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Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Works

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Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Works Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Works Science Report – SC030275/SR3 The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned and funded by the Environment Agency’s Science Programme. Published by: Author(s): Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Richard J. Williams Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Andrew C. Johnson Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 Virginie Keller www.environment-agency.gov.uk Claire Wells Matthew G.R. Holmes ISBN: 978-1-84432-871-0 Andrew R. Young © Environment Agency March 2008 Dissemination Status: Publicly available / released to all regions All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Keywords: Oestrone, Oestradiol, Ethinyloestradiol, Modelling, The views and statements expressed in this report are Risk Assessment, PNEC, Catchment, Maps, LF2000- those of the author alone. The views or statements WQX expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of the Environment Agency and the Research Contractor: Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) such views or statements. Wallingford Hydrosolutions (WHS) Wallingford This report is printed on Cyclus Print, a 100% recycled Oxfordshire stock, which is 100% post consumer waste and is totally OX10 9AU chlorine free. Water used is treated and in most cases returned to source in better condition than removed. Environment Agency’s Project Manager: Rachel Benstead, Melanie Gross-Sorokin Further copies of this report are available from: Science Department The Environment Agency’s National Customer Contact Centre by emailing: Science Project Number: [email protected] SC030275/SR3 or by telephoning 08708 506506. Product Code: SCHO0308BNVO-E-P Science Report – Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Works ii Science at the Environment Agency Science underpins the work of the Environment Agency. It provides an up-to-date understanding of the world about us and helps us to develop monitoring tools and techniques to manage our environment as efficiently and effectively as possible. The work of the Environment Agency’s Science Department is a key ingredient in the partnership between research, policy and operations that enables the Environment Agency to protect and restore our environment. The science programme focuses on five main areas of activity: • Setting the agenda, by identifying where strategic science can inform our evidence-based policies, advisory and regulatory roles; • Funding science, by supporting programmes, projects and people in response to long-term strategic needs, medium-term policy priorities and shorter-term operational requirements; • Managing science, by ensuring that our programmes and projects are fit for purpose and executed according to international scientific standards; • Carrying out science, by undertaking research – either by contracting it out to research organisations and consultancies or by doing it ourselves; • Delivering information, advice, tools and techniques, by making appropriate products available to our policy and operations staff. Steve Killeen Head of Science Science Report – Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Work iii Executive summary This project has developed a regional catchment-based risk assessment for steroid oestrogens in England and Wales. Using the Low Flows 2000 water quality (LF2000-WQX) model, which can predict river concentrations of contaminants discharged through sewage treatment plants (STPs), the project has focussed on predicting concentrations of the three most potent steroid oestrogens in rivers and the associated risk of endocrine disruption in fish. The model could equally well be applied to any other chemical of concern found in treated sewage effluent, where loading can be estimated on a per capita basis. The model, believed to be the first of its kind, covers the inland waters of England and Wales in unprecedented detail. It includes 357 catchments covering 122,000km2 and incorporates more than 2,000 STPs serving over 29 million people (STPs discharging to estuaries and coastal waters and those serving very small communities are excluded). The model predicts the concentrations of three steroid oestrogens – oestradiol (E2), oestrone (E1) and ethinyloestradiol (EE2) – and the associated risk of endocrine disruption for 10,313 individual river reaches (21,452 km). The scale of this assessment underlines the usefulness of computer-based risk assessment methods. Developing this regional model was only possible due to the remarkable cooperation of different groups within the Environment Agency and the UK water industry in establishing the underlying database. The model calculates how much of each of the three oestrogens would be discharged into the receiving waters from data on the flow of the STPs and the populations they serve. The in-stream concentrations are then calculated based on dilutions down through the river network, including the effects of the natural attenuation rate. During the development of the model, refinements were added to allow one of the oestrogens, oestradiol, to be converted in-stream into its first degradation product, oestrone, which is another oestrogen. This simulates what has been observed in the field and allows a more accurate prediction of overall oestrogenicity. In addition, an approach has been developed that allows users to identify and calculate what additional levels of improvement are required for the most polluting STPs in order for there to be no predicted risk of endocrine disruption in their catchment. Three specific tasks were required to generate the factors underpinning the model. First, the most recent literature and data on STP oestrogen removal efficiencies were reviewed. Primary treatment plants, activated sludge plants (with and without tertiary treatment) and biological filter plants (with and without tertiary treatment) were all considered. The latest UK data indicated that the removal efficiency for E1 in biological filter plants without tertiary treatment was significantly different to that previously determined, being reduced by around 30 per cent. For all other types of STP, the new data indicated that a slightly improved removal efficiency of 69 per cent should be used. In the cases of E2 and EE2, only a slight modification was necessary, increasing the removal efficiency to 83 per cent for all treatment types. Second, recent scientific studies measuring the effects of steroid oestrogens were reviewed. This allowed PNECs (predicted no effect concentrations) of 0.1ngL-1, 1ngL-1 and 3ngL-1 to be established for EE2, E2 and E1 respectively. A method for calculating the E2 equivalent concentrations was also developed. This divides each steroid by its respective PNEC to produce a measure of relative potency and these values are then summed, as the effects of steroids have been shown to be additive. Thus the [E2 equivalent] = [EE2]/0.1 + [E2]/1 + [E1]/3 (with the square brackets denoting concentrations). Finally, the risk class boundaries were also reviewed and it was established that the currently proposed total steroid oestrogen PNEC (1ngL-1 E2 equivalent) remained valid for distinguishing ‘no risk’ sites from ‘at risk’ sites. The review also determined that the boundary between ‘at risk’ and ‘high risk’ sites should be set at 10ngL-1 E2 equivalent. This Science Report – Catchment Risk Assessment of Steroid Oestrogens from Sewage Treatment Works iv was estimated to be equivalent to the lowest measured population effect end-point for E2 in published literature. Overall, the majority of the reaches in England and Wales (61 per cent using mean concentrations and expressed as a percentage of the total river length modelled) are predicted not to be ‘at risk’ from endocrine disruptive effects in fish (< 1ngL-1 E2 equivalent). However, a significant proportion remains ‘at risk’ (>1 ngL-1 E2 equivalent; 39 per cent of length of the modelled reaches under mean conditions). These risk proportions are not evenly distributed throughout England and Wales. The lowest proportions predicted to be ‘at risk’ are in Wales and the South West (5 per cent and 16 per cent respectively). In the Southern, North East, and North West regions, 34 per cent, 38 per cent, and 34 per cent of the reach lengths are predicted to be ‘at risk’ respectively. The highest proportions of reaches predicted to be ‘at risk’ are in the Thames, Midlands and Anglian regions, with 67 per cent, 55 per cent, and 50 per cent respectively. Key factors influencing the proportion of river reaches classified as being ‘at risk’ are the location of densely populated areas and the available dilution (which is a function of rainfall, evaporation and upstream water use). The proportion of lengths predicted to be ‘at risk’ seems rather high, but the high proportion of intersex individuals reported in wild roach in two national surveys (Environment Agency 1995 and 2003) suggests
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