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The Freshwater Diaptomid Copepod Fauna (Crustacea: Copepoda: Diaptomidae) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra with Notes on Distribution, Species Richness and Ecology

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The Freshwater Diaptomid Copepod Fauna (Crustacea: Copepoda: Diaptomidae) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra with Notes on Distribution, Species Richness and Ecology J. Limnol., 2016; 75(1): 135-143 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.4081/jlimnol.2015.1269 The freshwater diaptomid copepod fauna (Crustacea: Copepoda: Diaptomidae) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra with notes on distribution, species richness and ecology Mihir R. KULKARNI, Kalpana PAI* Centre for Advanced Studies, Dept. of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly the University of Pune), Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The diversity of many invertebrate taxa from Western Ghats of Maharashtra remains unknown due to lack of systematic studies. We studied freshwater calanoid copepods from this region, and found eleven species of diaptomid copepods in 180 samples collected from 80 sites in the study area. Most of these are new records for this region. The observed fauna includes Oriental, Gondwanan, Palaearctic and Indian endemic taxa. Locality dataonly for all the observed species, along with notes on some ecological aspects of the sampled sites are provided. Non-parametric estimates of species richness for the region suggested an overall adequacy of sampling effort, and probable missing out of some species from habitats with longer hydroperiod. Hydroperiod, depth, electrical conductivity, altitude, mean annual temperature and latitude largely influenced the distribution of species in the study area. Co-occurrencesuse of species were overall rare but more common in temporary habitats. Assemblages of diaptomid copepods restricted to certain sites were identified. The importance of tem- porary habitats is discussed in the light of their species richness, faunal composition and the increasing anthropogenic pressures they face. Key words: Western Ghats; Copepoda; distribution; assemblages; temporary habitats. Received: May 2015. Accepted: September 2015. INTRODUCTION ney (1907), Sewell (1924), Brehm (1950), Kiefer (1936, 1982) have done pioneering studies on the Indian diapto- Freshwater copepods are represented by over 2500 mid fauna, and others like Reddiah (1964), Rajendran species, mostly free-living, but some are also parasitic (1971), Abraham (1972) and Flößner (1984) have also (Boxshall and Defaye, 2008). The former often dominate contributed to this knowledge. Ranga Reddy has carried the zooplankton communities and play crucial role of both out extensive work on the Indian diaptomids describing primary and secondary consumersNon-commercial in aquatic ecosystems several new species from the country (Ranga Reddy, and also as a major food source for other aquatic preda- 1988, 1994 and references therein; Ranga Reddy, 2013a, tors. The calanoid copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida) are 2013b). However, most of the studies on Indian diapto- principally represented by the family Diaptomidae in the mids have been restricted to the southern parts of the inland waters of the Oriental biogeographic region (Dus- country (Dussart and Defaye, 2002), with some reports sart and Defaye, 2001). Of about 381 species of inland from the north-eastern region (Reddiah, 1964; Ranga water copepods reported from the Oriental region, 92 of Reddy, 2013a, 2013b). Recently, Ambedkar (2012) has the 96 species of Calanoida are diaptomids. The Oriental carried out some work on the Indian Diaptomidae, how- region harbours 22 genera of diaptomids, of which 10 ever, some regions, notably the Western Ghats, have not genera, represented by 81 species, are endemic to the re- been studied to date. gion (Boxshall and Defaye, 2008). Systematic studies on several invertebrate taxa, in- The Indian Diaptomidae are represented by two sub- cluding diaptomid copepods, are lacking from the Western families, namely the Diaptominae and the Paradiaptomi- Ghats, in spite of it being declared a megadiverse region nae (Dussart and Defaye, 2002). The Diaptominae are the and a biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al., 2000; Mitter- dominant sub-family, represented by 12 genera and over meier et al., 2005). There is, at present, a need to under- 50 species while the Paradiaptominae are represented in take studies on important planktonic groups such as India by a single genus and species (Rayner, 2000). Gur- copepods in this area, as various areas in the Western 136 M.R. Kulkarni and K. Pai Ghats are currently under tremendous anthropogenic pres- Identification sure. Some scattered publications are known from Maha- Specimens were sorted with a stereo microscope and rashtra, but these are restricted to faunal inventories of identified following standard procedures and literature single water bodies (usually reservoirs) (Pandit et al., (Ranga Reddy, 1988, 1994; Dussart, 1989; Rayner, 1999; 2007; Lahane and Jaybhaye 2013; Sehgal et al., 2013) Dussart and Defaye, 2001). which are far from being comprehensive due to exclusion of other habitat types. Data analyses The objectives of this study were: i) to document the diversity of freshwater diaptomids from the Western Maps were prepared using DiVA-GIS v 7.5. Environ- Ghats of Maharashtra (also known as the Northern West- mental variables (Mean annual temperature, Altitude) were ern Ghats and hereafter referred to as NWG); ii) to derive extracted from BIOCLIM data (Hijmans et al., 2005; estimates of the actual diaptomid species richness in this http://www.worldclim.org) using the same software. region; and iii) to identify the ecological factors influenc- Habitats were categorized as having short, moderate ing the distribution of observed species. and long hydroperiods of 1-5, 5-9 and 9-12 months and assigned to levels 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Species were METHODS classified as Rare (R), Average (Av), Common (C) and Widespread (WS) based on their occurrence in <5%, 5- Study area 15%, 15-40% and >40% of sampled sites, respectively. The Western Ghats are the edge of a high escarpment, Species richness was estimated using non-parametric extending over 1600 km (N-S) along the western coast of estimators (Chao 2 (bias-corrected),only Jackknife 1, Jack- India. The average elevation of the hills ranges from 600 knife 2 and Bootstrap) for incidence-based data (Colwell to 1000 m asl with elevations of 1000-2000 m asl occur- and Coddington 1994) and calculated using EstimateS (v. ring in the northernmost and southern regions (Mani, 9.1) (Colwell,use 2013; http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/Esti- 1974). The states of Maharashtra and Goa are situated in mateS) with 500 randomizations per sample point. Canon- the northern parts of the Ghats, which are part of the Dec- ical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was performed in can plateau composed predominantly of basaltic rock (al- PAST (v 3.0, Hammer et al., 2001) to analyse influence though lateritic formations are also observed in certain of ecological factors on distribution of species. Hydrope- regions) (Jog et al., 2002). The region receives rainfall riod, pH, mean annual precipitation, presence of aquatic during the monsoon season (June-September), followed vegetation, depth, latitude, mean annual temperature, al- by a dry period (October-May) (Mani, 1974). titude and electrical conductivity were used for the analy- sis. Habitat type was used as categorical variable. Data Sampling for some variables (presence of fish, substratum,) were not available for previously collected samples, and hence Sampling was carried out in the NWG, a stretch of these variables were not considered for the final analysis. over 400 km in length (N-S) lying between 16 and 21°N 999 Monte Carlo permutations were performed to test the (Fig. 1A). Qualitative samples were collected from 80 significance of the analyses. sites in the region in the years 2013-14; furthermore, To quantify the co-occurrence of species, Fager’s some samples collected previously during 2010-12 were Index of affinity (IF) (Fager, 1957; Maeda-Martinez et al., also screened. Different habitatNon-commercial types like temporary 1997; Padhye and Dahanukar, 2015) was calculated as: pools, ponds, tanks, rock quarries, slow-flowing streams and reservoirs were sampled. To account for possible IF = 2(n1+2) / (n1+n2) (eq. 1) inter-seasonal and inter-annual differences in copepod assemblages, multiple samples (over seasons) were col- where: lected when possible. Samples were collected using (n1+2) = no. of joint occurrences of species 1 and 2; both hand-held and tow nets (mesh size 100 and 80 µm, n1 = no. of occurrences of species 1; respectively) from various habitat types and fixed in 4- n2 = no. of occurrences of species 2. 5% formalin or absolute ethanol. Geographical co-or- The format for denoting the assemblage patterns was dinates and altitude were obtained using a handheld © adopted from Maeda-Martinez et al., (1997). GPS or using GoogleEarth . Some physical and chem- ical parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductiv- RESULTS ity) for habitats were measured using a handheld probe. Additionally, features such as type of habitat, depth of A total of 180 samples were collected from 80 sites in water column, presence/absence of vegetation, type of the study area (Fig. 1A), from which eleven species of substratum and presence/absence of fish were also calanoid copepods belonging to eight genera and two sub- noted on field. families were identified. Of these, nine are new records Diaptomid copepods of the northern Western Ghats, India 137 only use Non-commercial Fig. 1. Map of study area showing (A) sampling sites and distribution of: (B) Heliodiaptomus species; (C) M. pseudohebes, N. inter- medius and T. orientalis; (D) P. blanci, A. raoi, P. greeni and E. shihi in the study area along with illustrations of male
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