Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

An Elsevier Indexed Journal ISSN-2230-7346

Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

MEDICINAL USED AS WHOLE AGAINST ARTHRITIS

Rupali. S. Dhikale1*, Dr. Anil G. Jadhav2, Dr.Vishal Gulecha1, Dr.Amar Zalte1

1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip University, Mahirawani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra-412213, . 2 Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Mahirawani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra-412213, India. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Key Words Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that arises more frequently in females than males, being predominantly observed in the Rheumatoid arthritis, elderly. The greatest disadvantage of allopathic drugs lies in their toxicity and Herbal medicines, Whole reappearance of symptoms after discontinuation and hence the use of medicinal plants becoming popular for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Now a day’s world’s Access this article online population progress towards herbal remedies for healing of ailments like arthritis. Website: Various parts of plants such as leaves, roots, fruits, rhizomes and seeds are used in https://www.jgtps.com/ distinguished dosage forms like extract, decoction, juice, infusion, paste and oil etc. for Quick Response Code: the treatment of RA. There are various important medicinal plants and herbs which benefit in any form of conditions associated with arthritis with special emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The present work is collection of information regarding those plants mentioned in the traditional Indian system of medicine which are having potential in treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis when they are used as whole.

INTRODUCTION

Nature has blessed us with enormous form for medicinal use. For example, salicylic wealth of herbal plants which are widely acid, the precursor of aspirin, was isolated in distributed all over the world as a source of 1874 from willow bark. There are numerous therapeutic agents for the prevention and cure of other examples. There are many synthetic drugs various diseases. [1] Natural products from plants that are being used as standard treatment for have played a remarkable role to cure and avert many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis but different diseases from ancient times. [2-4] they have adverse effect that can compromise the According to WHO, world’s 80% population uses therapeutic treatment. So these adverse effects herbal medicines for their primary health care increase the chances for the use of herbal plants needs. Herbal medicines will act as parcels of for the treatment of disease and disorder. [6] The human society to combat disease from the dawn word arthritis means inflammation of the joint of civilization. [5] Before the discovery of (“artho” meaning joint and “itis” meaning synthetic drugs man was completely depends on inflammation). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a the medicinal plants for the treatment of disease. ravaging inflammatory and autoimmune illness The medicinal value of plants has been that affects the joints, although its cause is still recognized by every person of this society. In the unknown. With RA, inflammation manifests in nineteenth or earlier centuries natural product the lining of the joints causing pain, swelling, extracts, particularly those derived from botanical joint damage and deformity. It can occasionally species, provided the main source of folk involve other internal organs, such as the nerves, medicines. However, in the latter part of the eyes, lungs or heart. [7] Rheumatoid arthritis nineteenth century, biologically-active organic (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease molecules began to be isolated in relatively pure that arises more frequently in females than males,

8404 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 being predominantly observed in the elderly. The serving as a boon for all living ones all over the prevalence rate reported in 2002 ranged from universe. For the treatment of RA, various parts 0.5% to 1% of the population and had regional of plants are used such as leaves, roots, fruits, variation. RA primarily affects the lining of the rhizomes, and seeds in distinguished dosage synovial joints and can cause progressive forms like extract, decoction, juice, infusion, disability, premature death, and socioeconomic paste, oil etc. Many of the plants are claimed for burdens. The clinical manifestations of their antiarthritic potential with respect to not symmetrical joint involvement include arthralgia, only its specific part like leaf, seed etc. but whole swelling, redness and even limiting the range of plant. The present work is collection of motion. [8] Presently for the treatment of RA, information regarding those plants mentioned in strategies have changed from traditionally used the traditional systems of medicine which are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) having potential in treatment of Rheumatoid or disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs Arthritis when they are used as whole. These (DMARDs) to novel biological agents, like TNF plants are being used in the form of single herbs monoclonal antibody and finally and combination drugs and poly herbal immunosuppressive or cytotoxic agents. [9-11] formulations. Various parts of the plants that are The above mentioned therapeutic agents reduce claimed to have antiarthritic activity were the inflammation and joint destruction but their referred and only those which are used as whole long-term risks are still unknown. However, plant and whose anti arthritic potential is long-term risks of drugs include gastrointestinal validated were studied in detailed. ulcers, cardiovascular complications, hematologic toxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, 1. Achillea millefolium Linn. myelosuppression, hepatic fibrosis, stomatitis, Family: Compositae cirrhosis, diarrhea, immune reactions, and local Geographical Source: In India it is commonly injection-site reactions. Moreover, higher costs distributed in Himalayas from Kashmir to and side effects which include high risks of Kumaun at altitude of 1,050-3,600m. Also seen infections and melagnancies require continuous growing in Bombay and Belgaum areas [15] monitoring. [12] Because there is currently no Chemical Constituents: Various known cure or means of preventing RA, the phytoconstituents reported are American College of Rheumatology recommends Volatile oil: Azulene, chamazulene, the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment with prochamazulene, α-pinene, β-pinene, eucalyptol, disease modifying anti-rheumatic agents to limit α-thujone, terpinene, limonene, borneol, the degree of irreversible joint damage. Despite terpineol, bornyl acetate, caryophyllene, early detection, current treatment medications are tricyclene, camphene,sabinene,1-8- limited in their efficacy and are frequently toxic. cineole,camphor. [13] These undesirable side effects frequently Other constituents: flavonoids, lignans, force the patients to look for complementary and amino acid derivatives, fatty acids, alkamides, alternative medicine (CAM). A recent survey sesquisterpene lactones, caffeic acid, indicates that people suffering from chronic pain polyacetylenes, tannins, sterols. in RA and those dissatisfied with allopathic Uses: It has been internally used as herbal treatment are more prone to seek alternative teas for headaches, hepato-biliary disorders, medicine, where 60–90% of arthritic patients use gastrointestinal complaints, menstrual CAM. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find out irregularities and as appetizer and externally a potential alternative to eradicate the drawbacks as lotion or ointment against skin of present allopathic treatment. Herbal remedies inflammation, wounds and abrasions. can form an alternative source to relieve Details of Anti-arthritic activity- Ethanol symptoms in patients having RA as well as to extract of the plant showed promising anti address the drawbacks associated with present arthritic activity at a dose of 300mg/kg when treatment methods with allopathic drugs. [14] A administered to complete freund’s ajuvant (CFA) number of medicinal plants have been claimed induced arthritic rats. The positive response for for their anti arthritic potential in traditional the activity may be due to the presence of total systems of medicines. Some of these plants are phenolic, total flavanoid and tannin content. validated for their anti arthritic potential using Yarrow aerial parts ethanol extract possess anti- different animal model and some of the plants are arthritic effect through inhibition of paw yet to be validated. Every part of the plant is inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress 8405 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 and inflammatory markers (reduced TNF-α “Bugleweed or Ground pine” which distributed plasma levels). [16] mainly in the temperate regions Europe, Asia, , North America and Africa. [19] 2. Ajuga bracteosa- Chemical Constituents: The chemical Family: Labiatae composition of A. decumbens includes Geographical Source: The plants of genus diterpenes like Ajugacumbins A, Ajugacumbins Ajuga are native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, B, Ajugacumbins C, Ajugacumbins D, also grow in Australia, India and North Ajugamarins A2, Ajugamarins G1, Ajugamarins America. Ajuga bracteosa is distributed in H1 and Ajugamarins F4, Ajugacumbins E and subtropical and temperate regions from Ajugacumbins F, Ajugacumbins G, iridoids Kashmir to Bhutan, , Afghanistan, glycosides, flavonoids, ecdysteroids and , Malaysia, Western himalayas, plains of phenethyl alcohol glycoside.[19] and upper gangetic plains of India at Uses: The plant is used for the treatment of an altitude of 1300m. In India, it is abundant in hypertension, hyperglycemia, pneumonia, acute western Himalaya at an altitude 1300m. [17] and chronic pharyngitis, joint pain, gout, and Chemical Constituents: Various compounds jaundice. The plant also has biological activities such as such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, antifeedant,  General: Glycosides, Tannins, Ceryl alcohol, α- antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sitosterol, β-Sitosterol, Cerotic and palmitic antihyperlipidemic, antivirus activity, acid. anticholinesterase and cytotoxicity activities. [19]  Alcoholic Extract: Glucose, Arabinose, Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The plant has Phenolic bitter components, Acidic bitter significant antiarthritic effect possibly as revealed components, Neutral bitter components. when the ethanolic extract of the whole plant at a  Non-saponifiable Fraction: Ceryl alcohol, α - dose of 30, 50, 150 mg/kg is administered to sitosterol, β-sitosterol. complete freund’s ajuvant (CFA) induced  Saponifiable Fraction: Cerotic acid, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid. [17] arthritic rats. The plant shows its antiarthritic Uses: In ethno medicine its use is reported as potential through regulation of the balance anthelmintic, aromatic, tonic, astringent, between bone resorption and bone formation, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of NO synthesis by RAW264.7 hypoglycemic and it also remediates intestinal macrophages, and down-regulation of expression ailments. In Asian countries it is used as a of iNOS in macrophages. Thus, it is a beneficial folk medicine against gout, hepatitis, medicine against osteoporosis and arthritis pneumonia, rheumatism and various neuro including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. inflammatory disorders. It is recommended in [20] Ayurveda to treat rheumatism, amenorrhea, gout and palsy. The decoction of the leaves, flowers 4. Name- Aristolochia Bracteolata and barks is used in India for the treatment Family: Aristolochiaceae of cancer and other diseases like diabetes, Geographical Source: The plant is more malaria and inflammation. [17] commonly distributed throughout the South Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The plant has India, Bengal, Upper Gangetic Plain, Ceylon and significant antiarthritic effect possibly as revealed Tropical Africa. [21] when the ethanolic extract of the whole plant at a Chemical Constituents: The phytochemical dose of 5, 10, 20 mg/kg is administered to analysis of this plant has revealed the presence complete freund’s ajuvant (CFA) induced of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, sterols, arthritic rats. The isolated constituent ajugarin-I, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds lupulinA and withaferin-A, reptoside and 6- and cardio glycosides. The secondary deoxyharapagide could be responsible for metabolites from Aristolochia species cover 16 antiarthritic effect through the COX- I and COX- major groups classified by their chemical II inhibition mechanism. [18] structures, including aristolochic acids and esters, aristolactams, aporphines, protoberberines, 3. Ajuga decumbens Thunberg.(Bugle isoquinolines, benzylisoquinolines, amides, weed) lignans, biphenyl ethers, coumarins, Family: Lamiaceae / Labiatae. tetralones, terpenoids, benzenoids and others. Geographical Source: The genus Ajuga, belongs [21] to the family of Labiatae, commonly known as 8406 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

Uses: The whole plant is very bitter and has isolated from the whole plant of Argemone abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, Mexicana. [23,24] antiperiodic, emmenagogue and purgative Uses: The plant is used in different parts of the properties. The dried, powdered root has been world for the treatment of several ailments shown to increase the contractions of the uterus including tumors, dropsy, warts, skin diseases, during labour. The powdered roots are combined inflammations, rheumatism, jaundice, leprosy, with caster oil (from Ricinus communis) and used microbial infections, malaria, ophthalmia, in the treatment of colic, amenorrhoea, scabies, emetic, expectorant, demulcent and dysmenorrhoea, intermittent fever and worms. diuretic and cutaneous affections. The seeds and The dried and powdered leaves, mixed with oil or seed oil are employed as a remedy for dysentery, blood, are emetic. They are used to treat breast ulcers, asthma and other intestinal affections. diseases and are also applied topically to kill lice Leaves and seeds are also reported to find and ticks, in treatment of snakebite. Aristolochia application in maintaining normal blood bracteolata is known as “worm killer” due to circulation and cholesterol level in human body. supposed antihelminthic activity and trypanocidal Seeds of the plant are used aspurgative, laxative effect. Aristolochia bracteolata also possess a and digestive. Flowers are found to be potent antiallergic activity, antibacterial and expectorant and have been used in the treatment antifungal activities.[21] of coughs. [23] Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The anti Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The arthritic activity of plant is demonstrated in methanolic extract of Argemone mexicana leaves complete freund’s ajuvant (CFA) induced is more potent for showing the antiarthritic arthritic rats. The petroleum ether, methanol, and activity than the petroleum ether extract when chloroform extract of whole plant possess tested using complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) comparable anti-arthritic activity at doses of 100, model at different doses of extract (100 and 300 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. The plant mg/kg). The extracts showed dose dependent revealed anti-arthritic activity by maintaining the effect. Since methanol extracts and petroleum synovial membrane and vascular permeability ether extracts contained chemical constituents thus inhibiting cytokines and leukotriene such as isorhamnetin-3-O-β- D glucopyanoside, β infiltration. In conclusion, AB possesses an anti- amyrin, cysteine and phenylalanine which might arthritic effect on wistar albino rats of either sex. be responsible for such activity due to their anti [22] inflammatory and immunomodulatory 5. Argemone Mexicana functions.[25] Family: Papaveraceae Geographical Source: It is an exotic weed 6. Name: Bacopa monnieri indigenous in South America but has widespread Family: Plantaginaceae/Scrophulariaceae distribution in many tropical and sub-tropical Geographical Source: Bacopa monnieri is a countries including west. This plant is common perennial, creeping herb whose habitat includes everywhere by roadsides and fields in India as wetlands and muddy shores. The leaves are well. [23] succulent, relatively thick, oblanceolate and are Chemical Constituents: Most of the isolated compounds belong to the class of alkaloids; arranged oppositely on the stem. It is commonly besides, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, long- found in wet marshy and damp places throughout chain aliphatic compounds and few aromatic India. It is also found in Nepal, , China, compounds are also present. The plant is reported Taiwan, , and some southern states of to have alkaloids such as berberine, protopine, USA. Bacopa monnieri is a major constituent of sarguinarine, optisine, chelerytherine. The seed the traditional Medhya Rasayana (Medhya - oil contains myristic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic intelligence, Rasayana-rejuvenators) acids, mexicanol, mexicanic acid, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Phenolics, Long-chain aliphatic formulations, which are considered to facilitate compounds, Aromatic compounds, learning and improve memory. [26] dihydropalmitine hydroxide, berberine Chemical Constituents: The pharmacological &protopine. Quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids properties of Bacopa monnieri were studied like dehydrocory-dalmine, jatrorrhizine, extensively, and the activities were attributed columbamine and oxyber-berine have been mainly due to the presence of characteristic

8407 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 saponins called “bacosides.” Bacosides are a Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, complex mixture of structurally closely related Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, compounds, glycosides of either jujubogenin or Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar pseudojujubogenin. Bacosides comprise a family Pradesh, and West Bengal. [28] of 12 known analogs. Major bacopasaponins Chemical Constituents: The plant shows the were bacosides A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside I, presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloid, bacopaside X, bacopasaponin C, bacopaside N2 flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phytosterol, and the minor components were bacopasaponin phenolic compound and tannin, essential oil, F, bacopasaponin E, bacopaside N1 bacopaside proteins, and amino acids, carbohydrates, III, bacopaside IV and bacon aside V. Four glycosides. Its aerial parts contain glycosides such as barlerinoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, cucurbitacins, bacitracin A-D, a known cytotoxic, lupulinoside, 7-methoxydiderroside, barlerin, cucurbitacin E and three phenylethanoid acetylbarlerin, and verbascoside; terpenoid such glycosides, monnieraside I, III and plant inside B as lupeol, pipataline, and balarenone; and were isolated from the aerial part of Bacopa flavones such as apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside and monnieri. Two common flavonoids, luteolin and luteolin-7-o-glucoside. Leaves were reported to apigenin have also been detected in B. contain phenolic acids such as Melilotic acid, monnieri.[26] syringic acid, vanillic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and flavones such as 6-hydroxyflavone and Uses: Bacopa monnieri has been found to possess scutellarin. Roots contain phytosterol. [28] significant anti-depressant activity, anti-anxiety, Uses: The whole plant or its specific parts (leaf, anti-convulsant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, stem, root, bark, and flower) have been utilized antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-ulcer, for the treatment of catarrhal affections, ulcer, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, analgesic and whooping cough, inflammations, glandular anti-toxicity activity. [26] swellings, urinary infection, jaundice, fever, stomach disorders, and as diuretic and tonic. It is Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The likewise used in urinary infection, jaundice, antiarthritic potential of the plant is demonstrated hepatic obstruction, and dropsy, and thepaste of in Type II-collagen induced arthritic rats at a dose the roots is applied to benefit to boils and of 100 mg/kg. In vitro models such as Inhibition glandular swellings.It is also utilized for the of protein denaturation and membrane treatment of anemia, toothache, and bacterial stabilisation was studied to establish the disorders. The flora is, especially, well mechanism of anti‐arthritic effect of B. monnieri. recognized for caring for bleeding gums and The methanolic extract of B. monniera has toothache. Due to its antiodontalgic property, it is showed significant activity at various as wellknown as “Vajradanti”. Some tribal concentrations and its effect was compared with communities utilize the leaves for the treatment the standard drug Diclofenac sodium. The of piles and to control irritation. The plant is also maximum percentage inhibition of protein utilized for the stiffness of limbs, enlargement of denaturation and membrane stabilisation of B. the scrotum, and sciatica. [28] monniera was observed at 2000μg/ml. Thus the Details of Anti arthritic activity- The B. in-vitro studies on B. monnieri extracts prionitis possesses anti-arthritic activity in demonstrated the significant anti-arthritic activity Freund’s Complete Adjuvant- induced arthritic may be due to the presence of active principles Sprague Dawley rats. The anti-arthritic effect of such as flavonoids, bacosides and tritrepenoids Ethyl acetate fraction of chloroform extract at a and related polyphenols.[27] dose of 125 and 150mg/kg of B. prionitis could

be attributed to the presence of flavonoids, 7. Name: Prionitis. triterpenoid, saponins, tannins and steroids. The Family: . anti-arthritic potential of Ethyl acetate fraction of Geographical Source: B. prionitis is commonly plant may be through protection of synovial found in shrub jungles and wayside thickets from membrane, vascular permeability, prevention of plains to 500 m. Common. Tropical Africa, cartilage destruction, thereby improving the Tropical Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, health status through haematinic properties. [29] Malaysia. It is commonly found in the following states of India-Andaman and ,

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Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

8. Name: Butea Monosperma antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, free radical Family: Fabaceae scavenging activity. [30] Geographical Source: This plant is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions Details of Anti arthritic activity- The anti- of . It is common in the arthritis potential of the Methanolic extract of south-East Asia ranging from , Butea monosperma has been evaluated using India, Nepal, Srilanka, , , Formalin induced arthritis models in Wistar , Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is very albino rats. The methanolic extract was given at common throughout the greater part of the India two doses in two different groups 200 mg/kg and up to 1000 MSL or higher in the outer Himalaya. 400 mg/kg. The Plant is efective in arthritis by its In India, the drier parts, open grasslands, and most influent action such as improvement in other wastelands have Butea monosperma. [30] levels of hemoglobin and RBC. It also suppresses Chemical Constituents: The various the levels of WBC and ESR.It is found that both phytoconstituents from the plant are as below: the extracts had effect against arthritis but the  Flowers: Butein, alpha-amyrin, extract given in dose 400 mg/kg gave better Flavonoids (palasitrin and prumetin), results when compared with the 200 mg/kg beta-sitosteron, coreopsin, extract dose. [31] isocoreopsin(butin 7-glucoside), isomonospermoside, monospermoside 9. Name: Caltha Palustris (butein3-e-D-glucoside) and steroids. Family: Ranunculaceae  Leaves: Leaves contain Glucoside, Geographical Source: The plant began to Kino-oil that contains palmitic acid grow in the gardens of Austria and southern lignoceric acid, oleic and linoleic acid. Germany. It has become a valuable garden  Resin: Z-amyrin, e-sitosterone plant in the collections of connoisseurs of glucoside and sucrose, lactone- Austria, Switzerland, Germany, England, and nheneicosanoic acid-delta-lactone, Holland.[32] laccijalaric esters III, IV, jalaric esters I, Chemical Constituents: Caltha palustris II. contains biologically active substances both  Seeds: Oil-yellow in color and tasteless primary and secondary synthesis. It consists of containing lypolytic and proteolytic alkaloids, saponins, γ-lactones: enzymes, nitrogenous acidic protoanemonin, anemonin, tannins, and ascorbic compound along with palasonin, acid. All parts of the plant contain monospermoside (butein 3-e-d- triterpenoids (palus-trolide, caltolide, glucoside). epicaltolide, 16,17-dihydroxycauronic-19 and  Stem: 3-Z-hydroxyeuph-25-ene and 2, hedrogenic acids), steroids (sitosterol), 14-dihydroxy-11, 12-dimethyl-8-oxo- carotenoids (3-epilutein), coumarins (scopoletin, octadec-11 enylcyclohexane, umbelliferone). Heterocyclic geleborin Stigmasterol-Dglucopyranoside and compounds have been found in underground nonacosanoic acid. organs. The flowers contain flavonoids –  Gum: Mucilaginous material, campferol, quercetin, 7-rhamnoside, 3- pyrocatechin and Tannin. glucoside and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside of campferol, 7-rhamnoside, 3-glucoside, 3-  Bark: palasitrin, butolic acid, cyanidin, glucoside-7-rhamnoside quercetin.In the Caltha lupeol,lupenone, palmiside, shelloic acid, palustris grass, 16 connected phenolic structures butrin, butolic acid, histidine, Gallic acid, have been identified (phenolic acids –caffeic, pyrocatechin, Kino-tannic acid. [30] chlorogenic, gallic, chicory, isochlorogenic, Uses: The plant is a powerful astringent, used in ferulic and flavonoids –apigenin, apigenin- diarrhoea and wounds. The plant is also used for 3-glycoside, luteolin-7-glycoside, k-glycoside; as their anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial and well as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin purgative properties, treatment for hookworms, gallate and coumarin). Caltha palustris antimicrobial, antifertility, anticonvulsive, flowers contain pigments of trolixanthin, antihelmintic, and antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, xanthophyll, epoxanthine, alloxanthine, seeds wound healing, antigiardiasis and fatty oil. The seeds have alkaloids, oils and hepatoprotective, antihypertenstive, antitumor, vitamin C. [32]

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Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

Uses: It is used as anti-inflammatory and level of 200mg/kg. The activity is correlated analgesic agent for burns, wounds, bruises, directly with antioxidant potential, high flavanoid rheumatism, neurodermatitis, eczema. In small content and capacity to inhibit the NFKB doses decoction or infusion of Caltha palustris protein.[35] grass is used internally for feverish conditions,whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, 11. Name: Cleome gynandra metabolic disorders, diathesis, anemia, scurvy, Family: Cleomaceae / Capparacede painful menstruation and uterine carcinoma. Geographical Source: Cleome gynandra is a Infusion of flowers used for the treatment of common plant occurring throughout the tropics ascites. In homeopathy, a plant is used to and subtropics of Africa. In , North- treat bronchitis and cough, menstrual disorders. West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape to [32] , Nepal all states of India. It is also Details of the Anti-arthritic activity- The widely distributed in tropical and subtropical methanol extract of the plant when given to regions throughout the world. [36] collagen induced arthritis rats at a dose of 10 Chemical Constituents: The plant is reported to mg/kg it showed antiarthritic effect. The plant have phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, works by decreasing the percentage and absolute ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids; count of splenic T- regulatory cells [CD4+]. [33] whereas sodium, magnesium, manganese, copper and β-carotene,oleic acid, linolic acid found in 10. Name: Chenopodium album seed oil. The root consists of two glyco- Family: Amaranthaceae flavonones asnarringenin-4-galactoside-1 and Geographical Source: The species was dihydrokaemferol-4f-galactoside-2, glycoside, introduced from Europe. Its current distribution is Naringenin, Carotenoids, Cardiac glycosides, worldwide, including Africa, America, Australia, Cyanogenic Glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Hawaii, Greenland, and Norway. In India, the Triterpenes, sugars, Tanninspalmitic acid, stearic plant is widely grown in Madhya-Pradesh, West- acid, arachidic acid.[36] Bengal and in Andhra-Pradesh. [34] Uses: The plant is considered to be Chemical Constituents: The plant contains antirheumatic, disinfectant, rubefacient. Leaf is essential oils, besides alkaloids (Chenoalbicin), used in the treatment of bronchitis, as an enema trigonelline, chenopodine, potassium and vitamin for rheumatism, as an eyewash treat inflamed C, total phenol flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, eyes,for headache. The root is used to treat rutin, and kaempferol). The major class of fevers, to relieve scorpion stings and snake bite. phytoconstituents includes nonpolar lipid, The seeds are anthelmintic and rubefacient. Seed phenols and lignins (cinnnamic acid, 4-hydroxy- oil is used to expel roundworms, as a hairdressing cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, methyl ferulate, to kill lice, in ear diseases, pruritis and several sinapic acid), alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides other diseases like gastro intestinal disorders and (oleanolic acid) and saponins (calenduloside E, gastrointestinal infections. [36] chikusetsusaponin Iva). [34] Details of Anti-arthritic activity- Cleome Uses: The plant has applications as a laxative, gynandra Linn., occurs throughout the tropic and anthelmintic against round and hookworms, subtropic regions. It is used in the treatment of blood-purifier, antiscorbutic. An infusion is used rheumatoid arthritis. It contains chemical for hepatic disorders, spleen enlargement, constituents such as triterpenes, tannins, biliousness and intestinal ulcers. According to anthroquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, Ayurveda, the plant is used to treat vata and resins, lectins, glycosides, sugars phenolic kapha. The plant also having the potential of compounds and alkaloids and these compounds improving appetite, abdominal pain, eye might be responsible for anti-arthritic properties. disorders, throat troubles, piles and diseases of Ethanolic extract of Cleome gynandra Linn., blood. The leaves of the plant were used as an possess anti-inflammatory activity on both acute anthelmintic and cardiotonic. The juice of leaves and chronic inflammation. The ethanolic extract is used for treating burns. Decoction of aerial of Cleome gynandra Linn., administered at the parts mixed with alcohol is rubbed on the body dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for 30 days to the parts affected by arthritis and rheumatism. [34] Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritic rats Details of Anti-arthritic Activity: The acetone shows anti arthritic effect. The lants act by extract of Chenopodiunm album has significant modifying the lysosomal membrane or by antiarthritic activity in CFA treated rats at a dose inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes. [37] 8410 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

12. Name: Cleome rutidosperma triterpenoids, phenols, flavanoids, flavonol Family: Cleomaceae glycosides, proteins, alkaloids, antharaquinone, Geographical Source: The plant is native to anthocyanins, cardiac glycosides, Stigmast-4-ene- tropical Africa. This species is an invasive weed 3, 6-dione, volatile oils and steroids throughout most lowland wet tropical areas of  Leaves: Leaves contain 3 monoglucoside, Asia and Australia, tropical parts of India. It is 3-rutinoside, 3-neohisperidoside, 3- o- found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, rhamnosyl Glycoside, kaempferol- 3- o- Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil rhamnosyl, aparajitin, beta-sitosterol, and Nadu, Kerala, Andaman, Nicobar I, , essential oil 5. Lakshadweep. It is also found in Sri Lanka,  Flower: Flower contains delphinidin-3, 5- Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand and Borneo.[38] diglucoside, delphinidin-3ß- glucoside, Chemical Constituents: The plant contains and malvidin- 3ß - glucoside, tannins, lipids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac kaemphferol, p-coumaric acid 5. glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, saponins,  Root: Contains ß- carotene, stigmast- 4- terpenoids, poly-phenols, phlobatannins, pentose ene- 3, 6, diene, taraxerol & teraxerone, and reducing sugars. Minerals like Na and Zn are starch, tannins & resins. [40] also present in the seed. [38] Uses: The flowers are mixed with water in a Uses: The plant is reported to have Anti-pyretic preparation used to treat eye problems. The and Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti- powdered, ripe seeds are aperient and purgative. convulsant, Diuretic, Anti-microbial, & Laxative The roots are bitter, powerfully cathartic, and Property, Wound Healing, Anti-oxidant, Anti- diuretic and purgative.The root bark is diuretic diabetic, Anti-arthritic Activity, Anti-plasmodial and laxative. The plant is used in the treatment of or Anti-malarial potential, Anti- neuro- snakebites, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti- inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Immune inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local Boosting, Anti-depressant, Anti-cancer. [38] anesthetic, antidiabetic, insecticidal, blood Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The platelet aggregation-inhibiting and for use as a evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of various vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties. [40] extracts of Cleome rutidosperma was carried out Details of Anti-arthritic activity:-The in vitro using cotton pellet granuloma method and bioassay method (in terms of inhibition of heat Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model in male induced protein) of aqueous extract of plant was albino rats. The ethanolic extract of Cleome used to evaluate the antiarthritic potential of rutidosperma exhibited significant anti-arthritic Clitorea terneata. The study was done at different activity as compared to other extracts at a dose of concentration ranging from 0.0 μg/mL to 500 200 mg/kg bw. All the extracts of Cleome μg/mL. The extract has marked antiarthritic rutidosperma showed potent antiarthritic activity activity which is found to be dose-dependent and and the potency of the extracts follows the order - might be attributed to interaction of its flavanoid standard>ethanolic extract>petroleum ether and polyphenol with aliphatic region around the extract>di-ethyl ether extract>ethyl acetate lysine residue on the albumin protein. [41] extract. [39] 14. Name: Corallocarpus epigaeus 13. Name: Clitoria ternatea Family: Cucurbitaceae Family: Fabaceae Geographical Source: Corallocarpus epigaeus Geographical Source: It is originated from (Arn.) Cl.(Cucurbitaceae) known as Jungali suran tropical Asia and later was distributed widely in in Gujarat. It is distributed in tropical Africa, South and Central America, East and West Persian Gulf region and India (Andhra Pradesh, Indies, China and India. Native to the island of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Ternate in the Molluca archipelago. It is found Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, commonly as an escape in hedges and thickets Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West throughout India to an altitude of 15cm and in Bengal). [42] Andaman Islands. It can be grown in Punjab, Chemical Constituents: The plant is reported to Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, have tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and Madhya-Pradesh, Andhra-Pradesh and phenolic compound, flavonoids, polyphenol, Karnataka. [40] steroids, tannin, glycosides, anthroquinones, Chemical constituents: The plant contains polyphenol, steroids, carbohydrate, protein, fats, tannins, phlobatannin, carbohydrates, saponins, carbohydrates and vitamins.[42] 8411 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

Uses: The plant is used in the treatment of Geographical Source: They are a terrestrial fern chronic rheumatism, snake bite, asthma, found among rocks in crevices, shelves or in the dysentery and syphilitic disorders.used as bitter, soil among boulders also epiphytic on tree trunks emetic, cures inflammations (Ayurveda). Root in open forests and rainforests. It is native to tuber for snake bite, anaemia, leprosy, eczema, tropical areas of Africa, Asia, Australia, dysentery, arthritis, rheumatism, chronic mucous Oceania, as well as India, enteritis, diabetes. Stem for filariasis, wounds, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, the emetic, goiter and diabetes. [42] and New Guinea. It is cultivated Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The and used in many Asian countries such as China, methanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus Vietnam, Thailand and Taiwan. [46] exhibited antiarthritic at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw in Chemical Constituents: Phytochemicals like CFA induced arthritic rats. The plant shows its phenols, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, anti arthritic effect by decreasing the paw volume xanthoproteins, carboxylic acid, coumarins and and inhibiting the oxidative stress. Thus, the saponins, catechin, flavonoids, steroids and tested sample showed to be a potent analgesic, triterpenes are present in Drynaria quercifolia. anti-inflammatory and antioxidant extract. [43] Dried rhizomes contain friedelin, epifriedelinol, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol 3- 15.Name- Delonix elata Gamble Fl. (Poinciana Beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3, 4 di hydroxyl elata L.) benzoic acid, acetyl lupeol, aglycone naringinin Family- Fabaceae /Caesalpiniaceae and flavones glycoside naringin. The plant Geographical Source: It is distributed in the contains Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, countries like Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cyprus, Phytosterols, phenolics, catechins Tannins, Egypt, , , India, , , Proteins, Amino acids, Fixed oils, Fats, Mexico, Nigeria, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Carbohydrates, Gums and Mucilage’s.[46] Lanka, , , Uganda and United States of America. [44] Uses: The rhizome is astringent, bitter and tonic Chemical Constituents: It possess copious to the bowels. It is used in the treatment of phytochemicals viz. saponins, alkaloids, carotene, typhoid, dyspepsia and coughs and reported to hydrocarbons, phytotoxins, flavonoids, tannins, have anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory and steroids, carotenoids, galactomannon, lupeol, β- antipyretic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, sitosterol, terpenoids, glycosides and hepatoprotective, wound healing and antiulcer carbohydrates, in leaves, flowers, bark and roots. properties. It promotes the healing of injured [44] Ligaments, treat bleeding gums or toothaches. It Uses: It has been used in various ailments such as is also used for tinnitus, a condition of the ears chronic fever, antimicrobial, constipation, and topically as a hair tonic which stimulate hair inflammation, arthritis, hemoplagia, piles, boils, growth and to improve hair condition. It is also pyorrhea, scorpion bite, bronchitis, asthma and used in tuberculosis, hectic fever, dyspepsia and dysmenorrhoea. The plant shows diverse cough. It is used as poultice over inflammatory therapeutic prospective such as antifungal, regions, urinary tract infection, chronic jaundice antibacterial, antioxidant, antiemetic, larvicidal, and cutaneous affections. The plant is also used hepatoprotective, anti-diarrhoeal, anti- to treat arthritis, treatment of excited mental inflammatory, antimalarial, anthelmintic, disorders, phthisis and hay fever.[46] antiarthritic, wound healing and anticarcinogenic Details of Anti-arthritic activity- Anti-arthritic potential. [44] effect of aqueous extract of D.quercifolia was Details of Anti- arthritic activity: In formalin studied by assessing the levels of lysosomal induced arthritis, methanolic extract of Delonix elata enzymes, protein bound carbohydrates, urinary exhibited significant protection on Wister albino rats degradative collagen and serum cytokines on at a dose of 250mg/kg bw. The significant activity is control and adjuvant induced arthritis. The paw contributed to presence of flavanoid, saponin, swelling and body weight were also analyzed. tannin, carbohydrates and traces of alkaloid. The The levels of ROS and lysosomal enzymes in plant acts by blocking the action of COX and thus neutrophils of control and adjuvant induced preventing the generation of mediators.[45] animals were also estimated. It was found that the 16. Name: Drynaria quercifolia aqueous extract at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg Family: Polypodiaceae showed the promising result in all the in vitro as well as in-vivo models. [47] 8412 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

17. Name: Elaeocarpus serratus L also reported to possess alkaloids (elaeocarpidine, Family: Elaeocarpaceae elaeocarpine, isoelaeocarpine, Geographical Source: Elaeocarpus serratus L. epiisoelaeocarpiline, epialloelaeocarpiline, commonly termed as ‘rudraksha’ in India is an alloelaeocarpiline, pseudoepiisoelaeocarpiline), evergreen tree which is well known for its glycosides, steroids, flavonoid (quercetin), various medicinal and commercial purposes. tannins (Gallic and ellagic acids), fatty acids The tree is reported to be found in Assam (palmitic and linoleic acids), carbohydrates, and Himalayan region in India. [48] proteins and ash. [50] Chemical Constituents: In the bark, leaves and Uses: In folk medicine the parts of Rudraksha fruits of plant, presence of alkaloid, tannins, tree have been extensively used in the treatment flavanoids fatty acid have been reported. The of stress, anxiety, depression, palpitation, nerve leaves gave ellagic acid, myricitrin, myricetin and pain, epilepsy, indigestion, injuries, vomiting, mearnsetin. Fruit pulp gave citric acid and D- migraine, asthma, hypertension, arthritis and liver galactose. It contains pectin, flavonol glycosides, diseases, indigestion, vomiting, injuries, epilepsy, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O- typhoid fever, dysentery and diarrhea. The robinobioside and trifolin, triterpenes, tannins, extracts of leaves and fruit in particular exhibit indolizidine alkaloids, flavonoids and ellagic analgesic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, acid. [48] antihypertensive, hypnotic, tranquillizing, Uses: It is used in folk medicine in treatment of thermogenic, sedative, smooth muscle relaxant stress, anxiety, depression, palpitation, nerve and hydrocholeretic properties. [50] pain, epilepsy, migraine, lack of Details of anti-arthritic activity- The anti- concentration, asthma, hypertension, arthritis arthritic effect of oral administration of ethanolic and liver diseases. The beads, leaves and bark of extracts of Elaeocarpus sphaericus was evaluated E. serratus has immense importance in Ayurveda using Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model. and has been described to cure ailments like The study reveals that the ethanolic extract of the mental disorders, headache, fever, skin plant possess the significant activity at a dose of diseases, palpitation, insomnia, infertility etc. 2500g/kg when examined for paw edema as well [48] as biochemical parameters such as total WBC, Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The anti- RBC, ESR, CRP. The observed effect is arthritic effect of oral administration of ethanolic attributed to the presence of phytochemicals such extracts of leaf and seed of Elaeocarpus serratus as alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids present in the was evaluated using Freund’s adjuvant arthritis plant. [51] model in Wistar rats. The ethanolic extracts of leaf and seed of E.serratus at the doses of 200 19. Name: Euphorbia antiquorum Linn and 400 mg/kg/day p.o., respectively daily for Family: Euphorbiaceae 15days. The traditional use of this plant as anti- Geographical Source: It is commonly found in arthritic drug is validated. [49] village shrubberies throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of India and Ceylon. It is 18. Name: Elaeocarpus sphaericus/ Ginitrus. a plant native to India, Sri Lanka and Southeast (Rudraksha Tree) Asia. Most originate in Africa, , Family: Elaeocarpeaceae peninsular India.[52] Geographical source: It is distributed from Chemical Constituents: The plant shows the Madagascar in the west to New Zealand in the presence of Diterpenes, Triterpenes and East; covering the regions of Southeast Asia, Flavonoids with diverse structural classes such as Southern China, Japan, Malaysia, Australia, New the Jatrophane, Lathyrane, Tigliane, Ingenane, Guinea, Fiji and Hawaii. It is also located in Myrsinol and Ingol, antiquorin, euphol, antiquol, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and euphorbol, isohelinol and camelliol.[52] Srilanka. In India, the trees occupy the regions Uses: The plant has a reputation and is used for ranging from the Gangetic Plain to the foothills the diseases like bronchitis, asthma, cutaneous of the great Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, infections neuropathy, deafness and cough. It is Madhya Pradesh and the Konkan Ghats. [50] also reported to have hepatoprotective, Chemical constituents: The plant contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and triterpenes, tannins (e.g., geranin and 3, 4, 5- antibacterial activity.[52] trimethoxy geranin), indolizine alkaloids (e.g. Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The effect of grandisines, rudrakine), flavonoids. The plant the aqeous and ethanolic extracts of the plant 8413 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 showed significant antiarthritic activity in Labdane, 10-epi-nidoresedic acid, nor complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced hardwickiic acid, 15-hydroxy-16-oxo-15,16H- arthritic rats. The plant revealed its activity due to hardwickiic acid, 15-hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien- presence of triterpenoids and acts by inhibiting 15,16- olid-18-oic acid, 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',5',6,7- the arachidonic metabolites and suppressing the hexamethoxy flavones, Murrayanol. [55] cell-mediated immunity. [53] Uses: The leaves of plant are stomachic, deobstruent and antispasmodic and prescribed in 20.Name- Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. infusion and electuary also consider for irregular Family- Euphorbiaceae menses. The roots are used as an appetizer; Geographical Source: E. tirucalli commonly astringent to the bowels, diuretics, anthelmintic, known as pencil tree is an ornamental, succulent emmenagogue, galactagogue, stimulant & useful plant naturally distributed in paleotropical region in griping, in troubles of the chest and lungs, of Madagascar, Cape region (South Africa), East headache, paralysis rheumatism in the knee joint, Africa, but now it has become acclimatized and piles, pain in the muscles, diseases of the spleen grows freely in all parts of India. [54] and the liver, troubles of the ear, the mouth and Chemical Constituents: E. tirucalli produces the nose lessens perspiration. [55] and stores abundant amounts of latex in so-called Details of Anti-arthritic activity- Anti- laticifers and it contains high amounts of sterols inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of and triterpenes. [54] methanolic extract G. maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Uses-Traditionally the latex of the plant has been (GMME) at a dose of 1000 mg/kg, p.o. was used as an application for warts, asthma, evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw rheumatism, neuralgia, tumors and tooth ache in edema and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) India. E. tirucalli has strong oxytocic activity induced arthritis models. The treatment of against isolated strips of the gravid rat uterus and methanolic extract of plant significantly inhibited exhibited microbicidal activity against human paw edema, reversed arthritic index and loss of pathogens. It also modulates the cytokine body weight and reduced CFA-induced rise of response of leukocytes, especially CD4+ T ESR, RF and CRP in rats. [56] lymphocytes and it has a promising activity in modulation of myelopoiesis there by enhancing 22. Name: Hybanthus enneaspermus the resistance of tumor-bearing mice. [54] Family: Violaceae Details of Anti-arthritic activity- Geographical Source: The plant is found at The evaluation of anti arthritic efficacy of plains from the coast to 900m in exposed place. It triterpenoid fraction isolated from Eurphobia is also widely found in Africa and Madagascar, Tirucalli Linn. (TET) was studied using collagen scattered in India and Sri Lanka, in south east induced arthritis model (CIA) at a dose of 100 China to tropical Australia. The plant is native to and 200 mg /kg p.o in wistar rats. The Himalayan region and warmer parts of India, triterpenoid fraction at a dose of (200 mg/kg) Asia and Australia. It is commonly found in river exhibited significant anti arthritic activity.The banks, open grass lands, sandy regions and waste investigation suggests that triterpenoid fraction lands.[57] has beneficial anti arthritic effect by reversing the Chemical Constituents: The plant contains pathological condition in a significant manner. tannins, alkaloids, aurantiamide acetate, [54] isoarborinol, and β-sitosterol, sugars, flavonoids, 21. Name- Grangea maderaspatana (L.)Poir. steroids, triterpenes, phenols, flavones, catachins, Family- Asteraceae tannins, anthraquinones and amino acids.[57] Geographical Source: It is distributed throught Uses: The plant is reported to have antimicrobial, out India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Africa, Indo- antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, China and , Baluchistan. [55] antinociceptive, anti-allergic, anticonvulsant, Chemical Constituents: Phytochemicals isolated antihyperlipidemic, nephroprotective, & reported from Grangea maderaspatana are cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities. Chondrillasterol, Chondrillasterone, Strictic acid, Plant is reported to cure conditions of “Kapha” Hardwickiic acid, Acetylenic alcohol, 2α and “Pitta”, urinary calculi, strangury, painful hydroxy Hardwickiic acid, 2αAcetoxy- dysentery, vomiting, burning sensation, hardwickiic acid, Eudesmanolide (-)- wandering of the mind, urethral discharge, blood frullanolide, (-)- 7α hydroxyl-frullanolide, trouble, asthma, epilepsy, cough and to give tone Grangolide, Auranamide, 8-hydroxy-13E- to the breasts. [57] 8414 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

Details of Antiarthritic activity- The effect of medicine it is used for skin diseases associated alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant with itching and swelling. It is used to treat of Hybanthus enneaspermus on freund’s adjuvant inflammation, ulceration of uterus, eczema, induced arthritis in male albino mice was elephantiasis and has wound healing, memory evaluated. The studies shows that the alcoholic enhancing activity, anti-Inflammatory activity, extract shows more pronounce effect as anti-fertility activity, immunomodulating activity, comparable to aqueous extract. The plant anti-tubercular & antileprotic activity. [59] exhibited significant activity may be due to the Details of Anti-arthritic activity- The suppression of inflammatory mediator released antiarthritic properties of the aqueous extract of due to induction of freund’s adjuvant. The actual H. asiatica leaves in the Freund’s adjuvant- mechanism can be correlated with the presence of induced arthritis rats was evaluated at a dose of alkaloids and flavonoids in suppressing the 30 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. The aqueous extract inflammation and antioxidant activity. [58] reduced edema in rat paws in adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. The dose dependent study 23. Name: Hydrocotyle asiatica (Centella showed that the plant has better antarthritic asitica) activity at a dose of 30mg/kg than 300mg/kg.[60] Family: Apiaceae. Geographical Source: It is found in Indian 24. Name: Ipomoea eriocarpa Subcontinent, South East Asia, Malaysia and the Family: Convolvulaceae Solomon Islands, as well as some temperate Geographical Source: It is found in tropical regions in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, Africa and Madagascar southwards to Pakisthan Shirlanka, Madagascar. In India it is and the northern part of South Africa. It is also found in Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, found in the Middle East, throughout tropical Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu. [59] Asia to northern Australia. It is also found in Chemical constituents: The plant contains bushveld, savanna and grassland. In India the Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Phenolic plant is found in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, compounds, Flavonoids, Protein and free amino Meghalaya, Kerala. [61] acids, Saponins, Glycosides: Asiaticoside A & B, Chemical constituents: The plant contains madecassoside & centelloside have been isolated carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, from the plant. On hydrolysis, these glycosides saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. [61] yield the triterpene acids-asiatic acid, centellic Uses: An oil extract of the plant is used in India acid. The variation in the chemical composition for external application in the treatment of of Indian samples of the plant is attributed to headache, rheumatism, leprosy, epilepsy, ulcers geographical conditions. The plant also contains and fevers. A root decoction is drunk by women the triterpene acids like asiatic, madecassic, to relieve menstrual pain. [61] terminalic, centic, centellic, centoic acid, betulic, Details of Anti-arthritic activity: The results brahmic & isobrahmicacid. Flanonoids like 3-β suggested that the presence of alkaloids, phenols glucosylquercetin, 3-β glucosyl kaempferol, 7- and phytosterols, terpenoids and additionally β- glucosylkaempferol, kaempferol & quercetin saponins in the extracts of I. eriocarpa have have been isolated from the leaves . An alkaloid significant in vitro anti-arthritic effect against the hydrocotylin has been isolated from the dried denaturation of protein. The chloroform and plant. The plant contains volatile & fatty oil. The petroleum ether extracts have shown potent α- fatty oil consists of glycerides of palmitic, stearic, amylase enzyme inhibition activity as compared lignoceric, oleic, linoleic &linolenic acids. [59] to water extract, probably due to the presence of Uses: The plant is used as cardiotonic, nervine terpenoids, which are absent in water extract.[62] tonic, sedative to nerves, stomachic, carminative, improves appetite, antileprotic, memory 25. Name: Justicia gendarussa enhancer. It is given for the treatment of mental Family: Acanthaceae illness, insomnia and epilepsy. The leaves are Geographical Source: It is found throughout the useful to treat ulcer, eczema, psoriasis, greater part of India and Andaman islands. tuberculosis, cardiac debility, asthma & fever. Tropical Africa and Asia. In India it is found in The leaves are used in abdominal disorders due to Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam dysentery in children. In Chinese medicine the and Gujarat. [63] herb is used for dysentery, summer diarrhoea, Chemical constituents: The plant contains vomiting, jaundice, scabies etc. In homeopathic flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, 8415 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 saponins, phenolic compounds and pains in the head, paralysis, lumbago, carbohydrates. The leaves also contain friedelin, amenorrhoea, swellings, fevers, coughs, asthma, lupeol, ß-sitosterol and aromatic amines, amino colics, eczema, cephalalgia, hemiplegia, facial acid and ascorbic acid. [63] paralysis, earache and hemicranias. The leaves Uses: The leaves and young shoots are are also to treat gonorrhoea, amenorrhoea and antiperiodic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, malaria. The leaf juice is applied in earache. A carminative, diaphoretic, emetic and febrifuge. A decoction is used for bathing during and after decoction is used in the treatment of chronic childbirth. [63] rheumatism. An infusion of the leaves is useful Table 1: Medicinal Plants used as “Whole” for Rheumatoid arthritis. Sr.No Plant name Family Common name Ref. 1 Achillea millefolium Linn. Compositae Gandana, Arrow-root, Rojmari, 16 Blood wart 2 Ajuga bracteosa Labiatae Ground pine 18 3 Ajuga decumbens Thunberg. Lamiaceae Bugle weed 20 4 Aristolochia bracteata Linn. Aristolochiaceae Birthworts, pipevines, Kidamari 22 5 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Kutiyotti, 25 6 Bacopa monnieri Penell. Plantaginaceae Brahmi 27 7 Barleria prionitis Linn. Acanthaceae Katsareya, karunta 29 8 Butea monosperma Fabaceae Palash, keshu, Bastard Tick 31 9 Caltha Palustris Linn. Ranunculaceae Kingcup, marsh marigold 33 10 Chenopodium album Linn. Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot, fathen 35 11 Cleome gynandra Cleomaceae / Shona cabbage, spiderwisp, 37 Capparacede cat's whiskers 12 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae fringed spider flower, purple 39 cleome 13 Clitoria ternatea Linn. Verbenaceae Butterfly-pea 41 14 Corallocarpus epigeous Hook.f. Cucurbitaceae Akasgaddah, Rakaaddah 43 15 Delonix elata Gamble Fl. Fabaceae Vayni, tiger bean 45 16 Drynaria quercifolia(Linn.) Polypodiaceae Oak leaf fern 47 17 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Eleaocarpaceae Ceylon-olive 49 18 Elaeocarpus sphaericus Eleaocarpaceae Blue marble 51 19 Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Antique Spurge 53 20 Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. Euphorbiaceae Milk bush, sehund 54 21 Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Asteraceae Madras carpet 56 22 Hybanthus enneaspermus Violaceae Ratanpurus, Humpback flower 58 23 Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. Umbelliferae Brahmi, Indian penny-wort 60 24 Ipomoea eriocarpa Br. Convolvulaceae Nakhari, pulichevidu 62 25 Justicia gendarussa Burm. Acanthaceae Willow leaved justice 64 26 Merremia Emarginata Convulvulaceae Kupit-kupit 66 27 Merremia tridentate Hallier. Convulvulaceae Mudiarkunthal, savulikodi, 68 thrippan- pullu 28 Naravalia zeylanica (L) DC. Ranunculaceae Vatamkolli 70 29 Ocimum basilicum Linn Lamiaceae Tirunittru 72 30. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Labiatae Shrubby basil, ram tulasi 74 31 Piper betel Linn Piperaceae Vettalai 75 32 Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae Chanca piedra 77 33 Smithia sensitive Smith. Fabaceae Odabirni 79 34 Tribulus terestris Zygophyllaceae puncture vine 81

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Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424

Details of antiarthritic activity: The ethanolic found in upper Gangetic plain, Bihar, Orissa extract of Justicia gendarussa Linn. Leaves (near Chilka lake), West Bengal, S. India, Deccan showed significant anti-arthritic activity at a dose and Gujarat.[67] of 100mg/kg similar to that of aspirin against Chemical constituents: The plant contains Freund’s adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced flavonoids diosmetin, luteolin¸ hydrocarbons, arthritic rat models.The plant acts by inhibition of phthalic acid, palmitic acid, 1-eicosanol, migration of leukocytes. [64] solanesol, farnesol, three phthalic acid esters, gallic acid, lupeol, beta-sitosterol and ursolic 26. Merremia Emarginata acid. Gallic acid was isolated as n-butyl Family: Acanthaceae gallateand gallic acid in the leaves. Diosmetin, Geographical Source: Merremia emarginata luteolin, diosmetin–7–o–β–d–glucoside, luteolin– Burm. F (Convolvulaceae) is a perennial herb 7–o –β–d–glucoside were also found. The plant (creeper); found widely distributed all over the also contains carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, India, specially in damp places in upper gangetic saponins, quonons, phytosterol, phenols, amino plain, Gujarat, Bihar, West Bengal, Western acids.[67] Africa, A• Ghats, ascending up to 900m in the Uses: Maceration of the leaves is drunk as anti- hills, Goa, Karnataka in India, Ceylon and venom after snake-bites and decoction of a Tropical Africa. Merremia emarginata is also mixture of plants is drunk against candida known as Ipomoea reniformis chois. [65] infections of mouth, digestive tract or anus. An Chemical constituents: The plant extract infusion of the aerial parts is used as a mouth reveals the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, wash to treat stomatitis and aphthae. A decoction tannin, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and of the leafy stems together with leaves of terpenoids. sec-Butyl nitrite, 1,3,4,5- Ocimum spp. is given to drink or as enema to Tetrahydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, (-)- babies against stomach-ache. The plant is having Loliolide, Pluchidio, 2,6,10-Trimethyl, 14- astringent, aphrodisiac, laxative and bitter ethylene-14-pentadecne, 2 -Pentadecanone, properties. The aerial parts are used in treating 6,10,14- trimethyl, n- Hexadecanoic acid-, 2- haemorrhoids, swellings, rheumatic affections Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R- and urinary infections. In southern India a leaf [R*,R*-(E)]]-, Ethyl(9Z,12Z)-9,12- extract with honey is drunk to get relief from Octadecadienoate, 9,12-Octadecadienoic cough. Decoction of the roots is used as a acid(9Z,12Z)-, Ethyl ester, Stigmasterol, mouthwash for toothache. The roasted seeds are Neophytadiene, Ethyl icosanoate. [65] diuretic and antibilious and are also taken as an Uses: Ipomoea reniformis is useful for cough, anthelminthic. Poultice of the leaves is applied to headache, neuralgia, rheumatism, diuretic, the head for fever.[67] inflammation, troubles of nose and fever due to Details of Antiarthritic Activity: The various enlargement of liver and also in kidney diseases. extracts of Merremia tridentata were investigated Powder of leaves is used as a snuff during for its anti-arthritic activities in male albino rats. epileptic seizures. Juice acts as purgative and the The anti-arthritic activity was carried out using root is having diuretic, laxative and applied in the complete freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis disease of the eyes and gums. [65] model. The doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 Details of Anti-arthritic Activity: mg/kg bw of the ethanol extract show comparable Formaldehyde induced and freund’s adjuvant efffect with that of the standard drug. The plant induced arthritic model was used to investigate acts by inhibition of second phase of the potential of Merremia Emarginata for its anti inflammation and release of kinins and arthritic activity at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 prostaglandins. [68] mg/kg of bw. The ethanol extract had shown a significant and potent anti arthritic activity. [66] 28. Naravalia zeylanica (L) DC. Family: Ranunculaceae 27. Name: Merremia tridentate Geographical Source: It is distributed Family: Convolvulaceae. throughout india mainly in warm regions of Geographical Source: This species globally Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Bihar and distributed in Africa, India and South East Asia, greater parts of Deccan Peninsula.[69] Australia. In Africa it occurs from Senegal east to Chemical constituents: The main constituents of Ethiopia and south to South Africa. It also occurs Naravelia zeylanica include carbohydrates, in the Indian ocean islands within India. It is tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, fixed 8417 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 oils, fats, gums, mucilages, proteins, Methyl chavicol, linalool, camphor and terpinoids,benzamides i.e., 3, 4- limonene were also identified from the seed methylenedioxybenzamide, 4-methoxybenzamide oil.[71] and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide, beriberine Uses: In folk medicines it is used as exhilarants an alkaloid.[69] (demulcent), expectorant, antiperiodics and Uses: In Indian system of medicine ayurveda, the emmenagogues. Its leaves are often fragrant, plant Naravelia zeylanica (Linn) DC has been aromatic (antiseptic) and are also used as an used in the treatment of pitta, helminthiasis, expectorant. Decoction of the leaves, given in dermatopathy, leprosy, rheumatalgia, odontalgia, gastric and hepatic disorders and is useful in colic inflammation, wounds and ulcers, catarrh, bronchitis, in cough (due to heat), acts as traditionally used in vitiated vata, pitta, diuretic and emmenagogues as well as tonic inflammation, skin diseases. The leaves when for stomach. Its leaves are brushed into paste crushed give a pungent odour which is inhaled to and applied over the inflammations. Its seeds are cure cold, all type of headaches including mucilaginous and demulcent, used for urino- migraine. While root and stem paste is applied genital complaints, such as gonorrhoea. Oil of externally for psoriasis, itches and skin allergy. In seeds is employed in syphilis, otitis and Kerala, it is used as a source of drug for intestinal otorrhoea.Whereas the fragrant oil of basil leaves worms, skin disease, leprosy and toothache. The and a seed is used in perfumes and toiletries. traditional medicine practitioners residing in Syrup of seeds are effective against cardiac Karnataka are using the leaf and stem juices for debility and palpitation. Decoction of roots is treating psoriasis and dermatitis. The root and useful in malarial fever as antiperiodics. Extract stem have a strong penetrating smell and is used of leaves is useful in earache. [71] to relive malarial fever and headache, for treating Details of Anti-arthritic Activity: Complete wounds and worm infections and rhinitis. For freud's adjuvant induced arthritis (CFA) is used to treating rheumatism leaves are boiled in water evaluate the effect of Ocimum basilicum in rats. and used for bathing. [69] The various parameters like elevation in joint Details of Anti-arthritic Activity: The anti- diameter, arthritis score were studied in dose arthritic activity was evaluated in Freud's dependent manner at the dose of 100 & 200 adjuvant induced arthritis model in albino rats. mg/kg. The drug possesses potent anti- The percentage increase in paw volume 7days inflammatory response, a faint and 21 days after the drug administration were immunomodulatory activity and mild anti- noted. It was noted that both chloroform and arthritic drug. Also the plant possesses potent ethanolic extract (200mg/kg) showed significant anti-arthritic activity at 200mg/kg.p.o. [72] activity.The activity may be due to the presence of flavanoids, triterpenoids and phenolic 30.Name: Ocimum gratissimum Linn. compounds in the both extracts. [70] Family: Lamiaceae Geographical Source: The plant is indigenous to 29.Name: Ocimum basilicum Linn tropical areas especially India and also in West Family: Lamiaceae or Labiatae Africa. In Nigeria, it is found in the Savannah and Geographical Source: It is found in China, coastal areas. It is cultivated in Ceylon, South Sea Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, , Vietnam, Islands, and also within Nepal, Bengal, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea. In Chittagong and Deccan. It is also found Indiait is more common in Assam, Kerala, throughout the tropics and subtropics, both wild Meghalaya, Odisha, Dhemaji District from the and cultivated. Its greatest variability occurs in foot hills of Arunachal Pradesh, also found in tropical Africa (from where it possibly originates) foot hills of Meghalaya.[71] and India. In South-East Asia it is cultivated Chemical constituents: The plant contains mainly as a home garden crop, only. In Vietnam volatile oils, saponins, coumarins, alkaloids, is it grown on a commercial scale as well.[73] tannins, anthra-quinones, anthocyanins, Chemical constituents: The plant contains flavonoides, diterpenoides, tri-terpenoides, thymol, eugenol, methyl chavical, gratissimol¸ pyredines , pyrolidines, polyphenols, irridoides, pentoses, hexoses, uronic acid and lipids, quinones, 5-8sugars and insect moulting alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and hormones. Flavones apogenin, such as luteolin oligosaccharides, Eugenol, methyl eugenol, cis- and chrysoeriol,α-guaiene, α-bulnescene, ocimene, trans-ocimene, pinene, camphor, Eugenol, ocimene, cadinene, perillyl alcohol, germacrene- D, trans-carypohyllene, farnesene 8418 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 and l-bisabolene, Eugenol, bisaboline and Uses: The leaves are said to be anthelmintic, thymol, p-cymene, terpene and trans sabiene antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, hydrate, -salinene, methyl isoeugeneol, geraniol, - astringent, carminative, expectorant, laxative, copaene,bisabolol, pinene, p-cymene, fenchone, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Leaf cubenene, camphene, T-cadinol, -eudesmol, preparations and the leaf sap are applied to sabinene, myrcene, bisoboline, humelene and wounds, ulcers, boils and bruises. Heated leaves elemene¸Citral, ethyl cinnamate, oleanolic acid. are applied as a poultice on the chest against [73] cough and asthma, on the breasts to stop milk Uses: The plant is used in the treatment of secretion, and on the abdomen to relieve epilepsy, high fever, diarrhea, in the management constipation. The leaves are also used to treat of the baby’s cord, to keep the wound surfaces nose bleed, ulcerated noses, gums and mucous sterile. Decoctions of the leaves are used to treat membranes while the extract from the leaves is mental illness. It is also used in the treatment of applied for wounds in the ears and as an infusion fungal infections, fever, cold and, sedative for for the eye. It also has antibacterial, antifungal, children. The leaves are rubbed between the larvicidal, antiprotozal, anticaries, palms and sniffed as a treatment for blocked gastroprotective, free radical scavenging, nostrils. They are also used for abdominal pains, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective, sore eyes, ear infections, coughs, barrenness, immunomodulatory, antiulcer and fever, convulsions, and tooth gargle, regulation of chemopreventive activities.[75] menstruation and as a cure for prolapse of the Details of Antiarthritic Activity: The hydro rectum. In India, the whole plant has been used alcoholic extract of Piper betle leaves at a dose for the treatment of sunstroke, headache, of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg possesses anti influenza, as a diaphoretic, antipyretic and for its arthritic activity since it explored a positive result anti-inflammatory activity. [73] in controlling inflammation in Complete freunds Details of Antiarthritic Activity: The ehanolic adjuvant induced arthritic model in rats. The extract of the plant is effective against collagen presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, induced arthritis in rats at a dose of 500mg/kg. essential oils, flavonoids in the Piper betle leaves The treatment with plant extract significantly extract are responsible for its anti arthritic activity reduced arthritis score, paws volume and almost by suppressing the inflammation, by inhibiting restored body weight of arthritic animals. For the pro-inflammatory mediators and probably by assessment of arthritis, the biochemical, their antioxidant properties. [75] radiological and histological parameters were also studied. Hence the ethanolic extract of O. 32. Name: Phyllanthus amarus gratissimum can be a promising anti arthritic Family: Euphorbiaceae agent. [74] Geographical Source: Phyllanthus amarus originates from tropical America and has spread 31. Name: Piper betle as a weed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Family: Piperaceae In tropical Africa it occurs in most countries. It Geographical Source: This crop is usually also occurs throughout the Indian Ocean islands. cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, [76] Thailand, Taiwan and other Southeast Asian Chemical constituents: The plant is reported to countries.[75] contain flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins Chemical constituents: Vitamins, carotenoids, (ellagitannins), polyphenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, isothiocyantes, sulfides, thiols, triterpenes, sterols, alkaloids, phenols, tannins phenols, alkaloids, protein, carbohydrate, and terpenoids, saponins. Mineral elements such minerals, tannins. It contains calcium, as iron manganese, magnesium, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and potassium. It also potassium, phosphorus, copper and chromium contains vitamin B, vitamin C and vitamin A, were found in appreciable amount. [76] eugenol, chavibetol and hydroxychavicol, Uses: It is used in the problems of stomach, piperbetol, isoeugenol, anethole, stearic acid, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen. It methyl eugenol, carvacrol, polyphenol, alkaloids, is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge saponin, tannin, steroids and other compounds and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in like chavicol, allylpyrocatechol are also found in gonorrhea, menorrhagia and other genital Piper betle. [75] affections. It is useful in gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, ophthalmopathy, 8419 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Rupali. S. Dhikale, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2020; 11 (4): 8404 - 8424 scabies, ulcers and wounds. The plant also has Chemical constituents: The plant is reported to antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti- have steroidal saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, phytosterols, tannins, terpenoids, amide anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, derivatives, amino acids and proteins.[80] antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, Uses: It has diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic, anti-helminthes and diurectic properties. It is used immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, absorption in treatment of jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, enhancing, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, wound, ulcers and urogenital diseases.[76] hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Details of Antiiarthritic activity: The antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial, standardized aqueous extract of P. amarus (2.5% anthelmintic, larvicidal and anticariogenic Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin) was tested activities. Fruits were used for treatment of eye against Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) trouble, edema, abdominal distension, emission, induced arthritic rats at dose of 100, 200 and 400 morbid leucorrhea and sexual dysfunction, mg/kg. The plant has prominent anti-arthritic diuretic, mild laxative and general tonic.[80] activity which may be attributed to its anti- Details of Anti-arthritic Activity: The inflammatory activity by reducing the Alanine methanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris fruit aminotransferase (ALT) and Interleukin (IL) 200 and 300mg/kg were tested for its anti levels. [77] arthritic activity by complete freunds adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. The herbal extract 33. Name: Smithia sensitive significantly reduces the paw volume and Family: Fabaceae estimated the haematological parameters like Geographical Source: The plant is native of WBC, Hb%, ESR, alkaline phosphate and acid Bhutan, Asia and Australia. In India it is found in phosphate for assessing anti arthritic activity. almost all the states. The plant is also found in The results indicated that the methanolic extract Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, of Tribulus terrestris at dose300mg/kg has better Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, anti arthritic activity.[81] Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.[78] Chemical constituents: The plant contains CONCLUSION: In this review we discussed alkaloids, sugars, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins about folklore medicinal plants for the treatment and flavonoids.[78] of arthritis. Folklore medicinal plants are mostly Uses: Plant is used as an anti inflammatory and used for rural areas. A number of medicinal anti oxidant drug by tribal peoples in kerala.It is plants have been claimed for their anti arthritic also used as refrigerant, galactogogue, as lotion in potential in traditional systems of medicines. headaches and anti-inflammatory. The juice of Some of these plants are validated for their anti the root is used in the treatment of fevers. A arthritic potential using different animal model. decoction of the herb is given as a treatment for Every part of the plant including leaf, root, fruit, difficulty in micturition, febrifuge, galactagogue, rhizome and seed is serving as a boon for all relieve headaches, arthirumatics.[78] living ones all over the universe. For the Details of Anti-arthritic activity: The studies on treatment of arthritis, various parts of plants are Pet ether and methanolic extract of Smithia used such as leaves, roots, fruits, rhizomes and sensitiva showed the presence of significant anti- seeds in distinguished dosage forms like extract, inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in formalin decoction, juice, infusion, paste, oil etc. In the nduced arthritic rats. The methanolic extract present review an attempt has been made to shows more anti inflammatory and antiarthritic summarize the baseline data for antiarthritic activities on formalin induced arthritic medicinal plants which are proven for their inflammation in healthy adult wistar albino rats. antiarthritic potential when they are used as The activity may be due to the presence of Whole. steroids, flavonoids and alkaloid. The plant shows its effect by inhibiting hypotonicity. [79] REFERENCES:

34. Name: Tribulus terrestris 1. Kalaria P, Gheewala P, Chakraborty M, Family: Zygophyllaceae Kamath J. A phytopharmacological Geographical Source: The plant is found in review of Alstonia scholaris: A Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, panoramic herbal medicine. International South America.[80] 8420 © Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

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