Revista 40 Unida Ok

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Revista 40 Unida Ok Revista de Estudios Taurinos N.º 40, Sevilla, 2017, págs. 17-21 PRESENTACIÓN a publicación del número 40 de la Revista de Estudios Taurinos constituye un hito dentro de la producción L editorial de la Fundación de Estudios Taurinos ya que, por primera vez, nos dirigimos a la totalidad de nues- tros colaboradores –alrededor de 250– con la intención de interpe- larlos sobre la crisis actual de la Tauromaquia cuyos elementos más amenazadores son, en primer lugar, la deserción masiva del público de las plazas de toros y, en segundo lugar, el ataque feroz de los animalistas. Como ejemplo dramático de deserción en nues- tras propias filas lo tenemos en el grupo de profesores universita- rios que acudíamos a la “Grada 4” de la plaza de la Real Maestranza de Sevilla y que hace diez años llegamos a ser una quincena cuando, actualmente, sólo queda uno con abono que, además, no suele asistir al ciclo completo de festejos. Sin embar- go, la continuidad, a lo largo de veinte años, de una revista espe- cializada y cualificada en el tema taurino demuestra el interés que las fiestas de toros han suscitado en los ámbitos científicos más dispares por parte de investigadores europeos y americanos. Este número lo hemos querido dedicar a sondear la opi- nión de la Fundación sobre la Fiesta de Toros en general y su cri- sis actual en particular. Los que han respondido a la encuesta son en su mayoría colaboradores de la Fundación, bien por ser miem- bros de ella desde su creación, bien por haber contribuido a sus publicaciones o por haber participado en los Congresos y Jornadas que la Fundación ha organizado, esto es, estudiosos que han volcado sus conocimientos en números pasados de la Revista 18 Fundación de Estudios Taurinos o en libros de nuestra colección Tauromaquias (que van desde investigadores stricto sensu hasta profesores universitarios). También figuran algunos a los que, sin pertenecer a estos colec- tivos, les reconocemos, por sus contactos repetidos con la Fundación y por sus actividades profesionales relacionadas con el universo taurino, una autoridad indiscutible, de modo que entre todos forman un universo homogéneo como exige la consulta sociológica. Mas, después de solicitar a los encuestados que expresasen sus opiniones ante la actualidad procelosa de las fies- tas de toros, hemos mantenido tres conversaciones con otros tan- tos matadores señalados –El Viti, Paco Camino y Curro Romero– que, sin haber sido sus sabias respuestas material de escrutinio para la encuesta, nos han servido de valiosa orientación para nues- tro trabajo. Sin estar estas conversaciones ceñidas a nuestro cues- tionario, es de subrayar que fueron realizadas bien por miembros de la Fundación bien por personas con conocimiento de causa en las que nuestro instituto había depositado su confianza. El cuestionario sometido a escrutinio ha sido el siguiente: ¿Qué razones avalan su afición a la fiesta de toros? ¿Qué opina de las circunstancias actuales que está viviendo las fiestas de toros? ¿Qué soluciones daría para incentivar en la sociedad del siglo XXI las fiestas de toros? Se enviaron 250 cuestionarios y se recogieron 80 respues- tas completas, mientras que sólo tres no se ciñeron a los criterios planteados. Dado que la metodología empleada era cualitativa y cuantitativa, hemos realizado, como primer paso, un análisis de contenido de las respuestas en la que se puede observar la gran riqueza de matices que presentan las mismas, lo que permitirá más adelante, proceder, a clasificarlas y a codificarlas con la intención de analizarlas estadísticamente. Presentación 19 En una primera aproximación introductoria podemos ade- lantar que ante la primera pregunta, ("razones que avalan su afi- ción a los toros") nos hemos encontramos un amplísimo conjunto de respuestas, pero lo primero que ha destacado es que la más frecuente de las razones que aparecen, con más de la mitad de los encuestados, es el origen familiar, seguida por la tradición, la belleza y el arte. En la segunda pregunta, relativa a las circunstancias actuales por las que atraviesa la fiesta de los toros, los primeros resultados permiten distinguir, dentro de una amplia diversidad, dos bloques bien diferenciados de respuestas, que harían refe- rencia, respectivamente, a problemas "internos" del mundo tau- rino y a problemas del "exterior" del mundillo. Dentro de los problemas internos pueden distinguirse a su vez aquellos rela- cionados con el toro, con el torero, con los empresarios, con el público y, en algunas respuestas, problemas que podríamos encuadrar como referidos a todos estos sectores en general. Así, la mayor parte de los encuestados apuntan al toro, al que se reconoce progresivamente menguado y muchas veces, manso o “abueyado”. Esta circunstancia le restaría autenticidad y atrac- tivo a la fiesta, de donde se deduciría la falta creciente de inte- rés por la misma. En segundo lugar, se colocaría la figura del torero: se rechazan tanto los matadores que no atienden la señal de vencidos que hacen los propios toros cuando se rajan y piden la muerte alargando una faena que pierde la dimensión heroica de lidia a favor del “sufrimiento” gratuito del animal, como los que restan emoción al espectáculo haciéndolo relativamente "previsible". Siguiendo bajo el epígrafe de problemas “inter- nos”, se señala también la figura del empresario, que no gestio- naría bien los asuntos relativos a la tarificación del precio de las localidades, siendo estos excesivamente altos y no diferencia- dos, en muchas ocasiones, en función del poder adquisitivo del eventual espectador. Entre otras circunstancias se mencionan 20 Fundación de Estudios Taurinos asimismo aquellas que podrían agruparse bajo el epígrafe de relacionadas con el público. Aquí se encuentra cierta división de opiniones en cuanto que, para unos, el público joven estaría disminuyendo, mientras otros reconocen cierto rejuvenecimien- to. Público que, por otro lado y para los más, adolecería de falta de formación taurina. Los avances del resultado de la encuesta hacen referencia a los elementos circunstanciales actuales que hemos agrupado bajo el epígrafe de “externos”, y que hemos dividido en socia- les, económicos y políticos. A todos estos lo podríamos recu- brir, a su vez, con otro elemento circunstancial adicional de carácter exterior a la Fiesta que podríamos encuadrar bajo el título de circunstancias ideológicas. Empezando por estas últi- mas, destacaría el fenómeno del animalismo. Una vez concep- tualizado el término, podemos decir que va adquiriendo cada vez más fuerza plasmándose en formaciones políticas que con- curren en todas las elecciones con considerable apoyo popular. Este tipo de ideologías animalistas es con mucho la razón más nombrada por los encuestados (38,64% al 50% de los datos escrutados). Al fenómeno del animalismo, se añadiría, aunque en claro segundo lugar, el alejamiento de valores agrarios/paso de sociedad agraria a urbana. En cuanto a la pregunta sobre las posibles soluciones, las respuestas sugieren que pasarían por determinadas acciones a través de una serie de cauces y que estas soluciones presentan dos grandes bloques. Frente a los problemas internos, se propo- nen, por una parte, la “modernización”, distinguiéndose una modernización del espectáculo en sí y una modernización de la gestión económica, una mejora de la calidad de los toros, de los toreros y también del público aficionado. Por otro lado, frente a los problemas “externos”, se plan- tearían un amplio conjunto de acciones concretas que podrían agruparse en aquellas dirigidas a los medios de comunicación de Presentación 21 masas, al sistema educativo, al mundo de la política y la judica- tura, al mundo de la cultura y a la sociedad en general. Como aficionados a la fiesta de los toros, los miembros del Patronato de la Fundación de Estudios Taurinos queremos hacer público nuestro interés y nuestra preocupación por defen- der una fiesta eminentemente hispánica, fundamentada en la tra- dición, capaz de suscitar las emociones más dispares y cuyo desarrollo traspasó los límites de la Península Ibérica y Francia para difundirse por tierras europeas, americanas y filipinas. Ese interés es el que nos ha llevado a desarrollar esta encuesta con el fin de medir, con la mayor exactitud posible, cuáles deben ser considerados los mayores males de la fiesta que han producido, indiscutiblemente, entre el público la mayor desafección que hemos conocido, pero también con la intención de proponer soluciones a los problemas que actualmente están acuciando a las fiestas de toros. Soluciones que debemos hallarlas todos en conjunto y defenderlas con la firmeza y perseverancia que recla- ma nuestra Fiesta. Fátima Halcón Pedro Romero de Solís ENCUESTAS Revista de Estudios Taurinos N.º 40, Sevilla, 2017, págs. 25-261 CARLOS ABELLA MARTÍN ESCRITOR. LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS POR LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID ¿Qué razones avalan su afición a la fiesta de toros? Pues avala mi condición de aficionado el hecho de que en este espectáculo he encontrado hondas raíces de admiración hacia el hombre y a sus más nobles virtudes, como su valor para enfrentarse a un animal salvaje exponiendo su vida, en un claro reflejo de auténtico heroísmo, y todo ello para desarrollar un concepto artístico. Además, porque el desarrollo de una corrida de toros es un exponente espléndido de la solidaridad que existe entre los pro- tagonistas, ya sean actores principales o secundarios del mismo. El adversario común es el toro. Todos estos valores se ofrecen en un escenario en el que el espectador es un juez y actor instantáneo pues puede juzgar cada lance, cada situación y sentir miedo, emoción, admiración, indignación, compasión, etc., todo un cúmulo de emociones que no deben esperar solo a la conclusión final de la lidia sino que se manifiestan al compás de cuando ocurren. En esta afición han influido la tradición familiar y, con el tiempo, el progresivo conocimiento del mundo del toro a través de la relación directa con los protagonistas, ya fueran toreros, ganaderos, escritores y aficionados.
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