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Diapositiva 1 Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia Lezione 4.a.b.c aa. 2018-19 Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia aa. 2018-179 Sistema locomotore • Ossa 4.a • Articolazioni 4.b • Muscoli 4.c BONES 4.a BONE TISSUE & SKELETAL SYSTEM After this lesson, you will be able to: • List and describe the functions of bones • Describe the classes of bones • Discuss the process of bone formation and development Functions of the Skeletal System Bone (osseous tissue) = hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body. Cartilage = a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, in the areas of the skeleton where bones move provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement. Skeletal system = body system composed of bones and cartilage and performing following functions: • supports the body • facilitates movement • protects internal organs • produces blood cells • stores and releases minerals and fat Bone Classification 206 bones composing skeleton, divided into 5 categories based on their shapes ( distinct function) Bone Classification Bone Structure Bone tissue differs greatly from other tissues in the body: is hard (many of its functions depend on this hardness) and also dynamic (its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses). histology gross anatomy Gross Anatomy of Bone structure of a LONG BONE, 2 parts: 1. diaphysis: tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone, where the hollow region is called medullary cavity (filled with yellow marrow) and the walls are composed of dense and hard compact bone 2. epiphysis: wider section at each end of the bone, filled with spongy bone (its spaces filled with red marrow epiphyseal plate (growth plate): where epiphysis meets diaphysis at the metaphysis, narrow area containing a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone (in early adulthood, appr. 18– 21 yrs, cartilage replaced by osseous tissue). Gross Anatomy of Bone endosteum = delicate membranous lining where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. periosteum = fibrous membrane of outer surface containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone and where tendons and ligaments also attach (periosteum covers the entire outer surface except where epiphyses meet other bones to form joints (covered with articular cartilage, a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber). Gross Anatomy of Bone endosteum & periosteum Gross Anatomy of Bone Flat bones = layer of diploe (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone, working together to protect the internal organs Gross Anatomy of Bone Gross Anatomy of Bone Bone Markings Bony surface features vary considerably, depending on the function and location in the body 3 general classes of bone markings: (1)articulation: where two bone surfaces come together, conforming to one another, to facilitate the function of joint (2)projection: area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone, where are attachment points for tendons and ligaments, being an indication of the forces exerted through the attachment to the bone (3)hole: opening or groove in the bone, allowing blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone. Gross Anatomy of Bone Bone Markings Gross Anatomy of Bone Bone Markings Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY = a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide a surface for inorganic salt crystals (= calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite, which incorporates other inorganic salts like magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate as it crystallizes, or calcifies, on the collagen fibers) to adhere. • hydroxyapatite crystals = hardness and strength • collagen fibers = flexibility • cells = small amount, but crucial to the function of bones • 4 types of cells: 1. osteoblasts, 2. osteocytes, 3. osteogenic cells, 4. osteoclasts Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY 1. osteoblast = responsible for forming new bone, found in the growing portions (periosteum and endosteum), not dividing, but synthesizing collagen matrix and calcium salts, that trap them, becoming 2. osteocyte = primary cell of mature bone, located in a space called a lacuna, maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix, lacking mitotic activity and communicating with each other via long cytoplasmic processes extending in canaliculi 3. osteogenic cell = undifferentiated with high mitotic activity, found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow. Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY 4: osteoclast = responsible for bone resorption, found on bone surfaces, multinucleated, originating from monocytes and macrophages Bone dynamic nature = new tissue is constantly formed (osteoblasts), and old, injured, or unnecessary bone is dissolved (osteoclasts) Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Compact bone = denser, stronger, found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection, being its microscopic structural unit the osteon (= concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae), its blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels in the central canal, or Haversian canal, + perforating canal, Volkmann’s canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum (osteocytes located inside lacunae, found at the borders of adjacent lamellae). Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY osteon (= concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae) Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Spongy (Cancellous) Bone contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but arranged in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae (forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone), not in concentric circles. Compact Bone Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Compact bone is the . Compact Bone Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Compact bone is the Bone Cells and Tissue HISTOLOGY Blood and Nerve supply The spongy bone and medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries that pass through the compact bone = nutrient foramen (small openings in the diaphysis). The osteocytes in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulates in the marrow cavities. As the blood passes through the marrow cavities, it is collected by veins, which then pass out of the bone through the foramina. In addition to the blood vessels, nerves follow the same paths into the bone where they tend to concentrate in the more metabolically active regions of the bone. Skeletal System skeletal system = all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body. skeleton = bones of the body (adults = 206 bones), subdivided into 2 major divisions: axial (80) and appendicular (126). Skeletal System Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126 bones) Head Trunk UpperExtremities Lower Extremities (29 bones) (51bones) (64 bones) (62 bones) Legs and hips (10)Innominat Cranial (8) Frontal— e or hip bone(fusion of the ili 1 Parietal—2Occipital— Arms andshoulders (10)Clavi um,ischium, and pubis)— 1Temporal—2Sphenoid— cle—2Scapula—2Humerus— 2Femur—2 Tibia—2Fibula— 1Ethmoid— Vertebrae(26)Cervical— 2Radius—2 Ulna— 2 Patella(kneecap)— 1Facial (14)Maxilla— 7Thoracic—12Lumbar— 2 Wrists (16)Scaphoid— 2 Ankles(14) Talus— 2Mandible—1Zygoma— 5 Sacrum—1Coccyx— 2Lunate—2Triquetrum— 2Calcaneus (heel bone)— 2Lacrimal—2Nasal— 1 Ribs(24) Truerib— 2Pisiform—2Trapezium— 2 Navicular—2Cuboid— 2Turbinate—2Vomer— 14False rib—6Floatingrib— 2Trapezoid—2Capitate— 2 Cuneiform,internal— 1Palatine— 4Sternum(1) 2Hamate— 2 Cuneiform,middle— 2 Hyoid(1) Auditoryossicles ( 2Hands (38)Metacarpal 10Ph 2 Cuneiform,external— 6)Malleus—2 Incus— alanx (fingerbones)—28 2 Feet (38)Metatarsal— 2 Stapes—2 10Phalanx (toe bones)—28 Skeletal System axial skeleton = forms the vertical axis of the body, consisting of: skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. appendicular skeleton = all bones of the upper and lower limbs. Skull cranium (skull) = skeletal structure of the head, supporting face and protecting brain, subdivided into facial bones + brain case, or cranial vault • facial bones underlie facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. • rounded brain case surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures consists of 22 individual bones [21 immobile and united into a single unit + the 22nd bone, mandible (lower jaw), only moveable bone of the skull] Anterior View of Skull anterior skull = facial bones, providing bony support for eyes and structures of face (this view is dominated by the openings of the orbits and the nasal cavity; also seen the upper and lower jaws, with their respective teeth). Anterior View of Skull orbit = bony socket housing eyeball and muscles moving the eyeball or opening upper eyelid (upper margin of ant. orbit = supraorbital margin; located near the midpoint of supraorbital margin is a small opening called supraorbital foramen, providing passage of a sensory nerve to the skin of the forehead; below orbit = infraorbital foramen, being point of emergence for a sensory nerve that supplies the ant. face below orbit). Anterior View of Skull nasal cavity = divided into halves by nasal septum (upper
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