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Download Download naslovnica_VESEL_tisk 1. april 2010 9:55:31 Matjaž Vesel Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 1 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Zbirka HISTORIA SCIENTIAE Urednik zbirke Matjaž Vesel Matjaž Vesel KOPERNIKANSKI MANIFEST GALILEA GALILEIJA Geneza Dialoga o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta OPOMBE IN KOMENTARJI K DIALOGU O DVEH GLAVNIH SISTEMIH SVETA Jezikovni pregled Mojca Mihelič Oblikovanje Mateja Goršič Prelom Anže Škerjanec s.p. Založnik Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU Za založnika Oto Luthar Glavni urednik Vojislav Likar Tisk Littera picta, d.o.o., Ljubljana Naklada 400 izvodov Knjiga je bila pripravljena v okviru večletnega knjižnega projekta v obdobju 2007–2009, ki sta ga sofinancirala Ministrstvo za kulturo in Javna agencija za knjigo RS. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 001(091) 001:1 VESEL, Matjaž, 1965- Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija : geneza Dialoga o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta ; Opombe in komentarji k Dialogu o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta / Matjaž Vesel. - Ljubljana : Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 2010. - (Zbirka Historia scientiae) ISBN 978-961-254-182-8 1. Vesel, Matjaž: Opombe in komentarji k Dialogu o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta 250260480 © 2009, Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU Digitalna različica (pdf) je pod pogoji licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 prosto dostopna: https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612541828 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 2 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Matjaž Vesel Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija Geneza Dialoga o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta Opombe in komentarji k Dialogu o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta Ljubljana 2009 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 3 24.3.2010 14:47:41 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 4 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Kazalo Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija Uvod ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 I. Teleskopska odkritja ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Zvezdni glasnik in prve omembe knjige o systema mundi ..................................... 13 Phoebus habet maculas ..................................................................................................................... 18 II. Natura et Scriptura ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Pismo Castelliju in prve obtožbe ............................................................................................... 27 Galileova posvetovanja s prijatelji v Rimu in »zadeva Foscarini« .................. 35 Nova ovadba in Galileova strategija reševanja Kopernika ................................... 42 »Koristni razglas« .................................................................................................................................. 48 III. Kometi in »domnevanje med sencami« ................................................................................... 59 De tribus cometis in Discorso delle comete ..................................................................... 59 Libra astronomica, Il Saggiatore in papež Urban VIII. ......................................... 67 IV. Obuditev kopernikanskega programa ......................................................................................... 81 Ingoli, Kepler in Galileo ................................................................................................................... 81 Od Razprave o morskem plimovanju do Dialoga o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta .................................................................................................................................................................. 85 Imensko kazalo ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 Opombe in komentarji k Dialogu o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta Presvetli veliki vojvoda in Uvidevnemu bralcu ............................................................................. 101 Prvi dan ........................................................................................................................................................................ 102 Drugi dan .................................................................................................................................................................... 120 Tretji dan ..................................................................................................................................................................... 142 Četrti dan .................................................................................................................................................................... 161 Literatura ..................................................................................................................................................................... 167 5 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 5 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Dobršen del Kopernikanskega manifesta Galilea Galileija sem napisal kot gostujoči raziskovalec Oddelka za zgodovino znanosti Univerze Oklahoma (Department for the History of Science, University of Oklahoma) in njenih Zbirk zgodovine znanosti (Hi- story of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries) poleti l. 2009. Za iz- jemno prijetno in stimulativno okolje se še posebej zahvaljujem predstojniku oddelka prof. Stevenu J. Liveseyu ter skrbniku zbirk zgodovine znanosti Kerryju Magruderju (Curator of the History of Science Collections) in njegovi sodelavki JoAnn Palmeri (Acting Librarian of the History of Science Collections). Zbirkam zgodovine znanosti Univerze Oklahoma se zahvaljujem tudi za dovoljenje za objavo nekaterih slik. Pri pisanju opomb in komentarjev sem izhajal iz odličnega Komentarja Ottavija Beso- mija in Marija Helbinga, ki je izšel kot poseben zvezek njune kritične izdaje Dialoga (Dialogo, II. Commento, Antenore, Padova 1998) in ki obsega kar 1096 strani, seveda pa sem si pomagal tudi z drugimi, v literaturi navedenimi izdajami in prevodi dela. Zahvalo sem dolžan tudi prevajalki Mojci Mihelič, za potrpežljivost in natančnost pri prevajanju tako kompleksnega, bogatega in konceptualno zahtevnega besedila, za končno različico prevodov italijanskih navedkov v Kopernikanskem manifestu in za nekatere opombe (označene kot Op. prev.), ter Matjažu Ličerju, ki je prebral zadnjo različico prevoda Dialoga ter opomb in komentarjev, me opozoril na nekatere lapsuse in prispeval nekaj koristnih popravkov, pripomb in predlogov. Matjaž Vesel HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 6 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija Geneza Dialoga o dveh glavnih sistemih sveta HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 7 24.3.2010 14:47:41 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 8 24.3.2010 14:47:41 Uvod 22. junija 1633 je Galileo Galilei v cerkvi Santa Maria sopra Minerva v Rimu, potem ko je kleče poslušal obtožnico, ki ga je bremenila hude herezije, pod grožnjo mučenja prebral in podpisal uradni preklic, v katerem se je pokesal za svoje kopernikansko krivoversko prepričanje: »Jaz, Galileo Galilei, sin pokojnega Vincenza Galileija iz Firenc, v sedemdesetem letu svojega življenja, osebno prisoten na sodišču, na ko- lenih pred vami, prevzvišenimi in prečastitimi gospodi kardinali v vsem krščanskem svetu, generalnimi inkvizitorji zoper krivoversko izprijenost, imajoč pred svojimi očmi presvete evangelije, ki se jih dotikam z lastnimi rokami, prisegam, da sem vedno verjel in da sedaj verjamem ter da bom z božjo pomočjo v prihodnje verjel v vse to, pri čemer vztraja, kar oznanja in uči sveta katoliška in apostolska rimska Cerkev. Ker pa sem potem, ko mi je bilo od tega istega Svetega oficija z ukazom sodno naloženo, naj povsem opustim napačno mnenje, ki pravi, da je Sonce središče vesolja in da je negibno, da pa Zemlja ni središče in da se giblje, in da ne smem pri prej omenjenem napačnem nauku vztrajati, ga zagovarjati ali učiti na kakršen koli način, ustno ali pisno, in potem ko mi je bilo dano v vednost, da je prej omenjeni nauk nasproten Svetemu pismu, napisal in dal v tisk knjigo, v kateri obravnavam ta isti že obsojeni nauk, in ker navajam ra- zloge, ki ta nauk učinkovito podpirajo, ne navajam pa nobene dokončne rešitve, zato sem bil hudo osumljen herezije in obsojen, to je, da sem menil in verjel, da je Sonce središče vesolja in da je negibno in da Zemlja ni središče in da se giblje. Zato v želji, da iz duha vaših eminenc in slehernega katoliškega kri- stjana odstranim ta hudi sum, ki se je zoper mene upravičeno vzbudil, z iskrenim srcem in nehlinjeno vero preklicujem, grajam in preklinjam zgoraj omenjene zablode in krivoverstva in nasploh sleherno drugo zablo- do in sekto, nasprotno Sveti cerkvi, in prisegam, da v prihodnje ne bom 9 HS_GalileoGalilei_Dialog II.indd 9 24.3.2010 14:47:41 10 Kopernikanski manifest Galilea Galileija nikoli več govoril in navajal, bodisi v besedah bodisi pisno, ničesar, zara- di česar bi lahko name padel podoben sum; če pa bom izvedel za kakega krivoverca ali osumljenega krivoverstva, ga bom ovadil temu Svetemu oficiju ali inkvizitorju in ordinariju kraja, v katerem bom. Poleg tega prisegam in obljubljam, da bom dosledno opravil in upo- števal vse pokore, ki so mi bile naložene ali mi bodo naložene od tega Svetega oficija. Kajti če bi se mi zgodilo, da bi ravnal v nasprotju s ka- terimi od svojih besed, obljub, pričevanj in priseg (in to Bog
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