverfront property til Brandreth. It is likely that Benjamin Brandreth and his family lived in thc Field home from 1836 1U1til 1848. MacDonald has mail in his possession from that time period, which is addressed to Brandreth on Sllring Hill, the name ofthe small promontory where the field house was located (l\:>idl. Benjamin Brandreth was born in Leeds. England on June 23, J80Q to Ann Brandreth and William Dauheney (Scharf 1886: 360; MacDonald 2005: 5). IIi!> parents separated after his birth and his mother remarried. Raised as Benjamin Iioimes, he followed in the !(JOtsteps of his maternal grandfather (Dr. William Brandreth), studying to become a physician, While working for his grandfather, Benjamin was responsible for "compounding pills for gratuitous distribuli.m among the poor" (Scharf 1886: 360). The resulting pills, marketed as BrJndreth's Vegetable Universal Pills, were a combination of vegetanlc ingredicms, and were known to be effective as a purgalive (MacDonald 2005: 6). In 1835, he and his wife Ilarriot decided to move to America with their four children. When they arrived, Benjamin recorded his surname as Brandreth, associating himself fully with the product that was created by his grandfather. The family arrived in New York City and rented a house on Hudson Street, where he set up a laboratory in the attic 10 prepare his medicin('s for sale. Brandreth was a whiz. at marketing his product. Soon aft('r arriving, h(' made the acquaintance of many of the n~wspaper editors in New York and advertised in many of them, practically using his last dollar for this endeavor. \Vhell his younge~t child died within a month of their arrival in America. Oenjamin concentrated on his business and quickly began to amass a fortune. In fact, according to Scharf. he sold over four hundred thousand boxes of pills during his second year of operation (Scharf 1886: 360). To authenticate his credentials a~ a physician, Benjamin applied to the Reformed Medical Society and was awarded a diploma in December 1835. In May 1826, Ihmiot died in childbirth. It'aving him a widower with three young children at the age of28. He buried Harriot in New York City and began 10 look northward for a new home to raise his children. After moving to Ossining, Brandreth had his first factory building constructed on the riverfront acreage he had purchased tram Elizabeth fieid' (Figure 5). During the next few years. Benjamin concentrated on creating his purgative pills, which were advertised as "all vegetable and h 1 This rarly factol") buildil\g might lwve been d<:signed hr the arehil<:d Cal .. in Poll;:rd 4 business grew rapidly and by miJ-1838 the factory was producing pi11s by the millions, After a disastmus second marriage thaI ended in a well-publicized divorce, Brandreth md Virginia Graham when she came to work for him in tht' packaging department 31 the faelOry'. The couple married on February 4, 1840 and together Ihey had {welve children (lbid: 15-16). Although Benjamin had three children from his tirsl marriage, the 1840 Federal Census lists only 3 members of Benjamin's household, none of them under the age 01'20 years. It is possible that the Census enumerator did not count his children, then aged] L 10 and B. During lhe 18405, Benjamin became a prominent figure in the local community. hom 1843 until 1846 he ...... as the elected Mayor llfthe Village of Sing Sing (no\\ Ossining). He later served two terms as a New York State Senator (1850 and 1858). By 1848 the Brandreth family had outgrown the Field house on Spring Hill. Benjamin ..... as well acquainted with the architect Calvin P(lilard, wh(1 designed his new home, which was complei~d in 1850. The house. called Glyndon. was buill to the non.h of the pill factory, and had 30 moms and 12 bathf(1oms (ihid: 18). I'he 1850 Federal Census indicates thai the following individuals were pan ofthe Brandreth household in Sing Sing, New York; Table 3. 1850 Federal Census Data - ,------ - L::ng,land __ - 1--- New York New York ------=~ewYork - C----- __New York __ New York Scothmd New York -- --- ----- l== In:land New York I -~I----- Ireland--I __------l ______Ireland _ Ireland - - -~------NewYor~ In 1848 Benjamin expanded his bl1siness interesb by purchasing an interest in Allcock's Porous P!aslers from Thoillas AHcod... Ten years later, BenJamin became the sole proprietor of Allcock's. Th.:: vegetable pill and porous ., According to the Records orNew York City Marriages, Btmjamin'$ second wedding to Susan F. Leeds took place on Seplernber 7, 18.37. During the honeymoon trip, the couple began to have verbal conhontations, which led to Susan locking her husband out of their h,)te! room at the Atheneum. Thc couple separated on September 22. Susan went to the Brandreth home on Spring Hill in Sing Sing during December I&37 in an attempt to establish credihility. The housekeeper asked her to leave and thrl' 5 plaster business were both in the medical field and Brandreth felt that the t\l,'o were a good match and divided his factory to sent;' both enterprises. As his business continued to grow, so did the need for additi,)nal factory space. Numerous buildings were consln.:<:ted around Spring Hill (Figure 6). In 1843, when Benjamin purchased the property 10 the north olthe hill, a fonner small mill "tructure was along the stream that ran wt'stward through the property to the Hudson River. In 1872, a new factory building was constructed on the site of the mill (Figures 7a, 7b, and 8; see PtJOlographs A-M). This eXlaJlt factory is of red brick and J6igned in the [taJianate Reviyal style with a French Second Empire mansard roof (sec Appendix), The building has wood trim, four chimnt'ys, a four story smoke ~Iack, a slilte roof, and round-arched windows and doors, During these years B.::njamin·s household continued to thrive \~ith numerous children ;lnd servants occupying the large mllmion. The 1860 Federal census identifies th\: following 0CCllpants of hi~ home: Table 4. 1860 Federal Census Data Samh Lao' .' 45=+F ------t----- England Ellen Brandrdh 26 r _--+--- , England _ r~~J!.t:.andreth.~ I~T-----t-_l -----=-~+-- New York f William H"nd,eth 17 M tClerk i!1.prug Stor_~~~_~ __ ,_ New York__ '~randreth .1.'±- M _ ------,--f-, _ __~__ ___.gew York ~.!ln Srandre.th 1L M, __ ~- . New York .__ ~atl'y "mnd,"h 19 1F , --+-_ Ncw York Anna Brandre~-----+-17 r==t= +- N Y ~ florence B~dreth 14 F,+--- __-- +-[------*=1_~ NN:,Www Yy"~,',:kk- _ I Gcrir'Jde Brandreth lJ...~ ...L__ ' Ann McCormICk j5 I F Cook __ 11',',llaa'n'~ __-J ~I) CunllJ.n ham') 2~"' --I-a~;--=F- .___ _ . u I Cath Pi~~_'__ _ 22 I' N_urse__ __ ~r,,,'~I,a~n~d,- ~ ~H,i~Hamilton1=i1 _.=t=- -Maid_ ---'" ~---=--+------=-- lreland J Cath Dailev 2) F Nurse _-T-- -_- +--_ _ 11:II~dd----:-~ ~),Le;ry' - ]1 F_ -1- S~art1Stress~~ __ --!-----__ __ n .... ' _ DiughMcL~~ 34 1M _._ Labo~er r L .. J.~dand _ Ouring the late 1860s the Field house, located on the Spring Hill pT(llTIontory, was demolished. Franklin Brandreth, Benjamin's second youngest son, had a house called Cliff Cottage huiJt on the hill in 1871 when he was 22 years old (see figures 8, 9. lOa). The Field house had been occupied over 50 years hefore its demolition_ Nonnan MacDonald has theorized that the new Brandreth hOll~e might have been built on the foundations of the earlier residence (personal l'ommunicacion Marth 8, 2006). The summerhouse, or gazebo, was left in plaee along the southern edge of the diff. Gary L. MacDonald, a great great grandson of Franklin Brandreth, observed carvings on the rock formation to the left of thl;! foundation of the summerhouse in 1989 (Brandreth File, Ossining Historical Soddy). The carvings noted read: FRANKLIN RRANDRETH 1912 T.H.Field 1811 Just prior to FrankJjn'~ moving to his new home, the 1870 Federal Census identifies the following resideflts in Benjamin Brandreth's household in Sing Sing, New York: 6 Table 5. 1870 Federal Censm. Oata , Value Real Personal I Birthplace Est~ ---,Estate p"s::::~;:::~,", I England r::::' F"-f;fj $400,000 $125.000 I. Benjamin _._! _ i\1ed.. ~ol1e 'e ~ .~ $20.000 New York , Virgin}aG. 48 __ _F__ Keeping house ----- Frdnklin 21 M r _ ~ ~t:'Iew York Catherine 19 hF~-f- ---+ 3,:" -f- _- New York New York Anna 17 IF - ~-=--=--=-~F~'o~,~,'nce ltiH--II t --'--=t - New York -=+=- -, Gertrude ) I I" , New Yor" Ra~_ 9 ~_ ~-- ,-- i--- New York IsabeH;J 6 ~ ---- t Nt:w York Mell,l, Jane I 4(] f< DomestiC SI-'Haut lrcl,md [ll~a~~d- - , r.-~,-- : Ward. DomestIc Servi'lnt ------=--t=-- Ireland I II-lorton. I'heb~·=rT7 __ -~~est.!.c Scrvant '~1= ~.york ~eany. ~ary +1 _~I-60m.£stir 27. F Serva':1,t__ ,------, Ireland ' C~~oll. Anna +~---] Oomcst~c Servanl ~_n~.-- ''''"---. _.. _--- : \tfcLean, Emily i 37 ~~J Domestic ServaE.!.----<-- ==F England ----~---- When Benjamin Brandreth died in 1880, he left a large estate to his wife: and children. Franklin was deeded the property "nown as Spring Hill, where his Cliff Cottage was located. Following the deaths of Franklin and his wife Pauline the property passed on to their son Courtenay in 1927. Photogrdphs ofthe late 19th cenrury garden tended by rvlrs. 8randn::lo indicate a variety of plant ~pecies were cultivated (Figure lOb). Courtena:-. Brandreth sold Cliff cottage to the Heyde family who in turn sold it in 1977. At that date the house was demolished. During the site visit, the an:haeologisl compklcJ a reconnaissance of the promontory pnce known as Spring HilJ (see Photographs L-T). At that lime the pr,,;sence of a cistern and garden features, likely associated with Cliff Cottllge were noted (see Photographs 0 and S). In llddition. the driveway is shared with a residence that is outside of the pro.kct site. on the eastern edge of Ihe promontory. The huilding is in the location of a stable shown on 1911> century maps (see Figures 6. K and 11). The el(isting structure was once an outbuilding associated with Cliff Cottage and is currently privately owned (Slolali,,>. personal communicHion). On Februa/) 19. 1880, Benjamin Brandreth died at home lifter spending paMllfthe morning mixing compounds with hi" son George at the factory. The funeral of pHlbably the most well known man involved in patent medicine manufacturing was one of the largest in the hislo/)' of the Village of Sing Sing (MacDonald 2005:25). The procession \-','as over one mile long and contained over 1SO carriages. as well as marching. bands. The factory was taken over by his children, who continued manufacturing pills and plasters (Fig.ure 11). An 1893 map indicates that Ralph Brandreth resided in Glyndon and Franklin Brandreth at Cliff Cottage. By \401 the company officially changed its name to Allcocks Manufacturing Company (Figure 12). Although the need for these goods was declining, the company continued to manutacture plasters and pills, during the 20th century while developing additional products (Figures 13 and 14). The most popular product conceived and created at the site was the Ha'v"aJIf:u.r! lJumane Animal Trap in the 1930s, The product went on (O become one of the biggest selling live-catch animal traps in the count,)', In 197& the company's manufacturing right~ w~re sold and the factory closed after a 142 ;,ear run (Ibid). Known Historical Archaeological ,<,,'iles Within the J'rr~/ect Vicinity Research at the OPRHP and the NYSM found that while no previously repOrled historical archaeological sites have been documented within the project APE, three have been found \'.'ithin a one-mile radiu~. Table fj lists these known historical period sites. 7 Table 6. Im'entoried Historical Archaeological Sites within a I-Mile Radius of the Project Site SITE: NUM8E:RJ I'SITE DES'RIPTION ~OCATIONTO -~ DESIGNATION II:' ~L IPROJI.i:CT IIREMARKS NYSM# OP~--- --""=="-'- --L _ Al 19-47 IWard s I avern FoundatIOn , lllth 1APProx 112 mile south~ Table 7. Hi_~toric Structures listed on the National Register within a '-Mile Radius orthe Project Site. ------, I,~. lLOCATION TO SITE: NUM8ER! , REMARKS [oESIGNATION F? F: OESCRIPTION lpROJECT USN# ------90NR02504 ~ppen~ix Brandreth Pill Factory. 1872 JtI=,-PL - I ~R02501 -- First Haprist Church ofOs\ining. Main and S. Highland Ave., 1874 japprox_ 1/2 mile southeast -- -- ,---- ---1:------th 90NR02506 ~-~O.II ighland Ave. 19 centUJ) concrete Highland Cottage. 1872 .~prox. 1/2 mile- \llutheast structure ------,- ----, 90NRIJ2503 fonn.:rly SI. Paul's Calvary Baptist Church and Annex, St. Paul' s Place, approx. 1/3 Episcopal Church 1835 and 1864 1mile sout heast ------dc~i"ned b ' Calvin P(lllard ~R03136--ro~ntowlJ O$si~ing Hi~toric District Route 9, Main St. and 35 contributing buildings 4rn1d 19'~ century (;othlc ReVival Croton A ve., approx. 1/2 and 2 contributing and Late Vietorian mile sout heast structures. -----_. ... --" 9QNR02435 Suhterranean corridor .~~_Id croton__ ~_qlledllct. .1837- \842 _ passes ap prox. 1/4 !11llc to [the ca~t_o..f APE ,I ~ Of the inventoried structures listed in Table 8. only a few art located close \0 tho:: project APE. As with the NR slructures. the viewshed of almos\ ;111 of these sites will not be allaed b:y the present project. The only NRE strucrurt that will be visually impacted will be the former Vireum Military School. wlJich h g Table 8. Inventoried Historic Structures (NRE) ..... ithin a l-Mile Radius of the Project Site. SITE NUMRERI Ji.ve AnON T(l_. SITE In:SCRIPTION REMARKS PROJF:CT DESIGNATION ------USN# I -,, 119-47-0261 I Late 19t1> century House, constructed betV>een 1868- !58 Droadwa:-, approx. 118 residential d.::ve]oprnent of 1881 mile southeast Village 1------119-.47-0262 68-70 Broadway. approx. ,lIouse, mnstructcd ell. 1870 I'X mile southe3s1 - 119-47'OI6~ining RK Slation- Hud~on Line. lapprox. 1/3 mile somh ca. 191 1-- 119-47-0452 El~~den ;:~~ Chark, House 1840==L--- . --- Two forms for .'iame house 119-47-002.:l-----t~~IPinHouse. ca. 1800 . a~::ox. 1/3 ml~~. southcl\st . ] 19-47-437 ;4 Q Malcolm Street, approx. Munici pal Fire Station Later residential 1/.1 mile southeast ~7-458 - 12 Sarah Street. apprnx. III [House, wnstructed ca. 1845 mile south 119-47-460 Ave~"" ~onh'ide Fire House, CJ. I q " tOWJen 'ppm, _'.J 1/3 mile east - ~~- - ~---_.. i 119·47-465 I 68 Snowden Avcnue, approx. constructed belore 18 1/3 milt> east I ------119-47-461 I,~imilar construction and --+"i 8 Snowden Ave, a m, design as the Brandreth Pill IVireun ,Mil"", School,,, 187:-tmil, "",,, PP IFactOry;'adapted for residenli In additi.m to the NR and NRE listed properties, three ne 5 Personal communication. john Wunderlich, March 30, 2006. 9 be physically impactl'd by the development of the project site; their viewshed might be altered by the planned construction activities on the promontory. IV. CULTURAL RESOllRCES POn:NTlAL The historictl[ importance of the Brandreth Works is evidenced by its inclusion on the County, State, and National Register of Historic Places (see Appendi.~ I. Portions of the sile may be potentially sensitive for archaeological resources in addition 10 the standing struclUrcs of historical importance. Precontact Archaeological Resources Typically, prehistllric land use was concentrated on well-drained terraced soils in proximity to fresh water. No known preconWct resources were inventoried directly within or immediately adjacem to the current project APE, However, land Although it has been clearly demonstrated that Native I\mericans inhabited Westchester County from as early as 13,000 years before present the likelihood oftinding an intact precontact deposit on a sitt;> th There is a portion of the project APE that might be potentially sensitiw for precontact resource'>. as it has perhaps not experienced complete subsurface disturbance. Based upon known patterns of precontact settlement and land funns, the southern portion of the project site, on top or tile promontOI)' called Spring lIilL might have been a likely location for prccontact activity. This portion of the sitl' is a high, well-drained hill that overlooks the Hudson River. Two houses were huilt on top of the hill over time. Documentary research could not clearly define an arell of deep disturbance corresponding to the demolition of ClifT House during the 20 th century, Although a long-tenn precontact habitation site i'> not likely to he found here, this area might ha .... e been utilized as a short-tenn hunting station, A pedestrian review of Ihis area noted only a few bedrock outcrops and di~turbance from historical land use. Verification of the extent of disturbance in this portion of the APE would help clarity the potcnlial presence of undi>turbeJ soils and possible precontact resources. Therefore, the top of the lull might be potentially sensitive tor the presence of precontact resources (rigure 15). Historical Archaeological Resource~· Historical records indicate that the northern secti(lfl of the project site may have heen developed as a mill site in the early I9'h century. Documenlatil\l1 found regarding the mill on the site dates to ca.1843 when it, and the surrounding property, were purchased h:y Rrandreth. Although there may indeed be a footprint of this early feature beneath lhe existing standing structure, the precise location of the mill is unknown, The extant factol)' complex is a mix of structmes that range in date from 1872 through the early 20'h century (Appendix; Figures 13 and 14). In all likelihood, int The portion or the project site on the promontory (Spring Hill) to the south of the factory complex, however, might be sensitive for historic(l\ archaeological resources (Figure 15). Documentary research indicates that this portion of the Sifl' has the potential for the recovery of historical cultural resources dating t"rtlm the late 18'h and early 19th cenlury. rhe Oliver Cromwell Field House, which was later utilized by the Brandreth family, stood on the hiJitop for o.... er 60 years. While no evidence of the historic Field hou~e's fOlUldation was observed, the landscape in the vicinity ofthe fanner dwelling indicates that below ground resource:; may he present (Photograph P). If undisturbed 10 deposits of cultural material do still exist in proximity to the housc site, then they ma~' h'l\'e the potential to provide meaningful information regarding the historic usc (If the sile, and more importantly, about the lives of lhe people whl) once lived there. When ren'vered tram their original context and in association with a ~pecific historical occupatIon, historical deposits can prllvide a wealth of intonnation l'IhllUt consumption patterns, C(ln~umer choice, economic status, and other sig.niticant issut's. Although there is evidence of 20,h century disturbance associated with the conslmction and demolition of a later Brandreth residence (Cliff House), the depth and degree of disturbance could not be detennined. Archaeological field testing wa~ recommended tor the domestic site in this location. Standing Structures County, Statc and National Register documentation has already been completed for the standing structure within the project site becaus~ of its historical significance in patent medicine development, date of con~lruction, and the roll the Brandreth Works played in the development of tile Ossining community (see AppendiX). Brandreth's personal role in the development and sales of Patent Medicine in the United Stales was also unparalleled, rhe factory site itself was an evolving and adapting manufacturing complex, integrating old and new processes, as well as slructures. Much of the construction activity v.as comprised of adding numerous additions lu the 1871 factory building, An early 20 th century Sanborn map docurn.::nts the man) components oflne manufacturing complex at that time (Figure 13). The map identifies the main factory ]:IuilJing as the "Drug Mill" with the "Porous Plaster Works" in the large rear addition alongside the stream. A separate Paper Box Making building, shown on the map, burned down in the 1950s, Two other separate buildings, the Coal Shed and the Sizing Room were rdzed during the mid 20th ccntury. Recently, because of 5afety reasons, three small 20tll century additions w the main structure, the Dry House, the Mach inc Shop and an unnamed cinderbloek. addition localt'd on the north sidc of the Plaskr Works were razed. This activity has e.xposed much of the original 18n factol}' structure, including the large waterwheel on the north side above the stream (see Photograph K). The fonner Machine Shop wa,~ located between the 1872 factol}' building and the Office addition and its removal has separated the two structures (see Photograph Ll. The only other standing structure still present in the project limits is a small storage huilding to the rear (east) of the main complex (see Phl.)tographs C and D). In creating the proposed development plan, care was lakcn to ensure the adaptive reuse of as much of the existing Brandreth factory complex as feasible (see Figures 2 and 15). The 1872 lactory building, and many of its later additions will be r<,used. The OtTIce, now separate. will aiM' be incorporated into the new plan, However, an insignificant and small 20Th century storage building will be demolished and some elements of the extant, original factory might be compromised in the adaptation process. II is anticipat~d that any possible adverse effect of this limited demolition and adaptive re-use can be mitigated through coordination with OPRHP, '[he design specifications for the Hidden Clwe on the Hud~on will ensure that all structures to remain will be rehabilitated according to the Seefeld!}' (?t'the in/erinr '..,. Standards /f)r RehabififiJtjon and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildinf!,s. In addition, the developer has ~uggested lhat the Brandreth "Office" building might be used to display copies of Company documents, products, and mementos lrom the Norman T. MacDonald collection (personal communication March 3, 2006). A pedestrif1!1 survey of the entire project sit<' documented the exterior historical elem<:nts that may be rn~~erved when the property is redeveloped (photographs A-M). [n addition to the NR and NRE listed proptrties, three 19'" century struclurt's are lo<:ated appro: Because a negative sensitivity linding for archaeological resources could not be ddinitivel) assigned to a portion of tht site, Held testing was planned for the promontory historically known as Spring! [ill, a location less than 1 acre in size, The archaeological field study was conducted Gil the site in order to confirm previous disturbance and/or identif) if any undisturbed cultural STrilla were still present. The testing plan employed both a 15-mcter testing interval and the u~c of judgmental shovel tests (STs) when appropriate, to ensure coverage of the site. During II (\;sting, all of the STs were hand excavated and soil was sifted through onC-L\uarter inch screen. bch soil stratum encountered wa.~ explored and documented and the cultural materials in each level were noted in order to determine their contcxt and integrity. Recovered modem material was noted on the field tomlS, hut not all modem material was collectd. Testing was not conducted in locations of e\cessivc slupe, where known disturbance had occurred. where bedrock outcrops wcre present, ur where terrain was dominated by poorly drained waterlogged soils. For example, the location of the proposed townhouses was inspel:ted and found III be the site of exposed bedrock where the promontory was cui b,lCk to create the road. The New 'y·ork Archaeological Counl.:il (NYAC) guidelines (1994) were consulted when creating the testing plan for the project APE. Further, appropriatr field notations, drawings. and photograplls \vere made during field testing and tIle results of each ST was dflcuntented (see Photographs X~HH; Appendices II (lTld HI). VI. RF,SULTS OF SVBSlJRFACE TESTING During. the field examination of the Spring Hill portion of the Hidden Cove project APE, the IIPI field team excavated a total of25 Shovel Tests (STs). The shovel tests were laid out in il rectilinear grid along 15-meter (50 toot) intervals (Figure 16 and Appendix II). Three transects were laid Each of the approximately 50cm x 50cm (20'·" 20") Shovel Tests were hand excavated and screened through one quarter inch wire mesh. Shovel tests were excavated until reaching sterile soils, encountering physical obstructions (bedrock, rocks, roOl.S. etc.) or reaching a depth of 91 em (3-teet) below grade. Anifacts were recovered and retained unless deemed non-diagnostic in which case they were identified, noted and discarded. ThroughoUf much of the project APE three distinct soil horizons were identitied (sec Appendix 2l. The first level typically consisted of Silty Loam with a color range from lO'iR 4/3 (brown) to 7.5YR 5,'2 (brown), to IOYR 4/4 (dark yellowish brown). Level I is interpreted a.~ a relatively recently deposited A Horizon/Humic Layer. The second horizon typically consisted of Coarse Sand. Sand~' Clay or Sandy Silt with a color range of7.5YR 4/1 (dark gray) to ]flYR 5/6 (yellowish brown). but also quite frequently 7.5YR 5/6 «;trong brov.rn) and is interpreted a~ a B Horizon/Subsoil. When encountered. the third horizon consisted of sterile subsoil composed of Coarse Sand. Sand, Sandy Clay or Sandy Loam with iii color range of7.5YR 3/2 (dark brown) to IOYR 6/6 (brownish yellow) in STs L 4,5-7, 10, 14,:W and 22, According to available historic r<:cords a driveway once ran from nonhwest to southeast along the eastern side of the APE where a berm now sits. The driveway formed a tum-around at its southern tenninus. Level 2 within ST 20 represents the n.:mains of the driveway turn around. A modern asphalt driveway is located along lhe eastern boundary of the APE and within the northeast comer of the APE. Shovel tests placed within the northeast comer of the project area/APE encountered asphalt deposited during the construction of the modem driveway (ST I and 6). d Shovel Test] 5, Level .2 ctmsistcd of landscaping materials (Sandy Gravel 7SfR 5/j gray) associated with the 20 ] century garden leatures (Features 5 and 6) locatrd along the western side ofthe APE (sec Photographs BB-CC). Though no deep yard deposits or sheet middens were ~'nCOUTltcred during testing. Shovel Tests 13, 18 and 23 contained materials representing ooth the construction and demolition layers associated with the fonner Cliff House (see Photograph FF). The presenc~ of modem pipes terminated ~hovel Tests I) and 23 (see Photograph EEl. The bedrock within fhe area is typically quite ~haJlow and was encountered within Sls 2, 15. 16 and 25 at a depth ranging from 15-60cm (approximately 6" - 24'·) below grade (see Photograph GG). Tht: rocky sui] also impeded excavation and rocks were t:ncountered in STs I, 9, 1], 19 and 24. Rocks were encountered in levels contemporaneous with h<::drock levels and may represent intad or derllying bedrock outcroppings, ranging in depths from 43-64cm (approximately IT' - 25") below grade. 12 During the field investigation, a walkover reconnaissan\:e of the Spring Hill APE was also perfonned to identify any visible t~atures. During the course ofth", ~\Jlkover 5even 20th century features were idenlifitd (see Photographs X DD), The features were ph\ltographed and\>r sketched and minimally explored. The features are described below. Fea/ure I: Cu!lapsrdCistern A large late 19th _early 20th century brick cistenJ with cement mortar was obs~rved partially collapsed near the ccnler orthe testing area (see Photograph X). During, the inilial site visit. this feature was minimally exposed. Just prior to field testing, the surface orthe feature had begun to collapse inward. The feature was probed and found to be mostly empty/unfilled, Probing also indicated that the ground .surface around the top feature was not completely stable. Feature 1. Nih Centun- Wefl In close proximity to the cistem. a well was identified (see Photograph V). This teature was partially cuvcred by a large stone and probing indicated that it had not been fjllr.>d. Water was ~till present in the int~rior. Feature 3: 20'h Cenlury r",lSh'waler Pire A portion of Featur.' 4: Partial Brick Found,lIiofi Only a small portion of the foundation of Clitl Hou;;e was found {o be still intact in this location (see Photograph AAJ. A single course brick foundation ~<,ction, that may have supported a small porch or dl, was identified near the western edge of the hill. Feature 5. 5;tlJne Garden Feallire An portil)ll of a rod, garden feature was observed adjacent to the trdlis in the former 20'h century garden on the westl'm edge of the hill (sec Photograph 88). This feature appears to have been partially dismantled, which prevented the team from identifying its original use Fc'uture 6: .~(jh CenllllJ-' Iron Garde" Trellis Ponions of an iron garden trellis were obseT\i'ed along. the western edge of the hill, just west of a large bedrock outcrop (see Photograph CC). While large fragments of the trellis were present, much had collapsed under fallen trees. FeU/lire 7: Concrete, Stone, und Brick Gazebo Foundation Historical maps and im;.tges identity the pn:sence of a ~a7.ebo at the southwestern end of the promontory known as Spring Hill (~ce Figure 5). The foundation of {he 19' century gazebo appears to have been Significantly altered during the 20th century when concrde and modem bric" supports were added to the older brick and stone feature (see Photograph DO). In fact, a twentieth century map misidentified the altered foundation as a concrete welL VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Archaeological Rcsource!i PreColJ!ilCf No precnntact features. horizons or artifacts were identified during testing. No furthl.."r consideration of precontact ~ensjtivity is recommended. Historic No significant clusters of historical domestic anifacts or features dating to the late 18'h through early 19 th century Oliver Cromwell Field dwelling were identified during field testing. Funher, only a handful of late 19'~ century and twentieth century cultural artifacts were recovered (see Appendix Ill). Throughout the APr. deep deposits of 20th century architectural debris were noted and/or recovered during testing. It is likely that the vel) large foundation of Cliff House completely obliterated the footprint ofthe earlier stmcture. Further, tne introduction of exterior features !3 associated with the waler and \\'astc management system~ of Cliff House have disturbed andior eradj,,;ated any remnants offeatures surrounding the older house. Analysis of the collection of materiah has concludcd thaI there were a few du~ters of :?O'.l· century construction and demolition artifacts associated with upgrades to Cliff Hou~e and its eventual demolition. It Disturbance and dumping episodes from the late 20'1> century were also observed and noted during. fkld testing. The modem trash observed through much of the sile was either dumped during demolition activities, or discarded by hikers and the likt'. [\I idcnce of vandalism was also observed in some locations. Due to the lack of any in silll clusters of hi~torical cultural materials; the lack of identifiable hi~torical strata; the presence of significant am0unB of architectural demolition debris; and what appt.:ar~ to have been bulldozed locales, it is unlikely that any significant historical features are present in thi~ portion of the pr(lject APE. The complete obliteration of the former Field dwelling by the construction. upgrading. and demolition of Cliff House indicates that further field investig Standin2 Structurt:s It is anticipated that the adverse effect of the proposed rehabilitation of the Nt{ Brandreth Pill factory complex can he mitigated through coordination with OPRHP. As part of tile Hidden Cove on the Hudson dewlopment pfClject. the vast majority of the remaining I';l,h century factory complex is going to be rehabilitated according to the Secr \4 VIII. BJBLlOGRAPHY Reers, [lias Soule 1867 Atfas of.oVe11" York and Vicini'.\' Plate 7. E. B<:cr~ and Company, New York 1872 Cuunty :!f/a.i' oj Wesrche.\tl!r. l'mim IJjUHining. 1.0. Beers and Company', New York. 1891 Al!as rdWesrchesrer ("(Junty, Beers and Company. New York. Bien, Joseph 1893 At/as of Westchestf.'r County·, ,\,'ev.' York. Julius Bien & Comarn;, New York. Bolton, Robert \88 I Tht: lIistorv 0/ the ."C>'eTa/ fowm. Mamlrs. {/nd p,lIents n,(lhe C()unly of nesh"hester, from [ts Fint Seli/emenlllJ the Present T/me 2 vols. Char\e~ F. Roper, New York, Hrandrcth FamiiyTllctory n.d. Files in the collection of,he Ossining Historical Socidy. Brennan, Louis A. 1974 "The Lower Hudson: A Occade of Shdl Middens." Archaeology uf L"astern Nor/I! America 2( I):81 -93, Bromh:~y, George Wa:.hington 1S81 Atlas c1WeSfLhester CO/lI1lr, /'iflaxe of Tal'rvtdwn. Plitte 105, (ieorge W. and W 189 J Atlas oj the HuJson River h~f!ey. G. W, Bromley and Company, Philadelphia. 1901 Atlas ojlVes/chester COllllll', New lork, Plate H. George W. Anu Walter S. Bromlcy. G,W. Bromley and Company, Philadelphia. Brumbach, lieU) Jo 1986 "Anadramolls Fish and Fislling: A Synthesi:. of Data From the !Iudson River Dminage." Man in the iVorl!wasf 32:35-66. Couzens, M,K. 1880 /785 '\1ap of Part Oliver Cromwell Field Family n.d. Files in the collection orlhe Ossining Iliswlcal Society. French, Alvah P, 1925 HistoYl-' (!f Wc,whester County, !'I'ew York Two volumes. Lewis Historical Publishin1! Company, New York. Funk, Robert E. 1976 Recerl! ContrihutiOfls to Hudson Va/ley Prehi.\hwv. New York Slale Museum Memoir 22. The State Education Dcpanmenl. Albany, New York. 15 Hopkin~, G.M. Company 1930 Atlus ofWe sIChester Counly. Nf:"t\, rork. Vol.~, Plate 43. Hopkin~ Company. Philadelphia. Updated 1936, ]937, MacDonald, Norman T. 2006 Interviews with Sara Mascia, March 3 and March 8. 2005 "Henjamin Hrandreth: The Pill Man of Sing Sing, New York." In The Westchester Hisluriu/I. Spring. Mackenzie, Grenville C. J966 Families n(the Colonia! Tuw!! ofPhilipsburi!,h. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarryto\\-l1, New York. Merry, F. C. 1858 Map 01' H'c'slchester Counly, New York. Puhlished by M, Dripps, New York. Parker, Arthur C. 1920 'The Archaeological History of Ne\',' York." New York Stal(' Museum Hulletin. Nos. 235, 236 The University orthe Sta!(' of New York, Ne\\- York State Mu"eum, Albany, New York. July and August, 1920. Ruu('nber, E. M. 19l )2 Inri/un Tribe,1 o/![ud';on'" Rirer to 1700, Reprint or 1872 ediliclll. Hope I;ann Press, Saugerties. New York, Sanborn Map Company n,d. Insurance Map of Ossining, Nl'W York, Brandreth Pill Factory. Scharf. 1. Thomas 1886 History of Westchester County, Veil' York. Two volumes. Pil:ton Pres~, Maine. I,. t. Preston and Company, Philadelphia. Shonnard, Frederic and W. W, Spooner 1900 f !i,tory ofWestchester CounlV, ;'liew Jork from (ts EurlieM ,\'ell{cment to the Year /900. New York History Company, New York. Stolatis, Pel.. !" 2006 Personal CommuniCLItion with Sara Mascia, March 3. Sydney and Neff 185] Ma[' ofWes/chelNr County. New }"wk. Published by Newell S. Brown, \i/hite Plain~. United States ])epanrncnt of Agriculture 1994 Soil SUrH)' Ii flu/nam and We,\tchester COl/nties. tV"W York. Unitl'd States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservalion Service, Wunderlich, John 2006 Personal Cl,mmunication with Sara Mascia, March 30. 16 . , ... c' • \J'1 ;. -" - '.-:. - -_~_r- - -- ...... '--5-- ,, ' I .. _ - - - -, • '_ '- ,- I 205 • '" D '< Dal. : i, • "'-a .•.'-Cem-,/' ',' , . .... ClaN-moot ,.'" \ , .,." •' Sck .i :_ . ... • " Hidtlen Cove Project Site Location •" /: , , 'liIlb~'----' , • . Sch • , \ ,.- ., " ...• Ub,ary ,.. " F'ark ~~: • , ' \ ) ; r.r,:l High .' Sd. (~. 8M' ,-,. j , , . _. . ••.-- <'.,9·'1 " / ~ ~, I '-.,,«.'.. 0:: I, I • o S/S I figure 1: Hidden Cove Project Site Location. lJ.S.G.S. Ossining Quadrangle_ 7.5" Minute Series. Photo rcvi:.;eo.. 1979. I' Brandreth Pill Factory r--,.·--·· ! '"",-'-''''--- ',-----' ....,. i "-" MetroNorth ',i ,,;= I -', -- I -""'. j ':~ . l Railroad ~i I I I ~~id" t -"\ --:;--- " ----- \ 'x, 1 , C-, ", r ,I a= ~ -',k -~ \ ~ ~~ ~ I ,,~. ~ --~- i --f-_... _rr_ I II;,i. , ;1:, ) . _.---- -~ ~~ --~:;":;- u~ '" u~ - '-0-••..:----- ::""'.,-- .-'" --' - - ~"~o >- ~z r ! ~'" ~ ~ -'------/ -r- 'c~, // \ ,. -I-. , -1-_ aZ ~ , , ~ r==-:ik-:;'/ ! /~/ z ~ ~ ~ <....J~ • ~ ~! :..J :Ii ~Z Spring Hill C '"0'" :?i u; ~ L.l.l ~ ~ ~ 5; :5 :..; ~ :..J ~ ~ ~ c 9 , "• "IIE~T NO 4 ,ce'" " ...""".1/>",, ''''-,~" u ,",' "'.,~'",.".,,,,»l,, ",,. "("To(>" "...,0. "" I ~~._._. _._.._.-_._._._._. LFigure 4: Illustration of the Residence of Oliver Cromwell Field. Esq. Sing Sing. September 1834. Figure 5: Illustration of Dr. Benjamin Bra.ndreth's Factory. 1848. The Oliver Cromwell Field house and summer house (gazebo) are shown on the hill to the right of the firsl factory building. . \' Project Site Location • --, ,~ , •• • .. I• ,"• .. - .~ , ' • II .. ,~ , c- .. ... , ... " -, •• .. • ~ .I., • , Figurl' 6: Atlas of Nc\v York and Vicinity, 1868. Beers, Ellis and Sou\c, Figure 7a: Image of Brandreth Works reproduced from the JJai~v Graphic, New York. May' 4.1877. Courtesy of Norman 1'. MacDonald. I" ,, --~------~~~---~ Figure 7b: Late 19th century illustration of the Brandreth's Pills and Allcock's Porous Plasters reproduced from Benjamin Brandreth: The Pill M£m ofS'ing Sing. ll/ew fork. 2005. The image shows the rear ofthe factory and Glyndon to the right. C]jffCottage is shown on the inset at right. '-', i ! '\ '~ ~ •\ '.. 1 ' "", Pro.ic~t . ' Site Location C. L ~< .. ""( ,:: .V /'.'" (. ·, •• I ~ ", \ ' Ii \\u L.,~~",>_.I ' :au 1775--"~-7FTwq ~\"""",,"'"<' . L"...---=:')i, ---:::'" <, , " ~~~ "~~~~ L '" \ ". J Figure 8: Atlas of\Vestchester County, New 'York, 1881. Bromley, G.W. and \\·'alter S. .' .., Figure <}: Facing north, phoh1graph of Franklin Brandreth's "Cliff Cottage". Courtesy of Nonmm T. MacDonald. , ', .. -~. Figure lOa: Facing south. pholograph of Franklin Brandreth'5 "CliffCottage." Courtesy' of Nonnan 1'. MacDonald. ~,,~ ,Y".. ~ ,•.~ Figure JOb: Image of Mrs. Brandreth'5 Garden, located west ofCliff Cottl:lgc. Courtesy of Norman 1'. MacDon '0< I " "> , •• ,> \ \z:~~." \ , ,. ! ! , IJ / / I , ! .: I ,.! , ' . Project Site Location ---r----~- " I I 1 '.'.', L~~ ..... - ~~"~~-=-."~ Figure 12: Atlas of ~'estchcsterCount). New York_ 1901. Bromley. ---l ,c :N , '"~ , , ,- \, [ Project Site Location :"CC~\, -, ,'~ \\\" I \ ... \ \ \ " I '.. r \\ I I \ " , ' I \ ' \ \,' , \ \, "\\ ,'. \ \ \ .... \\~\\ < , \ ,~~\\ !\\ '. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , \\ " I \\\\~ I I ',,' ~\ ) IiiiIt ,/, L ~~_\' lll1~_ _ ~~ figure 14; Atlas of Westchester Couniy. New '{ork, Volume 4,1930. Hopkins. .. ~.~~~~~~~~~~ .._.~-~-----~ ...... ~~....., ~_~ ~ ______------r-- RiveR 1"= 100' Legend Project Area Nh'// "/h'''''Z ,;'////; Steep Slope D Disturbed Area ". ··...... Sensitive for Precontact Cultural Material .-. ·...... Sensitive for Historical Cultural Material Figure 15; Archaeological Sensitivity Map for Hidden Cove Project Site. J;1..~ Legend SHOVEL TEST C (NOT TO SCALE) ••1).211 ..... IP I_ruT FEATURE & SO{JltCE, ~lATTlIEWA. NOVELL(}, 1'. C. CAJUlIEL, NY AND Hl.';rOIlW.AI. PEIlSPECT1VES,lNc.. :wESTPORT. CT PHASE JB ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY HIDDEN COVE DEVELOPldENT OSSINING, WESTCHF.STER COUNTY, NEW YORK ~ FIGURE 16. SHOVEL TEST AND FEATURE LOCATION. , ' , '. , : I " , __ ~ --I " : ---J APPENDICES Photograph A: Facing east., man made channel for UDnamed watercourse. Photograph B: Facing west, man-made channel funneling unnamed watercourse underneath factory building. ../1 Photograph C: Facing northeast, steep hillsides bordering unnamed stream. Photograph D: Facing northeast, storage shed., associated disturbance, and hillside around factory building complex. Photograph E: Facing west, factory buildings, associated disturbance, and adjacent hillside. Photograph F: Facing northwest, southemJrear exposure offactory buildings. - ~ Photograph G: Facing southeast, hillside disturbed by public utilities. Photograph H: Facing east., western/front exposure of factory buildings. Photograph I: Facing northeast, front/western exposure ofOffice with main 1872 factory buildi.ng to the rear. Photograph J: Facing southeast, northern exposure of factory buildings, associated disturbance, and hillside in background. Photograph K: Facing southeast, water wheel along the northern exposure of a factory building. - Photograph L: Facing south, disturbed corridor between the main factory and office. Note steep hillside/promontory in background of frame. Photograph M: Facing south, paved road with promontory (Spring Hill) in the background of the frame. Photograph N: Facing west, vegetation and topography on top of the promontory (Spring Hill). ":A_~_ • Photograph 0: Facing northwest, cistern (brick and possibly stone construction) 00 top of promontory (Spring Hill). Photograph P: Facing southeast, clearing on top ofpromontory (Spring Hill). Possible location of 18th century residence. Photograph Q: Facing southwest, from promontory (Spring HiJI) looking toward the sununerhouse (gazebo). Hudson River in the background ofthe frame. Photograph R: Facing north, bedrock outcrop and summerhouse (gazebo) on top ofpromontory (Spring Hill). · . Photograph S: Facing northeast, stone garden feature and fragment of metal trellis on top of promontory (Spring Hill). Photograph T: Facing south, exposed bedrock near the northern end of the promontory (Spring HiU). Photograph U: Private residence (1812) to the east of the project site. Photograpb V: Bam (1840s) associated with the private bouse to the east ofthe project site. - Photograph W: Fonner carriage house, now a private residence (ca 18605) to the east ofthe project site. Photograph X. Feature] looking northeast, June 13, 2006. Photographer: James Cox. Pbotograpb Y. Feature 2 looking east, June 13,2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph Z. Feature 3 looking northwest, June 13, 2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph AA. Feature 4 looking southeast, June 13, 2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph BB. Feature 5 looking northeast, June 13, 2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph CC. Feature 6 looking northwest, June 13, 2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph DD. Feature 7 looking south, June 13,2006. Photographer: James Cox. Photograph EE. Shovel Test 13 looking north-northeast, June 14,2006. Note ceramic pipe in north wall of test. Photographer: James Cox Photograph FF. Shovel Test 18 looking southeast. Note level of building debris in and out oftbe test. Photographer: Susan DeLeonardo. Pbotograpb GG. Shovel Test 2 looking no~ June 14,2006. Note shallow depth of bedrock. Photogra her: Susan DeLeonardo. ~------.:P""'lI'!""'Iill!Cr.:r-;-~~~~~:;-:::~"'Y":::;r-;:;;:;-;-:~....,--,""lI Pbotograph HR. Looking north~ excavation ofShovel Test 25, June 14,2006. Photographer: James Cox. (Patl~' 01 , 9) G:"IIl:.l)~T"H:-' UEj',\KI \It:-"-I Of I Ht I"TEI~I(Jf< NATIONAL PAflK SEflVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY·· NOMINAnON FORM SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLf1£ NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS TYPE ALL ENTRIes '. COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS ''''T DLOCATION HMI1 ~ hUM"fR __=-d"",later Street _ 0" TOW~ 05§J.n1n..&.-_~ ~c-';'~"~"'''"''o,' _ i.omy-fourttj:bl=-__ SlATE CODE ~OU~TY' CODE lIew York 036 .iiestcJ::ester 1) 9 IICLASSIFICATlON CATEGORV OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE _D'ST~'CT _pulillC X.OCCUPI _SIT! PUBLIC ACaUISITlON ACCESilBLE _ENT!Rl"'''M{~T _MlIDIOU$ _08JECT ~tST~'CHC _SCIE~TIFIC , _".PROCESS L'fS .,.-GOVfA/lMUIT .. _8E'"G CONSIO!~tO ~ YfS IJN~t~'lHCTE~ ~'ND~STR'AL _ TA"'~S'O~TATIO/j -'0 __ ""LJTA~Y _OTMfR DOWNER OF PROPERTY N."" SundermB.nn Filex Steel P_r_~d.ll.~_ta.L}nc.!~n~_. Alcole.c _2hemical cc,!lc0,--,R~.~a~l,_EO!'lt~'lt~.:.-__ ST"'ETlloN""'8'~ \'Iater Street 95 ~oton Ave. --CllY"TOW~ .------.. ------..- ClilB1ning, Now York VIC'N''''''' Ossining, New York IlLOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION ,QU"'MOUS' ~fC,~I"Yo,aHaS,HC ;·restchester County land Records Off1ce $1."" & "uMIE~ 148 ioiartine Avenue 5''''" ·dhlte I'la1na New York IlIREPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TlT( , Hi6toric «esour~~~~~y_ ~H Summt'!l" •.. "1,,9'17-,,9_~ ~_ COCA' OI"OSITORYFO~ _ _ "';';'"~'~'~';"'~'~':"O~''--.bOUf.f~. ce titY TOWN _____--'Albany (Page 2 of 1~\ IIDESCRIPTION CONDITION CHrclC ONE CHiCK ONE ,. v _lxCHl1NT 4..omRIORAnO .Al!NALTfMED .... El~IGI'IALSIH OAH _ 4'>aOOtl _RUU., -'x",HHO " _ l!~EXPOSEtl --- --'D"'"S",C'R"";;"'~"-"~':AmNTANo~OAiG7N'ALIIF KNOWNI PflYSICAl APPEARANCE The ~randreth P111 Factory comple~ in ~h~ v111ag~ of O$Q1ning is representative of Westchester County's earliest industrial development. 7ho two g~oupe of ninetoenth and early twe~tieth c~ntury buildings are surrounded on three sides by woodlands on a site or approximately five and a half acres. Constructed in a variety of materials, the buildings depict different architectUral styles and repre3en~ ~ucce66ivo 5tageo in the growth of the ~randreth manufacturing business. i~e Hudson Jiver, near the western edge of th~ property, is an ~roportant visual element of the site and was the first source of tr~~snora~ion for 3randreth's pills !rortl Ossining to l:e\~ York C1 ty a.nd other ~arkets. The following building descriptions correspo~d n~rnerically to the building index on the nowlnationl:'i general plot plan: '. The mO-i.n factory building ia on the site "t a r!lill I:tar,ding in 184, when Brandreth bought this section of the property. Although re search indlca~es the ~rese~t building dates from 1972, the mill, or its !Q~dations, ~ay have been incorporated within it. Largest of the struc tures in the complex, the main building is in the Ita1ianate Revival style, with a !~ench Second ~~plre ~ansard roof. :t is canstr~cted o£ re~ brick with wood trim, "roofed with slate, and has four chimneys, one of tr.em a stack extending two stories above the bui1ding.rhe round-arohed fenes tra~ion on the main (west) facade consists of, at the first level, six windows and three double doors, all wibh bric~ hood 11ntelBi at the second level, thirteen windows. also with hood lintels; and ten do~ers at the root level. The eaBt-i~on cornice 19 supported by brackets with pendants. Inter10r features at note include exposed brick walls; segmentally arched interior openings; two kinds of support columns, some of cast iron, end otherB of solid walnut; and exposed roof framing ~t the third level. ~dditions, all of brick. to the mai~ building, exclUding the of!lce, are: Number 1-1/', originally a machine shop, one story, with rectangular fenestration, N~~ber 1-1/4, two stories hight with a corrugated iron gable root and segmentally arched windows without intels, ~umber I-lis, one story high, wi th a moni "tor roof; and I_umber 1-1/6, ont! BtOry high with a flat roof and rectangular fenestration with granite aills and lintels. The first three additions date from 1886 to 1891; the fourth, between 190' and 1907. zne only architect of record for any of the complex buildings signed an undated dralnng of additi'Jn number 1..1/4: he was Seymour H. ;:cCOrd, EL'l Ossining resident, ~he remaining addi~lon. between Numbers 1-1/6 and 1-1/4, is con5tructCQ of concrete block and dateo :~W the reccn~ twent1eth cent~ry. A oreek, ~he first source of p~wer for Brandreth's grlndir.g mill, s~i1l ~~s beneath the main b~11din6 and two of its additions. l_l/Z. Z~e office, erected circa 1886, stood as a separate structure until .~ t ~ras connected to t;~e main b~ilding br t:'l9 ad-di tion 0;[ t.l1e machine shOp. ')l1e and one..half stories .'hig:'1, of rea brick with 8. granl t@ water (Page 3 o! 191 F'"IR-8-300A (1l!78) lJ'{lTfD STATES DEPARTMENT Of THE INTERIOR I-lERITAGE CONSERVATll1'l A."'D RfCREATla-4 SERVICE NA t10NAL REGISTER OF HISTOIHC PLACES INVENTOR Y-- NOMINA nON FORM .l.lrR'ldreth l'i11 t'actory C~~i:lin6, ';1c;ctohe~tcr Cou:r..ty CONTI NUATION SHE~r ITEM ,,"UMBER 7 f'AGE 2 tp.ble, the s:uall b'.lildlng is t!lree btWs wide and four ::ays deep. ~ecora tiVB elellents bc1ude large-scale pendanted brachts ~upport1ng -!;~e gable roof over~anrr and painted decorative brickl,'ol':( designs 0::' -:he :nain (west) facade. ?enestrat1on 1s recta'lgular; all openings have si~Ple gr~'lite sil19 and lintels. ~otBble interior features include elabora"e1y ~olded woortwork and ceiling medallions, original hardware, and a stone-encaseD, brick-floored vault. ::'he building's only alteration DCCllrred between H!9l and 1897 ~men the original entrance was moved ~rom the so~th facade t8 the west and the deep C~~Opy, with large-acale suppo~ting brackets repeating the configuration o~ those a~ove, was added. 2. :';;e bric'e fou~datio~s of t:,is b'.lildi:u.5, e:!'ecteu 1:1 1:'7') and d~ roy-ad hy fire i:l lC,55, I).rFt i!', the cO'J.rtyard erea ~eci!'_d :he main ':l11ildi::1g. 3. Cue story ~iGh, of briel;: cOYls"tructio::1 ',:it~ a :;hed rocf, this C02.:" shel'i I':.,~ cO!'lstructed between 19V) a,r:d l:J91 on the si te8f an earlier build ':1[, yi! t\; the sa:J8 tWIction. :::ntirely utili tarian, It was originally en C10Sp.c ?n c~ly t~ree Sides; tte fourt~ (south) facade was added during the recent twentieth oentury. '::':f interest are the bric;( buttresses 10 c9-ted on the l1ort!".\'lest corneT e:,d along the north :acade. 3-1/2. 'The blac'(s"lith sr.op, also erected betweer. 1836 and 1891, is ot Lrick with a gable roof and a brick chimney. Six rectangular ~indows nave ~ranite sills and li~tels as does the double wooden door on the main ( ....est) facarle. IrD;; on t.'1e building includes the wrought strap ;)1ng&8, on the elDors and orna:ilental grilles covering small square openings in &aCfl gable. 4. Situated on the road between the two separate gro~ps of t~c~ory bUildings, this one-stery, corrugated iron warehouse is on the eite of 3rQ.'1'.1reth's first ":tla"1U~actory," constructed in 1836 and destrcyed bv ,,,,, ,.' , fire in 1872. The ~~rehouge, erected before 1886, represents an early ·,iltstc.'HHlter ufle of t'11e construction l'laterlal a.'ld may be the only oorru gated iron building in tt.e CO\.L~ty surviving from this period. /\11 !raQing ~ember5, ex;resaed on the exterior, are of wood cased in corrugated iron. ~he roof 1s of the sa~e ~ate~ial as the sheathing: in each gable are decoratio~e ccmyoeed of iron-covered wood ele~ents of si~ple classical co~flgura~io~. <' :':his Gree'( ,'\evival storage Jl.lilding 1s the earliest survivin'" structure in t~le co-,plex. It 1r-:~S construete~ ir. 1936 and May hav~ i":&en FHR-8-3[lOA {Jl!7R) ~JITED STArES OEPft~TMENT OF THE INTERiOR f~'tfCRS:'_:USE:;~Y HERITAGE CONSERVATION ArlO RECREATION SERVICE REC '!rp~dret>-, ~i.ll Yi'1('tOr",' Os<,l~lln.c;. ,:,,::;t(';hf;ster C:JT"l''l C::ONTl NUl. TlON SHE E1 ITEM NUMBER 7 PAGE 3 r1(!"it"HH~ h.:f r;:!.lvln ?ollnrd. Po 11e.!"l vas tile arcll!teet for TT::;'lyr.d 0:-. , " 3rr.:1r.'reth's ::ssini':,? tOll€ (no\\' de'nolis:led), and \"las \'!or}~ing I"~ t:le3ree:; ~ovjvnl ~odc ~t ~he-ti,e t~e early f~ctJ~ huilci~~S ~ere ere~ted. Of \"Ihite-pe.intcc', !'~d l~ric~c, t,:e s-::o:N:l.::e E-'.;ructure is twO s-:;ories hleh, thTee hays ~,j_d.c. end -three 'bayo deep. All fc~eotrD.tio~. is rect9,.rl!julElI', wi,~ sra~ito sills a~d li~tels. Varic pilasters, one at each co~ar 21'.d three ?t re,,:uler interv,<;ls het\'fewl t'1f! ·,·inc.o~fs on :he nOI'"C1 a!1r. s~uth f;;u::ades, have I;c h. '.!.'he car.tel", end earlies-:, secti:m of thi~ builc.lng Has conetruct \:! circe, lR72. Shea"thed in ~'!"li te c13pboard, with gray trim, a slate roof, and ~ ~ric~ c~i~ey. the mai~ ~2rt of the st~leture has regular fenestration includinG rectanBular wincows on the lower leYe~ and six dCH'mers abov€l. ';'il.& con::"igure.'tio:-. and trill of the dorners are identical, on f;l. Or.J.aller Bca.le, to "::l:;)se oi" the dor::ers on the large rod brick build in5 i~ t~p. second factory group: with the exception of the pend~~ts, ~1.!';s1:1g ~ere, "the rocf 'crac:.ce":ll also resemhle theap. of the crick strJ:c ture. :wo addi tions, each pre-I':19Q, ',rere r1ade to the central section; ~ot~ ~re ~~ite ~~d cle~boarded. The addition to the west is one story high aid he!': a hip roof: tile one tJ t:Je east is one and a half stories high a.'1.d has a. gable roof. 7, Descr1QlJo on an 18'36 r.le.p ~s be.i.ng uGed. !or "printing and. pill ma!cing," ,his flat-roofed. one-stor:r building !.s constructed of "'hite painted bricks. All windows, rect~igular in configuration, have a~'1.d stone sills and lintels and have been bricked or boarded up, 7-1/2. Z'NO stories high, with a brick foundation, brick chL'l.ney, and seamea ~etal gable roo:, this structure, domestie in appear~~ce, \fQ.S used. as a "cnixi:1g house." It ie constructed of wood coursed on th& north and @as: facades to resem~18 stone and left ~r.ooursed on the south and west. The entrance porch roof on the west facade has a tri ~~gular pediment and c~a~feren posts: the tria~gular ~edi~ent reappears e,bove a e,able \\'1.ndo\-l 0::1 ti",e north facade. :1~th gable :facades (north and souih) have shingles of the fis~-scale configuration above the clapboards. fHR-8-~OOA ( 11/78) iJ'lITED STATES DEPARTI"fNT OF THE INTERIOR r~~~S US! ONlV HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE REq:I)(EO NA dONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES DATe'ENTEREO: ' INVENTORY -- NOMINAnON FORM Dra~cireth ~ill ~~ctor:" Oefiir,ing, "'e~tchester county CONTINUATION SlUFf ITEM NUMlJER "/ PAGE 4 A~dlt1onal decorative elements, appearing only on the north facade, ln~ clud@ a snaIl entrance aanopy supported by l~rge console brackets with i:eo-Grec detailing. and similar detailing on window 11r.-;;els and corner eave brackets. The struc~ure has been altere~ only to the extent that second~story windOWS on the :!lain (west) facade have 'been blocked up and louvred fan openings inserted near the eaves. 9. ~his one-story struoture with a ga:le roof wae used as an office and for box-making and pill drying. Stylistica1ly i~ can be categorized as a very Bi~ple interpretation of the Gothic Revival ~ode; as such~ it is <;he only TepI'li'S~n1.a til/a of that style \~1 thin the cooplex, Goth! c ~evi val detail~ Lnclude the board-and-batten c::mstruction and the la."1cet ~lindows in thl? ga:Jles. 'l'},e 'builribg, standing possibly by 1867 ar.d definit:ely by 1896, ":'s intact; "'ith be exception of the twentieth-centur"j installation of an overhead garage-type door in the north facade. J. Of red '"',ricl.; painted ';::-,1 te, t"11s o~e- story gable roofed storage ~r>ruct'Jl'e 1s co:nplete1y utilitarian in d.esign ~Ii ttl the exceptiO:;' of the se~ental arch configuration of the gao1e windows. All other window openinge a.re recttm£"ular with sandstone :;llls and no lintels. The roo! is of corr~gated iron; the ~oors, also originally of iron, are now of ,-/ood. ~he earliest part of t~e building was etanding in 1986: it was enlarged to its present d1censio~s between 1~~6 and 1891. A small ~~noowless shed-roofed structure to the north is a reeent twentieth cen'tury addi tion. (Page <; of '91 DSIGNIFICANCE O~ ~fIlIOD AR£AS SICNIrICANCE· el-m:K AND JUSTIFY BROW n,aN~'~G _lA"DSCAP~ AACHIT!CTuRE _.AI~'SIC~'L •. ML~~U _'N"(~TIO~ SPECIFIC OATES 1836 _ 1907 lJUllDEP.JAACH ITEcr SrATE~ENT Of SJGNIFICA/'jC£ The Brandreth Pill P~cto~', ~re-dating tha 1848 con~truct1on of the New york Central and Hudson rtailroed, was a major contributiLg fa~tor to ~~e nir.eteenth-cen~ury indu~tri~l developcient of Ossining, New York, and one of tl1e earliest !lI.anufacturing CO'l1Flexes in T.'estchester County. 'l:o gether the buildings present an interesting cross-section of regiona~ architectural styles applied to industrial use. ~he possioil~ty exists that the earliest surviving buildinZ on the site, a well-proportioned brick storage bUilding detailed in the ~reek ~evival idiOm, is tl1e work of flew York City architec,,; Calvin Pollard. 'rhe factory site is closely associated with the personal l1istory of Dr. 3en.jamin Brandreth, an im ,ortant figure in the develop~ent of pa~ent medicines, ~erican adver tising, and the village of Ossir-ing. ' ~t the tine of Henry Hudson's 1609 VCyRge ~p the river later to bear his na~~, the 8it~ of the v~llag~ of Ossining was occupied by the peaceful Sint 31nck Indians. 'l'::e vElage 'Nas called "Sing Sing II by \~hi te settlers, after the t.ribe. until 1846; the ward "Oss~ning" 13 thought to be Algon t:!uln fOr "a stoney plaee. lT Steep, 'l"Mky cliffs line the river at Dssin ing and at one ti~e p~ovid9d cava shelters fo~ tho natives. ~he aite was included in the purchase of land from the Indians in 1685 and became part of the manor of Frederl~, Philipse, at one time the wealthiest land owner in all of New York. The land was used for a5riculture under the )ucch manorial sY9te~ ~rom 1685 until 1779. A~ter the American ReVOlution, the property or the loyalist Fhi~1pse family was confiscated and sold to former tenant .farmers of the manor. Property no\'{ occupied by ";:'le Brandreth complex const! tutes a small part or two of these original tenant purchases. ~.e first was thG H4 a;:re prope;r'~Y of Al~ert Orser. Hiator1cal infonnation on this parcel indicates tha~ during the winter of 1782, homeward-bound Continental troops under the command of Captain Daniel Willi~a were resting at the Orser hO~eatead and were surprised by a force of Britl h troop::: lad by Captain Bea,rmore. 'l'he ensuing skirmish resul ted in the ~ deatns of many of the Continentals, aome of whom were chased onto th~ I ~. J. ?1sher, M.Il., I'Oaslning-," in ~. J. Scharf, FUston or 'ffestchester ~hounotY',N,ew Xosrk (Philadelphia, 1886), Vol. II, p. 324; G. corneii, ~ ~tory ess n ng 1813-1963 (Ossining p 1963), pp. 8-13. Wag" 7 01 19) I'HR-8-300A Ulna) WN/TED STATES DEPART,~NT OF THE INTERIOR 1'«<>1:" 1)<' (.'" HERITAGE CONS~RVAT1ON AND RECREATION SERVICE Rf;:CEJ.yW NA 1I0NAl REGISTER Of HlSTORIC PLACES oATE 'ElflfRfD. INVENTOR Y-- NOMINA nON FORM 3.... a.ndre th :Fill ~'e.ctory C:"lsining, ~{ester.ecte!' :.Jounty CONTINUATION SHEET ITt"" NUM6ER 0 PAGE 2 ice 01 the fM~en ::-:'udso:J. 2 ~'.'!.e property remained in the C'rser f8'Dily un til tha; part containirrc a crint ~i~lJ pJnd, and 9trea~ (a s~all tribu te.r:r of the f\(;.CSO:1), 1'lel'e purchased fro'l': Ell~9 Or-oer by iir. 3enjamln iJran dretl", i:> 11~3. ':':1e second te:le.nt parcel, :nore charaet,"ristic i:1 1 t6 r.i8 tory of the period of active la~d 8paculatio~ initiated b~ the break-up of the manor, was originally the property of john 3ishop. Dr. Brandreth pu:cuased !ou~ and one·half ecres of it, including a house, fro~ ~lizabeth ?!eld in 1836. Benja~ln Brar,dretr. \~S a re~arkable man, hie life characteristic of the pJpular "rags to riches" interpretation of American socia.l history. Born 1:len.iami.n Daub;ley r",ar l'lJPd~. lc'nglQ.... d;. on June 23, 1809. he wall ralsect 1~ industrial ~iverpool ty his ~aternal grandfat~er, Dr. William Brand.ret".• a or.ysi dan \'i~O lJracticed 8:1long the po('lrer ~.'ol"'k1:lg population. Early i:l his career, the elder 3randret~ had be~ln co~po~~ding a laxative ~ill for free ilstrib~tion to his patients and shortly the~eafter was pro_ 2ucinr: the rills cOr.l:llsrcially as a ?ahmt ~cdicine. llenjsQill. began to elsist r.is grandfatter aro~~o the age of thirteen, and in :828, at age r.inetc€n. he changed his 8urna~e to 3randreth and purchased ell interests in the fa~ily ?ill business. Thro~gh a pioneering adxertising ~ethod, ~slng testi~onials to t~e effectiveness ~f the pilla, ~e created a demand fo~ his pills in both ~~gland and American. ~arly in 18'5, brandreth l~i gratee. to tie..' '[ork. Li.ving e.."ld working in a. rented attic on HUdson Street with his wife ~~d children, he risked all but thirty dollars of his capi tal Ot rent end advertising the first year. 7he risk paid off, 400,000 tnt Bolton, nistory of :restc.'lester County, ::ew York (New York, 1881), '101. III P' 19. ~,. ;':ecDonald, "Dr. 3er.jB.'Ilin 3ra~dreth" in :::. Oechsner, OSSining. New York (G:oto:-\-on-P.\ldeon. l~ew York, 1975), p. 104-. H. E, Yoshpe, "',:':1e i)~Bpo;dt~on of the Philipge :1a.."l.0"J:' Afts'!' 'the ?evolu1;ic::l," The 'harterly ~ulletin of the ',! stchester ~"'t:...'1 t Eis(;oricd Soc e , 14:4. Cet. ,1:938, ~1J. ';)2-93. 31shop so ne greate~ pare c ,~s e~gnty-three acre parcel to John Delevan oho soJ.d 5e'lenteen a..'1c J::.e-fourtll ac:,es to Ol'::'vH Yield, ~hree acres (and the house) purchased by 3ru.dreth were located atop a C~\1£t'. ,~nile one end a ~~~ a~res were a~ong tr.e etore. 4: t M"r; tfJouaht that '!lost diseases could be t'rM:ed to tlrobletlls with the eli'~in<,-tion cf iopurities in the blood. ~troughou,,; ~.iS caI'~er. Ilr~dreth solici:ed testi~oni~ls fro~ ~ \~C~ crOgs_section of the Am~rican public '"a.ngin[;' fro::) He:lry ";srd .neec~er to ord1ne:r"! residen~s of Ossinine, 'l'hese lstimonials were printed on handbills which were widely ci~culated and als~ served ";0 ~r~p t~e small bo~os and bettles of pills. 0.", ~o IQ·)OQ, ' •• 10 '~I li !';IIW ST.\ rr') DU'!\K 1\H I\T 01 1111. 11\ TII{:Ui{ NPS u"' ONLY NATlO"lAL PARK SERVICE REC!:lYeO NATIONAL REGISTER OF IllSTORIC PLACES DATI EH1UEO INVENTOR Y-- NOMINATION FORM !]rI'l..'Hireth ~ill l"actory Ossining, ilestchester County CONTI NUATION SHEET ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE boxes of ~ills were sold in 1836, and 1n that year, Brandreth moved tis ~Qnuf~ctur1ng opeTation to Sing Sing. 5 ;;arble r'luarrying, gold and silver :llinir.g, shipbuilding, and grist ~11ling were the major industries of the village belora 1~36, but with the &stablis!1r!Jent of the Brandreth Pill ",'orka in that year, 3i:ng Sing enta~~d the indu~tr1al era. Brandreth n~l&cted th~ v!ll~ge ~s the loca tion for his pill factory because of its natural beauty and many fine eprin6s of wa~er;6 th~doubted1y he also considered 7he availability of transportation - the Hudson R1 ver - in his choice. i','hile C10at of the neceasary extracts needed for the ~i~ls were unavailable anywhere in the United states And had to be obtained through annual trips ~o ~gland, the ineredients reqUired for the vegeta~le base of the pills were ob taineble in Sing Sing, as the Village had becc~e an active port for ship ins produce grol-m in the area to :'i€\·, York City. , The Brandreth fa~ily moved into the old ?ield house on the bluff. DJring t:.e winter of 1836-37, construction ~ta8 begun on a brick "rna.'1U factory" building (destroyed by iLre... 1-'372), and a brick storage build ing (Number 5). An eerly engraVing' shows ~he factory to have been a three-story building with a oup~la. 'rhe Ba~e engraving, used in Bran dreth's advertising, shows the storage ~uilding detailed in the Greek !l.!lvlval :node and s1 ted. at that time, directly on the shore of the HUdson. The possibility exists that these two ~u!.ldings were deSigned by riew York City architect Calvin Iollard (1797-l850). 30m in New Braintree, I',',assllchusetts, Pollard gained a re9utation as a. builder of Greek rtevival to\~oUces bet~een 1825 and 1850, he produced a de5ign ror one ~f these ~:'i~her, pp. )59-'60; MacDonald, PP. 101-102. Brandreth's connection with the city did not end with the move, however. Jill offioe on Hudson Street ....as atill o...nlEld by tYitl pill faotory as late as 1929, and Brandreth le.ft a hotel bearing his name - Brandreth Rouse, on Lower Bro~dway _ to one o£ r.le daughters in his ...nll. 6Citizen 1egister (Ossining), March 14, 1964, n.p. , :~.'. :";~~chis, ,...... e':'ican AJ'chitecture: iiestchester Cou.."lt", :.('w York (Valhalll;l • •, &,; Yo:r:_. lCI~-;'), p. 293. :;.ep't"odl.l.cer. 1'1 tlacl)onald, p. lOfJ.. (F'~ge 9 of 19) ."" ~o 10-300. ' •• '0 141 L i'l<1l ~[) ST!\H~ D! l' ,\1( l\H"H !HIli!" If\, TrK 101{ all HPS UII ONLY NATIONAL PAR~ SUWICE REClJVED NATIONAL REGISTER OF IllSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY •• NOMINATlON FORM OA.T! EHTtltED Brandreth Fill Factor~y Ossining, ~Gstchest~r ~ounty CONTII'IIUATION SHEF"T ITEM NUMBER 8 PA(,E , (never ouilt) for 3rsndreth during this peri~d.9 In Sing Sing, Pollard designed St. Paull~ ~iscopal Church, 18~4, still stand~~g, and Bra~dret~'s s&co::J.d rt!sidence, IIGlynd:m," 184-8, demol~shed 1930. lt1e concern for ~ass, scale, and detail, characteristic of his work, is evident in tte brick storaee building. Brand~eth travelled down the ~Ussissippi to New Orleans in 1839 to promote his pills and secure selling agents. ~e became a United States citizen in 1840, and soon after was taking an active part in local poli~ tics; he served aa village president £rom 1842 to 1845. 1848 was a year of expansion tor the firm. Dr. Brandreth purchaeea an interest in another patent medicine product, Allcock's ~orOUB Plasters, and with1fhomas Allcock began manufacturing the plasters in the 1836 pill faotory; construction of a drug mill ~~ begun on the site of the old Oraer mill he had used for twelve years. ltGlyndon," so long in the r~anning, wae finally finished in 1848; to enhance ita setting, the river area betweer. the drug mill and the railroad (then ur.der construetlon), was filled in and landscaped. It is likely, too, that the area in front of the brick storage guilding was filled in at t~is time oecaUBe of the railway construction. 1 During the 1850's, Brandreth remained active in village affairs. He wag ~lQcted to the State Senate twice (1852-4, 1857-9), was instrumental in the establishment of two local banks (Bank of Sing Sing, 1852, and ~ir.g Sing Savings Bank, 1854), and was one of the founding trustees of 'L. J·t. Underwood, The Ancest and Descendants of anathan 'Pol a.rd, 17SQ.. lQ21 (SyrIl.6US&, , p. I • an y, ne :\'a,s rtgton l'IOfiUlilent Pro ject in Nt'!w YOl". "",n"O , ll· JOO. ~•• ,~ 101 Ur-;\ll·IlST,\l[,:-'\)[,P·\RTM~_\TOllm l"'IIIWJR O~ NIlS un DillY NA llONAl PARK Sfl'lVICi AEClt\ltD NA TIONAL REGISTER OF lDSTORIC PLACES INVF.NTORY·· NOMINATION FORM OAT! ENTERED Drandreth ?ill Factory 08l!linlng, '.Iea 'l,;cllea te:!;':'::oun ty CONTINUATION SHEH :TEM NUMet:A 8 PAGE 5 the Dale Cemetery Association {lSSl).14 ri'.e Bra."1dreth firm experienced difficulty through the :::1v11 l'IB.fsyears, and exoaneion of the co~ulex at that ttme would have been unlikely. n~rthermore, the destruction of the lA36 P1lt6and porous plaster manufac turing ~uilding by f1re on Jebruray 26, 1872 precipitated a need for new faclli ties. nost of the buildings of the ¢o!!rple~ sU~iv1ng tod.ay were built durin~ the decades of the 187019 ~~d 1880's. and the pill and plaster lCIuing processes ,",ere separated "at suotl ~7dlstance apart to prevent any chll:1ee of total destruction due to fire. II :.11 lR86 ciantJOrl'l Hap indioates that plasters were ~e.nufectured in t~~ northern seotion, and pill making ccm.te:;-ec. in the southern section, of the cO'llplex. D~. Br~~dret~ kept hl~ office (ru~ber 6), where he personally mixed :1is pill C'o'rrpounda, in the southern section of the complex; it was momenta after leaving t~is office, on :he no~ing of Jebruary 20, 18~O, that he c~lapsect and died. The central section of this buildhg is stylistically related to the poro~5 pla6te~ factory of the nort~ 5ectlon ~d wa~ p;Qb ~bly contemporarJ' to it (lg?2). It 1s possible that f~e box making and pill drying bUilding (Number 3) predates tr~B o~floe. The printing and pill ma~ing building (NQ~ber 7), and the brick store house (Number 9) ware ~tanding hy 1886. Between 1886 and 1891, a new mixing building (Nu~ber 7~1/2) ~,as bUilt, and the brick storehouse (Number 9) enlarg~d to the north. The eorrugated iron st.orehouse (number 4) ...laS built on thtt site of tl1e 1836 pill :factory, reusing itl5 foundation, midway be tween the 50u~hern and northern sections of t~e comp1ox between 1872 and If!86. The largest building of the oomplex, the poroua plaster factory (llumber i), was constructed 0:1. the site of the 1'34A drug mill and HEaoDonald. PP. 10-;;'6, uRssim. 1S"Sa.le of Business '.'1111 ~d ~ra," CLtizen Register (OSSining), sat., October 9, 1978, n.p. Contracts made with the southern plantations, a 'aM-Jar :J1B.rket for the pills, were in de!'aul t following the war. 16 BraJ.tdreth 1 8 sU'lIrtler hO'J.S9 on the blUff, above the manufactory, 10 oS ted wr.ere then) had t-een surnr:'ler houses sinl;e the 1700' 5, a190 bu.rned during t:lst fire. It has been rebuil t several tlmee since• • 7 F1s~er, p. 36Q. 18~ caruenter Gothic building~ it is sty~istical1r earlier. The Beers l3b? a.tlas reveals a number 0]: ""hlldingS, with sl ghtly different orienta cions, to have been loca~ed in t & southern section of the comple%. (Paga'1 of '91 Q''''''''' 10·JOO. M.. 10 141 U~lTIlJ.'iT 11 n~ DlI'·'RTML .... Tor TH~ Ir-, r~ KJOH Oil: NIlS UE£ ONL' ..... nONAlPARII SERVICE ECI'YEO NA TIONAl RWISTI:R OF IllSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY •• NOMINATION FORM ATE ENURED Brandreth Pill }uctory O/iBlni1l8. "';estcheater County CONTI NUAll(lN 'HE" r ITEM NUMBER g PAGE 6 19 ~robably incorporates eome of the fabric of the earlier building. The Q~lg1nal configuration of the build1ng was L-shap@d; ~urnBrous additions have been ~ade ~ver the years. Prior to 18~6, two rOO~B were added in the southeast corner of the building to contain the pumps. A large storage, box, and preas room (Nwnber 1-1/4), designed by Seymour M. l'IcCOrd. and a monitor-roofed TtIuslin sizing room (Number 1-1/5) were added ~etween 1386 and 1991. A gri~d1ng room straddling the brook in the northwest corner of the bUildl~g was also added at that time. In 1911, a room to the north of the grinding ro~m~£s constructed, and concrete extensions to this were ~ade during the 1960's and 1970's. A new office bUilding (~u~ber lwl/2), built after Brandreth's death and prior to 1386, is connected to the poroue plaster factory through a maohine shop. The office stradd1eB the brook and the principal entrance was originally on the south facade. The brook was covered by a bridge between 1886 and 1891, and the canopy on the west facade added by 1897. '!'he coal shed (number 3), and '!:llackamith shop (Number 3-1/2), located ~~~lnd the plaster facto~r, were built between 1886 and 1891. ~be founda tlons of a t~~ and one-half story paper box ~aklng, pill packing, and storage building (Number 2), built in 1'379 ar.d destroyed. by !1r~Oln 1955, are !'lUll visible in t.1-le specs between the t\·]O ams of tne lIL." FollOwing Dr. Bra:m:lretl'.ls dea.th, his son Franklin managed the fac tory until 1928. The fin~ began to diversify its production as a result af increased government regulations; dl1ring the First ".I'orld 'liar. a:trnuni tion b~x liner~ were ~anufactured in the porous plaster fectory building. ]y 19 f 8, under the management of Fox Brandre~h Connor, a great-grandson of Dr. Brandreth, the fixm was manufacturing fingernail polish, manne ql~lnl;. cell fo::nt~ for bullet-proof !'uel tanka, and RaV-Ii-hart animal traps. Porous plasters W&~e still manufactured in the winter, but the Un! hrl Statea me.rokat for the Pills ha.d dleappea.red. Iflhe buildings of ths ~ourhern part of the complex ~re sold to the Gallowhur Corporation in 191O &..'1.d ueed fOI: t!i.e manufaoture of Skat insect repellant and Skol i9F.~nstration found in some of the interior walls is si~ilar to that found in the engraVing of the 1848 drug mill, and Significantly ur.llke the f&neatration of the new porous plaster factory. The 5tvll~ed 1867 ~f&T~ Al1~~ shows a collvct1cn a! small bu1la1ngB in the northern section o tje complex tr.at may have bee~ consolidated in the new building. 20Conversation ~dth N. MacDonald, June 29, 1979; Sanborn maps, 1886, 1391, 1997. 1903. 1907. IPage12 of 191 0'''' "'0 1Q-300• • 0' 10 7~1 U ~:I1I' U ST A fl::-' UU'}\R I MtNT 01 Illll(\, IU< 10K 0* Nl'SUIEONL'f' NATIONALPA~I\ SERVICE REClI\tI:D' NATIONAL REGISTER OF' IllSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY_. NOMINAT10N FORM o."'Nl'1IIO Br~~drath Pill Factory OSEiining, ;!tlstchester County CONTI NU"TlOI'll StiE ET ITfM NUMBER 8 PAGE 7 suntan lotion. These structures ~re presently vacant. ~e buildings of the northern ~ection of the eomplex were used by the Allcock firm until January, l~79. They are now o~med and occupied2~Y the Filex Corpora tion, a manufacturer of steel office fUrniture. In the nineteenth century, Brandreth's Pille and Allcock's Poroas Plaste~g enjoyed a national reputation through the advertising efforts of Dr. Brandreth. ~ot only were they consumed by countless numbers of individuals - at the height of the business's "development, 1,200,000 pills were being produced annually - but they also entered the main ~t~eam of A~p.r1ean literatu~e. ~ referenee is made to the ~ills in He:'l!l2n !>lalville'g j·'ob" ;)lc]c. and the contentB of the pills are whi"J'" sieB.lly discussed in Edgar Allen Poe's essay Hi'fords \'lith a l'lummy." Ph1naas ?aylor Barnu~ awarded ~r. ]r~~dreth the dubious distinction of j,nclusion in his beck HumbuRs of the i'forld for the successful pro.. "ll0'1:10:-,. o.f J-,ia pills. Today. the 3:rIl..'1d:-eth Il.:.l1 and pls.::rter \~orks re ~~in5 one of the earliest ~'1d best-preserved nineteenth-century in.. dl.lst-rial co:llplexes 1n ',{estcheeter CO'.mty, renecUng e. 111verfi.1. ty of aTchitectural s~fles and the historical impertance of a ~~i~ue nine teAnth_century personality and his nationally..kno~m prod~~t. ~2(IC::'1e;T\lCal Factory ':lill Hove Here," Citizen-Centennial (Ossining), July 10, 19<',0, n.p., IJSa.le of Business••• Ii ~. £.U. i.lI!MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ~ee Continuation Sheet 'LJ LL I , , I Lc 'I ,;:.'."l1~...I ZONE EASTING "'ORT\-IING oW L..L...... L.... LIL.L.c-l.J..j,J 'LeJ II I 1'1 ,w I I I LIL..l-l-LJ....l....l oWII, I I I 'W II I I ~--VfRiJAL. BOUNDAR\" DESCRIPTION See Continuation 3hee~ list ALL STA""es AN D COUNTIES fDA PROPflltTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OFI COUN Tv eOVNDARIES COU~TY COOl mt>ORM PREPARED BY See COn.tillU~t.1.0::l Sheet N•.\I! {lltlE Contact: Austi~ N. O'Brien, PrQgram As§istAnt _f.!~""Jil'""'"-1.E""l. 11~i[T"NUMa." IHEP~ON' 20 lUx Avenue (914) 967-6091 ~ITY O. TO...... $an l(ye, Kew York lEISTATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER CERTIFICATION TKf /'VALVATFO SIfH"IFICANC~ OF THIS PROPERTY WITH)N THI; STATF IS NATIONAL_ STATF__ LOCAL _'_ ", ' IllH Director, Historic PreservatiOll FIeld ServiceQJATE / 7" !Iuro&L. 1/nl~ r..... IFOAN,.SUSEONty I HEREBV CfFmFY THAT TI-I15 PROI"ER'N '5 INCLUDED C,.. THE NArWHAl AEGISTEFt OATE DATE u~o 'll,IDI IP.ge 14 of 19: '",m ~b '0.'00. H•• 'Il 10, Ul'lnl-U ST Af[S lJl' I'I\K D1L~1 or nil ii'- ltKIUR NAlIONAl P .... RK SfRVICE fC&M.O .' NATIONAL REGISTER OF IllSTORIC PLACES '.',A!l1niiu',,~'!l!!!".!!1.. _ INVENTORY •• NOMINAnON FORM ]3I'a.:ldret~l Pill l,'actory Oacining, i'ltn::tchestor Ooun1;y CONTINUAlION SI'IEH ITEM NUM8ER 9 PAGE l, Dolton, TI.obert. History of 'ileBtchestBr JOlOty, new Yorlc. He'" Yone, 1101. 2. C1. tiv.en Register (Ossining)... J-"l,ly 10, 1940; ~J[£I.rch 14, 1964; oc~ober 8, 1978. 3. Cornell, Greta. Th, Ossining StOry 1813-1963. ossining, 1963. 4. Har.:r.lin, T. Greek Rivival Architecture in America. r;ew York, 1944. 5. J.andy, J. "The 'vlashlngton Honu'!lent Project 1r. New YOTi'·." Society of Architectural Historians Journal 28:4 tDece~ber, 196~ 6. HacDonald, Nornan. ;'Tember of Brandreth fa!nily. Inter-view, June 28, , 1979. 7, Oechaner, carl. Ossining, N8W York. Croton-oTIAHudsor., New York, 1975. 3. SGUchls, Frank, Am6ric~~ Architecture: Vestchester Countv. New York. Valhalla, New York, 1977. 9. Scharf. T. J. History of Westcnester Co~ntv, New York. Philadelphia, ws6, 10. Underwood, L. 1,1. .!Th~''-;'>An~c~.~s~try~J61l~dbiD~'~'SC~'nn~d61l!!!lt1S!L!O~t"-,J~o[n~.~t~h~",~n2P£Ollll!'~rd!L 17'Q-l!321. 3yracuse, liew Yoff, 1891. 11. ':underlich, Eleanor. Member of BrL~dreth f~ly. Interview, July22. 1979. 12. ,,r",1ffen, I'larena. kllerican AI'chi tectU1:'e Slr.ce 1 80: A Guide to the ;;;tvles. Ce.mbrldge, Hassan use S, 9 (Page 15 of 191 "'O,~. lQ,J{IO. ~ .. lU·UI l LJ M 11.U:-iT ,.\ [IS UI:.I '\R 1:-'l~~T 01 I Ht: [r-. lLII lOR Oil NPS Uu. Clfil'r NATIONAL PARK SERVI(;!: Il~CftVf.O NATIONAL REGISTER OF IllSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY •• NOMINATION FORM O,f,n ~NnllEO Brandreth Pill Factory Ossining, \'!satchent(!'[" county CONTI NUATION SHH1 IHM NUMBER 10 UTE Coordlnat~s (all in ZOne B), E :l !•• 594700 4557510 B. 594ROO 4557720 C. 594900 4557640 D. , - • >,' !Pa~e 16 of 19> FHR-8-300A (11/78) UNITt::P STATtS ~PMTM;m OF THf; INTERJ~ HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY •• NOMINATION FORM Brandreth Pill Factory ~estcheeter County eONTINUA11(1N SHUT IlE'-INUMtUA 10 - Verbal Boundary De3cription: ~he boundaries for the Brandreth Pill Factory complex are irreqular and the dimeOllions are approximately all follows, Be-ginning at tne Froparty's northernmost point (Lett~r B an USGS map, Ossining Quad), th~ boundary curV~ij goutheast@cly 250 f •• t, &~proximatoly J75 fee~ south southwesterly, sao f •• t southerly, then it curVeD l2~ feet .outhea.terly, 2S0 reet southerly, 250 teet we.tarly to Penn Central railroad tracks, then 750 teet northerly running parallel to the railroad tracks, and then it curvea slightly 750 teeL northeasterly to be~inning point. - (Page 17 ul '9, 0,,,,110 l~'oo. ••• lQ >.J u~ ITE:U ST r\ /I S UU'!IIU Ml: NI 01 THI:.lI\TLIt 101< OA '"va Dill' NATIONAl f'A~'( SE~VICE RICfMD NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM Drandretll rill Factory OssinlnE;. I!Astchester '~ounty CONTINUATIO.... SHEET ITEM NUM8EA 11 PAG" :lea Ha.ynes 22 Brightside ~rive 3tarnford. Connecticut Norman nacDonald 48 Narragansett Ossining. New York Ossining Historical 3ociet"'.... ::::rotO:1 Avenue 086ir~ng, New York ',iestchester County Historical Society , 43 ll..ead Avenue TUckahoe, New York ':::leanor "\iunderlich TJoxwood nouse Ossining, New ¥or![ ',en" - l .-;~" ~=,~'..=,.q=;.·"~_""'C,="'''i~;-----''-~ ~,,~ s', . , , r., >:", , 1 r.·~." ".",c:r, 1~. c,;. ~~ ~:~"""~'e ~.'l'~O 1\ ~~crd~~ 1": ,~,~; "~~.., ,II ~~Cl,,"_~ 'c,l ':"C;' :;'. 2;a:'''''1~· . .ino~ 4,',;Cr~~~a:~~ ;,,"~ ',~or~"o'~,-," '. j~~;::e~~J~~in:~l poLl f~,_,-o~) C,,:cc of .:~. r,. ?",n:',~·"· ";lr'~n~ & F::l "~I:~", - . - - '5 --, P~,."'; :·ss,c, I' I '. I • 1:-' ~ ... • . • - !''. , . . ."". • -;; - , , • ,., -,. • III It I 7 7 ( '\ / , " , I • . < ,. I " " " I ::;, · , , , , , .. , I < " e I, 0 • • ;.. I" l < < . 0,;"-. Appendix II. Record of Shovel Test Excavations. KEY; NCM·No Cultural Material , vel Horizon IDePth-cm-~escriptioD/Additional Arti~ (in) Info. SummarY ember , 1 Driveway O·IOcm (0 , Asphalt NCM 4in) , 1 Ash 10-20om AshIRoad Bed NCM ~8in) , - .. ---_. , 20-40cm Silty Loam 1OYR 4/4 (dark Bone, ~ r--) . , 'I" (8- I6intixellowish brown) ceramlci IC 40-50cm Sand I OYR 6/6 (brownish NCM L--1' I (16-20in) I ycllow) !15~ Rock SOcm Rock Impasse N/A (20in) I 1 I ~--r- I A --l0~ 15cm (0 Silty Loam IOYR 2/2 (very Discarded: , 6ml dark brown)/unit expanded Brick, Coal J SOcm to east r~2- jROCk_i I5cm (6in) Rock Impass~/Bedr~_ 1 Silly Loam 7.5YR 5/2 FlatN~ Glass 1 J3 ---1 I A O-16cm c=-~~-- ---JO-6in) (brovollL._ 2 0 3 J B ---l16.)OCm Sandy Loam 7.5YR 5/4 NC~ L 1 , _ t6-12in) (brovm) :J3 ~,I Root , 30cm Root Impasse N/A (12in) I . 14 A 0·15cm (0· Silty Loam IOYR 4/) NCM I G----L' ,I A 6in) (bro\\ll). . J I p'-Tv- 115.40em I Sandy Clay Loam I NCM I~ ~~o':.,;!6(yeIlUWish l I =nl (6-16in) 1 ----I f-.l I ) I C 40-60cm S,mdy Cia, Loam lOYR NCM I ~ ~ (l6-24in) 5/8 (yello\~sh brown_)--1-=---1 I 5 i I I A I 0: 19cm (O~' Silty- Luam 10YR 2/2 (vcry INCM 'I f' 7m dark brown) 5 12 'I C 19-28cm Sand 10YR 5/6 (yellowish I NCM i _~' I (7~11in) ----;~rovvn) _ --J r 6 1 ~ ro:-6c.m Silty Loam 1OYR 2/2 (very (,lass , ,I(0.2m) dark brown) , ~2 Driveway ~J5Cm Asphalt-- ---tC;CN"/A-;--~ L__! 1 (2-6in~=="'__~';-b;, _---j 6 ' 3 C ~5-2bcm 1Sand IOYR 6/6 (brownish NCM ~ I 6-10in) yellow) .I 7 ! I LA 0-23em (0- Sandy Silt 7.5YR 2.5/1 NCM ___I 9in) , (black) ---.J I Sho,,'cll Level I Horizo~epth em 'Description/Additional Artifact--J 'Test~---fs I (in) Info. Summary Number ~ SaodCy·-oL-o-a-m-c7°-.~5Y=R-c5"/4-;---·t-N=Ccc~-1··-~- -7- 2 B !n_-c40OC-cm I L ~ I (9-16inL-+(browl1) • 7 , 3 I C 40-53em Sandy Loam 7.5YR 3/2 NCM I _I I (16-2\io) (dark browic0'~)_. I-;c;-;------,,-----l ~Discarded: r-t-lA ! 0-32cm CO- Silty Clay Loam ~ _ . 13m) :1'1OYR 4/3 (brown) . Flat Glass _ - 8 2 I 32-50cm Silty Sand 10YR 5/6 NCM Ll+ (\3-20in) (yellowish broYm) _...L.__.__ I 8 I 3 C -nO-T2cm -lSJIly Sand with gravel INCM .' I (20-28in) j2.5.YR 5/3 (brown) -~-I--co=~------j 19 =tl I-A ~4cm(0-1 Sandy Loam IOYR3/2 NCM I 0--1 : 13m) , (very dark grayish brown)'----1~c;ccc-----1 [-9- , 2 , B ' 34-58cm Sandy Loam I OYR 5/6 - NCM h9....1 - (518-~"-m23in)- (ycUowish_ brown) _ l~ ~3 Rock ~ : Rock Impasse N/A 6~;~n2m (O~~ 10 ----+ I I A Sandy Loam IOYR4°C/"'3-1 Nail,-M-e-ta-I, \ 22in) (braVol1) Glass, Slate; Discarded: Modem I 'I-rash, Cement, Whole Bricks, Drain L -L ~ '.__ Fra enls I 110 - :2 C 57-67cm Sand IOYR 6/6 (brownish Ceramic I (22-26in) yellow) I?rain Pipe I I ~1~~e;;::IS 111 II i A l 0-9cm lSilty Loam IOYR 3/2 (very I I ~- fO-4in) -, I dark grayish bro'"~-r' I . , 11 [2 , B 19-27cm I SandY Loam IOYR 4/G NCM (4-U.~ ~ i _ i -J (dark" yellowis[l brown) r111 I 3 Rock 27tm 1 Rock Impasse N/A I l , I -\ (1 lin) L '1 'H2I I I~- O~20nn I S.~dy Silt 7.5yR 2.5/1 - Flat Gla>s : (O-Sin) (black) cc : 12 '2--1 "-2-. 20~48,m -+S"'an:~d':'l'"Sccic--It ""7-o.S Y=R5/2- I NCM I ------kc,~~,---J I H'(8-19in) (brown) -- 112 T 3 IB 48-8lcm SiltySandy Clay 1NCM I iL.._~ I 1 ,(19-32m) : 7.5rR 6/4 (1Jght bro,-,w,-,-n,")__ __ IShovel I Level I HorilOn~th em I DescriptionlAdditional l Artifact 1 ~:S~ber ~. II + I (in) Info. Summary I i 13 1 1 - Dcmolitionl 0-40cm (0- Sandy Silt 7.5YR 4/1 (dark Slate, GTass;l I ' , Layer 16in) gray)/Demolilion Layer Discarded: , I Whole ,I Bricks ' ~gmentary I I ~1:~:~I:~:te 113--+2---11 B -+4cJ-Socm-j Silty Sand 7.5YR 5/4 1 1 _--+. I (16-32in) , (bra",n) ~ 13 1 3 Pipe -150t.:l~·,~=-j-'C"c~T~ar=n"icC;p,";:CpeC-;:lm:Cp:CaC:sC:sec:_---jC;N"/;-'AC---l II I (20in) Running southwest- I I northeast, 18cm (7io) -~3cm ~~;;;~oam ~ r14 ----h------p;-- (0- 7.5YR :2.511 I, Flat Glass II ~(blaCk) L -1-- 5m) -----I--, 1 , 14 I 2 : Upl.:ast B Ill~29~m Silt) Loam 7.5YR 5/4 I Flat Glass 1 ---J I (5-1Iin) (brawn) I ~~;~~(~:~~~~~~~5i-6---j-N~C~COj\-c1----I 1-1:--4C---rT3t=I, B I 14- 1, 4 C -pT-79cmLf's\lty Clay 7.5YR 5/8 NCM - . -----+-¥O-31in) I (strong bro...n) ~ 15 iI-I A -- I 0-lOem-!Silty Loam7.5YR 2.511 NCM"1 --.-J . (O-4in1t'(black) 2 l-hriVe';ayrn~~~ -J:~~ ~CM 1 15 1 GraveTUYR 511 1 J , t .) ~~ -~:325-'1. em I~;-JSl,.an y 7 -YR411 (d-kar I~'lscar de d -9.8in) gray) I Slate 115 I 4 B2 -j 25-5 NCM I 9cm~+\~t Clay 7.5YR 4/4 I --t. (9.8-2Jin) (bro~'TI) lIS 5 Bedrock -Ui9Cm : Bedrock Impass~ N/A b (23 oj 0-2~ cm I Silty Loam 7.5YR 2.5/1 Ceramic, 'I ill I I A 1 ! (0-9 Ain) I (black) Shell, Coal; Discarded: , II I . Brick i I Fragments .~---:-I Oem Mottled Silty Loam 7.5'{R NCM m----i 24-4 -16in) r2.5/1 (black) with Sf6 I 1 ".94 (strong brown) - !~1613 ~B2 ~6 Ocm Silty Loam 7.5YR 5/6 NCM . (16-24i.o) ; (strom! Bn)WYl i JI6 4 I Bedrock 60cm Bedrock Impasse NlA I I I -.1..._ : (24in)_~ __. , ..L. J I ~:~:r I Le~eTl Horizon 'h\~:rh cm l~e::.riPtiOnJAddition~aI1~:~f:~ry l [117 I -I Al - 0·250m SilryLDam7.5YR2.5/1 NC~- I.(O-IOin) (black) JI7 2 A2 25-16cm Mottled Silty Sand with NCM I (10-14in) gravel 75YR5/1 (gray) h-=---+co-----k----. ~c with 5/4 (brown) -- I JI7 1 1 B 16-60cm Coarse Sand 7.5YR 5/6 NCM L ---t_._~:14-24it.!)__ ~t~ong brown) .' ' __+"_~ I J18 I I Demolition 0-80cm Sandv Ash lO)'R 5/3 Brick, , i Layer (0-31 inl I (bro~)iHeavy Demolition Mortar, 1 'I ' l,ayer-large Pc[c.t"ntage of Plaster. Soil is Ash Burned 1 Wood, ~~i7;les, L ' I 1 , J19 ~----tI'--;AI3---+c-0-10cm'iSilty Loam 7.5YR 1/1 . --+N~CM -----1 -h -;c----_fC(SO-12in) ·t·(very dark-,gr,.ac-Y~)~--o;_=~~ "'=------1 I: J19 I 2 30-4Jcm Mottled SawJy Clay 7.5YR NCM - (l2-17in) ! 5/6 (strong brown) with 3/1 I I 1 (very dark gray) __. , J19 3 IROC~k--+-4~3-cn-,--+'cR~()~Ck~~lm~p=asse ---f'"Ncc/'""-----j (l7in) --L J20 'A 0-17om \ Silty Loam 7.5YR 2.5/1 Discarded: ., (0-6.7in) . (black) Slate no ,Uriveway 17-23cm Sandy Grave! 7.5YR 5/1 NlA (6.7-9in) gray) J20 ] B 23-46cm Sandy SilCCt7".sOCyCCRc--cS'C/6- --+N-cC;cc'M""--" L ~ +--n-- (9~18jn) (strung bn.)\\rn) NCM Ino' 14 I C j. 46-61cm 1 Coarse Sand with Gravel +--- (18-25in) 7.5YR 5/S (strong brown) I"J;:;C2°-j~- I I I A-- O-'Jcm ' Silty Loam 7,5YR 2.5/1 NCM I (0-9in) (btack) -f-c-c. ~ rB .--. 23-45cm Sandy Clay 7.5YR 5/6 NCM I ----\ (9-18in) (strong brown=) += -I ~~ I 3 Root 45cm Root Impasse N/A (lSin) . J22 1 A 0-200m (0- Silty l.oam 10YR 114 (dark NCM k _~_I_l_)_ I yellowish brow~_)_ .__'- __ ~ __~__ J22 I ') i C I2_0-45cm--nand 10YR 5/6 (yellowish NCM L 1- I I (8,18in) I brown) . Shovel~vel I Horizon ~~th em DescriPtiODJAdditiona'~Artifact Test I (in) Info. Summary I Number i f-c=------ J23 ="--t I IDemolition 0-43cm Silty Loam 7.5YR 2.5/1 I SanitarY \ Layer I (0- J71n) I (black)!demolition layer; Ceramic. stopped by 6cm (23in) Brick. Wire pipe; pipe runs SW-NE; Mesh wire mesh netting below pipe .--- Ir",- h-lc 43cm Copper Pipe Overlies I (l7in) Wire Mesh Layer -- frn- II A O~30cm (0-I Silty Loam 7.5YR 2.511 Ct:HUIIic 12in) . (black) . 130-6-~ IJ24 12 ! Demolition Mottled Silty Sand 7_5YR Discarded: ILayer , (I '1-25j'~') I~'2.5/l (hlack) "vith 5/6 Brick I (strong bwwn) , J24 3 , Rock Impasse N/A ~ I, ----- A U-lOcm(O 7.5YR 2_511 (black) Glass; \ J25 t I ! 4io) Discarded: I I --- Brick ~25 12cc----l!u-- - 'IO-17CIll I Silly Sand 7.5YR 5,/6 NCM ---k- I (0-7in) (strong brovm) [m I, 3 . ~e:drock--.1J 7cm (7in ) I Bedr(!~ ______~/A Appendix IlL Catalog 01 Recovered Artifacts, Hidden Cove AN' ST levlIUHorlzon I Functional Groun Class Material To_ Oblect Plrt Descrlotlon , S n" Hill VA • Faunal l--Or anlc BQIW Mamm"1 BQna Tib'a De", S rm Hlll , 3/A 1 rood Related Gla~' M,I~ MactllM lI.bdc Vess~l rIa . ~II! S rll1 Hill 2 I/A 19 Aretlllcclural e,. Brick I'm ent, S TIn Hill 3 IIA 8 A'chllc~tural Gla~~ Tmted Flat Wmdow I'm ment, S rm Hill 2 , A:chilUlUflll M~tal l,,'n Mach,ne cur Nml Com lele S uJre head.!. ~ 25" S rill Hill 2 I/A'" 1 Fwd Related Ce".mic F.arth~"",,,rc Redwa,c V,,,"d fl· mel" ~ jj , ,kcorated S nn I-lill 2 I/A I fcod Related Ceralll1C Earthen....are Wr,neware Vessel h. cn: U Ild~'{;ornted S rI" Hill 3 IIA I foo S nn Hill 10"' I/A I fOHI llelatcd Gla AppendiX 111,1 Appendix III. C21talog of Recovered Artifacts, Hidden Cove , T.~ .~ ST Leve1fHorlzon • Functlonal Groun CIa.." Material Object P.rt Dltscr(otlon S n Ilili 2iA 3 A"hitecrur~1 S the(l~ Asb<~(u.\ Roofln Fm cnt, S nn Hill " '2!A 1 Archlle<;tural CIa, Hri,k Fm ,m ~ nn Hill "1] 2 ArChitectural Glnss Tmted flal Wmdow Frn enl\ S rm Hill 14 '"UA 1 Arch itecrural GlalS Clear Flat \Vmdow Frn '", Ve' th"k S rm. Hril 14 2/A · Fund Relaltd Glu,~ Gre~n til1t Machm~ Made Hottle F S nn Hill liA , Food Relaled Ceramli Earthen\\'llfe \lil1,te,,:ue V~,stl S '""11 Blue \r3nsrerpnnt S rm Hill " UA 1 Unsffihated Stone AntMoCnC Coal fra I", S rm Hill " VA 1 banal Or'ilnic Shell scallo Shdl Frn S rm Hill 1"" UA , Archite~rural Mortarl laster Fra mentl'"' R~d painl > 0ne with Wlr~ S rln Ilil1 IIA , Ar~hll~clural Stone Slate Roofin" !lIe FraQJnents rootlno nail S nn Hill "18 UA , Ar<;hllectural Mewl Iron Machlnc Made Roofin nail Com lele Wm: S nO HiIl LA , Ar~hilecl\l;al "klal lwn Mochine cut Nail Com lete S uar" head S lrin Hill 18'" llA 0 Archltectur~1 M"" lron MachIne cut Nail Fm ments S rin Hill 18 IIA 5 Architecwral Glass Clear Flal Window Fm enlS Ver\' thick S rin lltll 18 IIA 14 Arch,tectural Glass CI<:ar Flat Wmdow Fm em, S rin Hill IIA , \}nafflliated Ceramic While clav Tube! i Fm ,m S rin Hln "18 ilA , lJnaffihated 0, mC Wood UmdmHlled Unidcntlr,ed flJ !ments CUI S rm Hill ~J I/A 1 Archltcctllfal S""thetlc AsOeslO, roorm' Fragmenl S In Hill 23 IIA 2 ArchItectural Glass Clear Fla( Window Fra ments Very U1ick ~Hill llA I Architectural M"lal Alluv ;creen Fra ment s::;.;;-Hlil " II' 4 Archlta-IU'al CeramiC Pllrcdam bathwom fixttll'C ria menb S rin Hill " Ill'. 1 food Related Glas, Clear Machine Made bGtlle Fla .ent S rm Hill " IIA , Architectural Plaster Fragment S flO Hill " liA , Food Rebkd Ce'ClJIHC Eartnm""re Whilcw.rr" \ure<:n Fra ment lron'\(Jllc, tlud S rin HIE " i/A 1 Food Relal<' Appendix III. 2 otln F'a nl~