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Counter-Memorial of the Republic of Colombia

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Counter-Memorial of the Republic of Colombia INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA) COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA VOLUME I 11 NOVEMBER 2008 III TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW A. The Case before the Court . 1 B. The Framework for the Case . 5 (1) THE QUESTION OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE MARITIME FEATURES OTHER THAN THE ISLANDS OF SAN ANDRÉS, PROVIDENCIA AND SANTA CATALINA . 5 (2) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 82ºW MERIDIAN WITH REGARD TO THE QUESTION OF SOVEREIGNTY . 6 (3) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 82ºW MERIDIAN WITH REGARD TO MARITIME DELIMITATION . 7 C. The Structure of this Counter-Memorial . 8 PART ONE – THE COLOMBIAN ARCHIPELAGO OF SAN ANDRÉS Chapter 2. THE ARCHIPELAGO A. Introduction . 13 B. The Components of the Archipelago . 15 (1) SAN ANDRÉS . 18 (2) PROVIDENCIA . 20 (3) SANTA CATALINA . 20 (4) ALBURQUERQUE . 22 (5) EAST-SOUTHEAST CAYS . 24 (6) RONCADOR . 26 (7) SERRANA . 28 (8) QUITASUEÑO . 30 (9) SERRANILLA . 33 (10) BAJO NUEVO . 33 C. The Archipelago as a Unit . 36 (1) THE ISLANDS AND CAYS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO WERE CONSIDERED AS A GROUP THROUGHOUT THE COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL ERA . 36 IV (2) THE ISLANDS AND CAYS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO CONSIDERED AS A GROUP DURING THE 20TH CENTURY . 53 (3) TEXTBOOKS AND MAPS DESCRIBING THE CAYS AS PART OF THE ARCHIPELAGO . 60 D. Conclusion . 74 PART TWO – COLOMBIA’S SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE CAYS Chapter 3. THE ROOTS OF COLOMBIA’S TITLE AND ITS EXERCISE OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE CAYS A. Introduction . 79 B. The Royal Order of 1803 . 83 C. The Government of the Archipelago after 1803 . 88 D. The Exercise of Sovereignty over the Cays . 91 (1) LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL . 92 (2) LAW ENFORCEMENT . 121 (3) NAVAL PATROLS AND OPERATIONS . 122 (4) SEISMIC / OIL-RELATED RESEARCH . 129 (5) MAPPING SURVEYS . 133 (6) SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . 136 (7) PUBLIC WORKS . 139 E. Conclusions . 146 Chapter 4. RECOGNITION BY OTHER STATES OF COLOMBIA’S SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE CAYS A. Introduction and Overview . 149 B. The Dispute with the United States over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana . 150 (1) EARLY STAGES OF THE DISPUTE WITH THE UNITED STATES OVER RONCADOR, QUITASUEÑO AND SERRANA . 151 (2) 1919 – INSTALLATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF LIGHTHOUSES ON THE CAYS OF RONCADOR, QUITASUEÑO AND SERRANA . 160 V (3) THE 1928 OLAYA-KELLOGG AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE CAYS OF RONCADOR, QUITASUEÑO AND SERRANA . 164 (4) SUBSEQUENT STATE DEPARTMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF COLOMBIA’S CASE CONCERNING THE THREE CAYS 171 (5) WITHDRAWAL OF THE UNITED STATES’ CLAIM TO THE THREE CAYS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS. 174 C. The Position of Great Britain . 189 (1) 1874 – THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT NOTIFIES THE GOVERNORSHIP OF JAMAICA THAT THE CAYS OF SERRANA, SERRANILLA, ALBURQUERQUE, COURTOWN AND RONCADOR BELONG TO THE COLOMBIAN “TERRITORY OF SAN ANDRÉS” . 189 (2) 1906-1914 – THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT REPEATEDLY CONSIDERS THE CAYS TO BE PART OF THE COLOMBIAN SAN ANDRÉS ARCHIPELAGO. 191 (3) 1924 – THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT NOTIFIES BRITISH SUBJECTS OF THE NEED TO COMPLY WITH COLOMBIAN FISHING REGULATIONS AROUND ALL THE CAYS. 196 (4) 1925 – JUDGMENT AGAINST BRITISH FISHERMEN ILLEGALLY FISHING TORTOISE AROUND QUITASUEÑO. 198 (5) THE DISPUTE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND NICARAGUA OVER TURTLE FISHERIES SHOWS NICARAGUA HAD NO RIGHT OR CLAIM OVER THE CAYS OF THE SAN ANDRÉS ARCHIPELAGO . 201 D. The Absence of any Nicaraguan Claim to the Cays: Nicaragua’s Response to the Loubet Award . 203 (1) THE LOUBET AWARD . 204 (2) NICARAGUA’S ATTITUDE TO THE AWARD . 205 (3) THE ARBITRATOR’S REPLY TO NICARAGUA . 215 (4) CONCLUSIONS . 217 (5) THE WHITE AWARD OF 1914 BETWEEN PANAMA AND COSTA RICA CONFIRMED THE LOUBET AWARD WITH REGARD TO THE ARCHIPELAGO’S ISLANDS AND CAYS . 219 E. The Position of Other States . 220 (1) PANAMA – 1976 TREATY ON THE DELIMITATION OF MARINE AND SUBMARINE AREAS AND RELATED MATTERS . 221 (2) COSTA RICA . 224 (3) HONDURAS – 1986 TREATY CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION . 231 (4) JAMAICA . .232 F. Conclusion . 238 VI Chapter 5. THE 1928 TREATY AND 1930 PROTOCOL A. Nicaragua’s Claim of 1913 and the Ensuing Negotiations . 241 (1) EMERGENCE OF THE DISPUTE OVER THE SAN ANDRÉS ARCHIPELAGO IN 1913 . 241 (2) NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTIES . 242 B. The 1928 Treaty (Esguerra/Bárcenas) . 247 (1) TRANSLATIONS OF THE 1928 TREATY . 249 (2) THE TEXT OF ARTICLE I OF THE 1928 TREATY . 252 (3) THE GOVERNMENT AND CONGRESS OF NICARAGUA WERE OFFICIALLY NOTIFIED OF THE OLAYA-KELLOGG AGREEMENT PRIOR TO THE APPROVAL OF THE 1928 TREATY . 255 (4) THE COLOMBIAN CONGRESS APPROVES THE 1928 TREATY . 259 C. The 1930 Protocol . 261 (1) THE 82°W MERIDIAN LIMIT . 261 (2) NEGOTIATIONS WITH COLOMBIA ON THE 82ºW MERIDIAN LIMIT .263 (3) APPROVAL OF THE TREATY BY THE NICARAGUAN CONGRESS . 265 D. The Legal Effect of the 1928/1930 Treaty . 270 E. The 1928/1930 Treaty is in force . 273 (1) COLOMBIA NEVER BREACHED THE TREATY . 275 (2) NICARAGUA NEVER TOOK STEPS TO TERMINATE THE TREATY . 276 F. Conclusions . 277 Chapter 6. THE LACK OF ANY BASIS FOR NICARAGUA’S CLAIM TO THE CAYS A. Introduction . 281 B. The Unstable Character of the Nicaraguan Claim . 282 C. The Uti Possidetis Juris Issue is Foreclosed by the 1928/1930 Treaty . 285 D. The 1928/1930 Treaty Did Not Leave Open any Territorial Dispute between the Parties . 291 VII E. It is not the Continental Shelf that Determines Territorial Sovereignty over the Cays . 297 F. Conclusions . 300 PART THREE – THE MARITIME DELIMITATION INTRODUCTION TO PART THREE . 305 Chapter 7. THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DELIMITATION AND THE FLAWED NATURE OF NICARAGUA’S APPROACH TO DELIMITATION A. Introduction . 309 B. Nicaragua’s “Median Line” Lies More than 200 Nautical Miles from the Mainland Coasts of the Parties. 312 (1) NICARAGUA CLAIMS A BOUNDARY WHERE IT HAS NO LEGAL ENTITLEMENT . 312 (2) THE COURT HAS CONSISTENTLY REFRAINED FROM DELIMITNG MARITIME BOUNDARIES LYING MORE THAN 200 NAUTICAL MILES FROM THE COASTS OF THE PARTIES . 318 C. Nicaragua’s “Delimitation Area” Is Similarly Flawed and Provides No support for the Application of Its “Equal Division” Claim . 321 D. Nicaragua’s Attempt To Enclave Colombia’s Islands Has No Legal Support . 326 E. Conclusions . 336 Chapter 8. THE DELIMITATION AREA A. Introduction . 339 B. The Relevant Area. ..
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