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Luận Án Tiến Sĩ BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NHA TRANG ------------oo0oo----------- NGUYỄN THỊ HẢI THANH NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM SINH HỌC SINH SẢN VÀ THỬ NGHIỆM SẢN XUẤT GIỐNG NHÂN TẠO CÁ KHOANG CỔ YÊN NGỰA Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ KHÁNH HÒA – 2021 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NHA TRANG ------------oo0oo----------- NGUYỄN THỊ HẢI THANH NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM SINH HỌC SINH SẢN VÀ THỬ NGHIỆM SẢN XUẤT GIỐNG NHÂN TẠO CÁ KHOANG CỔ YÊN NGỰA Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chuyên ngành: Nuôi trồng thủy sản Mã số: 9620301 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: 1. TS. NGÔ ANH TUẤN 2. TS. HUỲNH MINH SANG KHÁNH HÒA – 2021 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan đây là công trình nghiên cứu của tôi. Một số kết quả thu được trong luận án này là thành quả nghiên cứu của Đề tài Uỷ ban Phối hợp: “Nghiên cứu sinh sản nhân tạo cá khoang cổ Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) trong điều kiện thí nghiệm tại Khánh Hòa” do Phòng Sinh thái Nhiệt đới, Chi nhánh Ven biển, Trung tâm Nhiệt đới Việt - Nga triển khai trong đó tôi là người thực hiện chính. Các tài liệu tham khảo trong luận án với mục đích tổng quan làm cơ sở lý luận, so sánh, phân tích và thảo luận đều được trích dẫn đầy đủ theo quy định. Toàn bộ nội dung và kết quả trong luận án đều đảm bảo tính tin cậy, không trùng lặp và đã được chính NCS công bố trên các tạp chí chuyên ngành. Tôi xin cam đoan các kết quả, số liệu trong luận án là trung thực và chưa từng được ai công bố trong bất kỳ công trình nào. Khánh Hòa, 2021 NGHIÊN CỨU SINH NGUYỄN THỊ HẢI THANH iii LỜI CẢM ƠN Để hoàn thành luận án Tiến sĩ này, trước hết nghiên cứu sinh xin chân thành cảm ơn TS. Ngô Anh Tuấn, TS. Huỳnh Minh Sang, những người đã tận tình hướng dẫn và giúp đỡ nghiên cứu sinh trong suốt thời gian thực hiện đề tài luận án. Nghiên cứu sinh xin bày tỏ lời cảm ơn đến Ban Giám hiệu, Lãnh đạo Viện Nuôi trồng Thủy sản, Khoa Sau đại học, Phòng Khoa học Công nghệ Trường Đại học Nha Trang đã tạo điều kiện cho tôi được học tập tại trường. Xin chân thành cảm ơn Ban Tổng Giám đốc Trung tâm Nhiệt đới Việt – Nga, Ban Giám đốc Chi nhánh Ven biển, Lãnh đạo, Chỉ huy các Phòng, Ban đặc biệt là tập thể đơn vị Phòng Sinh thái Nhiệt đới, chú Ngô Chí Thiện, em Nguyễn Văn Quang, em Võ Thị Hà cùng các cán bộ trong phòng đã tạo mọi điều kiện thuận lợi, triển khai thực hiện, hỗ trợ phân tích mẫu và kinh phí để nghiên cứu sinh thực hiện nội dung của luận án. Nghiên cứu sinh xin chân thành cảm ơn các thầy cô, PGS.TS (Lại Văn Hùng), TS. Hà Lê Thị Lộc, PGS.TS Đỗ Thị Hòa, Cô Lưu Thị Bích đã luôn giúp đỡ nghiên cứu sinh trong những nghiên cứu ban đầu và đồng hành, động viên nghiên cứu sinh trong quá trình thực hiện luận án. Nghiên cứu sinh cảm ơn TS. Astakhov D. A. – Viện Hải dương học, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Nga, Liên bang Nga đã giúp đỡ, cung cấp nhiều số liệu, hình ảnh có giá trị của cá khoang cổ vùng biển Khánh Hòa và các kỹ thuật sinh sản nhân tạo cá cảnh biển trong đó có cá khoang cổ. Nghiên cứu sinh trân trọng và cảm ơn TS. Saowapa Sawatpeera, TS. Vorathep Muthuwan cùng các cán bộ của Viện Nghiên cứu Khoa học Biển, Đại học Burapha (BIMS), Vương quốc Thái Lan, đã tạo điều kiện vật chất, hướng dẫn về kỹ thuật cho Nghiên cứu sinh trong thời gian thực tập sinh tại Viện. Nghiên cứu sinh cảm ơn TS. Sadrin A. M., TS. Emelyanova N. G. - Trường đại học MGU, Liên bang Nga; PGS. TS Phạm Quốc Hùng–Viện NTTS Nha Trang, PGS. TS. Trương Quốc Phú- ĐH Cần Thơ đã giúp đỡ NCS trong việc xác định tổ chức mô phôi và các giai đoạn phát triển của trứng và cá con. Nghiên cứu sinh trân trọng sự giúp đỡ nhiệt tình của các thầy, cô, các bạn của Viện Nuôi trồng Thủy sản, Đại học Nha Trang luôn đồng hành cùng Nghiên cứu sinh trong suốt quá trình thực hiện luận án. iv Cảm ơn các em Mạc Văn Huy, Trần Văn Dũng, Giáp Văn Thụ, kỹ thuật viên làm việc Trại thực nghiệm Sản xuất giống cá cảnh biển, tổ 13, khóm Đường Đệ, phường Vĩnh Hòa, và Phòng thí nghiệm Công nghệ Nuôi trồng, Viện Hải dương học đã hỗ trợ trong quá trình triển khai các nội dung của luận án. Lời cám ơn sâu sắc đến những người thân trong gia đình, đặc biệt là chồng, con trai Minh Sơn và em gái Thu Nga đã động viên, giúp đỡ, hy sinh nhiều thời gian cho tôi trong suốt thời gian học tập, nghiên cứu và hoàn thành luận án. Khánh Hòa, 2021 NGHIÊN CỨU SINH NGUYỄN THỊ HẢI THANH v MỤC LỤC LỜI CAM ĐOAN...................................................................................................... iii LỜI CẢM ƠN ............................................................................................................iv MỤC LỤC..................................................................................................................vi DANH MỤC KÝ HIỆU, CHỮ VIẾT TẮT...............................................................viii DANH MỤC BẢNG ..................................................................................................ix DANH MỤC HÌNH.....................................................................................................x TÓM TẮT NHỮNG ĐÓNG GÓP MỚI CỦA LUẬN ÁN .........................................xii MỞ ĐẦU.....................................................................................................................1 CHƯƠNG 1: TỔNG QUAN TÀI LIỆU ...................................................................4 1.1. MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM SINH HỌC CÁ KHOANG CỔ .........................................4 1.1.1. Vị trí phân loại...................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Thành phần loài .................................................................................................5 1.1.3. Đặc điểm phân bố và sinh thái ...........................................................................6 1.1.4. Đặc điểm hình thái.............................................................................................9 1.1.5. Đặc điểm dinh dưỡng.......................................................................................10 1.1.6. Đặc điểm sinh trưởng và phát triển...................................................................13 1.1.7. Đặc điểm sinh học sinh sản cá khoang cổ.........................................................16 1.2. NGHIÊN CỨU SẢN XUẤT GIỐNG NHÂN TẠO CÁ CẢNH BIỂN ................23 1.2.1. Nghiên cứu sản xuất giống nhân tạo cá cảnh biển trên thế giới.........................23 1.2.2. Nghiên cứu sản xuất giống nhân tạo cá cảnh biển ở Việt Nam .........................26 1.2.3. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến hiệu quả sản xuất giống nhân tạo cá cảnh biển........29 CHƯƠNG 2: VẬT LIỆU VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU ..........................40 2.1. Thời gian, địa điểm, đối tượng nghiên cứu..........................................................40 2.2. Nội dung nghiên cứu...........................................................................................41 2.3. Phương pháp nghiên cứu.....................................................................................42 2.3.1. Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học sinh sản ................................................42 2.3.2. Thử nghiệm sản xuất giống nhân tạo cá KCYN ...............................................46 2.4. Phương pháp xử lý số liệu...................................................................................59 CHƯƠNG 3: KẾT QUẢ NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ THẢO LUẬN ................................60 3.1. Đặc điểm sinh học, sinh sản................................................................................60 3.1.1. Giới tính và tỷ lệ cá KCYN lưỡng tính.............................................................60 3.1.2. Các giai đoạn phát triển tuyến sinh dục và tế bào trứng....................................63 vi 3.1.3. Kích thước thành thục lần đầu..........................................................................74 3.1.4. Hệ số thành thục và mùa vụ sinh sản................................................................75 3.1.5. Sức sinh sản.....................................................................................................77 3.1.6. Tương quan chiều dài và khối lượng ................................................................78 3.2. Nghiên cứu tập tính sinh sản, ấp nở, phát triển phôi và ấu trùng, cá con đến 15 ngày tuổi....................................................................................................................80 3.2.1. Tập tính sinh sản, ấp nở ...................................................................................80 3.2.2. Các giai đoạn phát triển phôi, ấu trùng và cá con đến 15 ngày tuổi...................81 3.3. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của thức ăn, độ mặn và nhiệt độ đến hiệu quả sinh sản của cá KCYN...................................................................................................................93 3.3.1. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các loại thức ăn lên hiệu quả sinh sản....................93 3.3.2. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của độ mặn lên hiệu quả sinh sản.................................95 3.3.3. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ lên hiệu quả sinh sản................................97 3.4. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của thức ăn, độ mặn và mật độ đến hiệu quả ương ấu trùng cá KCYN giai đoạn 1 - 15 ngày tuổi ..........................................................................98 3.4.1. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các loại thức ăn lên hiệu quả ương nuôi ấu trùng .....98 3.4.2. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của độ mặn lên hiệu quả ương nuôi ấu trùng..............102 3.4.3. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của mật độ lên hiệu quả ương nuôi ấu trùng...............106 3.4.4. Thử nghiệm sản xuất giống và ương nuôi ấu trùng cá KCYN ........................109
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