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Exit and Voice: the Paradox of Cross-Border Politics in Mexico

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Exit and Voice: the Paradox of Cross-Border Politics in Mexico POLITICS IN MEXICO POLITICS LAUREN DUQUETTE-RURY LAUREN THE PARADOX OF CROSS-BORDER OF CROSS-BORDER THE PARADOX EXIT AND VOICE DUQUETTE-RURY | EXIT AND VOICE THE PARADOX OF CROSS-BORDER POLITICS IN MEXICO Luminos is the Open Access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and reinvigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Exit and Voice Exit and Voice The Paradox of Cross-Border Politics in Mexico Lauren Duquette-Rury UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press Oakland, California © 2020 by Lauren Duquette-Rury This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses. Suggested citation: Duquette-Rury, L. Exit and Voice: The Paradox of Cross- Border Politics in Mexico. Oakland: University of California Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.84 Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Duquette-Rury, Lauren, author. Title: Exit and voice : the paradox of cross-border politics in Mexico / Lauren Duquette-Rury. Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019024344 (print) | LCCN 2019024345 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520321960 (paperback) | ISBN 9780520974203 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Transnationalism—Political aspects—Mexico. | Mexican Americans—Political activity. | Immigrants—Political activity. Classification: LCC JV7402 .D86 2020 (print) | LCC JV7402 (ebook) | DDC 304.80972—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024344 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024345 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Aaron, Maxwell, and baby Finn with love Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Local Democratic Governance and Transnational Migrant Participation 29 2. Decentralization, Democratization, and the Feedback Effects of Sending State Outreach 47 3. Micro-Politics of Substitutive and Synergetic Partnerships 70 4. Effects of Violence and Economic Crisis on Hybrid Transnational Partnerships 101 5. Synergy and Corporatism in El Mirador and Atitlan, Comarga 130 6. Systematic Effects of Transnational Partnerships on Local Governance 160 Conclusion: The Paradox of Cross-Border Politics 191 Data Appendix A: Comparative Fieldwork in Mexico 209 Data Appendix B: Transnational Matched Survey Data Instrument 215 Data Appendix C: Principal Component and Cluster Analysis Using Survey Data 218 viii Contents Data Appendix D: Mexican Panel Data, Mexican Family Life Survey, and Statistical Analyses 224 Notes 241 Bibliography 257 Index 275 Illustrations FIGURES 1. 3x1 Program sign, Guanajuato 2 2. Structural organization of transnational coproduction 42 3. 3x1 Program project groundbreaking ceremony, Ahuacatl 120 4. 3x1 Program concrete vehicle bridge project, Atitlan 136 5. Marginal effect of cumulative 3x1 participation on voter turnout and government responsiveness 182 6. Marginal effect of cumulative 3x1 participation and civic engagement on voter turnout and government responsiveness 184 7. Distribution of cases by transnational partnership type 210 8. Elbow method displaying four stable clusters 221 9. Voter turnout trend by treatment and control 229 MAP 1. Location of field research sites 25 ix Acknowledgments A theme that runs through this book is changing conceptualizations of commu- nity, collective action, and the transcendence of physical space where social rela- tionships take root, grow, and blossom into something else entirely. I owe a debt of gratitude to my mentors, advisors, friends, family, and migrant confidants in the United States and Mexico who showed me a new meaning of community and working together while I researched and wrote this book. I appreciate the unwavering support of Steven Wilkinson (Yale University) and John Padgett (University of Chicago) for empowering me to follow my intuition. Although neither of them studied international migration, they cared about me and my ideas and encouraged me to find my own path. Forging my own path ultimately led me to sociology, but the unparalleled training I received in political science at Chicago continues to ground my research and pushes me to require my advisees to immerse themselves in literatures across the artificial disciplinary walls that separate the social sciences. Before leaving for Princeton and Yale, Carles Boix and Sue Stokes inspired me a great deal. I thank Carles for showing me how to question everything and ingraining in me the benefits of a comparative approach. I thank Sue for modeling how to be critical and generous simultaneously when offering feedback and for being a visionary leader in comparative politics. And while I have never met Peter Evans or Judith Tendler and will never meet Elinor Ostrom or Albert O. Hirschman, they are my academic heroes and muses. Insights from their canonical works have made a deep impression on this research. Most people say it in jest, but it is true: the University of Chicago is an odd bird, or a unicorn, or something else unique and hard to describe. It is an institu- tion whose inhabitants celebrate intensity, rigor, unflagging curiosity, and critical xi xii Acknowledgments dialogue, but it is also a place where big ideas are given the light, food, and space they need to be cultivated from root to fruit. I am certain that luck went into my matriculation there, but I am a better scholar for having attended it and a better person because of the people I befriended while there. My graduate cohort became very close thanks to Cathy Cohen’s data analysis course and many sherry hours. Loren Goldman, Zac Callen, Marissa Guerrero, Jon Caverley, Negeen Pegahi, John Dobard, Sevag Kechichian, and the rest of our crew treaded water together and (eventually) started to swim. Deva Woodly-Davis, Anthony Davis, Sina Kramer, Andrew Dilts, Joe Fischel, Igor De Souza, Jenna Jordan, Emily Nacol, Bethany Albertson, Jon Rogowski, Mara Marin, Mona Mehta, Sondra Furcajg, and my aca- demic “siblings” Jon Obert and Sarah Parkinson helped turn the need for work and parties into many memorable work-parties and provided laughter and guidance along the way. Patchen Markell, Dan Slater, and Iris Marion Young also provided support at critical moments. While in Chicago, I also found my bar, the Map Room, and there I met my husband. The owners, Mark and Laura, created a space for great conversation and fun. When I think of Chicago I think of many happy times at the Map Room and the friendships I built with Amanda Keleman Stump and Billy Stump, Jessica Kenney, Sara Elder, may she rest in peace, and Dave Neville. Receiving a University of California President’s Postdoctoral Fellowship changed the course of my academic life. With this postdoc, I was able to transition into the UCLA Sociology Department and was afforded the luxury of time to pub- lish articles and remap my overly ambitious and clunky dissertation into this book. It also cemented the friendships I hold dear with Annie Ro and Renee Luthra, two women who I immensely admire and with whom I shared the experience of learn- ing how to be an academic mama for the first time. The postdoc came about because in spite of my anxiety, I closed my eyes and hit Send on an email to Roger Waldinger, asking him for coffee when he came to give a talk at Chicago. He responded and said yes despite my conviction that this request would be ignored. Over the last eight years, our relationship has bloomed. Roger became a generous mentor, valued colleague, creative collaborator, but most importantly a treasured friend. Over many meals and coffees, backyard picnics, office and faculty meetings, sharing and critiquing of each other’s work, phone calls, and emails, Roger has showed me what it means to give of one’s time and attention in the pursuit of someone else’s goals. His mind is sharp, his words hon- est and direct, his heart and actions humane and sincere. I am so thankful he saw my potential to make a mark and buoyed me along the way. For any graduate stu- dents reading this, I implore you to push through your worries of being a burden and ask your senior colleagues and those you admire in academia to meet up and talk about your ideas. “Make the ask!” as the influential Kerry Ann Roquemore would say. The UCLA Sociology Department was my home while writing this book and for that I am forever grateful. My colleagues there are the finest in the discipline and I Acknowledgments xiii learned so much from each of them. I thank Roger Waldinger, Rubén Hernández- León, Gail Kligman, Stefan Timmermans, Judy Seltzer, Steve Clayman, Rob Mare, Marcus Hunter, Abigail Saguy, Ka-Yuet Liu, Cesar Ayala, Hannah Landecker, Rebecca Emigh, Bill Roy, David Lopez, Patrick Heuveline, Darnell Hunt, C.K. Lee, Tanya Stivers, Lynne Zucker, Gabriel Rossman, Ed Walker, Jennie Brand, Stephen Bargheer, Megan Sweeney, Jacob Foster, Karida Brown, Vilma Ortiz, Jeffrey Prager, Rogers Brubaker, Min Zhou, Aliza Luft, and Jeff Guhin for their warmth and collegiality. Gail, Abigail, Roger, Rubén, and Karida deserve special thanks for reading all or parts of the manuscript and providing constructive, thoughtful comments. Roger, Rubén, Gail, Vilma, Darnell, Steve, Megan, Marcus, and Stefan were sources of inspiration and wise counsel while at UCLA and I am so grateful to have had their support during our institutional transition. Several others at UCLA deserve special thanks for giving me feedback on this project, providing encouragement, and helping me become a better instructor.
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