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The Current Situation and Use of Pottery in Myanmar Dr The Current Situation and Use of Pottery in Myanmar Dr. Mya Mya Khin, Professor [email protected] Abstract This paper describes the current situation and use of pottery in Myanmar. After giving a brief history of Myanmar pottery, the current situation of potters and their works in Myanmar and the use of earthenware will be discussed. Twentay in the Yangon Region was chosen as a sample site to describe the current situation and use of pottery in Myanmar from Cultural Anthropological perspectives. The research does not cover the whole situation of pottery in all of Myanmar. Twentay is famous in Myanmar because of its pottery. The Twentay pots (Twentay Oh in Myanmar) are well-known in Myanmar because of their high quality. Earlier research by Tyn and his group discovered the oldest kiln at Kangyikone, a village beside a creek named the Kyaukphyasan, which is about 3.5 km southeast of Twentay. After reporting their findings to the Department of Archaeology at the Ministry of Culture, they started to excavate the site in 1999 and 2002. He concluded that the Twentay pottery existed as early as the 5th century A.D. (Tyn 2006). Even today the pottery making, the distribution of the products and their socio-economic network among potters and sellers can be found in Twentay. This paper gives special attention to the impacts of the government’s environmental conservation policy on pottery making. The resistance of pottery makers to restrictions and how to safeguard Myanmar’s pottery tradition as one part of the Myanmar cultural heritage are also explored. The paper concludes with the important role of policy makers for the future of pottery making in order to maintain, preserve and transmit the traditions as Myanmar’s cultural heritage. Keywords: pottery, cultural resource management, government policy and pottery making, Myanmar cultural heritage, Myanmar archaeology, Twentay, intangible cultural heritage 1 1. Introduction In 2018, we (anthropologists led by professor Dr. Tosa Keiko from the University of Tokyo Foreign Studies and scholars from the Department of Anthropology, University of Yangon) visited Twentay after the international conference “Joint Seminar on Anthropological Research of Southeast Asian Countries Including Myanmar”. Twentay potteries made me propose a project to conduct research about how to maintain and preserve Twentay pottery as a Myanmar cultural heritage. I started my study on Twentay pottery from cultural anthropological perspectives because the pottery is very precious and is a respected source of prestige for Myanmar culture and Myanmar’s way of life. Cultural heritage represents the ways that people try to fulfill their needs and wants and to promote their ways of life and how to transmit their knowledge from generation to generation. It can be divided into two types: The knowledge, values, aesthetics, and techniques of intangible culture as well as the resulting artifacts that form the physical cultural heritage. In other words, the intangible heritage is closely connected with tangible culture; see http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/ Cultural_Heritage/ What_is_Cultural_Heritage (accessed 4- 9-2019). Intangible culture produces the tangible culture as a part of the cultural heritage. In other words, the intangible heritage is inseparable from the tangible culture http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/ Cultural_Heritage/ What_is_Cultural_Heritage (4- 9-2019). Myanmar pottery has a long history; its oldest examples are found in the Padah-lin Caves, a late Hoabinhian site, in the area between Nyaunggyat and Yebok villages in Ywa-Ngan township, Taunggyi district, Southern Shan State. Theses pots date to 11,000 years ago. The country’s oldest kiln sites were discovered in Twentay, Yangon Region that date to the 7th century A.D. (Tyn 2003, Khin 2018). The current situation of pottery in Twentay and the use of pottery in Myanmar are documented here in order to maintain and transmit Twentay pottery as Myanmar’s cultural heritage. It is a cultural heritage that is still living because it has long history and people are still producing pottery there and distributing their products around Myanmar. Twentay and its pottery are also important to maintain and transmit a local, regional and national level of cultural heritage because it possesses Myanmar’s precious tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Myanmar should keep and maintain this cultural workshop in Twentay as a place of the Myanmar cultural heritage sites correlated to its pottery. 2 Transect walks, informal interviews and key informant interviews were used to collect data. Research tools included audio recorders, cameras, and notebooks. The three owners of pottery factories, one of the big earthenware shops, and one local Buddhist monk were key informants for my data. Library research was also conducted to get the background history of Twentay and its pottery. The resulting research will help to reveal and suggest the history of Twentay’s pottery, its current situation and usage in Myanmar to international scholars and also to encourage the potters to produce more of their attractive pottery. 2. History of Myanmar’s pottery The use of the earthenware which is glazed or unglazed in Myanmar is introduced here to trace the history of Myanmar’s pottery. Earthenware is used for various purposes such as to store food and drink, for ceremonial and religious purposes, as well as for decorating houses, palaces and shrines and so on. Myanmar earthenware has been found from prehistoric times at the Padah-lin caves and at a site near Taung-tha-man-inn (Lake) in Amarapura that dates to the late Palaeolithic Age (Tun 1973). Earthenware sherds of cord-marked pottery were discovered at the Stone Age sites of Mong Tawa Gu caves on the Shan plateau as early as 1937-38 by the American Southeast Asiatic Expedition for Early Man led by Hellmut de Terra and Prof. Hallam L. Movius. Later a Myanmar team led by U Aung Thaw discovered fragments of Neolithic earthenware pottery in the caves of Padah-lin in the area between Nyaunggyat and Yebok village, Ywa-ngan Township, Taunggyi district, Southern Shan State in January 1969 (Tyn 2003: p 287). However, Dr. Than Tun pointed out that stone implements and pottery sherds discovered in Padah-lin Caves are earlier than Neolithic and the late Paleolithic Age. Radiocarbon dating also confirms the Padah- lin culture is over 11,000 years old (Tun 1973, p. 108). The Bronze Age artefacts included some earthenware objects: pipes, beads, 23 pieces of broken pots and three bowl-type oil lamps in Nyaunggan village, located in Budalin Township of the Sagaing Division (Tyn 2003 p 287). Earthenware took an important role in the Pyu culture and Pyu civilization that flourished in Myanmar from the early years of the first century A.D. to the ninth century A.D. The production and use of earthenware is shown in the Pyu sites: Beikthano 2nd century (B.C. ~ 5th A.D.), Hanlin (4th ~ 9th century A.D.) and Sriksetra (3rd ~ 10th century A.D.). Excavations at Beikthano and Sriksetra, which are early Pyu settlements in central Myanmar, produced quantities of unglazed earthenware pots and jars made for utilitarian and burial use between the 3 5th and 9th centuries (Tyn 2002, Tyn and Rooney 2001 p 57). Dr. Bob Hudson discovered pottery 4500 to 5000 years old used by Neolithic agriculturalists and people in the early part of the Bronze Age (Thein, 2011https://www. mmtimes.com/national-news/1628-old-pottery- uncovered.html). An ancient glazed ceramic kiln (10th to late 13th century) was first discovered along the Ayeyarwady riverbank in Bagan in 1963. Glazed architectural pieces were still being made two centuries after these early pieces (15th century) at Bago (Pegu) (Tyn and Rooney 2001 p 57-58). Glazed tobacco pipes and glazed jars were discovered from a relic-chamber and these glazed wares were dated by the Archaeology Department of Burma (Myanmar) to be early 14th century (Tyn 2002 p 21). The archaeologist Aung Khaing reported the discovery of an ancient kiln near Nagayone Pagoda in Bagan which was similar in size and shape to the No.1 kiln site in Bagan. And he found a round bottom earthen pot filled completely with melted glass of whitish green colour along with some turquoise-shell coloured glazed sherds of a broken jar inside the kiln. The first cross-draft kiln of large size was found by a team of researchers led by U Thaw Kaung in Lagunbyee, about 32 km south of Bago in 1987. They found many surface finds: some sherds are blue, other sherds are green-and-white and so on. Nearly one hundred more of the ancient kilns were discovered between Yangon and Bago, mostly north of Lagunbyee (Don Hein 2003, Tyn and Kaung 1998). Some glazed wares with a milky white background with decoration in green were discovered in the Tak area and the Omkoi district near the Thai-Myanmar border. The Japanese researchers Hasabe and his colleague (1986) tested the material scientifically and revealed that green and white wares are of Myanmar origin. And the green and white wares from Tak were possibly made in Myanmar near Bago in 15th or 16th century (Tyn 2002 p 24). These green and white wares became a powerful finding which revealed the hidden heritage of Myanmar’s ceramic tradition. An international collaborative research team (scholars from the University of Yangon, the University of Sydney, and the Myanmar national department of archaeology) found a large cross-draft kiln capable of manufacturing high-temperature green glaze and over a hundred kiln sites near Twentay. They are similar to those of Lagunbyee from the 11th to 13th centuries (Tyn and Rooney 2001 p 59). Tyn also found kiln sites 17.6 km southwest of Myaungmya Myohaung, in the Ayeyarwady Delta in 1989.
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