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Croatia's Accession to the European Union

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Croatia's Accession to the European Union POLICY PAPER European issues n°283 Croatia’s accession to the th 25 June 2013 European Union: thoughts on Europe at a crossroad Thibault Boutherin Abstract : On July 1st next Croatia will become the 28th Member of the European Union. This event may go relatively unnoticed, eclipsed by burning European issues as disparate as budgetary crises, State debt and also the Union’s institutional and political crises. However, this new enlargement, the 6th since 1950[1], brings with it several interesting elements and it also bears some beneficial mes- sages for the political leaders of both the Union and its States. These are particularly pertinent at a time when there is great doubt about European integration. Indeed Croatia’s accession confirms the Union’s founding principles and quite rightly reasserts the pertinence of this, but it also reveals the dangers weighing over the process and brings them into the sharp perspective of the Western Balkans’ recent past. What a strange time this is for the European Union. which might be useful to boost the decision-makers’ Just as it seems to be questioning its very existence confidence, citizens’ faith and jump-start the engine of and is sinking into a multifaceted crisis, which is a European integration. mix of economic, budgetary, social and political pro- blems[2], it is, at the same time, about to welcome its 28th Member State to the fold. On July 1st next 1. CROATIA’S ACCESSION REBOOTS THE Croatia will be “celebrating” its entry into the Euro- VALIDITY OF THE INITIAL EUROPEAN pean Union. This enlargement is the first since that PROJECT of 2004-2007, which saw the entry of some 12 new States and 100 million citizens. This will probably be The progression of European integration, the peace the last for a long time to come since Iceland is under- and prosperity that it has given, must not distance us taking a u-turn in the wake of the general elections from the fundamental principles on which the process on April 27th 2013, whilst the other Western Balkan is based. Remembering this is a guarantee of the suc- States, although firmly established as “candidates” or cess of European integration. In this regard Croatia’s “potential candidates” since the European Councils of accession offers a particularly pertinent framework. Feira (2000) and Thessaloniki (2003), are still far from accession[3]. The picture overall is far from being a a. Regional integration provides pacification and happy one and there is little chance that on July 1st stabilisation 1. The European Commission counts the enlargments of 2004 next Brussels, or Zagreb will really be in a mood for The Founding Fathers had one central goal; peace in and 2007 as one. “celebration”. However the European Union has grown Europe. Thanks to the success of this enterprise the ci- 2. See Sébastien Richard, in adversity and in situations like this it has succee- tizens and leaders of the States have mainly lost sight “Terms of Crisis” European ded in taking decisive steps. This new phase in Euro- of the vital and immediate aspect of this ideal. This Issue n°278, Robert Schuman Foundation, 2013 pean integration is quite precisely the bearer of several aspect of the European project is still totally valid. The http://www.robert-schuman.eu/ en/european-issues/0278-terms- beneficial messages. This will remind us of the vital pacification of the continent is vital and far from being of-crisis spirit and the major benefits of this unique process of completed. The conflicts, which tore former Yugosla- 3. Albania, Former Yugoslav regional integration. It also reminds us of the dangers via apart 20 years ago, remind us of this quite cruelly. Republic of Macedonia, that weigh over Europe because of its hesitation and They stress the urgency of European integration all the Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia reticence. This paper presents some of the factors, more. Enlargement and FONDATION ROBERT SCHUMAN / EUROPEAN ISSUES N°283 / 25TH JUNE 2013 neighbourhood Croatia’s accession to the European Union: thoughts on Europe at a crossroad Since then initiatives for pacification and stabilisation The European Union succeeds because it has created a in the Western Balkans have been greatly achieved to community of shared destiny between States, obliga- the credit of the European Union. This was absolutely tory regional solidarity – in the ilk of Croatia and Serbia 02 necessary for the political stability and the economic who are now playing a role in appeasement. Initiatives development of the area but there was nothing obvious towards presenting official apologies have been taken about it. Between peace in 1995 and the end of the on both banks of the Sava. Hence on April 29th 2013, reigns of Tudjman in Croatia[4] and Miloševic in the Fe- Vesna Pusic, Vice President of the Croatian government deral Republic of Yugoslavia[5], very little progress had and Foreign Minister, and Aleksandar Vucic, Vice Pres- been made towards a rapprochement between the two ident of the Serbian government and Defence Minister and those we did see were achieved reluctantly, mainly discussed a joint agenda which includes the settlement under international pressure. It was because the Eu- of on-going issues linked to the conflict, economic coo- ropean Union played a decisive role that détente and peration after Croatia’s accession and Serbia’s future rapprochement were possible. It succeeded in seizing membership. The European Union has developed a the opportunity of a political horizon, which seemed strategic political vision of the Balkans. Croatia’s acces- to be clearing with political alternation in Zagreb and sion reminds us that its initiative, the key to regional Belgrade. It was at that moment that The Union took stabilisation, is working and that it is vital and that, in an important initiative with the Zagreb Summit on 24th essence, the European project is still totally valid. November 2000 and launched the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP). b. European integration strengthens democracy Launched 63 years ago in opposition to the dictator- The Zagreb Summit laid the foundations for regio- ships in the Eastern Bloc, European integration is in nal rapprochement. The Stabilisation and Association essence democratic. This is a virtue that we should Agreements (SAA) defined there comprise the back- remember. Any State that wants to join the European bone of this process. Each of the Western Balkan States Union has to meet the Copenhagen Criteria, including is able to sign one, as long as the European Commis- that which demands “stable institutions which gua- sion deems in its feasibility report that it is “sufficient- rantee the rule of law, democracy, human rights, the ly stable”[6]. But one of the core conditions for any respect of minorities and their protection.” This requi- rapprochement with the European Union is regional rement is re-iterated in the Stabilisation Process (SPA) cooperation. There can be no European perspective wi- and is one of the community acquis. Some of these thout input by all parties in this direction. This features chapters demanded “considerable” effort on the part at the heart of the financial tools in the process: the of Zagreb, including “fundamental and legal rights” CARDS programme (2000-2006) and the Instrument and “justice, freedom and security”. Croatia seems to for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA, 2007-2013). In view have risen to the challenge. But the Union’s positive of this; the European Union has invested money (4.65 influence also played a role in this. billion euro between 2000 and 2006 and €5.2 billion 4. Died on 10th December 1999 in 2007-2013), it has given encouragement and it has The political alternation that the country experienced 5. Beaten in the elections of succeeded because it sets conditions. Moreover the ac- in 2000 was a fortunate surprise. After the death of September 2000 and October ceptance of “regional stabilisation” has to be total and Franjo Tudjman, the father of independence of an auto- 2000 any reticence is sanctioned. The opening of member- cratic tendency, who had been in office since 1992, the 6. Croatia was the second state ship negotiations with Croatia was delayed on March strength of Croatian democracy was difficult to assess. after the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to sign 16th 2005 because the ICTY deemed that Zagreb was The general and presidential elections of 2000[7] were an SAA on 29th October 2001, entering into force on 1st not fully cooperating with the arrest of General Ante a humiliation for Tudjman’s party, the HDZ (Croa- February 2005. Gotovina, accused of crimes against humanity and of tian Democratic Union), and brought two reformists 7. The general elections took war crimes. It was only after his arrest in December to power: Ivica Racan (Social Democratic Party) as place on 3rd January 2000, the 2005 that the Union consented to launching negotia- leader of the government and Stjepan Mesic (Croatian Presidential election on 24th January and 7th February 2000. tions. People’s Party) to the Presidency of the Republic. Since Enlargement and FONDATION ROBERT SCHUMAN / EUROPEAN ISSUES N°283 / 25TH JUNE 2013 neighbourhood Croatia’s accession to the European Union: thoughts on Europe at a crossroad then political developments have proven that demo- Moreover, under the guidance of the European Union, cracy was sound. The country has experienced seve- Serbia and Kosovo signed an historic agreement on ral alternations in power and even some smoothly run April 19th 2013 to normalise their relations. cohabitations[8]. Although the change in 2000 and the 03 effects of this afterwards ended in a domestic oppo- Thanks to its policy of conditionality and also because sition that had matured under Tudjman’s nationalist of the hope it raises, the European Union has there- reign, the European Union had growing influence over fore had significant influence over the political life of public debate and the policies introduced by successive its candidates.
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