DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon GÖTTINGER STUDIEN ZUR ENTWICKLUNGSÖKONOMIK / GÖTTINGEN STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access GÖTTINGER STUDIEN ZUR ENTWICKLUNGSÖKONOMIK / GÖTTINGEN STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon Poverty and inequality remain extremely high for Cameroon despite improvements in poverty figures between 1996 and 2001. To understand the dynamics of poverty and inequality between 1996 and 2001, this book develops a poverty and inequality profile, investigates the sources of inequality along spatial lines and simulates some policies which could be used in the reduction of poverty and inequality. The book also addresses two major sectors of the Cameroonian economy with a special focus on gender bias in agriculture and linkages between the formal and informal sector. The empirical analyses show that there are large spatial differences in poverty in Cameroon and that sources of inequality vary by location. Regardless of the definition used, the informal sector in Cameroon is extremely large but closely linked to the formal sector. The gender bias experienced by women in access to productive assets in agriculture reduces the efficiency of agricultural production. Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase was born in Cameroon and graduated from the University of Buea in Cameroon with a Bsc. in banking and finance. He obtained a Masters degree in international economics and a PhD in development economics from the University of Göttingen. The author worked as a research assistant at the chair for development economics and consultant for the GTZ. Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Gettinger Studien zur Entwicklungsokonomik Gottingen Studies in Development Economics Herausgegeben van/ Edited by Hermann Sautter und/and Stephan Klasen Bd./Vol. 28 ~ PETER LANG Frankfurt am Main• Berlin• Bern• Bruxelles• New York• Oxford• Wien Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase Aspects of Poverty and Inequality in Cameroon PETER LANG lnternationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at <http://www.d-nb.de>. Open Access: The online version of this publication is published on www.peterlang.com and www.econstor.eu under the interna- tional Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0. Learn more on how you can use and share this work: http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0. :$' This book is available Open Access thanks to the kind support of ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft. Zugl.: Gottingen, Univ. Diss., 2009 Gratefully acknowledging the support of the lbero-Amerika-lnstitut tor Wirtschaftsforschung, Gottingen. Cover illustration by courtesy of the lbero-Amerika-lnstitut tor Wirtschaftsforschung, Gottingen. D7 ISSN 1439-3395 ISBN 978-3-631-59535-0 ISBN 978-3-631-75351-4 (eBook) © Peter Lang GmbH lnternationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2010 All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. www.peterlang.de Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Dedicated to Mum and Dad Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access vii Editor's Preface The importance given to poverty and inequality reduction in Cameroon can be seen in the commitments made by the Government of Cameroon to the Millennium Development Goals. Through a mix of national and multinational contributions, Cameroon has been able to make progress in some regions and sectors of its economy in reducing poverty and inequality as well as stimulating growth. However, other regions or sectors remain unattended or have not been given the same attention. This is particularly the case with the Northern regions (Extreme North, North and North West) which have poverty rates far above the national average, the agricultural sector that still suffers from low productivity due to an inefficient allocation of resources and an ever-growing informal sector that erodes into the government's tax base. Without a better understanding of the dimension of poverty and inequality and their determinants and the interdependence between the different sectors of the economy in Cameroon, it remains difficult to generate reliable policy interventions. This book contributes to analysing important issues in the fight against poverty and inequality in Cameroon from different perspectives in four different essays. In the first essay, Kumase develops a poverty and inequality profile which identifies that despite the drop in national poverty over the past decades, the northern parts of the country still suffer from extreme poverty with poverty rates far above the national average. Inequality remains very low in areas of extreme poverty. The poverty and inequality analysis also contributes to understanding why poverty persists in certain areas. Average higher education levels and higher income in certain regions correlate positively with higher per capita expenditure, thus signifying lower poverty. In the second essay, the covariance method for decomposing the Gini coefficient by factors is used to know how much of total consumption inequality is explained from a particular source. In particular, Kumase uses consumption data for Cameroon and shows that overall inequality in Cameroon is characterized in particular by the inequality in the expenditure to four major components: food, transport and communication, housing and health. The author also develops a demand system (LES) which permits him to simulate the impact of taxes and subsidies on consumption and consequently on poverty and inequality. The difference in impact observed in rural and urban households as well as between the poor and the rich shows that certain areas or sectors will require separate consideration of policy interventions. The third essay is concerned with the measurement of the size of the informal sector and its links to the formal sector. Kumase postulates in this essay that the Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access Vlll definition used when dealing with informal sector matters and should assume a central role with regards to the subsequent analysis. Using three distinct definitions of informality to measure the size of the informal sector, results indicate variations in size thus confirming his view. A multivariate analysis with demographic as well as household characteristics further indicates that the likelihood of informality varies across the three definitions used and using these results, certain generalities often used to describe the informal sector are refuted or confirmed. In the second part of this essay, Kumase is able to show using households as observation units as opposed to most studies that use enterprises and individuals as observation units, that formal sector earnings are in many ways related to informal sector earnings, occupational status and sector of employment of other household members. The author estimates the magnitude of the links between both sectors which he considers as weak and would be inefficient in implementing policies in the informal sector via the formal sector. In the fourth essay, Kumase focuses on another very important issue, precisely the question of gender bias in Cameroon and its impact on growth. There is abundant literature which estimates the negative consequences of gender gaps on growth but no such study has been carried out in Cameroon. Using data from a self-conducted survey in the cocoa growing areas of southern Cameroon, Kumase highlights the bias that exist in having access to productive assets necessary for cocoa cultivation. Productivity analyses suggest that the gender bias experienced by women in accessing productive assets in agriculture reduces the efficiency of agricultural production and this certainly has a negative impact on the growth of the entire economy which is highly dependent on agriculture. Wokia Kumase thus addresses a number of issues important for Cameroon's fight against poverty and inequality and draws the attention of all those concerned in this endeavor to the following key areas: poverty in the Northern provinces, the informal sector and gender and growth. Prof. Stephan Klasen, Phd. Gottingen, October 2009 Wokia-azi Ndangle Kumase - 978-3-631-75351-4 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 06:02:02AM via free access ix Author's Preface "If I have seen further than most men, it is because I stood on the shoulders ofgiants. " -Isaac Newton- This dissertation is the outcome of frustrating but often very exciting work at the Department of Economics at the University of Gottingen. Motivated at the beginning by the desire to analyse, understand and answer the multiple development problems my country (Cameroon) was and is still facing, it was an uphill task to filter my ideas into a good topic and the complexity of doing this did not help to reduce the doubts I had to ever complete the work.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Some Technologies Developed by the Food Technology Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development: Case of Cocoa, Coffee and Rice
    Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 8, No. 1; 2016 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-9760 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Evaluation of Some Technologies Developed by the Food Technology Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development: Case of Cocoa, Coffee and Rice Guemche Sillag Jeanne Irène1, Patience Bongse Kari Andoseh2, Tchamba Joël1 & Pauline Mounjouenpou2 1 The University of Jean Paul II Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon 2 Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Yaounde, Cameroon Correspondence: Guemche Sillag Jeanne Irène, The University of Jean Paul II Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon. E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 24, 2015 Accepted: September 27, 2015 Online Published: December 15, 2015 doi:10.5539/jas.v8n1p195 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n1p195 Abstract The cultivation of plant such as cocoa, coffee and rice is practised by a large number of rural Cameroonian populations. Unfortunately, they are the most suffering of malnutrition, food insecurity and poverty. To improve their livelihoods, the Food Technology Laboratory (FTL) has developed some simple and innovative techniques to transform cocoa, coffee and rice and transferred them to producers. This study aims to evaluate the adoption of those innovations by producers. The survey was conducted in five most important markets in Yaoundé and in one pilot village named Bialanguéna. Data were analysed based on a comparison of the state before and after the acquisition of innovative technologies by producers. Changes observed in the food and economic habits were evaluated. The results show that cocoa products are the most adopted ones. Bialanguena women and Yaounde cocoa producers convert some cocoa beans to cocoa powder and cocoa butter for their therapeutic and nutritive needs.
    [Show full text]
  • MINMAP Région Du Centre SERVICES DECONCENTRES REGIONAUX ET DEPARTEMENTAUX
    MINMAP Région du Centre SERVICES DECONCENTRES REGIONAUX ET DEPARTEMENTAUX N° Désignation des MO/MOD Nbre de Marchés Montant des Marchés N° page 1 Services déconcentrés Régionaux 19 2 278 252 000 4 Département de la Haute Sanaga 2 Services déconcentrés départementaux 6 291 434 000 7 3 COMMUNE DE BIBEY 2 77 000 000 8 4 COMMUNE DE LEMBE YEZOUM 8 119 000 000 8 5 COMMUNE DE MBANDJOCK 3 50 000 000 10 6 COMMUNE DE MINTA 5 152 500 000 10 7 COMMUNE DE NANGA-EBOKO 12 139 500 000 11 8 COMMUNE DE NKOTENG 5 76 000 000 13 9 COMMUNE DE NSEM 1 27 000 000 13 TOTAL 42 932 434 000 Département de la Lekié 10 Services déconcentrés départementaux 8 268 357 000 14 11 COMMUNE DE BATCHENGA 2 35 000 000 15 12 COMMUNE DE LOBO 8 247 000 000 15 13 COMMUNE DE MONATELE 11 171 500 000 16 14 COMMUNE DE SA'A 16 384 357 000 18 15 COMMUNE D'ELIG-MFOMO 7 125 000 000 20 16 COMMUNE D'EVODOULA 9 166 250 000 21 17 COMMUNE D'OBALA 14 223 500 000 22 18 COMMUNE D'OKOLA 22 752 956 000 24 19 COMMUNE D’EBEBDA 6 93 000 000 27 TOTAL 103 2 466 920 000 Département du Mbam et Inoubou 20 Services déconcentrés départementaux 4 86 000 000 28 21 COMMUNE DE BAFIA 5 75 500 000 28 22 COMMUNE DE BOKITO 12 213 000 000 29 23 COMMUNE DE KIIKI 4 134 000 000 31 24 COMMUNE DE KONYAMBETA 6 155 000 000 32 25 COMMUNE DE DEUK 2 77 000 000 33 26 COMMUNE DE MAKENENE 3 17 000 000 33 27 COMMUNE DE NDIKINIMEKI 4 84 000 000 34 28 COMMUNE D'OMBESSA 5 91 000 000 34 29 COMMUNE DE NITOUKOU 6 83 000 000 35 TOTAL 51 1 015 500 000 MINMAP/DIVISION DE LA PROGRAMMATION ET DU SUIVI DES MARCHES PUBLICS Page 1 de 88 N° Désignation
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionnaire Des Villages Du Nyong Et Kellé
    OFFICE 3j;E LA RECHERCHE REPUBLIQUE FEDERALE SCIEhTBFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DU OUTRE-MER CAMEROUN CENTRE ORSTOM DE YAOUNDE DICTIO..NN,AIREDES VILLAGES DU NYONG ET KELLE (2' 6dition) D'après la documentation réuriie par la Sectioiî de Géographie de I'ORSTOM1 REPERTOIRE GEOÇRAPHIQUE DU CAMEROUN FASCICULE No 8 SH. nu 57 Avril 1970 REPERTOIRE GEOGRAPHlQUE DU CAMEROUN Fasc. I Tableau de Io population du Cameroun, 68 p. Fév. 1965 SH. NO 17 Fasc. 2 Dictionnaire des villages du Dia-et-Lobo, 89 p. Juin 1965 SH. NO 22 Fasc. 3 Dictionnaire des villages de la Haute-Sanaga, 44 p. Août 1965 SH. No 50 (2' éd. 1969 1 ' Fasc. 4 Dictionnaire des vtllages du Nyong-et-Mfoumou, 49 p. Oct'obre 1965 SH. NO 24 Fasc. 5 Dictionnaire d,es villages du Nyon;-etspo 45 p. Novembre t965 SH. No 25 Fasc. 6 Dictionneire. des villages du Ntsm 102 p. WC. 1965. SH. NO46 (2' édition Juin 1969 1 d 1% Fasc. 7 ~ictionnair. der village; de la Mefou 100; P. Jahvier 1966 SH. NOk7 1 1 1 , Fasc. 8 Dictionnaire des iillagei du Nyong-et-Ksllé, 5 1 p. Fév: 1b66 SH. 5712' éd. avril 1970 1 1 Fasc. 9 Dictionnsire ;des villages de la Lékié 7 1 p. Merr 1966~~.29. Fasc. 10 ~iction&re des villages de Kr*i 29 p. \ Man- 1965SH. Irp W (2' Bdit. octobre 1969 1 ' 5 ' , Fasc. I I Dictionnaire;diss vlllsg~sdu Mba.r(--60 p. %i 1966 Sç-! W 52 t2' édit. sept. 1969) 1 l Fasc. 12 Dictionnaire de* vfllqgbr de BQU~~~-N~O~O34 p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics and Implications of the Coffee Economy in Tubah Sub-Division, 1934-2005
    International Journal of African and Asian Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2409-6938 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.38, 2017 The Dynamics and Implications of the Coffee Economy in Tubah Sub-Division, 1934-2005 Canute Ambe Ngwa Higher Teacher Training College, Bambili, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon Divine Achenui Nwenfor Department of History, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon Abstract That the coffee economy in Tubah is at a development cul-de-sac and requires an overhaul is unquestionable. The article introduces the sustainable coffee challenge and the circumstances that made the sector unsustainable and suffered a decline in Tubah. It has been argued that coffee economy in Tubah was introduced as a substitute to the legitimate trade and owed its unsustainability and eventual decline to the outbreak of the economic crisis in the 1980s. Such argument is often pegged to the grievances of the poor angry farmers who were victims of the economic crisis and appear to have written off the benefits of the coffee sector on their livelihoods in the past. Contrary to such orthodox, this paper argues that the natural environment of Tubah alongside colonial influence provided the potential for the emergence of the coffee economy. It is further illustrated that coffee cultivation and commercialization mechanisms in Tubah evolved with time and circumstances. The lack of farm subsidies and the fall in the price of the commodity in the world market left the farmers in a state of dilemma. The paper also exposes the view that the coffee economy, in spite its constraints, resulted in beneficial socio- economic mutations in Tubah.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionnaire Des Villages Du Mbam P
    OFFICE DE LA RECHERCHE REPUBliQUE FEDERALE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DU OUT,RE·MER CAMEROUN CENTRE OR5TOM DE YAOUNDE DICTIONNAIRE DES _VILLAGES DU MBAM D'après la documentation réunie par ~la Section de Géographie de l'I.R.CAM.3 REPERTQIRE GEOGRAPHIQUE DU CAMEROUN FASCICULE n° 1 1 rR-GAM 8. P. '9J SH. n° 31 ­ YAOUNDÉ Mai 1966 REPERTOIRE GEOGRAPHIQUE DU CAMEROUN Fasc. Tableau de la population du Cameroun, 68 p. Fév. 1965 SH, N° 17 Fasc. 2 Dictionnaire des villages du Dia et Lobo, 89 p. Juin 1965 SH. N° 22 Fasc. 3 Dictionnaire des villages de la Haute-Sanaga, 53 p. Août 1965 SH. N° 23 Fasc. 4 Dictionnaire des villages du Nyong et Mfoumou, 49 p. Octobre 1965 SH. N° 24 Fasc. 5 Dictionnaire des villages du Nyong et Soo 45 p. Novembre 1965 SH. N° 25 Fasc. 6 Dictionnaire des villages du Ntem 126 p. Décembre 1965 SH. N° 26 Fasc. 7 Dictionnaire- des villages de la Mefou 108 p. Janvier 1966 SH. N° 27 Fasc. 8 Dictionnaire des villages du Nyong et Kellé 51 p. Février 1966 SH. N° 28 Fasc. 9 Dictionnaire des villages de la Lékié 71 p. Mars 1966 SH. N° 29 Fasc. 10 Dictionnaire des villages de Kribi P. Mars 1966 SH. N° 30 Fasc. 11 Dictionnaire des villages du Mbam P. 60 Mai 1966 SH. N° 31 Fasc. 12 Dictionnaire des villages de Boumba Ngoko (en préparation) Fasc. 13 ùictionnaire des villages de Lom-et-Diérem (en préparation! omCE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE RERJBLlQUE FEDERALE ET TECHNI~E OUmE-MER ID CAMEROUN _ • _cee- -- - CENTRE ORSTOM DE YAOUNDE DICTIONNAIRE ~ VILLAGES DU ...........M B A M MAI 1!66 S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Premier Spiritain Camerounais Jean Criaud
    Mémoire Spiritaine Volume 8 Mort et résurrection: le « Saint-Coeur de Article 6 Marie » et le «Saint-Esprit» en 1848 November 1998 Le P. Etienne Nkodo (1911-1983), premier spiritain camerounais Jean Criaud Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/memoire-spiritaine Part of the Catholic Studies Commons Recommended Citation Criaud, J. (2019). Le P. Etienne Nkodo (1911-1983), premier spiritain camerounais. Mémoire Spiritaine, 8 (8). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/memoire-spiritaine/vol8/iss8/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Spiritan Collection at Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mémoire Spiritaine by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Les missions spiritaines au Cameroun dans les années 30. Les PP. Joseph Kapfer et Marcel Mader, à la mission de Minlaba, en 1927. LA MISSION SPIRITAINE DANS L'HISTOIRE Mémoire Spiritaine, n° 8, deuxième semestre 1998, p. 50 à 73. Le Père Etienne Nkodo (1911-1983), premier spiritain camerounais Jean Criaud* Arrivés à Douala (Cameroun) le 25 octobre 1890, les missionnaires catho- liques s'installèrent d'abord sur la côte, ou plus exactement près de la côte, sur le bord du fleuve Sanaga, à Marienberg en 1890, à Edéa et Kribi en 1891, à 1 Engelberg en 1894 et à Douala en 1898. Les Pères Pallotins allemands , car il s'agissait d'eux, commencèrent l'évangélisation de l'intérieur à partir de 1901. Yaoundé devint vite la mission la plus florissante du Vicariat. Les populations au sud du Nyong manifestèrent bientôt leur sympathie pour le christianisme.
    [Show full text]
  • Ngomedzap Council
    République RE =è_ du Cameroun Republic of Cameroon Paix – Travail – Patrie Peace – Work – Fatherland ----------- ----------- Région du Centre Center Region ----------- ----------- Département du Nyong et So’o Nyong and So’o Division ----------- ----------- Commune de Ngomedzap Ngomedzap Council PLAN COMMUNAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE NGOM EDZAP TOME I Réalisé avec l’Appui du PNDP Accompagné par l’Association Camerounaise des Femmes Ingénieurs en Agriculture (ACAFIA) B.P. Tel : 22 66 35 93 Siège Social Yaoundé Juin 2011 1 TABLE DE MATIERES TABLE DE MATIERES ............................................................................................................ 2 LISTE D’ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES TABLEAUX, PHOTOS ET FIGURES ................................................................. 7 RESUME .................................................................................................................................... 8 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 CONTEXTE ET JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................... 10 1.2 OBJECTIFS DE LA PLANIFICATION ....................................................................... 10 1.3. STRUCTURE DU DOCUMENT ................................................................................. 11 II. METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
    Ghana R-PP (Annexes) Annexes Annexes ..................................................................................................... 1 Annex 1a: National Readiness Management Arrangements ..................................................... 2 Annexes for 1b: Stakeholder Consultations Held So Far on the R-PP ......................................... 5 Annex 1b-4: Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Plan (for R-PP Implementation) ............ 31 Annex 2b: REDD Strategy Options ................................................................................. 48 Annex 2c: REDD Implementation Framework .................................................................... 84 Annex 2d: Social and Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................... 84 Annex 3: Reference Scenario ....................................................................................... 90 Annex 4: Monitoring System ........................................................................................ 90 Annex 6: Program Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................... 90 Annex 7: Background Paper ........................................................................................ 91 A. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 91 A. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 94 A. THE CONTEXT ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Joshua Osih President
    Joshua Osih President THE STRENGTH OF OUR DIVERSITY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2018 JOSHUA OSIH | THE STRENGTH OF OUR DIVERSITY | P . 1 MY CONTRACT WITH THE NATION Build a new Cameroon through determination, duty to act and innovation! I decided to run in the presidential election of October 7th to give the youth, who constitute the vast majority of our population, the opportunity to escape the despair that has gripped them for more than three decades now, to finally assume responsibility for the future direction of our highly endowed nation. The time has come for our youth to rise in their numbers in unison and take control of their destiny and stop the I have decided to run in the presidential nation’s descent into the abyss. They election on October 7th. This decision, must and can put Cameroon back on taken after a great deal of thought, the tracks of progress. Thirty-six years arose from several challenges we of selfish rule by an irresponsible have all faced. These crystalized into and corrupt regime have brought an a single resolution: We must redeem otherwise prosperous Cameroonian Cameroon from the abyss of thirty-six nation to its knees. The very basic years of low performance, curb the elements of statecraft have all but negative instinct of conserving power disappeared and the citizenry is at all cost and save the collapsing caught in a maelstrom. As a nation, system from further degradation. I we can no longer afford adequate have therefore been moved to run medical treatment, nor can we provide for in the presidential election of quality education for our children.
    [Show full text]
  • GE84/275 BR IFIC Nº 2893 Section Spéciale Special Section
    Section spéciale Index BR IFIC Nº 2893 Special Section GE84/275 Sección especial Indice International Frequency Information Circular (Terrestrial Services) ITU - Radiocommunication Bureau Circular Internacional de Información sobre Frecuencias (Servicios Terrenales) UIT - Oficina de Radiocomunicaciones Circulaire Internationale d'Information sur les Fréquences (Services de Terre) UIT - Bureau des Radiocommunications Date/Fecha : 16.04.2019 Expiry date for comments / Fecha limite para comentarios / Date limite pour les commentaires : 25.07.2019 Description of Columns / Descripción de columnas / Description des colonnes Intent Purpose of the notification Propósito de la notificación Objet de la notification 1a Assigned frequency Frecuencia asignada Fréquence assignée 4a Name of the location of Tx station Nombre del emplazamiento de estación Tx Nom de l'emplacement de la station Tx B Administration Administración Administration 4b Geographical area Zona geográfica Zone géographique 4c Geographical coordinates Coordenadas geográficas Coordonnées géographiques 6a Class of station Clase de estación Classe de station 1b Vision / sound frequency Frecuencia de portadora imagen/sonido Fréquence image / son 1ea Frequency stability Estabilidad de frecuencia Stabilité de fréquence 1e carrier frequency offset Desplazamiento de la portadora Décalage de la porteuse 7c System and colour system Sistema de transmisión / color Système et système de couleur 9d Polarization Polarización Polarisation 13c Remarks Observaciones Remarques 9 Directivity Directividad
    [Show full text]
  • REPUBLIC of CAMEROON Peace-Work-Fatherland
    REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace-Work-Fatherland 2017 FINANCE BILL REPORT ON THE NATION’S ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL SITUATION AND PROSPECTS 2016 FINANCIAL YEAR November 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 International Economic Environment ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Recent Developments in Cameroon’s Economy................................................................................................. 9 1.2.1 Growth and prices ................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2. Relations with the rest of the world ................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Currency and financing the economy.................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Public finance...................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.5 Social sectors....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.6 Structural and institutional reforms....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Programmation De La Passation Et De L'exécution Des Marchés Publics
    PROGRAMMATION DE LA PASSATION ET DE L’EXÉCUTION DES MARCHÉS PUBLICS EXERCICE 2021 JOURNAUX DE PROGRAMMATION DES MARCHÉS DES SERVICES DÉCONCENTRÉS ET DES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES DÉCENTRALISÉES RÉGION DU CENTRE EXERCICE 2021 SYNTHESE DES DONNEES SUR LA BASE DES INFORMATIONS RECUEILLIES N° Désignation des MO/MOD Nbre de Marchés Montant des Marchés N°Page 1 Services déconcentrés Régionaux 17 736 645 000 3 2 Communauté Urbaine de Yaoundé 62 10 459 000 000 5 Département de la Haute Sanaga 3 Services déconcentrés départementaux 2 24 000 000 10 4 Commune de Bibey 12 389 810 000 10 5 Commune de Lembe Yezoum 17 397 610 000 11 6 Commune de Mbandjock 12 214 000 000 12 7 Commune de Minta 8 184 500 000 12 8 Commune de Nanga Ebogo 21 372 860 000 13 9 Commune de Nkoteng 12 281 550 000 14 10 Commune de Nsem 5 158 050 000 15 TOTAL 89 2 022 380 000 Département de la Lekié 11 Services déconcentrés départementaux 9 427 000 000 16 12 Commune de Batchenga 8 194 000 000 17 13 Commune d'Ebebda 10 218 150 000 18 14 Commune d'Elig-Mfomo 8 174 000 000 19 15 Commune d'Evodoula 10 242 531 952 20 16 Commune de Lobo 11 512 809 000 21 17 Commune de Monatélé 12 288 500 000 22 18 commune d'Obala 11 147 000 000 23 19 commune d'Okola 14 363 657 000 24 20 commune de Sa'a 17 319 500 000 25 TOTAL 110 2 887 147 952 Département du Mbam et Inoubou 21 Services déconcentrés départementaux 6 144 385 000 27 22 Commune Bafia 13 213 500 000 27 23 Commune de Bokito 9 167 500 000 28 24 Commune de DEUK 17 379 500 000 29 25 Commune Kiiki 10 285 000 000 30 26 Commune Konyambeta 12 295
    [Show full text]