DOCSLIB.ORG

Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos EPA Document# EPA-740-R1-7018 May 2018 United States Office of Chemical Safety and Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos May 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................8 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................10 1.1 Regulatory History ......................................................................................................................11 1.2 Assessment History .....................................................................................................................12 1.3 Data and Information Collection .................................................................................................13 1.4 Data Screening during Problem Formulation..............................................................................15 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION ........................................................................................................15 2.1 Definition, Structure and Physical and Chemical Properties ......................................................15 2.1.1 Definition of Asbestos ........................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Structure................................................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Asbestos...................................................................... 16 2.2 Conditions of Use........................................................................................................................18 2.2.1 Data and Information Sources ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Identification of Conditions of Use ....................................................................................... 18 2.2.2.1 Categories Determined Not to be Conditions of Use During Problem Formulation ..... 19 2.2.2.2 Categories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of Risk Evaluation .................. 21 2.2.2.3 Overview of Conditions of Use and Life Cycle Diagram .............................................. 22 2.3 Exposures ....................................................................................................................................26 2.3.1 Fate and Transport ................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 Releases to the Environment ................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Presence in the Environment and Biota ................................................................................. 29 2.3.4 Environmental Exposures ...................................................................................................... 29 2.3.5 Human Exposures .................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.5.1 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 30 2.3.5.2 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 31 2.3.5.3 General Population Exposures ....................................................................................... 31 2.3.5.4 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 32 2.4 Hazards (Effects) .........................................................................................................................33 2.4.1 Environmental Hazards ......................................................................................................... 33 2.4.2 Human Health Hazards .......................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2.1 Cancer Hazard ................................................................................................................ 35 2.4.2.2 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 36 2.5 Conceptual Models......................................................................................................................36 2.5.1 Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 37 2.5.2 Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards.... 39 2.5.3 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and Hazards .................................................................................................................................. 41 2.5.3.1 Pathways That EPA Expects to Include and Further Analyze in Risk Evaluation ........ 41 Page 2 of 80 2.5.3.2 Pathways That EPA Expects to Include in Risk Evaluation but Not Further Analyze .. 42 2.5.3.3 Pathways That EPA Does Not Expect to Include in the Risk Evaluation ...................... 42 2.6 Analysis Plan ...............................................................................................................................47 2.6.1 Exposure ................................................................................................................................ 47 2.6.1.1 Environmental Fate and Environmental Releases .......................................................... 47 2.6.1.2 Environmental Exposures............................................................................................... 48 2.6.1.3 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 49 2.6.1.4 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 50 2.6.2 Hazards (Effects) ................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.2.1 Environmental Hazards .................................................................................................. 51 2.6.2.2 Human Health Hazards................................................................................................... 51 2.6.3 Risk Characterization............................................................................................................. 52 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................54 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................................................................58 Appendix A REGULATORY HISTORY............................................................................................ 58 A-1 Federal Laws and Regulations ....................................................................................................58 A-2 State Laws and Regulations ........................................................................................................61 A-3 International Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................62 Appendix B PROCESS, RELEASE AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE INFORMATION.... 63 B-1 Process Information.....................................................................................................................63 B-1-1 Manufacture and Import .........................................................................................................63 B-1-1-1 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................63 B-1-1-2 Import ..............................................................................................................................63 B-1-2 Processing ...............................................................................................................................63 B-1-2-1 Chlor-Alkali Industry ......................................................................................................63 B-1-3 Uses.........................................................................................................................................65 B-1-3-1 Oil Industry......................................................................................................................65 B-1-3-2 Use of Sheet Gaskets in Titanium Dioxide Production ...................................................65 B-1-3-3 Commercial Uses.............................................................................................................65 B-1-3-4 Consumer Uses ................................................................................................................65
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Introduction WARNING! This Test System Is Capable of Producing Potentially Lethal Instrument Safety Voltages
    Ultra System Overview Introduction Safety Introduction WARNING! This test system is capable of producing potentially lethal Instrument Safety voltages. All internal areas of the system must be accessed and Information serviced ONLY by trained and qualified personnel. Do not perform any servicing other than that contained in this documentation and This section describes the UltraFLEX read all safety information before attempting any operation or test system safety precautions. The maintenance procedures. test system generates and uses AC and DC high power and high voltage. The purpose of this section is to identify the hazards in the system to !!CAUTION! operation, service and applications personnel. Such personnel should Always wear safety glasses or safety goggles when working on the test system. read and understand this information before operating or servicing the system. !!CAUTION! Internal sheet metal portions of the test system may contain sharp edges, use care when working inside the test system. Page 1 of 3 Rev. 0736 Ultra System Overview Introduction General Safety Information Subsystem Safety Information The following general safety Table 1 identifies the safety concerns for the UltraFLEX subsystems. information is included in this section: Table 1 • General Safety Information • Safety Terms, Labels and Subsystem Safety Lockout/ Electrostatic Weight Liquid Safety Symbols Section Tagout Discharge Safety • Lockout/Tagout Computer Safety XX • ESD Damage Prevention and Control Measure Cooling XXX • Safety Certification DIB 24-Slot Interface XX • Material Handling Digital Signal Processor XX • Switches and Protective Barriers • Weight Safety Manipulator XX • Anti-Tip Fixture PDU XXX • Torque Specifications System Monitor and XXX Note Controller (SMC) Primary Support Board only.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Lead Uptake and Effects Across Species Lines: a Conservation Medicine Based Approach
    UNDERSTANDING LEAD UPTAKE AND EFFECTS ACROSS SPECIES LINES: A CONSERVATION MEDICINE BASED APPROACH MARK A. POKRAS AND MICHELLE R. KNEELAND Center for Conservation Medicine, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd., North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT.—Conservation medicine examines the linkages among the health of people, animals and the environment. Few issues illustrate this approach better than an examination of lead (Pb) toxicity. We briefly review the current state of knowledge on the toxicity of lead and its effects on wildlife, humans, and domestic animals. Lead is cheap and there is a long tradition of its use. But the toxic effects of Pb have also been recognized for centuries. As a result, western societies have greatly reduced many traditional uses of Pb, including many paints, gasoline and solders because of threats to the health of humans and the environment. Legisla- tion in several countries has eliminated the use of lead shot for hunting waterfowl. Despite these advances, a great many Pb products continue to be readily available. Conservationists recognize that hunting, angling and shooting sports deposit thousands of tons of Pb into the environment each year. Because of our concerns for human health and over 100 years of focused research, we know the most about lead poisoning in people. Even today, our knowledge of the long-term sublethal effects of Pb on human health continues to grow dramatically. Our knowledge about lead poisoning in domestic animals is signifi- cantly less. For wild animals, our understanding of lead poisoning is roughly where our knowledge about humans was in the mid-1800s when Tanquerel Des Planches made his famous medical observations (Tan- querel Des Planches 1850).
    [Show full text]
  • GUIDELINE Safety Data Sheets and Pathogen Safety Data Sheets
    GUIDELINE UBC-RMS-OHS-GDL-14-001 Department of Risk Management Services Effective date: January 2, 2014 Review date: November 27, 2017 www.rms.ubc.ca Supersedes: Previous version Safety Data Sheets and Pathogen Safety Data Sheets 1. SCOPE This guideline provides directions for Regulatory and Best Practices for the use of Safety Data Sheets and Pathogen Safety Data Sheets (SDS and PSDS). It applies to all UBC employees working with chemicals and/or pathogens. 2. PURPOSE Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and Pathogen Safety Data Sheets (PSDSs) are essential components in ensuring occupational health and safety within potentially hazardous environments. 3. BACKGROUND Under the new Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS 2015) the formerly known Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) became the Safety Data Sheet. The change is happening in several phases. After December 1, 2018, WHMIS 2015 will be the only system in use. Until then, employers are allowed in the workplace both MSDSs and SDSs. Important information regarding chemical, physiochemical, hazard/toxicity, required personal protective equipment, etc. are found on the SDS. In particular, WHMIS-related information will be found on the label of the agent of concern, with additional and more comprehensive information detailed in the SDS. Accordingly, the SDS for any new chemical, chemical mixture, or unknown agent should be fully reviewed prior to working with it. It is also important to note that suppliers are required to provide a SDS for each reagent (may be restricted to first time ordering). Similarly, Pathogen Safety Data Sheets (PSDSs) provide critical information regarding infectious materials, including the mode of transmission, disease symptoms, decontamination methods, PPE, and containment requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Library for Earth System Education Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology By Heather Lowers and Greg Meeker Open-File Report 02-458 2002 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY i Acknowledgements The authors of this report would like to give special thanks to Doug Stoeser, Brad Van Gosen, and Robert Virta for their time spent reviewing this report as well as for comments and suggestions offered on how to better present the information to the reader. ii Abstract The term asbestos has been defined in numerous publications including many State and Federal regulations. The definition of asbestos often varies depending on the source or publication in which it is used. Differences in definitions also exist for the asbestos-related terms acicular, asbestiform, cleavage, cleavage fragment, fiber, fibril, fibrous, and parting. An inexperienced reader of the asbestos literature would have difficulty understanding these differences and grasping many of the subtleties that exist in the literature and regulatory language. Disagreement among workers from the industrial, medical, mineralogical, and regulatory communities regarding these definitions has fueled debate as to their applicability to various morphological structures and chemical compositions that exist in the amphibole and serpentine groups of minerals. This debate has significant public health, economic and legal implications.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 of 2 SECTION 1: PRODUCT and COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product: SURE-STEP™ Part Number: 3567000 Manufacturer: W
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 of 2 SECTION 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product: SURE-STEP™ Part Number: 3567000 Manufacturer: W. R. MEADOWS, INC. Address: 300 Industrial Drive Hampshire, Illinois 60140 Telephone: (847) 214-2100 In case of emergency, dial (800) 424-9300 (CHEMTREC) Revision Date: 6/8/2021 Product Use: Additive for Non-Slip Surfaces SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION/EXPOSURE LIMITS HMIS HAZARD STATEMENTS |Health| | 1 | WARNING! |Flammability| | 1 | Direct contact may cause mechanical irritation. |Reactivity| | 0 | PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS |Personal Protection| | | Avoid direct contact. SECTION 3: HAZARDS COMPONENTS % by SARA Vapor Pressure LEL Chemical Name: CAS Number Weight 313 (mm Hg@20°C) (@25°C) 1. Polypropylene Homopolymer 9003-07-0 90-100 No N/A N/A N/A = Not Applicable Under the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1966 (SARA) and 40 CFR Part 372, chemicals listed on the 313 List (40 CFR Part 373.65) are identified under the heading "SARA 313." SECTION 4: EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES EYE CONTACT: Flush eyes with water for fifteen minutes. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention. SKIN CONTACT: Rinse affected areas with water. INHALATION: Remove from exposure source. Treat symptomatically. INGESTION: Not expected to be an exposure route. Non-toxic if ingested. MOST IMPORTANT SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC: See Section Eleven for Symptoms/Effects. SECTION 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSIVES HAZARDS FLASHPOINT: Not applicable; product is a solid. EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or fine water spray. CHEMICAL/COMBUSTION HAZARDS: Melts in proximity to fires resulting in slippery surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Asbestiform Antigorite from New Caledonia
    Asbestiform antigorite from New Caledonia Dr. Jasmine Rita Petriglieri Department of Chemistry, University of Torino Centro Scansetti «G. Scansetti» Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates Universe of fibres ALL PARTICLES ELONGATE OTHER Commercial/regulated definition PARTICLES (EMP) NOA are the six minerals that are currently identified as asbestos (were commercially INORGANIC ORGANIC exploited). minerals, mineraloids, and e.g., plant fibres and material made from minerals synthetic fibres Mineralogical definition Discriminate fibrous mineral from non- ASBESTIFORM MINERAL FIBRES NON ASBESTIFORM (EMPs from mass fibre, cross fibre and slip fibrous form (e.g., acicular, tabular, INORGANIC FIBRES fibre occurrences ) prismatic, …). Chemical alteration of mineral is considered. REGULATED OTHER ROCK FORMING ASBESTOS MAN MADE Health-oriented definition MINERALS and erionite, fluoro-edenite, INORGANIC MINERALOIDS Identify any hazardous elongated mineral chrysotile, amosite, winchite, richterite, FIBRES (EMPs) particles (EMP) that requires to limit human crocidolite, glaucophane, anthophyllite-asbestos, antigorite, palygorskite, exposure. Most challenging. tremolite-asbestos, talc, minnesotaite, and actinolite-asbestos sepiolite 2 adapted from TAP (2018) 361, 185 Antigorite MONOCLINIC OR ORTHORHOMBIC Modulated wave-like 1:1 layer, with polarity inversion every half wavelength (Capitani and Mellini, 2004) Chemical composition deviates from that of the other serpentine minerals, because of discrete Mg(OH)2 loss
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet Per GHS Standard Format
    SDS Date: August, 2016 Safety Data Sheet Per GHS Standard Format SECTION 1: CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier Product Name: ABC® Asbestos Binding Compound No. 6421 White, No. 6422 Clear, No. 6423 Green Recommended Use of Product: Binder for Asbestos Fibers Information on the Supplier of the Safety Data Sheet Manufactured For: Emergency Telephone Numbers: Fiberlock Technologies, Inc. CHEM TEL: (U.S.): 1-800-255-3924 150 Dascomb Road (Outside the U.S.): 813-248-0585 Andover, MA 01810 P: 800-342-3755 F: 978-475-6205 SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Signal Word: WARNING GHS Label Statements Hazard Statements: Harmful if inhaled. Causes mild skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. GHS Classifications This product is considered hazardous by The 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Acute Toxicity-Inhalation (Vapors) Category 4 Acute Toxicity-Inhalation (Dust-mists) Category 2 Serious eye damage/eye irritation – Category 2 Skin sensitization – Category 1 Page 1 of 9 PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Prevention: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Use personal protection (eye protection, gloves) during application. When grinding/sanding dry films, wear respiratory protection. Response: If on skin, wash with plenty of soap and water. If in eyes, rinse cautiously for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If inhaled, remove victim to fresh air. If exposed or concerned, get medical advice. Storage: Keep closures tight and containers upright to prevent leakage. KEEP FROM FREEZING. Product is non-combustible. Disposal: The coating and any contaminated diking material should be thoroughly air dried and collected into drums.
    [Show full text]
  • Material Safety Data Sheet for Cell Cultures (Biosafety Level 1) 1
    Material Safety Data Sheet: MSTO-211H / ID 300450 Material Safety Data Sheet for Cell Cultures (Biosafety Level 1) 1. Product Identification Name of cell line: MSTO-211H (CLS order no. 300450) Designation: Human Lung Mesothelioma cell line, permanent cell line 2. Company Identification CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH Dr. Eckener-Str. 8 D-69214 Eppelheim Germany Emergency phone number: +49 (0)6221 700799 3. Composition / Ingredients Unit: cryovial; frozen liquid Hazardous Ingredient(s) CAS no. Percentage EC no. Dimethyl Sulfoxide 67-68-5 10 200-664-3 Non-Hazardous Ingredient(s) Percentage DMEM, supplemented for freezing 60-80 FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) 10-20 Cells 1 4. Hazards Identification Human source cell line Categorized as non-infectious and non-toxic 5. First Aid Measures Skin contact: Wash off immediately with plenty of water and soap. Eye contact: Flush eyes immediately with water for 10-15 minutes. Ingestion: If the material was swallowed, rinse the mouth with water. 6. Accidental Release Measures Use personal protective equipment Do not flush into surface water. Clean contaminated surface thoroughly. Autoclave before disposal into appropriated containers. CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH, Dr. Eckener-Straße 8, 69214 Eppelheim, Germany TEL: +49(0)6221 700799 FAX +49(0)6221 700717 [email protected] www.clsgmbh.de Page 1 of 2 Material Safety Data Sheet: MSTO-211H / ID 300450 7. Handling and storage Handling: Open only under a sterile workbench. Wear protective equipment. Handle as if containing infectious material. Storage: Keep the cryovial at -150°C (freezer) or at -196°C (liquid nitrogen vapour phase). 8. Personal Protection Hygienic measures Avoid the contact with skin, eyes and clothing.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals
    Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Technical Issue Paper Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals Environmental Risk exposure to a chemical for organisms, such as animals, plants, or microbes, in the environment, which could be Assessment of Chemicals water, soil, or air. Effects can be assessed at different levels of biological organization, which is to say in Environmental risk assessment determines the single cells, individuals, populations, ecosystems, or nature and likelihood of harmful effects occurring landscapes. to organisms such as humans, animals, plants, or microbes, due to their exposure to stressors. A stressor can be a chemical (such as road salt runoff to a lake), Applications of Environmental exotic species (such as a foreign plant), or a change Risk Assessment of Chemicals in physical conditions (such as dredging a channel). Here, we focus on risk assessment of chemicals. The Environmental risk assessments of chemicals can be chemicals can be something that is found in nature, used at many scales. They can take place at the small- such as copper, or something created by humans, such scale site level (such as a release at a manufacturing as pharmaceuticals. Depending on whether humans plant), at the field-scale level (for example, spraying or other organisms or ecosystems are exposed, a plant protection products or pesticides on crops), risk assessment is called either a “human health” or at a regional level (such as a river catchment or an “ecological” risk assessment. Here, the term or bay). Policy makers, including government “environmental risk assessment” is used to include both. agencies, and industries use risk assessments to support environmental management decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Toxicology Curriculum for Communities
    A Toxicology Curriculum For Communities 43 Module One Introduction to Toxicology 44 Objectives Upon completion of this module, the learner will be able to: Define toxicology and commonly associated terms Differentiate the sub-disciplines of toxicology Describe the classifications of toxic agents Describe the field of toxicology Understand the roles of various agencies Identify potential sources for additional information 45 What is Toxicology? 46 Toxicology Involves all aspects of the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems. 47 General Toxicology Questions 48 What are Harmful or Adverse Effects? Those effects which are damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual 49 What is Toxicity? The term “toxicity”is used to describe the nature of adverse effects produced and the conditions necessary for their production. Before toxicity can develop, a substance must come into contact with a body surface such as skin, eye or mucosa of the alimentary or respiratory tract. 50 What is Toxic? This term relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the body 51 What is a Toxicant? The term “toxicant” refers to toxic substances that are produced by or are a by- product of human-made activities. 52 What is a Toxin? The term “toxin” refers to toxic substances that are produced naturally. 53 What is a Toxic Symptom? What is a Toxic Effect ? A toxic symptom is any feeling or sign indicating the presence of a poison in the system. Toxic effects refers to the health effects that occur due to exposure to a toxic substance. 54 What is Selective Toxicity? This means that a chemical will produce injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life, even though the two may exist close together.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    US – OSHA SAFETY DATA SHEET Issue Date 04-Nov-2016 Revision Date 07-May-2020 Version 4 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Product identifier Product Name MenQuadfiTM Other means of identification Product Information Single-dose vial Supplied as a package of five vials Synonyms Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y and W) Conjugate Vaccine Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended Use Active immunization to prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by N meningitides serogroups A, C, Y and W. Uses advised against Not available. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Address 1 Sanofi Pasteur Discovery Drive Swiftwater, PA 18370 Emergency telephone number 24 Hour Emergency Phone Number 1-703-741-5970 / 1-800-424-9300 CCN # 2118 (CHEMTREC) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification Health Hazards Not classified. Physical hazards Not classified. OSHA Regulatory Status This product is a vaccine that is safe for consumers when used according to the label directions. Potential hazards that may occur if product is not used according to the consumer label are as follows throughout the sheet. Label elements Emergency Overview Normal precautions common to safe manufacturing practice should be followed in handling and storage. Appearance Clear solution Physical state Liquid Odor Not available. Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) Not classified as a hazardous substance. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Page
    [Show full text]
  • Balangeroite, a New Fibrous Silicate Related to Gageite from Balangero
    American Mineralogist, Volume 6E, pages 214-219, I9E3 Balangeroite,a new fibrous silicate related to gageitefrom Balangero,Italy Ronpnro CoupecNoxr Dipartimento di Scienzqdella Terra Universitd della Calabria Castiglione scalo, 87030Cosenza, Italy GtoveNNr Fr,nnents Istituto di Mineralogia, Cristallografia e Geochimica "G. Spezia", Universitddi Torino via S. Massimo 22. 10123Torino. Itqlv eNo LRune Flone Istituto di Petrografia, Universitd di Torino and Centro di Studio per i Problemi dell'Orogeno delle Alpi Occidentalidel C.N.R., via S. Massimo22, 10123Torino, Italy Abstract Balangeroiteoccurs as brown asbestiformfibers in a paragenesiswith long-fiber chrysotile,magnetite, and native Fe-Ni in the Balangeroserpentinite (Lanzo Valley, Piedmont,Italy). It is orthorhombicwith a 13.85(4),b 13.58(3), and c 9.65(3)A;a sub-cell with c' : c/3 is stronglyevident. The X-ray powderpattern demonstrates an isostructural relationshipof the newmineral with gageite;the strongestreflections are:9.59(40)(ll0), 6.77(80)(020),3.378(45)(410), 3.278(40Xr40), 2.714(100)(050,510), 2.674(75)(150,223), and 2.516(40)(250).The fibers are elongated parallel to [fi)l], showone or more{/r/<0} cleavages, and are usuallyintergrown with chrysotile.The refractiveindexes are aboutthe same, 1.680(5),both parallel and perpendicular to [fi)l]; coloris darkbrown and yellow brown in thesetwo directions,respectively. Chemical analysis gives a unit-cellcontent of (Mgzs.zoFez2.tqFe].t3Mn?:5Ab.rzCao.ozCro.orTio.or)>rae3Si15.3sO53oe(OH)ls.sz, andthe presenceof a sub-cellwith c' = c/3 suggeststhe formula (Mg,Fe2*,Fe3*,Mn2*,!;o2sir5(O,OH)eo with contentsdivisible by 3; a similarformula is probablyalso correct for the Mn-analogue, gageite.DTA, TGA, and high-temperatureX-ray powder analysesshow structural breakdownwith a total weightloss of 9.4Voand the appearanceof olivineat 8fi)'C.
    [Show full text]