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Pelita Perkebunan 36 (2) 2020, 190—202 Yakan Et Al

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Pelita Perkebunan 36 (2) 2020, 190—202 Yakan Et Al Pelita Perkebunan 36 (2) 2020, 190—202 Yakan et al. ISSN: 0215-0212 / e-ISSN: 2406-9574 Impact of Personal Characteristics of Farmers on Cocoa Yields: Case of Centre Region, Mbangassina Municipality, Cameroon Herve Bertrand Yakan1*), Ehabe Eugene2), and Vanisa Yenwo Nonzienwo3) 1)Socio-Economics Research Programme, Multipurpose Agricultural Research Stattion Nko’olong, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development Cameroon (IRAD), P.O. Box 219, Kribi, Cameroon 2)Department of Scientific Research, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development Cameroon (IRAD). P.O. Box. 2123, Yaoundé, Cameroon 3)Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Yaounde II, P.O. Box 18, Soa, Cameroon *)Corresponing author: [email protected] Received: 2 April 2019 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 Abstract Cameroon is the fifth largest cocoa producer in the world with approxi- mately 220,000 tons of cocoa produced annually. Many factors account for this productivity, amongst which are ageing farms and personal characteristics of farmers. The study follows a hypothetico-deductive methodology through which a random sampling technique was adopted and relevant primary data was gathered with the aid of a structured questionnaire administered to 150 cocoa farmers from 5 villages; Talba, Biakoa, Goura II, Mbangassina, and Bilomo. Correlation analysis and ordinary least squares regression were used to examine the relationship and effects between socio-economic variables and cocoa yields. Findings showed a positive correlation between the socio-economic variables and cocoa yields, socio- economic factors such as experience in cocoa farming, number of farms, source of labour, farm size, income were statistically significant at p = 1%, 5%, and 10%. Personal characteristics such as farm size, farming experience, percentage of income from cocoa farming, source of labour, number of farms per cocoa farmer, and cocoa price had a significant impact on cocoa yields. However, personal characteristics such as age, sex, marital status and household size did not show any significant impact on cocoa yields. Thus, professionalizing cocoa farmers and training of farmers in good cocoa business practices can go a long way to improve cocoa productivity. Keywords: Cocoa, socio-economic characteristics, cocoa yields, youths INTRODUCTION (Nkamleu et al., 2010). This crop is a major driver of land-use change, covering over five Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the million of hectares of land (Ruf & Schroth, most important cash crops cultivated through- 2004). Within West Africa, cocoa production out the humid tropics of West Africa, South- has for the past 100 years been the leading east Asia, South America and the Caribbean, export of the region ( Sonwa et al. 2001) and but majority of the world’s cocoa comes from the West Africa (Ruf & Schroth, 2004). accounts for about 74% of total household Cocoa is one of the major foreign exchange income (FTI, 2018). earners for some countries in Africa such as Cocoa represents about 7% of the nation’s Ghana, Cote D’ivore, Nigeria, and Cameroon agricultural GDP (FAO, 2014), accounts for 190 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 2, August 2020 Edition Impact of personal characteristics of farmers on cocoa yields: Case of centre region, Mbangassina municipality, Cameroon around 6% of Cameroon’s exports, and is varieties, ravages caused by pests such as of crucial importance to the State (Bisseleua mirids (Salhbergella singularis H.) account & Kidal, 2007) since she receives more than for low productivity per hectare. In the central 250 billion FCFA (309 million pounds) a year region of Cameroon, about 80% of cocoa from cocoa accounting for about half of the plantations are over 40 years old and farmers primary sector exports (Ngoe et al., 2016; manage to obtain cocoa yields using the tech- Tabi et al., 2017). The major cocoa producing nical model that is proposed to farmers areas of Cameroon are located in the South- which gives priorities to the intensive manage- west regions (31.54% of total production), ment of cocoa as a single crop or with light Centre (50.36%), South (4.99%), Littoral shades (Jagoret et al., 2011). (6.98%) and the East-west, North-west Personal characteristics of farmers have regions account for the remaining 6.12% been advanced as one of the major factors (Lescuyer et al., 2019). that can affect cocoa productivity. Studies It is noteworthy that although Cameroon on the socioeconomic and personal charac- is one of the top producers of cocoa in the teristics of cocoa farmers have been reported world, yields continuously remains low from many cocoa-growing areas (Bisseleua averaging 300kg/ha on average compared to et al., 2013; Vaast & Somarriba, 2014; Oluyole Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, and Nigeria & Sanusi, 2009). Cocoa feeds, cloths, shelters (GCLP, 2019). The cocoa sector in Cameroon and takes care of the livelihood of the farmers depends on a lot of natural elements to favour (Ngoong & Forgha, 2013). However, there its production and productivity. Climatic is a dearth of knowledge about differences factors such as rainfall, temperature, sunshine, in personal characteristics and cocoa yield humidity, soil moisture and wind affect cocoa or productivity of cocoa farmers in cocoa production. According to Wessel & Quist- growing areas in Cameroon especially in Wessel (2015), cocoa producing countries Mbangassina municipality. Up-to-date and in West Africa have common causes of low accurate knowledge of the personal profile yield which includes: low input use, inadequate of cocoa farmers is necessary for sustain- maintenance, pest and disease control, poor able cocoa production (Aneani et al., 2012) shade management, little or no fertilizer use hence an improved understanding of this and old age of cocoa farms. The farm gate relationship between the personal character- cocoa price, high input prices, no access istics of cocoa farmers and yields is important. to loans or credits and the small farm size The objective of this study was to determine are considered as external factors beyond the impact of personal characteristics of the control of an individual farmer. They farmers on cocoa productivity in the centre affect the general conditions for cocoa pro- region. duction but have no direct effect on yield. Direct effects have the constraints and options for higher yields which operate within the MATERIALS AND METHODS cropping system. These factors are both physical and socioeconomic factors. Study Area In the South-west region most cocoa The municipality of Mbangassina was trees are the aged trees (that is 40% of cocoa created by presidential decree n ° 93/321/ trees were planted before 1960), poor farm PR of November 25, 1993, it is located in maintenance practices, planting of low yielding the centre region, department of Mbam and PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 2, August 2020 Edition 191 Yakan et al. Kim and is made up of 19 villages. The most part (PCD, 2015). These are linked municipality of Mbangassina covers a total by sedimentary rivers in which some marshy surface area of about 815 km². It is located areas exist. The rest of the municipality is on both banks of the Mbam river with an made up of vast plains and small valleys and area of 638 km² and 120 km from Yaoundé. large hills of up to 526 m asl. (Montama I, The municipality is bordered to the north II, III) which are currently occupied by by the municipality of Ngoro, in the south populations in search for new fertile land. by Sa’a, in the east by Ntui and in the west A socio-ecological system that consists of by the municipalities of Ombessa, Bafia and natural and/or human modified ecosystems, Bokito. The municipality of Mbangassina in and which is influenced by distinct ecological, general, has a slightly uneven relief consisting historical, economic and sociocultural processes of a succession of hills and plateaux for the and activities (PCD, 2015). Figure 1. Map of Mbangassina municipality 192 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 2, August 2020 Edition Impact of personal characteristics of farmers on cocoa yields: Case of centre region, Mbangassina municipality, Cameroon Communities were selected randomly facilitates the collection of a wide range of while respondents chosen purposively. information than a structured questionnaire Random sampling of Zhen et al. (2006) was and can also be used for describing a large used to select communities because the sample, making it possible to ask many questions reconnaissance survey identified all seven on a given topic (Leung, 2001). Pre-testing sub-groups was randomly select. Report of questionnaire was conducted to ensure that both random and purposive sampling its feasibility and applicability on the field. can be combined to produce a good method Pre-testing of a questionnaire generally means of sampling. Also in a successful research administering a questionnaire to respondents conducted by Zhen et al. (2006), they purpo- selected from the target population using sively chose respondents in randomly selected the procedures that are planned for the communities to which they administered main study (Fowler, 1993). The reliability questionnaires. A total of 5 villages were sampled of information was verified with the key in the Mbangassina municipality, these villages informants such as chiefs, agriculture exten- include; Talba, Biakoa, Bilomo, Goura II, sion workers, forestry officials, and some and Mbangassina. Table below shows the farmers in the district. The questionnaire was distribution of the sampled population. administered to cocoa farmers in the selected Table 1. Stratified sampling technique villages over a period of two weeks. Village n = Number of respondents The data collected from the respon- Talbe 3 0 dents include the socio-economic variables Biakoa 30 Bilomo 20 such as age, sex, marital status, educational Goura II 30 level; the size of their cocoa farms; age of Mbangassina 40 Total 150 the cocoa farm, land preparation, income experience in cocoa farming, source of labour, Data Collection and Analysis as well as their cocoa yields.
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