ORE Open Research Exeter

TITLE Monumental burials and memorial feasting: an example from the southern Brazilian highlands

AUTHORS Iriarte, José; Gillam, C; Marozzi, O

JOURNAL Antiquity

DEPOSITED IN ORE 25 February 2013

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http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4358

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The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication 3 2 1 opeiy ulcacietr,bra ons eeoilecoue,feasting enclosures, ceremonial mounds, burial architecture, public complexity, rciemyhl sudrtn h oeta uilmnmnsadps-ueayrites post-funerary and generally. monuments more burial societies complex that world of role emergence the the the in in understand played us help few may the practice (M of living a Kaingang in one recorded the been also have people, ceremonies is associated and This mound-building indigenous 2005). where (Beber enclosures causewayed Taquara/Itarar the construction, earthwork 2007). Dillehay 2005; Case subsistence, 1973; & Renfrew in Carr (e.g. changes 1998; ideology reflected Bradley and territoriality, practices inheritance, burial and monumental ranking of growth, arrival of population successor focused the been roles by has that relationships monuments ideological Debate way 1996). burial the and the Barrett on these 1995; social of Dillehay of the 1995; study use Beck with 1973; and the (Fleming particular appreciation societies in with the and and concerned dead burial been the monumental and long living have the Formativebetween and the World Old in the in periods Neolithic the studying archaeologists and Anthropologists Introduction gathering. the of edge the at prepared feasts beer periodic maize Keywords: by and followed steamed was was chief in meat a peoples where of recent mound, cremation of more his the generations of at explanation: several observations an over suggested Ethnohistoric up ovens. same built of the were succession authors enclosure a The by surrounding centre. accompanied the their time, of to leading banks centuries avenues the twelfth-thirteenth with southern that the enclosures discovered the circular of In large mounds erected? by pre-Hispanic were surrounded are the they AD after mounds and burial prehistoric of of highlands sites the at happened What Jos highlands southern Brazilian the from example an feasting: memorial and burials Monumental eevd 1Dcme 07 cetd 7Fbur 08 eie:8Arl2008 April 8 Revised: 2008; February 27 Accepted: 2007; December 11 Received: ANTIQUITY h otenBaiinhglnsfaue r-ipncclueo monumental of culture pre-Hispanic a features highlands Brazilian southern The Eal [email protected]) (Email: nvriyo ot aoia 31PnltnSre,Clmi,S 90,USA 29208, SC Columbia, Street, Pendleton 1321 Carolina, South of University eateto rhelg,Uiest fEee,LvrBidn,NrhPr od xtr X Q,UK 4QE, EX4 Exeter, Road, Park North Building, Laver Exeter, of University Archaeology, of Department aanhRvrAcaooia eerhPorm ot aoiaIsiueo rhelg n Anthropology, and Archaeology of Arqueol Servicios Institute SAR, Carolina South Program, Research Archaeological River Savannah eIriarte ´ 2(08:947–961 (2008): 82 retn,Bai,peHsai eid Taquara/Itarar period, pre-Hispanic Brazil, Argentina, 1 .CrsohrGillam Christopher J. , gcs ogicos, ´ tax14) oprsnwt h r-ipncadtelater the and pre-Hispanic the with Comparison 1946). etraux ´ rdto,wihicue ohmud and mounds both includes which tradition, e ´ 947 2 sa Marozzi Oscar & ,Kign,emergent Kaingang, e, ´ 3

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting

This paper presents a synthesis of the Taquara/Itarare´ earthen monument tradition based upon recent investigations at the ElDorado mound and causewayed enclosure complex, PM01, in north-eastern Argentina. These are interpreted in light of procedures for the burial of a chieftain, as observed among the later Kaingang cultural tradition.

The Taquara/Itarare´ tradition and the arrival of mound and enclosure complexes in the southern Brazilian highlands The Taquara/Itarare´ tradition (Beber 2005) otherwise the pre-Hispanic southern Jeˆ (Noelli 2000; 2005) extends along the southern Brazilian states of Parana,´ and Rio Grande do Sul and the adjacent Misiones Province, Argentina, and Paraguay (Figure 1). Dating back to c. 220 BC, and possibly to 2860 BC (De Masi 2006), this culture is characterised by its diagnostic ceramics, highland pit-house villages, a mixed collective economy including Araucaria seeds, horticulture, hunting and fishing, and elaborate earthen mound and enclosure complexes (see Beber 2005 for a more detailed summary). The earth monuments are located on hill-tops or ridges commanding wide views. Locally called danceiros (dance grounds) in Brazil, the enclosures are characterised by circular, elliptical and key-hole shape plans (Figure 2). The banks are typically 3-6m wide and the enclosures 20-180m in diameter. They may exhibit associated small ringworks, and their remains rise to between 30 and 80cm. Most earthen enclosures contain central mounds (1.5-20m diameter; 0.7-3m high), typically raised over a cremated burial of a single adult person associated with few lithics or ceramic sherds (Figure 3 shows an example). However, central mounds containing several interments have also been reported (De Masi 2005). The formal layout of these enclosures, and the lack of substantial domestic debris within them, indicate that they were ceremonial spaces. In some regions, mound and enclosure complexes occur together in small groups such as at ElDorado, Anita Garibaldi, Campos Novos, and in the Pinhal da Serra regions. In the latter, their distribution on the landscape suggests that they are placed at nodal points along regional transit routes (Saldanha 2005; Cope´ 2007). Radiocarbon dates suggest the construction of these monuments coincides with a more intense late Holocene occupation of the southern Brazilian highlands by Taquara/Itarare´ groups (Table1; Iriarte & Behling 2007: Figure 7). The genesis of this monumental tradition that peaked after AD 1000 took place in a time when regional cultures were flourishing, populations as reflected in the number of sites were increasing, more intensive ways of food-production were developing and long-distance population migrations over contested territories were taking place across lowland . We shall return to this topic in the final section of the article.

Recent excavations at ElDorado mound and enclosure complex We carried out two field seasons of geophysical survey and excavations at a complex of earthworks in the vicinity of ElDorado city (Misiones Province, Argentina) that spread over 200ha and had once consisted of eight circular enclosures, two of which contain central mounds (Menghin 1957; Wachnitz 1984). Site PM01, the largest and best preserved of these enclosures is located on a promontory with a panoramic view of its surroundings.

948 h ihs rudo h ilfcn mle on 1mdaee)lctd4mto 45m earthen located circular diameter) 180m-diameter on (10m a located is mound high) there smaller 3m mounds a the and Framing facing diameter 4). hill in (Figure the south-east (20m the of mound ground central highest a the by characterised is PM01 the during America South south-eastern in Taquara/Itarar traditions archaeological the major and of Holocene, locations approximate late showing Map 1. Figure RU- brt;3 PI- Itaber SP-IP-8 3. Ubirata; PR-UB-4 .S-G9 n CA-8AiaGrbli .R-E2 ihld er n SP-1Esmeralda. RS-PE-31 and Serra da Pinhal RS-PE-21 8. Garibaldi; Anita SC-AG-98 and SC-AG-99 7. Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e a;4.T3Q1N8,SP,AreiaBranca;5.PR-MN-4Uribici;6.SC-AG-12CamposNovos; ´ ´ on n nlsr opee icse ntetx.Ky .P0 loao 2. ElDorado; PM01 1. Key: text. the in discussed complexes enclosure and mound e 949

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting

Figure 2. Mound and enclosure complexes from south-eastern Brazil and Argentina. (Esmeralda and RS-PE-31 (Schmitz & Becker 1991: 293); SP-IP-8 Itabera´ (Chmyz et al. 1968: 19); SG-AG-98 and SC-AG-99 Anita Garibaldi (De Souza 2007); RS-PE-21 Pinhal da Serra (De Souza 2007); SC-AG-12 Campos Novos (De Masi 2005: 233); PM01 ElDorado (Wachnitz 1984: 207)).

950 egi’ xaain tteeg fCrl ,weei et iceI,rvae several revealed II, Circle meets it where burial. I, human Circle a shallow represents of probably darker which edge a mound, the described the of at 174) base excavations (1984: very Menghin’s Wachnitz the but at feature mound, pit the basin in layers sequential 2007). or Souza structures (De largest sites the of with sector and western SW-NE the 70cm ring or in reach NW-SE primary located aligned but the always generally high, of are Taquara/Itarar portions 30-40cm circles other and are where resembles mound sites, I layout central Circle The the preserved. of only are Today, parts enclosure II. Most Circle site. meets the it of where side eastern the on ewe 3 n 0.Asalrelpia-hpdrn ( ring lying elliptical-shaped as estimated smaller be A ring, could 90m. the diameters and of whose opening 130 side rings, northern western between earthen the The connecting On smaller hill. exit. plaza two northern the the are a through there of through passed departed avenue, top through and southern the mounds the actors the at by between lead enclosure mound the and the entered orientation people to that emphasise 30m suggests ascends to that served causeway have 5). (Figure a may embankments connected earthen entrance was parallel formal by that marked I, This avenue Circle 18m-wide called and high), 400m-long 30-40cm a and to wide 6m banks (with embankment (modified centre its near bone human with pyre a 3). revealed Figure trench 2007: cruciform a Souza with De explored from RS-PE-21 mound The 3. Figure rvosecvto yMnhnadhsclaoaos(97 i o eelayfeatures any reveal not did (1957) collaborators his and Menghin by excavation Previous Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e 951 c .35 × 5) iceI,i located is IV, Circle 45m), on n enclosure and mound e ´

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting . 2007 . 2007 ´ a(PR) . 2003 2003 . 2004) 2007 2007 2007 2007 . 2003 . 2003 Pers. Comm Pers. Comm et al et al. et al et al. et al et al. et al. et al. et al. ´ e & Saldanha 2002 884437 Chmyz Chmyz Iriarte 23 Iriarte 21 Iriarte 40 Iriarte 54 Cop 39 DeMasi 2005 36 DeMasi 2005 54109 Chmyz Chmyz 48 DeMasi 2005 16 DeMasi 2005 65 DeMasi 2005 52 DeMasi 2005 65 DeMasi 2005 76 DeMasi 2005 58 DeBlasis 41 DeBlasis + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − 60 555-643 1351 9560 714-890 672-747 1148 1240 40 680-726 1247 40 655-697 1274 60 478-558 1382 40 843-951 1053 40 562-641 1348 40 443-515 1471 40 580-676 1322 7095 576-684 375-594 1320 1465 40 502-535 1431 40 344-475 1540 40 828-933 1069 40 380-510 1505 40 146-299 1727 40 1379-1495 513 60 1306-1388 603 + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − C age (yr BP) 68% range (cal BP) Calendric age (cal AD) Reference 14 . ´ e mound and enclosure complexes dates from the Brazilian states Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catalina (SC), Paran and Misiones Province (MS), Argentina. The calibration of the radiocarbon dates have been carried out after CALPAL (Weninger PR-MN-4 Ubirita, PR SI 6396 595 PR-UB-4 Ubirita, PRPM01 ElDorado, MS SI 2193 Beta 221418 855 760 PM01 ElDorado, MS Beta 237106 760 PM01 ElDorado, MS Beta 237105 720 PM01 ElDorado, MS Beta 221417 480 RS-AN-03 Pinhal da Serra, RS Beta 166588 1000 SC-AG-12 Campos Novos, SC Beta 190304 600 SC-AG-12 Campos Novos, SC Beta 185442 430 SC-AG-12 Campos Novos, SC Beta 185443 690 PR-UB-4 Ubirita, PR SI 2192 470 Table 1. Taquara/Itarar Provenance SitePR-UV-11 Cruz Machado, PR SI 1010 Locality Lab no 680 SC-AG-12 Campos Novos, SC Beta 185444 470 SC-AB-96 Abdon Batista, SC Beta 190303 360 SC-AG-75 Campos Novos, SC Beta 190309 980 SC-AG-77 Campos Novos, SC Beta 190311 420 SC-CR-06 Celso Ramos, SC Beta 190312 220 T3Q1N8 Areia Branca 6, SP Beta 135824 1530 T3Q1N8 Areia Branca 6, SP Beta 124752 1430

952 ak(egi 97 3 ahiz18:13.Smlrfaue eelctdb our by located the were under features apart Similar 50cm 173). to 1984: 6 30 Wachnitz A spaced 33; excavations. clusters, 1957: stone (Menghin elongated bank and oval circular, discrete east. looking PM01, site of mound Central 4. Figure mliga neto oke h nlsr’ neircen h tn lsesaenot are clusters stone The clean. interior enclosure’s the keep to intention an sediments implying in embedded were date clusters radiocarbon stone of earth. a burnt All with succession and century. I, charcoal Another Circle fourteenth with of period. later side same the eastern opposite, on the the revealedcentering to on IV defined dating Circle was in clusters clusters excavations stone Test stone AD. compacted century less mid-thirteenth smaller, to early the in centring ml lseso iageae tnsascae ihcaca n umntn nastone a in (2 culminating shape and charcoal elliptical and with hearths of associated including stones cluster phases, disaggregated occupation of with clusters interspersed small stratigraphically stages followed few was a construction clay, This several 6). burnt two (Figure with by were lithics associated bank and and sherds the layer bones, Beneath charcoal burnt construction. a unidentifiable of overlaying pebbles, phases of several clusters showed circular bank the of sector west nalscoso h akecvtd cteso euewr oae eodtebank, the beyond located were refuse of scatters excavated, bank the of sectors all In × mtec n eea xesosttlig15m totalling extensions several and trench 1m Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e × m.Teesrt aeasqec frdoabndates radiocarbon of sequence a gave strata These 1m). 953 2 ntesm north- same the in

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting

Figure 5. Combined geophysical and topographic map of site PM01. Reconstructed parts of the site are based on Wachnitz (1984: 207). restricted to the lowest parts of the earthen embankment, but are found throughout the stratigraphic sequence and appear to mark discrete episodes of construction. The radiocarbon dates suggest that the construction of Circle I was broadly contemporary with Circle IV. A comparison of the dates on the western and eastern sectors of Circle I demonstrates that the embankment was used for at least 135 years. Collectively, the evidence suggests that Circle I grew in several episodes associated with the successive laying of stone clusters. Ceramics recovered at site PM01 generally resemble Taquara/Itarare´ tradition ceramics (Beber 2005). Similar to reconstructed vessel forms recovered from other mound and enclosure complexes in the southern Brazilian Highlands (Saldanha 2005), they are small, shallow bowls representing drinking or serving cups (Figure 7) (Iriarte et al. 2007). Phytolith analysis from charred residues of four ceramic sherds associated with the stone clusters document the presence of maize cob phytoliths, suggesting these ceramics were used to drink maize-based beverages (Iriarte n.d.).

954 iue6 xaainpoorp fT0 eta etrsoigsprmoiino etrsicuigtesoecutr and clusters stone the including features of superimposition showing sector central TW01 hearth. of photograph Excavation 6. Figure ttetm fErpa otc,Kign n oln rusblnigt h Macro- the to belonging groups Xokleng and Kaingang contact, J European of time the Kaingang At the among rites burial I. analogy: Circle Ethnographic in transects trench TE01 and TW01 from recovered shapes vessel ceramic of Sample 7. Figure eet)adteApinay the and Xerente) igitcsokad oeseicly otelnugso h ke (Xakriab Akwen the of languages the to specifically, more and, stock linguistic e ˆ Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e ntesae fMnsGri,Mt rsoadGoi and Grosso Mato Gerais, Minas of states the in e ´ 955 ,Xavante, a, ´ s(Noelli as ´

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting

2000; 2005: 178) inhabited the southern Brazilian highlands. The ethno-historic record of Kaingang mortuary practices in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been previously used to interpret these archaeological sites as ceremonial spaces, where geographically dispersed groups came together to bury an important chief (e.g. Chmyz & Sauner 1971; Cope´ & Saldanha 2002). When a Kaingang chief died, his subordinates were notified and appeared in the house of the dead chief. The elder chiefs usually carried the dead body to the place of burial. Paula (1924: 126) noted that they dug a shallow pit there and buried the dead man with his belongings (bow, arrows, clothes and axe). Metraux´ (1946: 465) on the other hand states that they destroyed part of the property of the deceased and imposed a strict taboo on his name. Mabilde (1983: 108-16) recounts that they put a vessel close to the head, which was oriented to the east and then lit a fire on the western side of the body. Other descriptions mention that they constructed a wood shaft or covered the body with palm leaves (Maniser 1930: 781). Schaden (1958) also described how Xokleng´ groups cremated bodies before interment. People from different tribes came to the funeral and formed a circle surrounding the deceased (Metraux´ 1946). After a collective expression of lament the corpse of the deceased was covered with earth and his eldest son proclaimed the new chief. They made honey wine and invited neighbours to build the mound by carrying dirt loads in baskets until the mound attained a pyramidal shape. After the interment of the body and the construction of the mound, the burial place was periodically visited to clean the area of vegetation and to remember the dead with lamentation, dancing, songs and drinking. Baldus (1937: 49) notes that these large gatherings took place in autumn between April and June when maize is ripe and Araucaria seeds are ready to collect. In terms of political organisation, the account of Mabilde (1983) indicates that there were main chiefs and subordinate chiefs. Some big chiefs like the Cacique Braga were reported to be in command of 23 tribes (Becker 1976: 111). Mabilde’s account (1983) also indicates that the construction of a mound was reserved for big chiefs, while the funerary rites associated with subordinated chiefs were far simpler. The deposition of personal weaponry as grave goods suggests that these were possibly renowned war leaders. In addition, the transfer of the chiefly office to the dead chief’s eldest son during the burial ceremony indicates an inheritance of the chiefly office. Overall, these historic records point to an established, moderate degree of political complexity in the Kaingang. There are many common features between the historically recorded Kaingang burial prac- tices and the archaeological record. Most mounds systematically excavated exhibit human remains at its base accompanied by ceramics and lithics. A lack of stratification in the mounds also points to a single construction episode, like the one described in the historic accounts. In addition, the fact that neighbouring tribes gathered around the burial mounds in circles is reminiscent of the circular earthen embankments found in many sites and a semicircular arrangement of stone clusters found surrounding the central mound of site SC-AG-12 (De Masi 2005). The orientation of the avenue is also probably related to burial position and astronomical observations. Last but not least, the presence of dual patterns in public architecture, such as the presence of paired mounds and their associated minor ringworks may be the material representation of the dual social organisation characteristic of these Jeˆ societies (Maybury-Lewis 1974; 1979) (e.g. sites RS-PE 21, 31, SC-AG-12 and PM01).

956 cuuae hog ieadterascae eais ugs htlrenmesof numbers delicacies large meat on that feast to suggest structure ritual ceramics, notable this associated at regularly their together came participants and presentations’ time ceremonial through all accumulated of basis the as noted 42) (1974: tnhsoi vdnesget htteesalvseswr sdt rn maize-based a drink to and used botanical were ceramic, the vessels Overall, small 44). these beverage. 1981: that (Seeger suggests period evidence ritual ethnohistoric the of beginning the oaet h ed az a rca nrdetfrmn iulfosaogJ among foods ritual many for ingredient crucial Suy a the was as Maize such dead. groups, the to homage looi eeaebsdo az n oe mn h anagi rfn collective profane in Kaingang the among of honey of consumption and consumption the accompanied and maize the festival feasting mentions on beer 243) based a by (2000: beverage followed Noelli alcoholic was songs. dead and the dances of by mourning the that indicates 465) looi eeae swdl eotdi anaghsoia cons M accounts. historical Kaingang in reported widely is site beverages the alcoholic at recovered ceramics the boiling. of by none cooking that for coincidence suitable no are is It vessels. cooking boiling Nimuendaj Wre 94 0-)adteSrne(Nimuendaj Serente the and 104-5) 1984: (Werner Apinay the rfudytasomda euto h uoenclnsto fteregion. groups, the of Kaingang colonisation historic European the the far from of from result recorded are a different ones complexes as the very enclosure transformed than profoundly and are elaborated mound arose and pre-Hispanic they complex The more which ones. in reported circumstances historically the the and complexes enclosure ysemn a lobe ouetdaogsvrlCnrlBaiinJ Brazilian of Central cooked’ several layer among perfectly thick documented a out, been under taken also covered buried has is are and steaming meat stones by inside the the placed later removed, is then hours the wrapped, Twelve are within carefully . built embers meat, is and the fire ashes A and stones. The leaves, with glowing. with lined are and stones ground the the in until dug hole is for pit M ovens large by earth A tapir. Kaingang an of example, the account, result for for his the to ethnographically be size, According described to 452-3). The ones seems (1946: the ovens. bones to earth burnt similar of as within meat recovery charcoal rather cooking of the them layer and the interpret them, to embankment, addition We below in earthen and built. clusters, stone an was the stone of by palisade compactness the replaced and a discreteness that later which suggested was of who which top 33) fence, on (1957: sacred Menghin a of represented enclosure that clusters the of from banks markedly the under differs over clusters activities features stone feasting the multiple of by interpretation followed Our was event generations. chief single several important a an in where mound monument central funerary the a under as buried PM01 site of history the interpret We Discussion esigwt etadmiei evsv etr fJ of feature pervasive a is maize and meat with Feasting huhntalJ all not Though ept hs neligsmlrte,teTaquara/Itarar the similarities, underlying these Despite (Nimuendaj e ´ 14)idct htcoigb taigwt tnsi u oalc flarge of lack a to due is stones with steaming by cooking that indicate (1942) u ´ ruscnueitxctn eeae,tecnupino fermented of consumption the beverages, intoxicating consume groups e ˆ teSaat,i omnwt te G other with common in Shavante, ‘the Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e 99 56,teKayap the 95-6), 1939: u ´ ,frwo h ieigo onwscoeyascae with associated closely was corn of ripening the whom for a, ´ kiki oe-ae,fretdbvrg uigteannual the during beverage fermented honey-based, a h atpaaae,tenmru at ovens earth numerous the area, plaza vast The . 957 erhoe evsfrbkn ag lcso meat, of slices large baking for serves oven ‘earth Defs17:2-) h Mekranoti the 26-7), 1972: (Dreyfus o ´ 92 4.Bt ryu ( Dreyfus Both 34). 1942: u ´ ˆ rbs au etadmaize and meat value tribes, e okn eti at ovens earth in meat Cooking . oite.A Maybury-Lewis As societies. e ˆ rhelgclmudand mound archaeological e ´ rusincluding groups e ˆ kif ´ e tax(1946: etraux ´ fermented a , op.cit.) etraux ´ and e ˆ

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting and maize beverages associated with post-burial funerary practices. To paraphrase Rebecca Saunders (2004), it seems that the circular earthen embankments at site PM01 represent ‘consumption made conspicuous’. These mound and enclosure complexes were places where people returned periodically to mourn the dead, dance, eat and drink. These festivals were likely sponsored by the lineage descendants of the chief buried in the central mound. Circle I with a south-north orientation marked by the entry causeway may have been used as an observatory to monitor the passage of the sun or other celestial bodies as a means of clocking agricultural and ritual cycles. To understand the emergence of this monumental tradition, we need to look at the broader picture of what was happening in lowland South America during the late Holocene. At this time, many regions of lowland South America were experiencing population growth, regional integration, a marked increase in monumental activity, appearance of fortified settlements, the development of ceramic styles and long-distance population migration and displacement. This is also a time when lowland societies began to transform the landscape at a scale not seen before. Raised-field systems in seasonally-flooded savannas and dark earth associated with intensive agriculture appeared along the bluffs of major rivers in Amazonia and its periphery (e.g. Denevan 2001; Iriarte 2007). During this time, the Rio de la Plata Basin was a passageway that linked major zones of ecological diversity and cultural complexity. It represented a geographical enclave where major cultural traditions from tropical regions like the Tupi-Guarani (Brochado 1984; Noelli 1998; Prous 1992), the Arawak-Riberenos˜ Plasticos´ (Nordenskiold¨ 1930; Metraux´ 1934) and the southern Jeˆ (Noelli 2000) converged and interacted. These groups had arrived in the region by at least AD 1 and became well-established after AD 1000 along forested areas following major river courses and the southern Brazilian plateau. In other areas, archaeological evidence indicates that by AD 1000 groups were organised at a regional level, became more territorial, adopted more intensive food-production practices and monument construction reached its peak. Examples include the Central Brazilian (Wust¨ & Barreto 1999) and Sapuca´ı/Aratu tradition (Prous 1999) ring villages, the ceramic mound- building cultures (Schmitz et al. 1998), the Middle and Late Period mounded villages of the Chaco-Santiagueno˜ Plains (Ottonelo & Lorandi 1987) and the ‘Costructores de Cerritos’ along south-eastern Brazil and Uruguay (Lopez´ 2001; Criado et al. 2006; Iriarte 2006). It is in this highly-contested ethnic arena that the Taquara/Itarare´ mound and enclosure monument tradition developed. The emergence of the monumental tradition and the elaboration of ceremonial conduct represent an eloquent sign of the social needs of communities whose territory and contacts were increasing. Kossok’s cross-cultural finding showing that burial monuments as ‘display graves’ tend to be built during times of excessive cultural contact, or a period of military, social or political change is particularly appropriate for our case study (1974 in Dillehay 1995: 285). Ritual feasting often has significant social, economic and political role. It may serve to promote social integration and cohesion (e.g. Dillehay 2004), but also may encourage exclusion, appropriation and inequality (Dietler 2001). These ceremonial centres represent permanently designated sacred spaces that must have played a major role in the social and territorial stability of Taquara/Itarare´ groups. The post-burial gatherings associated with feasting that took place at site PM01 were political

958 es,w r rtflt h aysuet rmteUiesddNcoa eMsoe n h nvriyof University the and Misiones de Nacional Universidad the from fieldwork. the students in many participated the who to Exeter grateful Roman are Kummerer, Se we site. Margarita least, the Bacalini, of Paola survey Aumer, topographical the Ernesto out Juan thank specially of to R guidance The want project. we the of ElDorado, stages In different during us We Rodr with data. collaborated Jorge unpublished who Dr Santos with people us many Fernando providing from thank for benefited Noelli, to acknowledged greatly is want Silva manuscript DeBlasis also Paulo The Carver. Francisco manuscript. Martin reviewer, of the work on anonymous editorial comments the insightful an for thank Dillehay Tom We and Granero hospitality. received accommodation, with also warm us We provided Committee Fund. who and ElDorado Exploration Geographic of Municipality logistics Exeter National the of of the Culture University of from the Department the and grants from support 7853-05) by (CRE funded Exploration was and Research PM01 for site at Research Misiones. ElDorado, iins uhPuaeadJlaAgniaPeri Argentina Julia and Poujade Direcci Ruth the Misiones, thank to wish We beyond transitions Acknowledgments similar undergoing societies extension in by and played region, monuments America. the South clarify such in that societies to that role Formative able the role early of be of the understanding emergence will precise the level more in regional a played allowing PM01 a variability, at settlement of work picture Future the patterns architecture? settlement do monumental How were contain highlands? to that Brazilian that southern relate mounds the of mounds across number areas do particular the in What determined circular built of what entrances? Similarly, histories causeway represent? the construction interments and/or and for several uses mounds account the lack factors were What that what layout? enclosures example, and For size site changes. in socio-political elaboration Taquara/Itararvariability subtle the these how more better of to realise to features related come different will we the zone, littoral of adjacent its and Basin Plata build and alliances old are maintain These chiefs, ancestor. of authentic authority ones. an the new leader consolidate into new and transformed a legitimise be place, to could the times takes deceased and succession the chief political and important when established an is of events 285) burial are (1995: the practices Dillehay studies, funerary case by associated ethnographic indicated and As the Araucanian interpretation. of the their ethnohistory for The in 1988). helpful (Kertzer proved actors has social Kaingang aspiring by out played subsequently is Taquara/Itarar The Conclusion foster conflicts, resolve to places neutral as groups. functioned among also alliances forge have military and may reciprocity and solidarity sites inter-village ritual promote to These served have Taquara/Itarar may among scale interdependence large a at that events ´ o,EuroSinmn n aeaCoe eClobt eaeas rtflt og acd h carried who Saucedo Jorge to grateful also are We Colcombet. de Cooper Pamela and Stirnemann Eduardo ıos, odut smr nomto eoe vial nteacaooyo h i ela de Rio the of archaeology the on available becomes information more as doubt, No ´ ge n h epadetuis fJos of enthusiasm and help the and ıguez atwrsaecrmna lcs hr edri uidadpower and buried is leader a where places, ceremonial are earthworks e ´ Jos ´ rat,J hitpe ilm&OcrMarozzi Oscar & Gillam Christopher J. Iriarte, e nGnrld armnoClua uesdlGben el rvni de Provincia la de Gobierno del Museos y Cultural Patrimonio de General on ´ nGdaddatdaltefiue rsn nti ril.Ls u not but Last article. this in present figures the all drafted Goddard an ´ rusa ieo nrae ne-ru contact. inter-group increased of time a at groups e ´ o rnigu emsint ar u netgtosin investigations out carry to permission us granting for e ´ 959 ead a naubei h rtseso hsproject. this of steps first the in invaluable was Gerardi e ´ on n nlsr opee were complexes enclosure and mound e ´

Research Monumental burials and memorial feasting

References DE MASI, M.A.N. 2005. Relatorio´ final. projeto de salvamento arqueologico´ usina hidrel´etrica de Campos BALDUS, H. 1937.Ensaios de etnologia brasileira.Sao˜ Novos. Florianopolis,´ Brazil. Paulo: Companhia Editorial Nacional. – (ed.) 2006. Xokleng 2869 a.C. As terras altas do sul do BARRETT, J. 1996. The living, the dead and the Brasil.Tubarao:˜ Editora Unisul. ancestors: Neolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices, in R. Preucel & I. Hodder (ed.) DE SOUZA, J.G. 2007. Significados da morte: Contemporary archaeology in theory: 394-412. interpretando as estruturas funerarias´ de Pinhal da London: Blackwell. Serra (RS) e Anita Garibaldi (SC). Anais do XIV Congresso da Sociedade de Arqueologia Brasileira BRADLEY, R. 1998. The significance of monuments on the (CD-ROM). shaping of human experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age . London: Routledge. DENEVAN, W.M. 2001. Cultivated landscapes of native Amazonia and the . Oxford: Oxford BEBER, M.V. 2005. O sistema do asentamento dos University Press. grupos ceramistas do planalto sul-brasilero: o caso da Tradic¸ao˜ Taquara/Itarare,´ in Arqueologia no Rio DIETLER, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of Grande do Sul, Brasil (Documentos 10): 5-125. Sao˜ consumption, comensal politics, and power in Leopoldo, Brazil: Instituto Anchietano de African contexts, in M. Dietler & B. Hayden (ed.) Pesquisas, UNISINOS. Feasts: archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics and power: 65-114. Washington (DC): BECK, L.A. 1995. Regional approaches to mortuary Smithsonian Institution Press. analysis. London: Plenum. DILLEHAY, T.D. 1995. Mounds of the social death: BECKER, I.I. 1976. O Indio´ Kaingang no Rio Grande do Araucanian funerary rites and political succession, Sul.Sao˜ Leopoldo, Brazil: Universidade do Vale do in T. Dillehay (ed.) Tombs for the living: Andean Rio dos Sinos. mortuary practices: 281-313. Washington (DC): BROCHADO, J.P. 1984. An ecological model for the Dumbarton Oaks. spread of pottery and agriculture into Eastern South – 2004. Social landscape and ritual pause: uncertainty America. Unpublished dissertation, University of and integration in formative Peru. Journal of Social Illinois. Archaeology 4: 239-68. CARR,C.&T.CASE. 2005. Gathering Hopewell: society, – 2007. Monuments, resistance and empires in the Andes: ritual and ritual interaction. New York: Springer. Araucanian ritual narratives and polity. Cambridge: CHMYZ,I.&Z.C.SAUNER. 1971. Nota previa´ sobre as Cambridge University Press. pesquisas arqueologicas´ no vale do rio Piquiri. DREYFUS, S. 1972. Los Kayapo del norte de Brasil. D´edalo 13: 7-36. Mexico:´ Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. CHMYZ,I.,C.PEROTA,H.I.MUELLER &M.L.FLEURY FLEMING, A. 1973. Tombs for the living. Man 8: DA ROCHA. 1968. Nota sobreˆ a arqueologia do vale 177-93. do Rio Itarare.´ Revista do Centro de Ensino e IRIARTE, J. 2006. Landscape transformation, mounded Pesquisas Arqueologicas´ 1: 7-23. villages, and adopted cultigens: the rise of early CHMYZ,I.,E.BORA,R.SANTOS CECCON,M.E. Formative communities in south-eastern Uruguay. SGANZERLA &J.E.VOLCOV. 2003. A arqueologia da World Archaeology 38: 644-63. area´ do aterro Sanitario´ da regiao˜ metropolitana de – 2007. New perspectives on plant domestication and Curitiba, em Mandirituba, Parana.´ Arqueologia 2: the spread of agriculture in the Americas, in T. 1-138. Denham,J.Iriarte&L.Vrydaghs(ed.)Rethinking COPE´, S.M. 2007. El uso de la arquitectura como agriculture: archaeological and ethnoarchaeological artefacto en el estudio de paisajes arqueologicos´ del perspectives (One World Archaeology 51): 167-88. altiplano sur brazilieno,˜ Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Walnut Creek (CA): Left Coast Press. de Arquelog´ıa 2: 15–34 – n.d. Phytolith analysis of ceramic sherds’ residues COPE´,S.M.&J.D.SALDANHA. 2002. Em busca de um from site PM01, ElDorado, Misiones, Argentina. sistema de assentamento para o Planalto Manuscript on File. Archaeobotany Laboratory, Sul-Rio-Grandense: escavac¸oes˜ no S´ıtio RS-AN-03, Department of Archaeology, University of Bom Jesus, RS. Pesquisas Antropologia 58: 107-20. Exeter. CRIADO,F.,C.GIANOTTI &P.MANANA˜ . 2006. Before IRIARTE,J.&H.BEHLING. 2007. The expansion of the barrows: forms of monumentality and forms of Araucaria forest in the southern Brazilian complexity in Iberia and Uruguay, in L. Smejdaˇ highlands during the last 4000 years and its (ed.) Archaeology of burial mounds: proceedings of the implications for the development of the Taquara/ EAA 9th annual meeting, Saint-Petersburg 2003 Itarare´ Tradition. Environmental Archaeology 12: (Dryada Archeologica series): 38-51. Plze: 115-27. Department of Archaeology, University of West Bohemia.

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