DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries Paul Stevens, Jaakko Kooroshy, Glada Lahn and Bernice Lee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries Paul Stevens, Jaakko Kooroshy, Glada Lahn and Bernice Lee Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries Paul Stevens, Jaakko Kooroshy, Glada Lahn and Bernice Lee Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries A Chatham House Report Paul Stevens, Jaakko Kooroshy, Glada Lahn and Bernice Lee Chatham House, 10 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LE T: +44 (0)20 7957 5700 E: [email protected] www.chathamhouse.org F: +44 (0)20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Charity Registration Number: 208223 0116 ReporOuterCover-PRINT.indd 1-3 20/11/2013 14:35 Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries Paul Stevens, Jaakko Kooroshy, Glada Lahn and Bernice Lee A Chatham House Report November 2013 www.chathamhouse.org Chatham House has been the home of the Royal Institute of International Affairs for ninety years. Our mission is to be a world-leading source of independent analysis, informed debate and influential ideas on how to build a prosperous and secure world for all. © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2013 Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) in London promotes the rigorous study of international questions and is independent of government and other vested interests. It is precluded by its Charter from having an institutional view. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Please direct all enquiries to the publishers. The Royal Institute of International Affairs Chatham House 10 St James’s Square London SW1Y 4LE T: +44 (0) 20 7957 5700 F: + 44 (0) 20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Charity Registration No. 208223 ISBN 978 1 78413 000 8 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Designed by Soapbox, www.soapbox.co.uk Typeset by Ingenious, www.ingeniousdesign.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by Latimer Trend and Co Ltd The material selected for the printing of this report is manufactured from 100% genuine de-inked post-consumer waste by an ISO 14001 certified mill and is Process Chlorine Free. Contents About the Authors iv Acknowledgments v Acronyms vi Executive Summary and Recommendations vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A history of troubled relations 2 1.2 What’s new? 3 1.3 About this report 10 2 Disputes in the Extractives Sector: Lessons from Historical Patterns and Conventional Wisdom 16 2.1 Arbitration data and patterns of disputes 18 2.2 Received wisdom on drivers of disputes: still relevant? 20 2.3 What does the evidence tell us about the future? 33 3 The Relationship between Host Country and Extractives Company 36 3.1 The flawed contract 38 3.2 Forces of change affecting extractives agreements 42 3.3 Revenue-sharing and taxes: a work in progress 49 3.4 The enduring centrality of revenue-sharing agreements 55 4 A Regional Outlook: Old Problems, Changing Dynamics 58 4.1 Lessons from the Asia-Pacific region 60 4.2 Sub-Saharan Africa: escaping its past? 65 4.3 Russia and Central Asia: the long shadow of the state 71 4.4 Main observations from the case studies 79 5 Prospects for Improving Relations in Extractive Industries through Governance 84 5.1 International good governance initiatives and resources 86 5.2 A growing body of experience of managing state–company 88 relations 5.3 A patchy agenda relative to the scope of the challenges 92 6 The Outlook for Extractives Relations in a Changing Landscape 94 6.1 Unpacking company–government tensions 97 6.2 Outlook for company–government relations 100 7 Recommendations: from Conflict to Coexistence 106 Notes 112 References 114 About the Authors Lead authors Professor Paul Stevens, Distinguished Fellow, Energy, Chatham House Jaakko Kooroshy, Research Fellow, Resources, Chatham House Glada Lahn, Senior Research Fellow, Energy and Development, Chatham House Bernice Lee, Research Director for Energy, Environment and Resources, Chatham House Contributing authors Chatham House Africa Programme: Alex Vines, Tom Cargill, Markus Weimer, Ben Shepherd Chatham House Asia Programme: Gareth Price, Rosheen Kabraji Chatham House Russia and Eurasia Programme: Alex Nice Chatham House Energy, Environment, and Resources Department: Felix Preston Laura Wellesley William MacNamara Acknowledgments This report is the final output of the Chatham House research project Conflict and Coexistence in the Extractive Industries, which examines challenges being faced by state–company relations in ever more complex operating environments in this sector. The project was led by the Energy, Environment and Resources Department at Chatham House with crucial support from the Chatham House Africa Programme, Asia Programme, and Russia and Eurasia Programme. Chatham House would like to extend its sincere appreciation to Richard Auty (Lancaster University), Gustavo Lagos (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and Evelyn Dietsche (University of Dundee) for taking the time to review drafts, as well as for their significant and considered insights and comments; and to the participants of the March 2013 expert workshop for generating and clarifying ideas around key issues. The authors wish to express their gratitude to William MacNamara for his valuable contribution to earlier drafts; Robin Niblett, Gemma Green, Elizabeth Donnelly and James Nixey for their advice throughout the project; Gabriela Flores, Keith Burnet and Francis Grove-White for their help on communications; Jens Hein, Estelle Rouhaud and Patrick England for their valuable research support and assistance; and Beth Stevens, Tim Eaton and James Norman for their contributions to the Chatham House Arbitration Database (CHAD). Thanks also to Margaret May, Paige McClanahan and Kim Mitchell for overseeing the production process and for editorial support. Last but not least, Chatham House would like to thank BHP Billiton for its financial support for this project, especially Andrew Mackenzie, Caoimhe Buckley and Ruban Yogarajah. A set of supplementary online materials, including a description and quantitative exploration of the CHAD, several country and regional case studies, and an overview of international governance initiatives for the extractives sector, is available on the Chatham House website at: http://www.chathamhouse.org/conflictandcoexistence. Acronyms AAR Alfa-Access-Renova AMD Acid mine drainage ANC African National Congress BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. (now part of BHP Billiton) BP British Petroleum BRA Bougainville Revolutionary Army CHAD Chatham House Arbitration Database CNPC Chinese National Petroleum Company DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EIA Environmental impact assessment EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative FDI Foreign direct investment GDP Gross domestic product IMF International Monetary Fund IOC International oil company IPC Iraq Petroleum Company KMG KazMunaiGas LME London Metal Exchange LSE London Stock Exchange MENA Middle East and North Africa MRRT Mineral Resource Rent Tax NEITI Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative NOC National oil company OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PNG Papua New Guinea PPP Purchasing power parity PSA Production-sharing agreement PWYP Publish What You Pay campaign RSPT Resource Super Profits Tax RWI Revenue Watch Institute SBI Sustainable Budget Index TNK Tyumenskaya Neftyanaya Kompaniya (Tyumen Oil Company) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNG UzbekNeftGaz WTO World Trade Organization YPF Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscale (Treasury Petroleum Fields) Executive Summary and Recommendations Clashes over the terms of mineral contracts have become a political lightning rod in many resource-rich countries. A series of bitter disputes in recent years – some ending in lengthy litigation, project cancellation or even expropriation – has unsettled investors and global markets. These disputes call attention to the fragile and complex relationship between companies and their host governments that characterizes the extractives sector. The economic significance of the sector to producer countries is well known, as is its role in influencing the fate of political leaders. Consequently, it is often subject to intense global scrutiny – whether over revenue transparency or its environmental legacy. Its impact on the national economy or local communities also remains an area of contested rights, responsibilities and benefits. A decade of high prices and fast-growing global demand has triggered a new generation of mineral mega-investments. Many of these ventures are located in countries with long-established extractive industries, such as Australia, Chile and Canada. But ‘emerging producers’ – such as Mozambique and Mongolia – are also attracting interest from extractive companies, whether private corporations or state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Today, public anticipation of the benefits of extractives projects is again rising in many countries, with producer governments asserting greater control over their mineral endowments. But these expectations come at a time when the operational and political context for mineral investments is shifting across the world, raising questions about the long-term future of the extractives sector, especially in developing countries. Mineral and hydrocarbons production increasingly takes place in geologically, ecologically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Killing of William Browder
    THE KILLING OF WILLIAM BROWDER THE KILLING OF WILLIAM BROWDER Bill Browder, the fa lse crusader for justice and human rights and the self - styled No. 1 enemy of Vladimir Putin has perpetrated a brazen and dangerous deception upon the Weste rn world. This book traces the anatomy of this deception, unmasking the powerful forces that are pushing the West ern world toward yet another great war with Russia. ALEX KRAINER EQUILIBRIUM MONACO First published in Monaco in 20 17 Copyright © 201 7 by Alex Krainer ISBN 978 - 2 - 9556923 - 2 - 5 Material contained in this book may be reproduced with permission from its author and/or publisher, except for attributed brief quotations Cover page design, content editing a nd copy editing by Alex Krainer. Set in Times New Roman, book title in Imprint MT shadow To the people of Russia and the United States wh o together, hold the keys to the future of humanity. Enlighten the people generally, and tyranny and oppressions of body and mind will vanish like the evil spirits at the dawn of day. Thomas Jefferson Table of Contents 1. Bill Browder and I ................................ ................................ ............... 1 Browder’s 2005 presentation in Monaco ................................ .............. 2 Harvard club presentation in 2010 ................................ ........................ 3 Ru ssophobia and Putin - bashing in the West ................................ ......... 4 Red notice ................................ ................................ ............................ 6 Reading
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique to 2018 Managers, Mediators and Magnates Executive Summary and Recommendations
    Chatham House Report | Executive Summary Alex Vines, Henry Thompson, Soren Kirk Jensen and Elisabete Azevedo-Harman | June 2015 Mozambique to 2018 Managers, Mediators and Magnates Executive Summary and Recommendations Recent political developments in Mozambique mark the The challenges for Mozambique’s government are beginning of an important era. The party of government, interlinked. The lack of large-scale revenues and the the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), is clearly persistence of a constrained tax base mean that it does not anxious to back the newly elected head of state, Filipe have the funding required to develop the roads, railways Nyusi, who – following an initial tussle with his predecessor and electrification that would hugely benefit internal and – is apparently keen to open a different style of dialogue external trade, and bring investment into the business with his rivals both among the country’s opposition parties sector. Furthermore, the country’s economic growth is and within FRELIMO itself. This apparent political maturing partly offset by the scale of the ‘youth bulge’ coming on to comes at a time when the prospect of significant economic the labour market. Unless its young people are able to find transition is gaining ground. employment, any real gains in alleviating Mozambique’s persistent poverty will be lost. Opportunities bring challenges Cognizant of the political sensitivities involved, and working with international donors and investors, Mozambique’s policy-makers have to select and undertake Foreign investors are committing to Mozambique, and a clear and unambiguous set of measures that balance the this can only have been encouraged by recent political short-term needs of commercially competitive industries developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Mining to the Sustainable Development Goals: a Preliminary Atlas
    With the support of: Mapping Mining to the Sustainable Development Goals: A Preliminary Atlas Consultation Draft January 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7 SGD1: End Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere ............................................................ 14 SDG2: Zero Hunger – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ......................................................................................................................... 18 SDG3: Good Health and Well-being – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages ............................................................................................................................................................. 21 SDG4: Quality Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all ................................................................................................................. 25 SDG5: Gender Equality – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls ...................... 28 SDG6: Clean
    [Show full text]
  • POLFREE D2.5 Report on Global Governance for Resource
    POLFREE Deliverable D2.5 Policy Options for a Resource-Efficient Economy Grant Agreement no. 308371 ENV.2012.6.3-2 - Policy Options for a Resource-Efficient Economy - Collaborative project - D2.5 Report on global governance for resource- efficient economies WP 2 – New concepts and paradigms for policies for resource efficiency Due date of deliverable: Month 16 Submission date: 30 / 01 / 2014 Start date of project: 1st October 2012 Duration: 42 months Lead beneficiary for this deliverable: UCL Last editor: Michelle O’Keeffe, UCL Contributors: Michelle O’Keeffe, Jill Jäger, Franziska Hartwig, Chiara Armeni, Raimund Bleischwitz The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 308371. Dissemination Level PU Public X PU Page 1 Version 1.0 POLFREE Deliverable D2.5 Policy Options for a Resource-Efficient Economy 1. History Version Date Released by Comments 0.9 08/01/2014 Michelle O’Keeffe Circulated to POLFREE Policy Advisory Board for comment 1.0 07/02/2014 Michelle O’Keeffe Final version, submitted to the European Commission PU Page 2 Version 1.0 POLFREE Deliverable D2.5 Policy Options for a Resource-Efficient Economy 2. Table of Contents 1. History ................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 3 3. Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Young Arab Voices Moving Youth Policy from Debate Into Action Contents
    Research Paper Claire Spencer and Saad Aldouri Middle East and North Africa Programme | May 2016 Young Arab Voices Moving Youth Policy from Debate into Action Contents Summary 2 Introduction 3 Methodology and Contextual Review 8 Challenges and Opportunities for Youth Engagement: The Regional Context 13 Key Issues 20 Conclusions and Recommendations 28 Appendix: Interview/Focus Group Questions 32 About the Authors 33 Acknowledgments 34 1 | Chatham House Young Arab Voices: Moving Youth Policy from Debate into Action Summary • European and US funders have increased their provision of youth-focused programming in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) since the popular uprisings of 2011, but the majority of those in the 18–25 age range have largely disengaged from formal political participation. • For young people, access to channels for civic participation, within or outside political parties, remains extremely limited. Feelings of disempowerment are prevalent, and policy-making is perceived as being dominated by an older generation of elites who are out of touch with the aspirations and needs of today’s youth. • External assumptions made about the risks of youth radicalization – above all, affiliation to groups such as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) – often fail to reflect the more commonly expressed desire of many young people to seek ownership and agency in shaping the future of their communities and societies as active and constructive citizens. • The centralization of political power is a key driver in youth marginalization, blocking their engagement in social and political issues of interest and concern to them. ‘Top-down’ approaches to national youth policies not only fail to engage young people but also risk increasing their disillusionment.
    [Show full text]
  • Top Think Tanks Worldwide (U.S. and Non-U.S.) Table 3 1
    Top Think Tanks Worldwide (U.S. and non-U.S.) Table 3 1. Brookings Institution (United States) 2. Chatham House (United Kingdom) 3. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (United States) 4. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (United States) 5. Bruegel (Belgium) 6. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) (United States) 7. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (United Kingdom) 8. RAND Corporation (United States) 9. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (United States) 10. Amnesty International (AI) (United Kingdom) 11. Cato Institute (United States) 12. Heritage Foundation (United States) 13. Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV) (Brazil) 14. Transparency International (TI) (Germany) 15. Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) (Japan) 16. French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) (France) 17. Fraser Institute (Canada) 18. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) (Germany) 19. Center for American Progress (CAP) (United States) 20. Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) (United States) 21. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) (Belgium) 22. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (Sweden) 23. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) (United Kingdom) 24. Carnegie Moscow Center (Russia) 25. Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS) (Germany) 26. Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) (Germany) 27. International Crisis Group (ICG) (Belgium) 28. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) (United States) 29. Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) (Japan) 30. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) (United Kingdom) 31. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) (China) 32. Institute for World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO RAS) (Russia) 33. Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) (Republic of Korea) 34. Carnegie Middle East Center (Lebanon) 35.
    [Show full text]
  • Treisman Silovarchs 9 10 06
    Putin’s Silovarchs Daniel Treisman October 2006, Forthcoming in Orbis, Winter 2007 In the late 1990s, many Russians believed their government had been captured by a small group of business magnates known as “the oligarchs”. The most flamboyant, Boris Berezovsky, claimed in 1996 that seven bankers controlled fifty percent of the Russian economy. Having acquired massive oil and metals enterprises in rigged privatizations, these tycoons exploited Yeltsin’s ill-health to meddle in politics and lobby their interests. Two served briefly in government. Another, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, summed up the conventional wisdom of the time in a 1997 interview: “Politics is the most lucrative field of business in Russia. And it will be that way forever.”1 A decade later, most of the original oligarchs have been tripping over each other in their haste to leave the political stage, jettisoning properties as they go. From exile in London, Berezovsky announced in February he was liquidating his last Russian assets. A 1 Quoted in Andrei Piontkovsky, “Modern-Day Rasputin,” The Moscow Times, 12 November, 1997. fellow media magnate, Vladimir Gusinsky, long ago surrendered his television station to the state-controlled gas company Gazprom and now divides his time between Israel and the US. Khodorkovsky is in a Siberian jail, serving an eight-year sentence for fraud and tax evasion. Roman Abramovich, Berezovsky’s former partner, spends much of his time in London, where he bought the Chelsea soccer club in 2003. Rather than exile him to Siberia, the Kremlin merely insists he serve as governor of the depressed Arctic outpost of Chukotka—a sign Russia’s leaders have a sense of humor, albeit of a dark kind.
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Paper
    briefing paper page 1 Illicit Drugs and International Security: Towards UNGASS 2016 Benoît Gomis International Security | February 2014 | ISD BP 2014/01 Summary points zz In spite of a decades-long ‘war on drugs’, the global drug trade persists as a significant problem for international security given its scale, the number of deaths related to trafficking and consumption it creates, and the organized crime and corruption it fuels. zz The international drug control system has been ineffective in reducing the size of the market and in preventing the emergence of new drugs and drug routes that cause and shift instability around the world. zz Current drug policies have been counter-productive, often causing more harm than the drugs themselves through capital punishment for offences, widespread incarceration, discrimination in law enforcement, violation of basic human rights in forced ‘treatment’ centres, and opportunity costs. zz In the last three years, the drug policy debate has evolved more than in the previous three decades. There remain a number of political obstacles to making recent developments sustainable ahead of the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs in 2016, but these should not be used as excuses for continuing with a failed status quo. www.chathamhouse.org Illicit Drugs and International Security: Towards UNGASS 2016 page 2 Introduction in Mexico are far lower than in other countries of the According to estimates by the United Nations Office region and in other parts of the world also affected by on Drugs
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Briefing on “Natural Resources: a National Responsibility” Organized by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (The Helsinki Commission)
    Congressional Briefing on “Natural Resources: A National Responsibility” organized by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (The Helsinki Commission) Statement by Dr. Saleem H. Ali University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources; author of Treasures of the Earth: Need, Greed and a Sustainable Future (Yale University Press, 2009) Contact details: [email protected] Phone: 802-656-0173 Respected Commissioners, congressional staff and participants, we are convening this Briefing in the shadow of the worst mining disaster to befall our country in twenty five years. The salience of governance mechanisms to ensure accountability of natural resource enterprises is painfully evident to the communities in Appalachia. Not only do they exemplify the occupational and environmental hazards of resource extraction, they also show how poverty can persist despite an abundance of resource wealth. However, my aim here is not to berate resource extraction but to deliberate on how to make resource economies work most effectively for mineral-dependent communities. Minerals are undoubtedly an essential ingredient in developing modern economies and consequently a security priority as well. The mandate of the Helsinki Commission provides an opportunity to consider efforts at reforming governance systems around natural resource extraction at multiple levels. Principle VII of the accords which led to the establishment of this commission under U.S. law, support the “respect of human rights and fundamental freedom.” This principle coupled with the mandate to “promote humanitarian activities” as stipulated in Basket III of the accords has collectively led to the application of a so-called “human dimension” to this commission’s activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the Natural Resource Charter
    The Natural Resource Charter in Africa: a tool for national strategy and evaluation Jim Cust Acting Director, Natural Resource Charter 1 Member, OxCarre, University of Oxford What Is The Natural Resource Charter? • An independent document put together by large group of experts, academics, policy-makers, in consultation with stakeholders drawn from industry, government and civil society • A set of twelve precepts of resource governance and economic management, incorporating latest research and country experience • Addressed to governments. To help them in decisions to best manage oil, gas and mineral resources. • Governed by an Oversight Board composed of figures drawn from the Global South: Ernesto Zedillo, Abdulatif Al-Hamad , Luisa Diogo, Mo Ibrahim, Shengman Zhang. • The Charter has no political heritage or sponsorship. The ‘living document’ is continually revised and updated to incorporate latest best practice. 2 • It is a living document and knowledge gathering process, from all stakeholders • It is now being used as a framework for training and capacity building: targeting government and civil society • Countries are starting to use it as a tool for self- assessment along the whole decision chain 3 The chain of decisions Discovering Managing Overarching issues Capturing Investing for Roles of international the the of governance the value development actors resource revenue Reproducible Cash asset Natural asset asset 4 The Natural Resource Charter Discovering Managing Overarching issues Capturing Investing for Roles of international the the of governance the value development actors resource revenue Precept 1. Precept 3. Precept 4. Precept 7. Precept 9. Precept 11. Roles Strategy, rules Exploration Taxation Investing the Public spending of international and institutions and allocating revenues companies licenses Precept 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Hereafter, They Will Be Asked to Choose One of Two Paths
    An SPP–NRGI Course 1–9 April 2019 l Budapest, Hungary YEAR 7 YEAR Reversing the Reversing the Resource Curse: Resource Curse: Theory and Practice Background The effort to promote transparency and good governance in resource-rich agencies, and the private sector, as well as academics, researchers, and countries has gained significant momentum over the last decade and made analysts, with the knowledge and tools necessary to help reverse the “resource substantial progress. At the same time, the degree to which this agenda curse.” Specifically, the course will examine the political economy of governance finds more than rhetorical support from political elites is questionable. It is in resource-rich states and explore how it impacts domestic policy debates equally unclear whether civil society, the media, and parliaments in developing and practice. The course also offers practical lessons for policy improvement, countries are sufficiently well-informed to take full advantage of transparency based on both best practices from around the globe and exchanges among for more effective oversight. The persistent disconnect between the governance participants. research community and practitioners also hinders innovation in specific contexts. Using the Natural Resource Charter as a framework and focusing on rigorous analysis and advanced techniques, the course is designed primarily for In this light, the School of Public Policy at Central European University (SPP) individuals who already have a solid understanding of the subject matter but and the Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) designed this two week are seeking to enhance their knowledge and skills to play a more prominent course to take place in April 2019 to equip a pool of exceptional individuals role in developing, monitoring, and/or evaluating the mining and petroleum from government, civil society, parliaments, media, international development sectors in specific countries or globally.
    [Show full text]
  • William R. Spiegelberger the Foreign Policy Research Institute Thanks the Carnegie Corporation for Its Support of the Russia Political Economy Project
    Russia Political Economy Project William R. Spiegelberger The Foreign Policy Research Institute thanks the Carnegie Corporation for its support of the Russia Political Economy Project. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: William R. Spiegelberger Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Edited by: Thomas J. Shattuck Designed by: Natalia Kopytnik © 2019 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute April 2019 COVER: Designed by Natalia Kopytnik. Photography: Oleg Deripaska (World Economic Forum); St. Basil’s Cathedral (Adob Stock); Ruble (Adobe Stock); Vladimir Putin (kremlin.ru); Rusal logo (rusal.ru); United States Capitol (Adobe Stock; Viktor Vekselberg (Aleshru/Wikimedia Commons); Alumnium rolls (Adobe Stock); Trade War (Adobe Stock). Our Mission The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. It seeks to educate the public, teach teachers, train students, and offer ideas to advance U.S. national interests based on a nonpartisan, geopolitical perspective that illuminates contemporary international affairs through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S.
    [Show full text]