Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

The Australian Government Response 1 July 2012 – 30 June 2013

THE FIFTH REPORT OF THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SLAVERY

TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

The Australian Government Response 1 July 2012 – 30 June 2013

THE FIFTH REPORT OF THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SLAVERY ISBN 978-1-922032-33-1

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Contact us Enquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document are welcome at: Business Law Branch Attorney-General’s Department 3–5 National Cct BARTON ACT 2600 Telephone: 02 6141 6666 [email protected] Foreword

We are pleased to present this fifth report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery. This report details the important work of Australian Government agencies and their partners during 2012–13.

Fortunately, instances of human trafficking and slavery remain comparatively rare in Australia, with only 214 victims referred to the Support for Trafficked People Program between 1 January 2004 and 30 June 2013. This number includes 21 men and women identified during this reporting period. The impact of these crimes on victims, however, must not be underestimated. Slavery is a crime against humanity, and undermines that birth right of every human being – freedom. Human trafficking is a major violation of human rights and can have a traumatic and lasting effect on victims.

It is for this reason that the Australian Government continues to implement a strong program of initiatives to combat human trafficking and slavery. These initiatives are founded on three equally important needs: to do as much as we can to prevent human trafficking and slavery; to prosecute offenders; and to provide support to trafficked people, including by protecting their human rights.

In 2012–13, significant advances were made in furtheringthese aims.

The passage of the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking) Act 2013 (Slavery Act) and the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Law Enforcement Integrity, Vulnerable Witness Protection and Other Measures) Act 2013 strengthened Australia’s ability to prosecute offenders and to protect victims.

A key provision of the Slavery Act was the introduction of offences which criminalise forced marriage. The Australian Government believes that marriage should be a happy event, entered into freely between consenting adults. Forced marriage places young people, mostly women and girls, at risk, and can result in harmful consequences, including emotional and physical abuse, restriction of movement and autonomy, and the loss of access to education.

As a result of the combined efforts of the Australian Federal Police, Queensland Police, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions and the Queensland Director of Public Prosecutions, on 16 April 2013, Australia secured our first conviction for child trafficking. The offender, Ms ‘K’, brought her daughter to Australia from Thailand, and subsequently subjected her to sexual exploitation. Ms K was sentenced to nine years’ imprisonment, with a non-parole period of four years; a sentence which was subsequently appealed.

In 2012–13, Australia also cemented our role as a regional leader and the most significant donor in East Asia, with the announcement of the new, $50 million flagship program, the Australia-Asia Program to Combat Trafficking in Persons (AAPTIP).

iii iv TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 In thecomingyear, willfinaliseandlaunchthe theAustralianGovernment Minister forImmigrationand The HonScott Minister for The HonKevin Minister for The HonJulie Minister forJustice The HonMichaelKeenanMP Human Trafficking andSlavery. We lookforward topresenting thenextreport oftheInterdepartmental Committeeon human traffickingand related exploitativepracticesin identified asparticularlyvulnerabletothesecrimes. We willalsoexaminewaystoaddress trafficking andslavery, anddevelopingstrategiestoincrease resilience amongstgroups During thisperiod,wewillfocusonimproving generalcommunityawareness ofhuman collective efforts tocombat the comingfiveyears,includingmeasures toquantifytheimpactandeffectiveness ofour aims ofAustralia’s whole-of-communityresponse tohumantraffickingandslaveryover Plan toCombatHumanTrafficking andSlavery, Social Services Foreign Affairs Bishop MP Morrison MP Andrews MP these crimes. Border Protection adocumentwhichwillsetthestrategic supply chains. National Action Contents

Foreword iii

Notes on terminology viii

Abbreviations ix

Executive summary 1

Introduction 3

Strengthening Australia’s legislative frameworks 6

National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 8

Ethical standards and Australian Government procurement 9

Investigation and prosecution 10 Primary legislative provisions 11 Investigations 17 Significant AFP operations 17 Working with State and Territory law enforcement 18 Referrals 18 Criminal methodology 19 Prosecutions 19 Law enforcement training 22 Immigration compliance training 23 Training for Australian consular officials overseas 23 Training for civil marriage celebrants 23 Australia’s response to serious and organised crime 23

v vi TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Support andassistancetotraffickedpeople Building partnershipsinourregion andbeyond Building partnershipswiththe community Protection for vulnerableworkers for Trafficked Persons Consultation onthedraftBasicPrinciplesRighttoan Effective Remedy UN CommissionontheStatusofWomen UN CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen Inhuman orDegradingTreatment orPunishment Australia’s FifthReportunderthe Australia’s SixthReportunderthe Organized Crime Conference ofPartiestothe United Nations Transnational Crime Bali Process onPeople Smuggling,Trafficking inPersonsandRelated Raising communityawareness slavery inAustralia Practical supportfororganisationsworkingtoaddress humantraffickingand National RoundtableGovdexCommunity National RoundtableSeniorOfficials’Meeting National RoundtableonHumanTrafficking and Slavery Increasing protections forsubclass457visa holders Fair Work Buildingand Construction Fair Work Ombudsman Human TraffickingVisa Framework Challenges indeliveringtheSupportProgram Statistical profile oftheSupportProgram Ambassador for PeopleSmugglingIssues Global AmbassadorforWomen andGirls National HumanRightsAction Plan OSCE Conference onimproving thesecurityofwomenandgirls 61 United NationsConventionagainstTransnational Convention againstTorture andOtherCruel, International CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights

64 64 63 62 59 42 42 42 40 3 37 36 33 31 29 66 66 65 65 27 61 40 35 63 62 62 8 Understanding humantrafficking,slaveryand related exploitation Commonwealth Appendix 3:ExtractsoftheCommonwealth Appendix 2:AICresearch Appendix 1:Convictionsin2012–13,andongoingmatters The yearahead UNODC GlobalReportonTrafficking inPersons Mapping exercise on serviceprovision andawareness-raising Parliamentary inquiries Australian InstituteofCriminologyresearch Trafficking inchildren foradoption Building legalandlawenforcement capacityin ourregion Preventing human traffickingtoAustralia Australia-Asia Program toCombatTrafficking inPersons(AAPTIP) Australia’s response Building regional capability General 2013 QuintetMeetingofAttorneys The Commonwealth CrimesAct1914

Criminal CodeAct1995 andthe 83 83 81 77 75 73 72 68 67 67 67 66 77 89 86 84 91 vii Contents viii TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Notes onterminology Current departmentalnamingarrangementsare outlinedinfootnotes titles have changedfollowingtheoutcome ofthefederalelectionon7September2013. and departmentslistedinthis report appearasinuseat30June 2013.Someofthese and Slaveryduring2012–13.For thisreason, agencies thetitlesof AustralianGovernment This report detailstheactivitiesofInterdepartmental CommitteeonHuman Trafficking agencies anddepartments Titles ofAustralianGovernment referenced are thoseintheCriminalCodeastheyappeared priorto8March 2013. a CriminalCodeprovision isreferenced inrelation toaparticularmatter, thesectionnumbers of, thehumantraffickingorslaveryoffences asamendedbytheAct.Forthis reason, where of existingprovisions. At30June2013,nooffenders hadbeenchargedwith,orconvicted of forced labourandorgantrafficking(seepage6),changingsomeofthe section numbers introduced newoffences offorced marriageandharbouringavictim,standaloneoffences broader offences ofservitudeanddeceptiverecruiting forlabourorservices.TheActalso of sexualservitudeanddeceptiverecruiting forsexualservices,andreplace themwiththe Commonwealth Act 2013 The Criminal Codeprovisions for example,victimimpactstatementsorvictimsofcrime is usedinrelation to aproper nounorhasaspecificmeaningin relation tolawenforcement, human trafficking,slaveryandslavery-likepractices.Theexceptioniswhere theterm‘victim’ The term‘traffickedpeople’isalsousedasageneralthatencompassesallvictimsof Trafficked personvs.victim recruiting forlabour orservices,debtbondageandforced marriage. term thatencompassesslavery-likepracticesincludingservitude,forced labour, deceptive For easeofreference, thisdocumentuses‘humantraffickingandslavery’asageneral exploitation thatdonotrequire anelementofmovement. and theNationalRoundtableonPeopleTrafficking respectively), andto recognise formsof Trafficking andSlavery(previously theAnti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee Committee onHumanTrafficking andSlaverytheNationalRoundtableonHuman made tomore accurately reflect workundertakenbymembersoftheInterdepartmental with references to‘humantrafficking, slaveryandslavery-likepractices’.Thischangewas formallyreplacedIn 2012–13,theAustralianGovernment references to‘peopletrafficking’ Human traffickingvs.people Crimes LegislationAmendment(Slavery, ConditionsandPeopleTrafficking) Slavery-like entered intoforce on8March 2013.Amongst other things,theActamended CriminalCodeAct1995 (CriminalCode)torepeal theexistingoffences compensation schemes. where applicable. Abbreviations

Attorney-General’s Department AGD

Australia-Asia Program to Combat Trafficking in Persons AAPTIP

Australian Agency for International Development AusAID

Australian Crime Commission ACC

Australian Federal Police AFP

Australian Human Rights Commission AHRC

Australian Institute of Criminology AIC

Bridging F visa BVF

Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions CDPP

Criminal Justice Stay visa CJSV

Culturally and linguistically diverse CALD

Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs FaHCSIA

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFAT

Department of Immigration and Citizenship DIAC

Fair Work Building and Construction FWBC

Fair Work Ombudsman FWO

Human Rights Council HRC

Human TraffickingTeams HTT

Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking andSlavery IDC

International Labour Organization ILO

International Organization for Migration IOM

International Police INTERPOL

Operational Working Group OWG

ix x TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Proceeds ofCrimeAct Witness Protection (Trafficking)Witness (Permanent) United NationsOfficeonDrugsand United NationsConventionagainstTransnational Organized United Non-government Nations UN organisation NGO 2002 POCA Crime UNODC visa WPTV Crime UNTOC Executive summary

In 2009, in response to a recommendation of the Australian National Audit Office, the Australian Government agreed to undertake more systematic annual reporting of outcomes under our strategy to combat human trafficking and slavery. In June 2009, the Australian Government tabled in Parliament the first report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery (IDC), covering the period from January 2004 to 30 April 2009.1 The second report covered the period 1 May 2009 to 30 June 2010, and the third and fourth reports covered the periods 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, and 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 respectively. This is the fifth annual report of the IDC and covers the period 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

The 2012–13 reporting period saw the passage of two significant pieces of legislation. The Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking) Act 2013 and the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Law Enforcement Integrity, Vulnerable Witness Protection and Other Measures) Act 2013 amended the Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Crimes Act 1914 to ensure Australia’s law enforcement authorities are well equipped to investigate and prosecute human trafficking and slavery, and that trafficked people are afforded appropriate support and protection when engaging with the criminal justice system.

In 2012–13, the Australian Government began the development of the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery (Action Plan). The Action Plan will set the strategic aims of the ongoing Australian response to human trafficking and slavery, and is in line with a recommendation of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, following her November 2011 mission to Australia.

On 8 March 2013, the then Prime Minister, the Hon Julia Gillard MP, announced an initiative to ensure that no business providing goods or services to the Australian Government is tainted by human trafficking, slavery or related exploitative practices anywhere in the supply chain. This initiative recognises that the Australian Government is a significant contributor to the national economy and has an important role to play in leading by example with respect to ethical procurement.

The Australian Federal Police undertook 52 new investigations and assessments into human trafficking and slavery-related matters in 2012–13, taking the total to 399 since 2004. Almost 43 per cent of these new matters related to sexual exploitation and 45 per cent to other forms of labour exploitation. As at 30 June 2013, there were seven human trafficking and slavery-related matters before the courts, two of which were in the appeal phase.

Fair Work Building and Construction (FWBC) and the Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) recovered significant amounts in underpaid wages for migrant workers through audits and investigations. The FWO also initiated court action against a number of employers

1 Previous reports are available online at: .

1 2 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 of migrantworkersforcontraventionsAustralianworkplacelaws.FWBClauncheda 4 3 2 product supplychains. awareness-raising materialsandexaminepossiblewaystoaddress exploitativepracticesin willalsoworkcollaboratively withcivilsocietytodevelop Plan. TheAustralianGovernment Australia’s response tohumantraffickingandslavery through thedevelopmentof Action During thenextyear, there willbeacontinuedfocusonrevising thestrategicaimsof further fiveyears,andisduetocommenceinlate2013. AAPTIP continuestheworkofAsiaRegionalTrafficking inPersonsProject for a (ARTIP) (AAPTIP) announcedinNovember2012bythethenPrimeMinister, theHonJulia Gillard MP. $50 millionflagshipprogram, theAustralia-AsiaProgram toCombat Trafficking inPersons funding activitiestocombathumantraffickinginEastAsia. These includeAustralia’s new, primarilythroughThe AustralianGovernment, AusAID, trafficking issues. at whichMinistersagreed to establishaWorking Group tospecifically focusonhuman trafficking. AustraliaalsoparticipatedintheBaliProcess MinisterialConference inApril2013, Australia co-chaired aforumwithIndonesiaonadvancingregional cooperationonhuman Smuggling, Trafficking inPersonsandRelated Transnational Crime human traffickingandslavery. To markthe10thanniversaryof Australia continuestotakeanactiverole inregional efforts andinternational tocombat (12 in2011–12),aswell21CriminalJusticeStayvisas(172011–12). were granted to suspectedvictimsofhumantraffickingandslaveryinthe reporting period (16 to suspectedvictimsand10immediatefamilymembers).SixteenBridgingFvisas immediate familymembers.Thiscompares withatotalof26WPTVsgrantedin2011–12 2012–13, including 12tosuspectedvictimsofhumantraffickingandslavery, andsixto Citizenship Through theHuman TraffickingVisa Framework,theDepartmentofImmigrationand during thisperiod. subjected tootherformsofexploitation.Nominorswere referred to theSupport Program 12 (57percent)were exploitedinthesexindustryandremaining nine(43percent)were clients. Eighteenofthenewclientswere femaleandthree were male. Ofthe21newclients, delivered bytheAustralian RedCross, provided assistanceto 83clients,including21new by theDepartmentofFamilies,Housing,CommunityServicesandIndigenousAffairs In 2012–13,theSupportforTrafficked PeopleProgram (SupportProgram), administered construction industry. and resources forculturallyandlinguistically diverseworkersinAustralia’s buildingand campaign whichincludesacomprehensive suiteofeducativein-languagetools,documents Australia’s development, foreign policyandtradeobjectives. the DepartmentofImmigrationandBorder Protection. Indigenous Affairs wasrenamed theDepartmentofSocialServices. On 1November2013,AusAIDwasintegrated intotheDepartmentofForeign Affairs andTrade (DFAT) tobetter align Following thefederalelectionof7September 2013,theDepartmentofImmigrationandCitizenshipwasrenamed Following thefederalelectionof7September 2013,theDepartmentofFamilies,Housing,CommunityServicesand 3 granted 18 Witness Protection (Trafficking) granted18Witness (Permanent)visas(WPTVs)in 4 continuestobetheleaddonor Bali ProcessonPeople , inNovember2012, 2 and Introduction

Human trafficking and slavery are complex crimes and major violations of human rights. The Australian Government takes a comprehensive, whole-of-government approach to combating human trafficking and slavery. Australia is committed to working with other governments domestically and internationally, and with intergovernmental and non-government organisations (NGOs), to prevent human trafficking and slavery, prosecute the perpetrators, and protect and support the victims.

Human trafficking is a very different crime from people smuggling. Australia uses the term ‘human trafficking’ to encompass a range of crimes including those where a person is moved domestically or transnationally for the purposes of exploitation – as well as those where a person already in Australia is subjected to exploitative practices like slavery, servitude, forced labour and forced marriage. By contrast, people smuggling is the organised, irregular movement of people across borders, usually on a payment-for-service basis, and does not involve the ongoing exploitation of the victim by the offender.

Slavery is where a person exercises the rights of ownership over another person. Practices involving exploitation so serious that they are considered similar to slavery are known as slavery-like practices. Slavery-like practices include servitude, forced labour, deceptive recruiting, debt bondage, and forced marriage. Australia comprehensively criminalises human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices.

The link between human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices is that they involve the manipulation of complex relationships between the offender and the victim, and that they result in the serious undermining of the victim’s personal freedom.

There is little reliable data about the nature and extent of human trafficking and slavery at a global, regional or domestic level. However, there is general consensus that human trafficking and slavery affect almost every country in the world, whether as a source, transit or destination country – or as a combination of these. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012 found that between 2007 and 2010, victims from at least 136 countries were detected in 118 countries worldwide.

The nature of human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices varies from region to region. The most visible form of these crimes involves the transnational movement of women for sexual exploitation. But around the world men, women and children are exploited for a wide range of other purposes, including forced labour in industries such as hospitality, construction, forestry, mining and agriculture; domestic and sweatshop labour; street begging; forced recruitment into militias and armed forces; and the harvesting of body organs.

3 4 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Opportunities totrafficpeopleinto,orexploitwithin,Australiaare limitedbecause • • • • • • • • • • • domestic, regional initiatives.In2012–13,key and international hasprovided2003, theAustralianGovernment more than$150milliontosupportarangeof Since theestablishmentofAustralia’s strategytocombathumantraffickingandslaveryin the Trafficked People Program in2012–13, 43percentexperiencedexploitationotherthanin exploitation notinvolvingthesexindustry. Ofthe21clientsreferred totheSupportfor investigations conductedbytheAustralianFederalPolice(AFP)related toformsoflabour of otherindustrysectorshaveincreasingly beenidentified.In2012–13,45percentof within thesexindustry. Inrecent years,casesofmenandwomenexploitedinarange Asia (particularlyThailand,theRepublicofKorea andMalaysia)whohavebeenexploited majority oftraffickedpeopleidentifiedbyAustralianauthoritiestodatebeingwomen from Australia istraditionallyadestinationcountryforhumantraffickingandslavery, withthe environment foroffenders. to combathumantraffickingandslaveryalsohelpsensure thatAustraliaisahostile compliance andenforcement. Australia’s strategy comprehensive whole-of-government of ourstrong migrationcontrols, geographic isolation,andhighdegree ofregulation, of NGOs,and National RoundtableonHumanTrafficking andSlavery, and practical supportforthework community partnershipswithNGOs,academics,businessand unionsthrough the and assistvictimsunderAustralia’s overseas regional activitiestodeterhumantraffickingandslavery, trainlawenforcement officials, Process onPeopleSmuggling,Trafficking inPersonsandRelated regional engagementintheAsia-Pacificonhumantraffickingissuesthrough the on humantraffickingissuesandaimtoprevent traffickingin specialist immigrationofficerspostedinThailand,Chinaand the Philippines,whofocus slavery toremain inAustraliaandsupporttheinvestigationprosecution visa arrangementstoenablesuspectedvictimsandwitnesses ofhumantraffickingand a victimsupportprogram whichprovides individualisedcase proceedings, including victimsofhumantraffickingandslavery legislation toprotect vulnerablewitnessesgivingevidenceinCommonwealthcriminal trafficking andslavery, includingfunding support fortheCommonwealthDirector ofPublicProsecutions toprosecute human legislation tocriminalisehumantraffickingandslavery Australian PolicingStrategytoCombatTrafficking inPersons specialist teamswithintheAFPtoinvestigatehumantraffickingandslavery, andan Australian Institute research intonationalandregional humantraffickingandslavery-related trends bythe sex industry. of Criminology. and training aid program source countries measures included:

management support Transnational Crime of offences Bali Bali • • • • • Attorney-General’s Department(AGD),withmembershipfrom thefollowingagencies: Interdepartmental Committee onHumanTrafficking andSlavery(IDC),chaired bythe Australia’s strategytocombathumantraffickingandslaveryisoverseenbythe areas ofprevention, prosecution and full cycleoftraffickingfrom recruitment to reintegration andgiveequalweighttothecritical and compliance;victimsupportprotection. Together thesemeasures address the trafficking andslavery:prevention anddeterrence; detectionandinvestigation;prosecution These initiativesreflect thefourcentralpillarsofAustralia’s strategytocombathuman 5 This isthefifth report oftheIDCandcoversperiodfrom 1 July2012to30 referring emergingpolicyissuesfortheIDC’ that ariseinthemanagementofindividualcases.TheOWGalso hasanimportantrole in has beenestablishedasasubcommitteeoftheIDCtoresolve systemicoperationalissues An OperationalWorking Group (OWG)comprisingAFP, AGD,CDPP, DIACandFaHCSIA administering individualcomponentsof addressed basis.Relevantagenciesremain onawhole-of-government responsible for onitseffectiveness,the AustralianGovernment andensuringthatemergingissuesare The IDCisresponsible formonitoringtheimplementationofstrategy, reporting to • • • • • • • Relations became the Department of Education and the Department of Employment. Relations becamethe DepartmentofEducationandthe ofEmployment. Following thefederalelectionof7September 2013,theDepartmentofEducation,EmploymentandWorkplace Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO). Fair Work Building andConstruction(FWBC), Department ofthePrimeMinisterandCabinet(PM&C) Department ofImmigrationandCitizenship(DIAC) Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade (DFAT) Department ofFamilies,Housing,CommunityServicesandIndigenousAffairs (FaHCSIA) Department ofEducation,EmploymentandWorkplace Relations(DEEWR) Commonwealth Director ofPublicProsecutions (CDPP) Australian InstituteofCriminology(AIC) Australian FederalPolice(AFP) Australian CrimeCommission(ACC) Development(AusAID) Australian AgencyforInternational victim support. the strategy. s consideration. and the 5 June 2013.

5 Introduction 6 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 6 • • • • • Key amendmentstotheCriminalCodemadebySlavery forms of against humantraffickingandslaverytoensure thecomprehensive criminalisationofall into force on8 March 2013. TheSlaveryActstrengthened theexistingrangeofoffences The SlaveryActwaspassedbytheAustralianParliamenton27 February2013,andcame focused onvictimsupportandrehabilitation through theVulnerable first focusedoninvestigationandprosecution through theSlavery Act,andsecond required, theresponse tothe2010discussionpapers wasprogressed intwostages;the Protections andPeopleTrafficking;Justice ResponsetoSlavery Reparation;and Witness Vulnerable to address theviews ofstakeholdersfollowingthe2010discussionpaperson The Actswere developed followingbroad publicconsultations.Inparticular, theActssought 1995 and OtherMeasures)Act2013 Crimes LegislationAmendment(LawEnforcementIntegrity, Vulnerable Protection Witness (Slavery, ConditionsandPeopleTrafficking) Slavery-like Act2013 frameworks around human traffickingandslavery. The 2012–13 sawthepassageoftwoActsintendedtoenhanceAustralia’s legislative legislative frameworks Strengthening Australia’s < and Vulnerable Protections Witness The discussionpaperson slavery, aswellconductinvolving apersonwhoisalready amendments toensure theslaveryoffences applytoconductwhichreduces apersonto of industry sexual servicestoapplyallformsofservitudeanddeceptive recruiting, regardless the expansionofexistingoffences ofsexualservitudeanddeceptiverecruiting for person’ including psychologicaloppression, theabuseofpower, ortakingadvantage ofa amendments toexistingdefinitionscapture more subtleformsofcoercion, the expansionofdefinitionexploitationtoincludearange ofslavery- standalone offences offorced labourandorgantrafficking the introduction ofnewoffences offorced marriageandharbouringavictim, www.ag.gov.au/humantrafficking (Criminal Code)andthe serious exploitation. s vulnerability andon Forced and Servile Marriage Forced andServile The Criminal Justice Response to Slavery andPeopleTrafficking; TheCriminalJusticeResponsetoSlavery Reparation; > Crimes Act1914 and . (Vulnerable Act)amendedthe Witness Forced and Servile Marriage Forced andServile (CrimesAct). . 6 Duetothecomplexityofamendments Crimes LegislationAmendment are availableonlineat: Act include: a slave (Slavery Act)andthe Witness Act. Witness Criminal CodeAct

like practices The Criminal recording, havetheircontactwiththedefendantormembersofpubliclimited,and Act, traffickedpeoplecangiveevidencebyclosed-circuit television,videolinkor victims ofhumantraffickingandslavery. Followingthepassageof Witness Vulnerable for vulnerablewitnessesgivingevidenceinCommonwealthcriminalproceedings, including and cameintoforce on29 June2013.TheVulnerable Actprovides protections Witness The Vulnerable ActwaspassedbytheAustralianParliamenton27 June2013, Witness to individualvictimsofCommonwealthoffences, includinghumantrafficking The SlaveryActalsoamendedtheCrimestoimprove theavailabilityofreparation orders • • are at Extracts oftheCriminalCodeand theCrimesAct,incorporatingrecent amendments, and protection whenengagingwiththecriminal human traffickingandslavery, andthattraffickedpeople are afforded appropriate support Australia’s lawenforcement authoritiesare wellequippedtoinvestigateand prosecute The amendmentsmadebytheSlaveryActandVulnerable Actensure Witness and evidence byvideolinkfrom witnessesoutsideAustraliainproceedings forhumantrafficking The Vulnerable ActalsoamendedtheCriminalCodetoallowacourthear Witness • • • Key amendmentstotheCrimesActmadebyVulnerable Witness have experienced. trafficked peopletomakevictimimpactstatementsthecourtoutliningharmthey also makesitanoffence topublishmaterialidentifyingatraffickedperson,andallows have asupportpersonwiththemwhiletheygiveevidence.TheVulnerable Act Witness deceived, consentedtoorganremoval, orentered into circumstances ofthevictim,indeterminingwhethervictimwascoerced, threated or the economicrelationship betweenthevictimandoffender, andthepersonal the insertionofprovisions toallowajudgeorjuryconsiderfactorssuchas adequately reflect theseriousnessofenforcing anunfairdebtcontract,and an increase tothepenaltiesapplicabledebtbondageoffences toensure they sentencing of the insertionofaschemetoprovide fortheuseofvictimimpactstatementsin subsequent trialsforthoseoffences, and child sex-related, human traffickingandslaveryoffences togiveevidencein retrials and the insertionofanewcategoryvulnerablewitnessprotections toassistvictimsof certain characteristic,suchasage,culture or well aswitnesseswhoapplytoacourtberecognised asa‘special witness’dueto offence proceedings toapplyallvictimsofhumantraffickingandslaveryoffences, as the extensionofexistingvulnerablewitnessprotections availabletochildren insexual slavery offences. Appendix 3. federal offenders. justice system. a disability debt bondage. Act include: and slavery.

7 Strengthening Australia’s legislative frameworks 8 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 government agencies,unions,industrygroupsgovernment andcivilsocietywilltakeplace in2013–14. Trafficking andSlaverySeniorOfficials’Meeting.Furthercollaboration andconsultationwith on HumanTrafficking andSlavery, andtheMay2013NationalRoundtable onHuman Preliminary consultations ontheActionPlanwere heldatboththe2012NationalRoundtable in Australia,currently beingfinalisedby The ActionPlanwillbesupplementedbyaFrameworkforMonitoring Trafficking inPersons reports oftheInterdepartmental CommitteeonHumanTrafficking and progress. Thiswillincludemonitoringthrough existingmechanisms suchastheannual A regular monitoring program willbeestablishedtoassesstheActionPlan’s effectiveness People Program and theHumanTrafficking criminal justiceprocesses; andestablishedmeasures suchastheSupportforTrafficked and protection); the balance betweenavictim-centred approach complemented byeffective deterrence; detection andinvestigation;prosecution andcompliance;victimsupport Key aspectsoftheexistingstrategywillremain thesame:fourpillars(prevention and provide thehigh-level andstrategicfoundationforthe monitoring purposes.Thesewillbesupportedbyaseriesofguidingprincipleswhich obligationsandwhichareinternational underpinnedbykeyperformanceindicatorsfor The ActionPlanwillsetcleargoalsandactionitemswhichaligntoourdomesticlaws the strategicaimsofongoingAustralianresponse tohumantraffickingandslavery. The AGD isleadingthedevelopmentofAustralia’s revised formalnationalplan persons, especiallywomenandchildren, followingherNovember2011missiontoAustralia, In linewitharecommendation oftheUnitedNations(UN)SpecialRapporteurontraffickingin and Slavery Combat HumanTrafficking National ActionPlanto National ActionPlantoCombatHumanTrafficking andSlavery the AIC. Visa Framework. Visa Action Plan. and Slavery. (ActionPlan)willset of action. Ethical standards and Australian Government procurement

The Australian Government is a significant contributor to the national economy and has an economic footprint that extends to all industries and regions. The Australian Government therefore has an important role to play in leading by example in ensuring our procurement practices meet with ethical standards.

During her announcement of the initiative, former Prime Minister Gillard listed areas of concern that could be improved through revised Commonwealth procurement arrangements, as well as strategies that the Department of Finance and Deregulation7 (Finance) will adopt to address these areas of concern, including: • processes – Finance will ensure that Commonwealth procurement arrangements adequately identify human trafficking and slavery as an important issue when considering the ethical behaviour of suppliers • advice to agencies – Finance will issue revised procurement guidance to reinforce the need for specific actions or behaviours to eliminate the chances of human trafficking and slavery being used in supply chains, and • training – Finance will strengthen training and development arrangements for Commonwealth procurement officers to reinforce specific legal and policy requirements, including reporting of breaches of policy.

Finance, in consultation with AGD, is currently developing implementation measures to support the initiative, focusing on education and awareness-raising strategies.

Measures that have already been undertaken include a briefing of the Commonwealth’s Senior Procurement Officers’ Reference Group on 3 April 2013 about the implications of the initiative, and an article in the March 2013 edition of the Commonwealth Procurement Bulletin reminding procurement officers of their obligations with respect toethical procurement.

To more broadly examine ways to address human trafficking and related exploitative practices in supply chains, a Supply Chains Working Group has been established under the National Roundtable on Human Trafficking and Slavery. The working group will begin its workin 2014.

7 Following the federal election of 7 September 2013, the Department of Finance and Deregulation was renamed the Department of Finance.

9 10 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Australian been identifiedinQueensland, Australia,South Western Tasmania andthe ofhumantraffickingandslaveryhave also local sexindustriesinthesecities.Victims sexual exploitation.Thisreflects thepopulationconcentrationandsizeof New SouthWales andhaveprimarilybeenlinkedto allegationsof andVictoria, Since 2004,themajorityofvictimshavecometoattention ofauthoritiesin support from theAFP’s crimeoperationsfunction,whichhasmembers ineach trafficking and slaverymattersinotherlocations,theHTTcandrawupon additional trained in humantraffickingandslaveryBrisbane,DarwinPerth. Forhuman Canberra, withHTTs TheAFPalsohasmembers locatedinSydney andMelbourne. agencies,industryorNGOs.TheHTTNationalCoordinatorGovernment isbasedin both proactively and through referrals from otherCommonwealthorStateandTerritory The AFPHumanTrafficking Team (HTT)investigateshumantraffickingandslaverymatters, source countries. the Philippineswhofocusonhumantraffickingissuesandaimtoprevent traffickingin was complementedbyDIACspecialistimmigrationofficerspostedinThailand,Chinaand agencies toexchangeinformationandprogress investigations.In2012–13,thisnetwork missions. Theofficersprovide aconduitforAustralianandoverseaslawenforcement The AFPmaintainsanextensivenetworkofofficerspostedtoAustralia’s overseas extradition various formsofassistancefortheconductinvestigationsandprosecutions andforthe Children Protocol toPrevent,SuppressandPunishTrafficking inPersons,Especially Women and The prosecuted, andthat victimsgetthesupport agenciesworktogethertoensureGovernment thatmattersare effectively investigatedand Given thecomplexityofmattersinvolvinghumantraffickingandslavery, arangeofAustralian activities associatedwithhumantrafficking relating tothe investigation,prosecution, andconvictionofpeopleinvolvedincriminal Australia’s strategytocombathumantraffickingandslaveryincludesperformanceindicators Investigation andprosecution United NationsConventionagainstTransnational OrganizedCrime (Trafficking Protocol) cooperation,including establishaframeworkforinternational Capital Territory. of offenders. and slavery. they need. (UNTOC) andits capital city. Division 270alsocriminalisesslavery-likepractices,includingservitude,forced labourand citizens conduct occurred in Australia,andwhetherornotthevictimoffender are Australian The slaveryoffences haveuniversaljurisdictionandcantherefore applywhether ornotthe person overwhomanyorallofthepowersattachingtorightownershipare exercised. Division 270oftheCriminalCodecriminalisesslavery, whichisdefinedastheconditionofa framework criminalisingtheseexploitativecrimes(seepage6). amendments toDivisions270 and271cameintoforce, strengthening Australia’s legislative 271 oftheCommonwealth Australia’s humantraffickingandslavery-related offences are setoutinDivisions270and Criminal Codeoffences Primary legislativeprovisions • • • • • all its forms.Division are not limitedtotraffickingforthepurposesofsexualexploitation,andcoverin fulfilling Australia’s obligationsunderthe Trafficking Protocol. The offences inDivision271 Division 271oftheCriminalCodecontainsspecificoffences fortraffickinginpersons, offences inDivision 270require thevictimtobesubject toanelement Australia buttheoffender was anAustraliancompany, citizenorresident. Noneofthe apply where theconduct occurred inAustralia,orwhere theconduct occurred outside The slavery-likeoffences inDivision270haveextendedgeographicjurisdiction,andcan or deception. both partiesdonotfullyandfreely consenttothemarriagebecauseofcoercion, threat is alsoconsidered a slavery-likepracticeunderDivision270,andapplieswhere oneor services inanyindustry, ortoexploitationwithinintimaterelationships. Forced marriage deceptive recruiting. Theseoffences canapplytotheexploitationofaperson’s labouror be removed of thevictiminto,outof,orwithinAustralia,reckless astowhetherthevictim’s organwill organ traffickingoffences, whichcriminaliseorganisingorfacilitatingthetransportation whether thechildwillbeusedtoprovide sexualservicesorwillbeotherwise exploited transportation ofachildinto,outof,orwithinAustralia,intending orreckless asto trafficking inchildren offences, whichcriminaliseorganisingorfacilitatingthe other similararrangements toforce victims intoproviding servicestopayoff an offence ofdebtbondage,toprevent offenders from usingunfairdebtcontractsor slavery-like offence, and a victimtoassistorfurtherthe purpose ofanotherperson’s humantrafficking,slaveryor an offence ofharbouringavictim,whichcriminalises harbouring,receiving orconcealing deception, orbybeingreckless astotheexploitationof transportation ofthevictiminto,outof,orwithinAustralia,using coercion, threat or trafficking inpersonsoffences, whichcriminaliseorganisingorfacilitatingthe or residents. 271 includes: Criminal CodeAct1995 (CriminalCode).On8March 2013, the victim of movement. large debts. 11 Investigation and prosecution 12 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Table 1:CriminalCodeprovisions 13 12 11 10 9 8 8 9 270.6A(2) 270.6A(1) 270.5(2) 270.5(1) 270.3(2) 270.3(1) Section 10

11 leave theplaceorarea where he orshe(thevictim)provides thelabourorservices. position ofthevictimwouldnotconsider himselforherselftobefree toceaseproviding thelabourorservices;to who provides labourorservicesif,because of theusecoercion, threat ordeception,areasonable person in the management ofthebusiness;exercising control ordirection overthebusiness;orproviding financeforthebusiness. another person. treatment; ortheoffender engagedinconductthatgaverisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm tothevictimor offence isaggravatedwhere thevictimisunder18;offender subjectedthevictimtocruel,inhumanordegrading deprived ofpersonalfreedom inrespect ofaspectshisor herlifeotherthantheprovision ofthelabourorservices. to leavetheplaceorarea where heorshe(thevictim)provides thelabourorservices;andvictimissignificantly position ofthevictimwouldnotconsiderhimselforherselftobefree toceaseproviding the labourorservices provides labourorservices,if,becauseoftheusecoercion, threat ordeception:areasonable personinthe of apersonwiththeintentionreducing thepersontoslavery;orpurchase orsaleofaslave. contract madebytheperson. powers attachingtotherightofownershipare exercised, including where suchaconditionresults from adebtor ‘Forced labour’isdefinedinsubsection270.6(1) oftheCriminalCodeasconditionaperson(thevictim) ‘Conducting abusiness’isdefinedinsection 270.1AoftheCriminalCodetoincludetakinganypartin Under subsection270.8(1)oftheCriminalCode,aservitude,forced labour, deceptiverecruiting orforced marriage ‘Servitude’ isdefinedinsubsection270.4(1)oftheCriminalCodeascondition ofaperson(thevictim)who ‘Slave trading’isdefinedinsubsection270.3(3)oftheCriminalCodeasincluding thecapture, transportordisposal ‘Slavery’ isdefinedinsection270.1oftheCriminalCodeasconditiona personoverwhomanyorallofthe 12 13 servitude Cause anotherpersontoenterintoorremain in involving aslave finance for, slavetradingoracommercial transaction a slave,orexercise control ordirection over, orprovide Recklessly enterintoacommercial transactioninvolving involving aslave finance for, slavetradingoracommercial transaction a slave,orexercise control ordirection over, orprovide trading, exercise rightsofownershipoveraslave,engageinslave Intentionally reduce apersontoslavery, Offence person orpersons Conduct abusinessinvolvingtheforced labourofanother labour Cause anotherpersontoenterintoorremain inforced person orpersons Conduct abusiness 13 9 enterintoacommercial transactioninvolving 10 12 involvingtheservitudeofanother 8 possessor 17 years 25 years Maximum penalty offence for anaggravated 9 years,or12years offence for anaggravated 9 years,or12years offence for anaggravated 15 years,or20years offence for anaggravated 15 years,or20years 11 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 270.7 Section (1C) 271.2(1B), (1A) 271.2(1), 270.7B(2) 270.7B(1) 15

16 debt bondage. any ofthefollowingconditions:slavery, oracondition similartoslavery;servitude;forced labour;forced marriage; or the offender engagedinconductthatgaverise toadangerofdeathorseriousharmthevictimanotherperson. intended forthevictimtobeexploited; offender subjectedthevictimtocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatment; or whether express orimpliedandwhetherconditionalunconditional. in connectionwiththeprovision oflabouror services byaperson.Threat includesathreat madebyanyconduct, Australia; orathreat ofanyotherdetrimentalaction,unlessthere are reasonable grounds forthethreat ofthataction person’s vulnerability. Threat means:athreat ofcoercion; orathreat tocauseaperson’s deportation orremoval from by anyofthefollowing:force; duress; detention;psychologicaloppression; abuseofpower;ortakingadvantagea fully consenting. of coercion, threat ordeception,onepartytothemarriage(the victim)entered intothemarriagewithoutfreely and providing theserviceforsexualgratificationofothers. person) orastolaw, bywords orotherconduct. ‘Coercion’ and‘threat’ are definedinsection270.1AoftheCriminalCode.Coercion isdefinedasincludingcoercion ‘Forced marriage’isdefinedinsubsection270.7A(1)oftheCriminalCodeasamarriagewhere, becauseoftheuse ‘Sexual service’isdefinedintheDictionarytoCriminalCodeasuseor display ofthebodyperson ‘Deceive’ isdefinedinsection271.1oftheCriminalCodeastomisleadfact (includingtheintentionofany ‘Exploitation’ is defined in section 271.1A of the Criminal Code as conduct which causes the victim to enter into ‘Exploitation’ isdefinedinsection271.1A oftheCriminalCodeasconductwhichcausesvictimtoenterinto Under subsection271.3(1)oftheCriminal Code,atraffickinginpersonsoffence isaggravatedwhere theoffender 17 18 19 Offence threat ordeception proposed exit,orreceipt ofanotherperson,usingcoercion, Organise orfacilitatetheentry, proposed entry, exit, victim oftheforced marriage Be apartytoforced marriage,where youare nota Cause anotherpersontoenterintoaforced marriage sexual servicestobeprovided provision ofsexualservices identity documents;or, iftheengagementistoinvolve will involveexploitationortheconfiscationoftravel owed orclaimedtobeowed;thefactengagement labour orservices;thequantumexistenceofadebt the personwillbefree toleave,orceaseproviding other personisdeceived engagement toprovide labourorservices,where the Intentionally induceanotherpersontoenterintoan whether theotherpersonwillbeexploited proposed exit,orreceipt ofanotherperson,reckless asto Organise orfacilitatetheentry, proposed entry, exit, 17 toobtainthatperson’s compliance 14 abouttheextenttowhich 15 , thatfact,orthenature of 19 16 offence for anaggravated 7 years,or9years Maximum penalty offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years offence for anaggravated 4 years,or7years offence for anaggravated 4 years,or7years 18 13 Investigation and prosecution 14 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 22 21 20 20 Section (2) 271.7B(1), 271.7 (2B) 271.5(2A), 271.5(2) 271.5(1) (2) 271.4(1), (2C) (2A), (2B), 271.2(2), 21

22 harm tothevictimor anotherperson. inhuman ordegrading treatment; or theoffender engagedinconductthatgave risetoadangerofdeathorserious under 18;theoffender intendedforthevictim’s organtoberemoved; theoffender subjected thevictimtocruel, therapeutic needofthevictim. out; orneitherthevictim,norvictim’s guardian, consentedtotheremoval, and itwouldnotmeetamedicalor into anagreement fortheremoval, wouldbecontrarytothelawofStateorTerritory where itistobecarried another person. treatment; ortheoffender engagedinconductthatgaverise toadangerofdeathorseriousharmthevictim offender intendedforthevictimtobeexploited;offender subjectedthevictimtocruel, inhumanordegrading Under subsection271.7C(1)oftheCriminal Code,anorgantraffickingoffence isaggravatedwhere thevictimis Under section271.7AoftheCriminalCode, theremoval ofaperson’s organis captured iftheremoval, orentering Under subsection271.6(1)oftheCriminalCode,adomestictraffickinginpersons offence isaggravatedwhere the deception toobtainthatperson’s compliance one placeinAustraliatoanother, usingcoercion, threat or Organise orfacilitatethetransportationofapersonfrom to provide sexualservicesorwillbeotherwiseexploited intending orreckless astowhetherthepersonwillbeused proposed exit,orreceipt ofapersonwhoisunder18, Organise orfacilitatetheentry, proposed entry, exit, the confiscationoftraveloridentitydocuments owed; thefactengagementwillinvolveexploitationor the quantumorexistenceofadebtowedclaimedtobe will befree toleave,orceaseproviding sexualservices; provision, ofsexualservices;theextenttowhichperson person isdeceivedabouttheprovision, ornature ofthe proposed exit,orreceipt ofanotherperson,where theother Organise orfacilitatetheentry, proposed entry, exit, Offence whether theotherperson’s organwillberemoved proposed exit,orreceipt ofanotherperson,reckless asto Organise orfacilitatetheentry, proposed entry, exit, provide sexualservicesorwillbeotherwiseexploited or reckless astowhetherthe personwillbeusedto under 18from oneplaceinAustralia toanother, intending Organise orfacilitatethetransportationofapersonwhois the confiscationoftraveloridentitydocuments owed; thefactengagementwillinvolveexploitationor quantum orexistenceofadebtowedclaimedtobe free toleave,orceaseproviding sexualservices;the of sexualservices;theextenttowhichpersonwillbe is deceivedabouttheprovision, ornature oftheprovision, one placeinAustraliatoanother, where theotherperson Organise orfacilitatethetransportationofapersonfrom the otherpersonwillbeexploited one placeinAustraliatoanother, reckless astowhether Organise orfacilitatethetransportationofapersonfrom 21 25 years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years Maximum penalty offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years 25 years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years 22 20 Under the Employer sanctionsoffences 23 27 26 25 24 23 Review ofthe to theMigrationActimplementrecommendations oftheindependent2010Howells’ 27 February 2013andcameintoeffect on1 June2013.TheActintroduced amendments The counts ofallowinganon-citizentoworkinbreach ofavisacondition(seepage20). a persontoworkinbreach ofvisaconditionsincircumstances ofexploitation,andtwo the CriminalCode,defendant,CheeMeiWong, wasconvictedoffourcountsallowing One casewassuccessfullyprosecuted inthereporting period. bondage. Thepenaltyforcommittinganaggravatedoffence isfiveyears’imprisonment. slavery, oraconditionsimilartoslavery, servitude,forced labour, forced marriage,ordebt Under theMigrationAct,exploitationoccursifapersoncausesanothertoenterinto exploited andthepersonknowsof,orisreckless to, The MigrationActescalatestheseoffences toaggravatedoffences iftheworkerisbeing a visacondition.Thepenaltyforcommittingsuchanoffence istwoyears’imprisonment. or refer forwork, anunlawfulnon-citizenoralawfulwhoisworkinginbreach of 271.7F(1) 271.7D Section 271.8(1) 24

25 which cameintoeffect on 1June2013,andincludesaggravated offences. of thoseservicesare notrespectively limitedanddefined. value ofthoseservicesisnotappliedtoward theliquidationofdebtorpurporteddebt;lengthandnature pledge isgiven),bythatpersonif:thedebt owedorclaimedtobeismanifestlyexcessive;thereasonable as securityforadebtowed,orclaimed to beowed,(includinganydebtincurred, orclaimedtobeincurred, afterthe by aperson:ofhisorherpersonalservices; orofthepersonalservicesanotherpersonunderhishercontrol; under 18. serious harmtothevictimoranotherperson. cruel, inhumanordegradingtreatment; ortheoffender engaged inconductthatgaverisetoadangerofdeathor victim isunder18;theoffender intendedforthevictim’s organtoberemoved; theoffender subjectedthevictimto ‘Debt bondage’isdefinedintheDictionarytoCriminalCodeasstatus or conditionthatarisesfrom apledge Under subsection271.7G(1)oftheCriminalCode,aharbouringvictimoffence isaggravatedwhere thevictimis Under subsection271.7E(1)oftheCriminalCode,adomesticorgantrafficking offence isaggravatedwhere the This prosecution relates tolegislationpriorthe Under subsection271.9(1)oftheCriminal Code,adebtbondageoffence isaggravatedwhere thevictim isunder18. 26 Migration Amendment(ReformofEmployerSanctions)Act2013 Migration Act1958 MigrationAmendment(EmployerSanctions)Act2007 Offence the otherperson’s organwillberemoved one placeinAustraliatoanother, reckless astowhether Organise orfacilitatethetransportationofapersonfrom bondage Intentionally causeanotherpersontoenterintodebt trafficking orslaveryoffence furthering thepurposeofanotherperson’s human Harbour, receive orconcealavictim,assisting 25 (MigrationAct),itisanoffence forapersontoallowwork, Migration Amendment(ReformofEmployer Sanctions)Act2013 that circumstance. 27 Alongwithoffences under . Theamendments waspassedon offence for anaggravated 4 years,or7years offence for anaggravated 4 years,or7years offence for anaggravated 12 years,or20years Maximum penalty 26 24 23 , 15 Investigation and prosecution 16 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 expand therangeofemploymentrelationships subjecttotheemployersanctions 28 Table 2:MigrationActprovisions asat30June2013 EntitlementVerificationthough theVisa to DIACsystemsassistemployersmore easilycheckemployees’workentitlements educate businessesontheirobligationsunderthereforms. Enhancementswere alsomade communication strategywhichincludedamediaandstakeholderengagementcampaignto The introduction ofthenewemployersanctionsregime wasaccompaniedbyanational sanctions, supplementingtheexisting add infringementnoticesandnon-faultcivilpenaltiestotherangeofavailableemployer evidence toprove suspectedbreaches of work-related provisions. Theamendmentsalso offences, andprovide newinvestigation powers allowingauthorisedofficerstogather (2) 245AEB(1), 245AEA(3) 245AE(3) (2) 245AD(1), 245AC(3) 245AB(3) 234A(1), (2) 234(1), (2) Section

Under section245AH, ‘exploited’isdefinedtohavethemeaning provided insection271.1AoftheCriminal Code. to workisaggravatediftheworkerbeing exploitedandthepersonknowsof,orisreckless to, thatcircumstance. Under subsections245AD(1)and(2)and 245AEB(1)and(2)oftheMigrationAct,anoffence ofallowinganon-citizen Refer alawfulnon-citizenforworkinbreach ofawork- Refer anunlawfulnon-citizenforwork work-related condition work; allowingalawfulnon-citizentoworkinbreach ofa Aggravated offence –allowanunlawfulnon-citizento work-related condition Allow alawfulnon-citizentoworkinbreach ofa Allow anunlawfulnon-citizentowork statements relating toatleastfivenon-citizens Provide falsedocumentsorandmisleading statements relating tonon-citizens Provide falsedocumentsorandmisleading Offence work-related condition work, refer alawfulnon-citizentoworkinbreach ofa Aggravated offence –refer anunlawfulnon-citizento related condition criminal offences. Online system.

aggravated offence 5 yearsforan 2 years 2 years aggravated offence 5 yearsforan 2 years 2 years or both 20 yearsor$340,000 or both 10 yearsor$170,000 Maximum penalty 28 Investigations be usedinconjunctionwith sexual assault,forced prostitution, kidnappinganddeprivationofliberty. Stateoffences may All jurisdictionshavearangeofoffence provisions tocoverrelated crimessuchasassault, Trafficked investigations. TheAFPisalsoresponsible forreferring suspectedvictimstotheSupportfor appropriate specialisation andresourcing toconducthuman traffickingandslavery-related human traffickingandslavery-related matterstotheAFP. ThisisbecausetheAFPhas exploitation. However, inpractice,StateandTerritory policeservicesgenerallyrefer deceptive recruiting whichwouldallowfortheprosecution ofcasesinvolvingsexual Australia. Mostjurisdictionshaveenactedlegislationrelating tosexualservitudeand State andTerritory are Governments responsible forregulating thesexindustryin State andTerritory criminal offences trafficking charges undertheCriminalCodelaid in the purposeoflabourexploitation inAustralia.Theinvestigationresulted inthefirsthuman established criminalnetworkinvolved indeceptivelyrecruiting European Eastern menfor In 2012–13,theAFPHTTassisted Western AustraliaPolicewithaninvestigationinto liaison network. multiple locationsthroughout Australia,andrequire thesupportofAFP’s overseas in more thanonejurisdiction.Largeroperationscaninvolveconcurrent investigationsin country, andthesamesetofcircumstances cangenerateinvestigationsandprosecutions offenderslegal andpoliticalsystems.Victims, andevidencecanbelocatedinmore thanone including thechallengesofcommunication,anddifferences intherole ofnationalinstitutions, There are significantpracticalchallengesininvestigatingcrimeacross borders, international complex andresource intensive,particularlygiventheiroften The investigationofmattersinvolvinghumantraffickingand slavery canbeprotracted, Significant AFPoperations forms ofhumantrafficking related toother formsoflabourexploitation.Theremainder ofnewmattersrelated toother approximately 43per centofthenewmattersrelated tosexualexploitation,and45percent involving otherformsoflabourexploitationastheprimarycriminalconduct.In2012–13, investigated bytheAFPhaverelated tosexualexploitation,withasmallernumber to 41newinvestigationsandassessmentsin2011–12.Historically, mostreferrals The AFPcommenced52newinvestigationsandassessmentsin2012–13.Thiscompares evidence, thesematterswere referred to assessments ofhumantraffickingandslavery-related offences. Where there wassufficient Between January2004andJune2013,theAFPHTTundertook399investigations People Program. and slavery. Commonwealth offences. the CDPP. Western Australia. transnational nature. 17 Investigation and prosecution 18 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Working withStateandTerritory lawenforcement AFP forfurther assessment, irrespective ofthevisastatus the person hasbeentrafficked.Any indicatorsofhumantraffickingorslavery are referred tothe are alsotrainedtoaskquestionsdesigned elicitinformationthatmightindicatewhethera in identifyingpossibleindicators oftraffickingactivityduringcomplianceoperations.They conditions, orwhoare unlawfullyinAustralia. Theseofficersare provided withspecifictraining officers conductfieldoperations tolocateforeign nationalswhohave breached theirvisa DIAC hasanetworkofcomplianceofficersineveryStateand Territory inAustralia.DIAC located from thoseeitherworkingat,orconnectedto,variousembassiesanddiplomatic missions co-workers ofsuspectedvictims.Asmallnumberreferrals havealsobeenreceived representatives orNGOs,whileothershavebeenreferred individualsor byconcerned and Territory policetogetherwith DIAC. Somemattershavebeenreferred byindustry activities,including thoseactivitiesundertakenbyState and CommonwealthGovernment by varioussources. Thereferral ofmanymattershasresulted from officialState, Territory, In Australia,humantraffickingandslavery-related mattershavebeen referred toauthorities Referrals reviewed and options toextendoramendthestrategywill The AustralianPolicingStrategyisineffect untiltheendof2013,atwhichtimeitwillbe • • • • • • • but also forStateandTerritory policeforces, The AustralianPolicingStrategyoutlinesanumberofobligations,primarilyfortheAFP, forms ofhumantraffickingandslavery, includinglabourexploitationand respond tohuman traffickingandslavery. TheAustralianPolicingStrategyencompassesall and itsStateTerritory policingpartnersare committedtoworkingcollaboratively Strategy toCombatTrafficking inPersons2011–13 On 4May2011,theAFPandallStateTerritory policeendorsedthe Australian PolicingStrategytoCombatTrafficking inPersons contributing toreviews oflegislationand providing appropriate trainingandeducationtopolicepersonnel, management serviceprovider ensuring thatallsuspectedvictimsare giventheoptionofreferral tothecase ensuring thatappropriate technicaltoolsare availableto States contributing toassessmentsandintelligenceproducts prepared bytheCommonwealth, prevention programs andNGOsdeveloping maintaining partnershipswithgovernment promoting awareness ofhumantraffickingandslavery in Australia. and Territories regulatory regimes. which are: (AustralianPolicingStrategy).TheAFP as crimes be considered. police agencies person concerned. organ trafficking. Australian Policing contacts overseastofacilitaterecruitment, movementandvisafraud.Humantrafficking rather thanlargeorganisedcrimegroups. Thesesmallcrimegroups usefamilyorbusiness In Australia,humantraffickingandslaverymattershavelargelyinvolvedsmallcrimegroups, Criminal methodology assisting DIACofficersonanumberofcompliancevisitstovarious During thereporting period,AFPpersonnelconducted47workplacevisits,including making them unlawful‘overstayers’,whiletheimmigrationstatusofothers held electronic visas.Somevisashadexpired by thetimetheirholderswere located, a varietyofvisatypes,includingtourist,student,andtemporaryworkvisas,some referred byDIACtotheAFPforassessment. Suspectedvictimshadentered Australiaon In 2012–13,44reports ofpossiblehumantrafficking(involving19victims)were on a validvisa,althoughimmigrationmalpracticeorfraudmaylaterbecomeapparent. Human traffickingdoesnotimplyillegalentry:todateallsuspectedvictimshaveentered 29 slavery-related prosecutions are guidedbythe investigative agencies.Decisions aboutwhethertoproceed with humantraffickingor investigative function,andmatters are referred totheCDPPfrom theAFPandother Parliament toprosecute offences againstCommonwealthlaw. TheCDPPhasno The CDPPisanindependentprosecuting serviceestablished bytheAustralian human trafficking Securing prosecutions strategytocombat isakeyobjectiveoftheAustralianGovernment Prosecutions taken from Australiatoanothercountryforthepurposesof citizen orresident; thatthevictimwillbeunderageof18;and willbe immediate familymemberswillbetheprimaryoffenders; thatthevictimwillbeanAustralian human traffickingandslaverymatters,includingbecauseof the increased likelihoodthat marriage mattersare expectedtorequire adifferent investigativeapproach from other to receive andinvestigate referrals relating tothenewforced marriageoffences. Forced Conditions andPeopleTrafficking) Act theentryintoforce ofthe With also hadpriorhistories migration backgrounds andworkhistorieswiththeirvictims.Severalofthefemaleoffenders of thesamesex,offenders oftenshared similarcultural,language,socio-economicand similar backgrounds, experiencesandcharacteristicswiththeirvictims.Aswellasbeing convicted ofhumantraffickingandslaveryoffences undertheCriminalCodeoftenshared Research undertaken bytheAICduringreporting periodhasshownthatoffenders identity fraud,documentfraudand slavery mattershavealsogenerallyinvolvedothercrimetypes,includingmigrationfraud,

A copyoftheProsecution Policyisavailableonlineat:. and slavery. of victimisation. Crimes LegislationAmendment(Slavery, Slavery-like money laundering. (SlaveryAct)inMarch 2013,theAFPhasbegun Prosecution PolicyoftheCommonwealth the offence. work sites. remained lawful. . 29

19 Investigation and prosecution 20 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 The CDPPmustbe non-citizens toworkinbreach oftheirvisaconditionscontrary tosection245ACofthe conditions contrary tosubsection245AC(2) oftheMigrationAct,andtwocountsallowing Code, fouraggravatedcounts ofallowingnon-citizenstoworkinbreach oftheirvisa business involvingsexualservitude contrarytosubsection270.6(2)oftheCriminal On 27March 2013, these matters,andonongoingcanbefoundat The followingprovides asummaryofconvictionsin2012–13.More detailedinformationon before thecourts.Two ofthosematterswere atthe labour exploitation.Asat30 June2013,sevenhumantraffickingandslaverymatterswere trafficking offences. Oneofthehumantraffickingconvictionswasforamatterinvolving individuals were convictedofslaveryoffences, fourofservitudeoffences andthree ofhuman have beenconvictedofhumantraffickingorslavery-related offences. Ten ofthose Since thecommencementofDivisions270and271Criminal Code,17individuals trafficked peopleare protected. by closed-circuit television, videolinkorrecording, and byensuringtheidentitiesof to participateinthecriminaljusticesystem,includingbyallowingthemgiveevidence captured andcriminalised. TheSlaveryActextendedprotections toassisttraffickedpeople Code toensure the subtle meansbywhichanoffender maygainavictim’s complianceis prosecutions. Forexample, theSlaveryAct the reporting period aimed toaddress someofthechallengesinobtainingsuccessful Amendments madetotheframeworkcriminalisinghumantraffickingandslaveryduring proof incriminalproceedings. Itisoftenchallengingtocorroborate victims, corroboration ofthatevidenceisfrequently necessarytomeetthehighstandard of matters involvinghumantraffickingandslavery relies heavilyontheevidenceofindividual may havebeenthesubjectofviolenceorthreats ofviolence.Becausetheprosecution of offences isthe reluctance ofpeopletogiveevidence,particularlyasthey(ortheirfamilies) human traffickingandslavery-related offences. Themajorimpedimenttoprosecuting these The cooperationofsuspectedvictimsisessentialtotheinvestigationandprosecution of defendant andanyotherfactorsthatcouldaffect thelikelihoodof other evidence.Theprosecutor shouldalsohaveregard toanylines ofdefenceopentothe and theirlikelyeffect onthearbiteroffact,andadmissibilityanyallegedconfessionor take intoaccountsuchmattersastheavailability, competenceandcredibility ofwitnesses during thecourseofinvestigationwillnecessarilybeadmissible.Theevaluationmust decision canonlybemadebasedonadmissibleevidence.Notalltheinformationgathered when presented incourt.Thisevaluationcontinuesateachphaseofthetrialprocess. The In makingthisdecision,theprosecutor mustevaluatehowstrong thecaseislikelytobe • • the prosecution wouldbeinthe there are reasonable prospects ofaconvictionbeingsecured, and satisfied that: Chee MeiWong public interest. wasconvictedofonecount conductinga

inserted adefinitionofcoercion intotheCriminal appeal stage. Appendix 1. a conviction. this evidence. Table 3:Convictionsfinalised,byCriminalCodeprovision, 2012–13 As at 30June2013,MsKhadappealedagainst Ms Kwassentencedtonineyears’imprisonment,withanon-parole periodoffouryears. daughter to Australiafrom Thailand,andsubsequentlysubjectedhertosexualexploitation. first convictionfortraffickinginchildren undertheCriminalCode.MsK brought her subsection 271.4(1) oftheCriminalCode.Thiscaseissignificantasit represents Australia’s On 16April2013,Ms‘ as sexworkersundervery Migration Act.Theconvictionsrelate to11womenfrom MalaysiawhoworkedforMsWong Table 4:Convictionsfinalised,byCriminalCodeprovision, 2004–13 K WONG, Chee Mei DOBIE, Keith DS HO, KamTin HO, HoKam K KOVACS, Zoltan KOVACS, Melita LEECH, Sarisa Watcharaporn NANTAHKHUM, McIVOR, Trevor SEIDERS, Johan NETTHIP, Namthip TANG, Wei Kanokporn TANUCHIT, 270.3(1) 270.3(1) Slavery Slavery K ’ pleadedguiltytotraffickinginchildren contraryto harsh circumstances. 270.3(2) 270.3(2) Slavery Slavery servitude 270.6(1) servitude 270.6(1) Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexual her sentence. servitude 270.6(2) servitude 270.6(2) Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexual in persons 271.2(1B) Trafficking in persons 271.2(1B) Trafficking

in persons 271.2(2B) Trafficking in persons 271.2(2B) Trafficking

in children Trafficking

271.4(1) in children Trafficking 271.4(1)

bondage 271.8(1) bondage 271.8(1) Debt Debt Debt Debt 21 Investigation and prosecution 22 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 about technicalaspects oftheamendmentsandbroader implicationsoftheAct. officers presented toaCDPPcontinuinglegaleducationseminarraiseawareness As partoftheongoingimplementationSlaveryAct,on 27March 2013AGD Continuing legaleducationseminars in identifyinghumantrafficking The AFPisalsodevelopinganinformationpackageforfrontline investigatorstoassistthem has delivered trainingtoAFPpolice investigations. InadditiontotheHumanTrafficking InvestigationsProgram, theAFPHTT the cooperationbetweendifferent agenciesinhumantraffickingandslavery-related of investigators,prosecutors, immigrationofficersandsocialwelfare members, reflecting Workshop toparticipants from 11SouthEastAsiancountries.Theparticipantswere amix HumanTraffickingAcademy (ILEA)todeliveratwoweekInternational Investigation LawEnforcementIn August2012,membersoftheAFPHTTattendedInternational reporting period. AFP, DIACandStateTerritory Policecompletedthecourseduring2012–13 DIAC and21investigatorsfrom foreign policeservices.Thirty-fiveinvestigatorsfrom 40 investigatorsfrom StateandTerritory police(alljurisdictions),sixrepresentatives from Since 2004,212investigatorshavecompletedthecourse,including145AFPinvestigators, trafficking andslavery- The courseaimstoassistindevelopinginvestigatorskillsthespecificsofhuman In 2012–13,theAFPdelivered twoHumanTrafficking InvestigationsPrograms inCanberra. Human Trafficking InvestigationsProgram Law enforcement training 30 TRIVEDI, Divye (KENT), Somsri YOTCHOMCHIN WONG, CheeMei

which covered theperiod 1July2011to30June2012,incorrectly spelled thenameofMrDivyeTrivedi. 1 July2010to30June2011,andtheFourth ReportoftheAnti-PeopleTrafficking Interdepartmental Committee, References intheThird ReportoftheAnti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee,whichcovered theperiod 30 270.3(1) Slavery related investigations. and slavery. 270.3(2) Slavery recruit programs. servitude 270.6(1) Sexual Sexual servitude 270.6(2) Sexual Sexual in persons 271.2(1B) Trafficking

in persons 271.2(2B) Trafficking

in children Trafficking 271.4(1)

bondage 271.8(1) Debt Debt Training forAustralianconsularofficialsoverseas training to17officersintheAustralianCapital Territory indicators ofhumantraffickingandslavery. Duringthe reporting period,DIACdelivered this Territory Officestoensure frontline staff, asafirstpointofclientcontact, are abletoidentify trafficking from source countries.SpecialisedtraininghasalsobeendevelopedforStateand overseas, toensure they wouldbeabletorecognise indicatorsoftraffickingandprevent provided twotraining sessionsonhumantraffickingandslaveryto34staff beingposted the humantraffickingandslaverymoduleofCompliance Training Program. DIACalso In thereporting period,DIACprovided training to 24onshore complianceofficersthrough Immigration compliancetraining including prosecutors whohavepreviously worked onhumantraffickingand The presentation waswellattendedbyCDPPstaff from StateandRegionalOffices, immigration documentation. transport andharbouringoftrafficked people,andinproviding false identification or may beinvolvedinthetrafficking process, includingthose engagedinthe recruitment, Human traffickingisacomplexformoftransnationalorganised crime.Arangeofpeople organised crime Australia’s response toseriousand both thecivilandreligious spheres toraiseawareness about implementation oftheSlaveryAct development trainingprovided tocivilmarriagecelebrants.Aspartoftheongoing about forced marriageandservilehasbeenincludedintheprofessional Following theintroduction ofthenewforced marriageoffences inMarch 2013,amodule AGD isworkingwithmarriagecelebrantstoraiseawareness offorced marriageissues. Training forcivilmarriagecelebrants cases involving for DFAT officerspostedoverseasincludingonthemanagementand referral ofconsular offences inMarch 2013,DFAT hasupdatedandstrengthened policyguidanceandtraining Australian lawenforcement authorities.Followingtheintroduction ofthenewforced marriage extraterritorial crimestoensure that,where appropriate, suchmatters are referred to DFAT officerspostedoverseasare required to report onthepossible commissionof forced marriage. , in2013–14,AGDwillworkwithmarriagecelebrants Regional Office. forced marriage. slavery matters. 23 Investigation and prosecution 24 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 The Australian Government iscommittedtopreventing,The AustralianGovernment disrupting,investigatingand 31 trafficking the activitieswhichfundamentallyenableseriousandorganised crime,includinghuman which organisedcrimeoperatesinAustralia,andoutlineseach ofthekeyillicitmarketsand profile ofseriousandorganisedcrimeinAustralia.The report summarisesthecontextin report. During thereporting period,theACCreleased the Organised CrimeinAustralia2013 • • • Three ofthekey initiativesdevelopedunderthiscapability-led organised in AustraliaandenhancetheGovernment’s abilitytoaddress allformsofseriousand and partneragenciestocreate amore accuratepicture ofserious andorganisedcrime crime. Italsoaimstoimprove informationandintelligencesharingbetweenlawenforcement regulatory, lawenforcement andintelligence agenciestocombatseriousandorganised This approach aims to ensure effective cooperationandcollaboration amongpolicy, • • • • • to combat seriousandorganisedcrime.These approach, fivekeycapabilitiesare used toguidethedevelopmentofconcrete measures approach torespond tothechallenges ofseriousandorganisedcrime.Underthis prosecuting seriousandorganisedcrimeinallitsforms.Australiaadoptsacapability-led

The in combatingorganisedcrime sets outaframeworkforstrengthened multi-jurisdictionalcollaborationandcoordination the NationalOrganisedCrimeResponsePlan,agreed withStatesandTerritories, which operational, policy, regulatory andlegislativeissues, multi-agency responses, suchastaskforces, andworkinggroups torespond to years, toprovide apicture ofthemostsignificantthreats from organised the ACC’s classifiedOrganisedCrimeThreat Assessment(OCTA), prepared everytwo the developmentofstrong domesticand the developmentofpreventative partnershipswithindustryandthecommunity, and organised crime able torespond totheflexible,innovative, resilient andmulti-jurisdictionalnature of investigation, prosecution andoffender managementlawsandprocesses thatare removing the profit motiveoforganisedcrimebytargetingthe whole-of- the developmentofintelligence,informationsharingandinteroperability ata 31 Organised Crimein Australia 2013 Thereport isanunclassifiedversionoftheOCTA, andprovides acomprehensive and slavery. criminal activity. government level government report isavailableonline at: in Australia. international partnerships. international capabilities are: Organised CrimeinAustralia2013 < www.crimecommission.gov.au approach are: criminal economy criminal activity

currently considering The NationalOrganisedCrimeResponsePlanexpired is inJune2013andtheGovernment • • • aimed at: combating organisedcrimeinAustraliathrough arangeofmeasures, includingmeasures provided aframeworktostrengthen multi-jurisdictional collaborationandcoordination in protocols tounderpinanationalresponse toorganisedcrime.TheNationalResponsePlan Response Plan(theNationalPlan)in2010tosetoutstrategicprinciplesand Commonwealth, StateandTerritory developedtheNationalOrganisedCrime governments National OrganisedCrimeResponsePlan2010–13 serious and National IntelligenceCommunitytoimprove responses tothenationalsecuritythreat of In 2013–14,Fusionwillcontinuetoinvestsignificanteffort inpartneringwiththebroader partners through theexchangeofcriminalintelligence. focused ondevelopingmore robust lawenforcement collaborationswithinternational capabilities, andproducing timelyandrelevant analyticintelligenceproducts. Fusionalso capabilities againstknownseriousandorganisedcrimeentities, developingearlydetection insights. Fusionachievedthisbycontinuingtobuildproactive monitoringandalerting collections, dataingestionandanalytictools,butalsotogenerate furtherintelligence During thereporting period,Fusionwasusednotonlytocontinueenhancedata wide rangeofintelligenceproducts foritspartners. discoveryandpartnerworktoidentifynewleads,hasproducedFusion harnessed a vulnerabilities thanwouldbepossiblewitheachagencyworkinginisolation.In2012–13, Fusion helpedtopaintamore comprehensive picture ofcriminaltargets, risks,threats and Fusion isnowinthefinalyearofafourimplementationplan.Duringitsfirstthree years, enforcement, national securityand and investigatorsfrom the Commonwealth,StatesandTerritories, includingfrom law responsewhole-of-government tothisthreat. Fusionbringstogetherexperts,analysts of Australia’s collaborativeapproach toseriousandorganisedcrime,supportsa The ACC’s NationalCriminalIntelligenceFusionCapability(Fusion)isakeyelement National CriminalIntelligenceFusionCapability targeting thepriorityorganisedcrimerisksidentifiedin removing impediments toeffective sharingofinformationandintelligence, improving the consistency oflegislationtofight organised crime. next steps. related agencies. organised crime the OCTA. 25 Investigation and prosecution 26 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Australian CriminalIntelligenceDatabase/AustralianLaw future projects. maintain thecapabilityofHTDeskforuseotheragenciesorpossibility disclosing actionableintelligencebacktotheAFPandjurisdictions.TheACCcontinues confirming entitieswhere appropriate, identifyingsyndicatelinkagesacross jurisdictionsand The project involved reviewing informationreports astheywere uploadedtothedesk, and intelligence. Territory police.Together, ACIDandALEINformanationalrepository ofcriminalinformation secure channelforsharing criminalinformationandintelligencebetweenfederal,State extranet whichprovides agatewaytosecure databases(suchasACID),wella database thatcentralisesAustralia’s criminalinformationandintelligence.ALEINisasecure the AustralianLawEnforcement IntelligenceNetwork(ALEIN).ACIDisasingleintelligence The HTDeskwasestablishedontheAustralianCriminalIntelligenceDatabase(ACID)and intelligence beinguploadedtotheHumanTrafficking Desk(HTDesk). coordination betweenlawenforcement agencies onhumantraffickingissuesbymonitoring From August2012toFebruary2013,theACCranaproject tofacilitatecommunicationand Enforcement IntelligenceNetwork Support and assistance to trafficked people

The Australian Government response to human trafficking and slavery continues to focus on providing appropriate support and services for trafficked people.

Support for Trafficked People Program

Australia provides a comprehensive range of support services for trafficked people through our Support for Trafficked People Program (Support Program). Trafficked people may be identified through a number of avenues, including immigration officials, law enforcement agencies, NGOs, hospitals, medical practitioners, consulates and government agencies. Trafficked people are referred to the AFP for assessment and, where appropriate, entry to the Support Program. Eligibility for the Support Program is determined by the AFP and is based on whether a person is, or may have been, the victim of a human trafficking or slavery-related offence. The person must also be an Australian citizen, or hold a valid visa.

To date, most trafficked people identified in Australia have been women working in the sex industry, both in legal and illegal brothels. Generally, the women have been recruited from low socio-economic countries and are attracted by the perception of improved economic opportunities in Australia. In recent years, Australian authorities have identified an increasing number of men and women trafficked into, or exploited within, other industries, including the hospitality and domestic services industries. This is reflected in referrals to the Support Program in 2012–13, where 43 per cent of new clients experienced exploitation other than in the sex industry.

The Australian Red Cross delivers the Support Program’s case management services under a three-year funding agreement, spanning 2012–13 to 2014–15.

The Australian Red Cross provides a 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year national response within all States and Territories in Australia. The Australian Red Cross allocates an individual case manager to each client referred to the Support Program. Case managers are responsible for ensuring the appropriate delivery of support services tailored to meet the client’s individual needs.

Case managers help clients to access a range of support services to improve their mental and physical health and well-being following the trauma of their trafficking experience and to provide opportunities to learn new skills and develop options for life after exiting the Support Program.

27 28 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 These servicesmayinclude: • • • The SupportProgram isdividedintothe parenting support child-care, schooling, counsellingandmedicalsupport.Theycanalsobeassistedtoaccess Clients whohavedependentchildren livingwiththemmayreceive assistancewitharranging • • • • • • • referred by theAFP, Assessment Stream social support. guidance, where appropriate, and appropriate skills developmenttrainingincludingEnglishlanguageandvocational access tolegaland counselling or asapproved) medical treatment (through Medicare andthePharmaceuticalsBenefitsScheme, suitable accommodationthatmeetstheAFP’s securityand case management support. (including English-languagetraining) ifdesired; links tosocialsupport;aswellcase access tolegalservicesandinterpreters; assistance toobtainemploymentandtraining and householditems;accessto Medicare and thePharmaceuticalBenefitsScheme; securing longer-term accommodation;assistance topurchase essentialfurniture Assistance andaHealthCare Card administered byCentrelink; assistancewith have accesstothefollowingsupportasneededandifeligible: SpecialBenefit,Rent trafficking orslavery-related matterisfinalised.OntheJusticeSupportStream, clients Justice SupportStream for up to45daysmaybegrantedin provide flexibilityinthesupportavailabletotraffickedpeople.If required, asecondBVF This extendedperiodofsupportisprovided onacase-by-casebasisandis designedto a humantraffickingorslavery-related offence, forexample,duetoillhealthortrauma. people whoare willing,butnotable,toassistwiththeinvestigationorprosecution of Extended AssessmentStream care, including counselling;accesstointerpreters; andaccessto amount forthepurchase ofessentialssuchasclothingandtoiletries;accesstohealth needed: casemanagementsupport;secure accommodation;alivingallowance;an Trafficked peopleontheAssessmentStream haveaccesstothefollowingsupportas recovery andreflection periodandtimefortraffickedpeopletoassesstheiroptions. Bridging Fvisa(BVF)forupto45 days.TheAssessmentStream provides anextended person is notanAustraliancitizenanddoeshaveavalidvisa,theycanbegranted investigation orprosecution ofahumantraffickingorslavery-related offence management support or education. migration advice irrespective of whethertheyare willingorabletoassistwiththe – intensive support for up to 45 days to all trafficked people –intensivesupportforupto45daysalltraffickedpeople –supportuntiltheinvestigationandprosecution ofahuman – access to a further 45 days’ support for trafficked –accesstoafurther45days’supportfortrafficked such cases. following streams: safety requirements legal services. . If the . Ifthe

of exploitation.Sixclientswere from theRepublicofKorea andthe remaining 15were exploited inthesexindustry, andtheremaining nineclientswere subjectedtootherforms 30 June2013,andofthese,18were femaleandthree were male.Twelve clientswere Twenty-one newclientsentered theSupportProgram between1July2012and and 30 June2013 New clientsreferred totheSupportProgram between1July2012 Statistical profile oftheSupportProgram There isalsoa20-daytransitionperiodfortraffickedpeopleleavingthe • and 30June 2013byStateTerritory Table 5:Newclientsreferred totheSupportProgram between1July2012 referred totheSupportProgram sinceitsinceptionin2004 (see Table 6). compared to77clients in2011–12.Asat30 June2013,atotalof214clientshadbeen There were atotalof83clientssupportedontheSupportProgram during2012–13, Total numberofclientsontheSupportProgram during2012–13 the Support trafficked peoplepercountry referred totheSupportProgram. No minorswere referred to doesnotprovideGovernment dataonindividualcountrieswhere there were lessthanfive from countries withlessthanfiveclientspercountry. Forprivacy reasons, theAustralian TOTAL TAS VIC ACT NSW State/Territory short-term accommodationandaweekly pertaining toahumantraffickingorslavery-related prosecution. Recipientsare entitledto the AssessmentStream) fortraffickedpeoplewhotoAustraliagiveevidence return Temporary Trial SupportStream

Program during this period. – intensivesupport(similartothatprovided under Number ofnewclients living allowance. 21 13 2 2 4 Support Program.

29 Support and assistance to trafficked people 30 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Table 6:Total numberofclientsontheSupportProgram duringthefinancialyear countries ofcitizenshipforclients ontheSupportProgram in2012–13 (seeTable 8). Thailand, Malaysia,theRepublic ofKorea, thePhilippines andChinawere themain * gender asat30June2013 Table 7:NumberofclientsontheSupportProgram bytypeofexploitationand industry, ofwhomallwere female(seeTable 7). Support Program between 1July2012and30June2013were exploitedwithinthesex between 1July2012and30June2013.Seventy-sixpercent ofclientssupportedonthe on theSupportProgram at 30June2012.Twenty-nine clientsexitedtheSupportProgram At 30June2013,there were 54clientsontheSupportProgram compared to62clients * Total Female Male TOTAL 2012–13 2011–12 2010–11 2009–10 2008–09 2007–08 2006–07 2005–06 Financial year Non-sexual exploitationincludesallotherformsofhumantrafficking andslavery-related exploitation These figures havebeenadjustedfrom theprevious report tocorrect an and domesticservicesindustry),orinintimaterelationships, or that occursoutsidethesexindustry, includingexploitationinotherindustries(suchasthehospitality Non-sexual exploitation* 2011–12 16 7 9 2012–13 20 11 9 Number ofclients 2011–12 Sexual exploitation 61 61 0 214 67* 81* 59 60 48 41 83 77 2012–13 63 63 0 organ trafficking. arithmetic error. 2011–12 77 68 9 Total 2012–13 83 72 11 * citizenship attimeofreferral Table 8:NumberofclientsontheSupportProgram during2012–13bycountryof • • Other on the potential casesinvolvingclientswhoare minors.Asat30June2013,there were nominors Cross toensure preparations are inplacetomanagenewcasesastheyarise,particular FaHCSIA isactivelyworkingwithrelevant agenciesandtheAustralianRed Government population followingtheintroduction ofthenewoffences tothe effectively, withinthecurrent fundingallocation, tothepossibilityofachangingclient FaHCSIA’s challengeistoensure thattheAustralianRedCross ispositionedtorespond individual clients. provider withgreater flexibilitytodelivercasemanagementservicesandtailorsupportfor FaHCSIA’s fundingagreement withtheAustralianRedCross hasprovided theservice Challenges indeliveringtheSupportProgram Thailand Country ofcitizenship TOTAL Other* China The Philippines Republic ofKorea Malaysia Combined clienttotalwhere individual countrieshadlessthan Support Program. range ofnewoffences, includingforced marriage,whosevictims willbeeligibleforthe financial assistance.Challenges insupportingdependentchildren mayincrease giventhe clients ontheAssessmentStream withdependent children receive minimaladditional on theJusticeSupportStream mayreceive FamilyTax Benefitthrough Centrelink, but support mayhaveadetrimental impactontheclient.ClientswhoaccessSpecialBenefit is notfundedtomeetthefinancial needsofdependentchildren andthelackofdirect Supporting dependentchildren ontheSupportProgram independently fundedlong-termaccommodationalsopresent such asmentalhealthissuesoradrug/alcoholdependency. Clients requiring secure, Support Program. Thishasparticularlybeenthecaseforclientswithcomplexneeds and safeaccommodation,especiallyatshortnotice,remains achallengefor the Access tosafe,appropriate andaffordable accommodation challenges include: Support

Program. 2012–13 83 19 10 14 26 6 8 five clients. Criminal CodeAct1995 – theSupportProgram a challenge. –accessingaffordable Total since2004 214 10 38 33 81 39 13 . 31 Support and assistance to trafficked people 32 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 * trafficking experienceandtoworktowards establishingasustainablefuture This opportunityhasenabledLtoformstableandstrong relationships outsideofher able toassistinthecriminal has gainedamore positive outlookonlifeasaresult ofherstudy. Lalsofeelsmore experience symptomsofanxietyandstress related tohertraffickingexperience,she has been‘chuffed’ to receive positivefeedbackonherwork.WhileLcontinuesto values theengagementandconnectionwithotherstudents.Lhasalsosaidthatshe Since enrolling, Lhas toldhercaseworkerthatshereally enjoysherclassesand around thepurchase ofcourse-related materials. training scheme.The SupportProgram wasable toprovide financialsupporttoL able toenrol informal classesatlocalstudentratesthrough aStategovernment holders havestudyrights,and,withthehelpandsupportofhercaseworker, Lwas Criminal JusticeStayvisa(CJSV)andmovedtotheSupportStream. CJSV As Lwaswillingandabletoassistinthecriminaljusticeprocess, shewasgranteda soon ashervisastatusenabledto she decidedtoundertakemore structured studyleadingtoformalqualificationsas she wasabletoobservesomeclasses.Lgainedsuchvaluefrom thisexperiencethat thesupportofhercaseworker,With Lwasreferred toatrainingorganisationwhere study andparticipateinthecriminaljusticeprocess wasalsotaken what levelofstudywouldbeappropriate givenL’s levelofEnglish.L’s capacityto worked withhertoidentifywhattypeofstudyshewouldlikeundertake,including her knowledgeandskillsincrease herfuture jobprospects. L’s caseworker L spokewithhercaseworkerabouthowshewouldliketostudysocouldbuild migration advice,housingservices and hasbeenreferred toanumberofservices includinghealthcare, legaland Program. Lhasreceived intensive caseworksupportfrom theAustralianRedCross L* wastraffickedtoAustraliaforsexualexploitationand referred totheSupport A SupportProgram client CASE STUDY experiences of anumber the privacyofindividualclients,thiscasestudyisrepresentative, drawingoncommon Given thesmallnumberofclientsonSupportProgram andtheneedtopreserve of clients. justice process. and Centrelink. do so. into consideration. for herself. • Frameworkcomprises The Visa they are thenabletoaccesssupportthrough the Like Australian citizensandothervalidvisaholderswhoare suspectedtraffickedpeople, are suspectedvictimsofhumantraffickingorslaveryto remain lawfullyinAustralia. Framework) enablesforeign(Visa nationalswhodonotalready holdavalidvisaand The AustralianGovernment’s comprehensive HumanTraffickingVisa Framework Human TraffickingVisa Framework 3. 2. 1. Migration A WPTVmaybegrantedtoatraffickedpersonifthecriteriaprescribed inthe • • • • immediate familymembersmaybeincludedinthevisaapplication. eligible foraWPTV. Thisvisaallowstheholdertoremain inAustraliapermanently, and has madeacontributiontoaninvestigationorprosecution ofanallegedoffender maybe Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Permanent)visa(WPTV) support undertheJusticeSupportStream ofthe criminal justice.AsuspectedtraffickedpersononaCJSVisallowedtoworkand receives to remain inAustralia foraslongtheirpresence isrequired fortheadministrationof to asuspectedtraffickedpersonatthe request ofthepolice.ACJSVallowsholder Criminal JusticeStayvisa(CJSV) offer ofasecond BVFisconsidered onacase-by- days). Duringthistimethetraffickedpersonwillcontinueto receive intensivesupport.The There isalsoan optiontograntasecondBVFforfurther45 days(takingthetotal90 trafficked personcan receive intensivevictimsupportthrough theSupportProgram. family membersinAustralia.There are noworkrightsassociatedwithaBVF, butthe may beeligibleforaBVFupto45days.Acanalsograntedimmediate Bridging Fvisa(BVF) danger ifheorshereturned tohisorherhome country. the prosecution mentionedintheAttorney-General’s certificate,and the MinisterforImmigrationand Citizenshipissatisfiedthatthepersonwouldbein the personisnotsubjectof aprosecution foranoffence thatisdirectly connected to certifiesthat: the Attorney-General

the person made a contribution to, and cooperated closely with, an investigation in the personmadeacontributionto,andcooperatedcloselywith, aninvestigationin the personmadeacontributionto,andcooperatedcloselywith, theprosecution forced apersoninto a personwhowasallegedtohavetraffickedor wasallegedtohave relation towhichtheDirector ofPublicProsecutions hasdecidednottoprosecute convicted), or have forced apersonintoexploitativeconditions(whetherornotthe was of apersonwhowasallegedtohavetraffickedor who wasallegedto

Regulations 1994 – a person assessed by the AFP as a suspected trafficked person –apersonassessedbytheAFPassuspectedtrafficked are met.These include,butare not exploitative conditions three visas: –aftertheexpiryofaBVF, aCJSVmaybegranted Support Program. Support Program. case basis. limited to: – a trafficked person who – atraffickedpersonwho 33 Support and assistance to trafficked people 34 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Between 1July2012and30June2013,DIACgranted16BVFs21CJSVsto confidentiality and respect fortheprivacyof on traffickinginpersons,especiallywomenandchildren, abouttheneedtoensure response raisedbystakeholders,includingthrough toconcerns theUNSpecialRapporteur third partiesthrough EntitlementVerification theVisa Onlinesystem.Thesemeasures are in of traffickedpeoplebypreventing disclosure ofpossiblysensitivepersonalinformationto In thepastyearDIAChasintroduced additionalmeasures toprotect theconfidentiality • • Note: Table 9:Trafficking related visasgranted2004–05to2012–13 members. Thefollowingtableincludesvisagrantstatisticsfor total of18WPTVswere granted,12totraffickedpeopleandsixtheirimmediatefamily suspected traffickedpeopleandtheirimmediatefamilymembers.Duringthisperiod,a

visa (Permanent) (Trafficking) Protection Witness visa (Temporary) (Trafficking) Protection Witness visa Justice Stay Criminal visa Bridging F Year Financial For theBridgingFandCriminalJusticeStayvisasonly, thenumbergrantedreflects theabilityto The numberofvisascitedincludesthosegrantedtobothtraffickedpeopleandtheirimmediate grant suchvisasmore thanoncetothe family members. 2004–05 23 31 - - 2005–06 11 8 - - 2006–07 18 16 4 - same person. 2007–08 trafficked people. 34 13 18 - 2008–09 39 30 5 - 2009–10 legislative changeon30June2009. The Witness Protection (Trafficking)The Witness previous years. (Temporary) visawasremoved by 33 21 23 2010–11 24 42 29 2011–12 12 26 17 2012–13 16 18 21 Protection for vulnerable workers

Australian workplace law and practice – supported by migration law and relevant State and Territory laws – requires all people who undertake productive work in Australia to be engaged in accordance with its provisions (including salary, employment conditions and standards, workers’ compensation, and occupational health and safety).

The FWO and FWBC are responsible for education, advice and compliance activities in relation to Commonwealth workplace laws. The matters investigated by the FWO and FWBC include claims of substandard working conditions that do not meet the threshold of the human trafficking and slavery criminal offences, including forced labour.

A person may be in a situation of forced labour if he or she does not feel free to cease providing labour or services because of coercion, threat or deception. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that, globally, some 21 million people are victims of forced labour.

Forced labour is a type of exploitation for which people may be trafficked into, from, or within Australia, but not all victims of forced labour are trafficked. It is important to recognise that Australian citizens and permanent residents may experience substandard working conditions and more serious forms of exploitation, including slavery, servitude and forced labour, within Australia.

Foreign workers can be particularly vulnerable to substandard working conditions and more serious forms of exploitation, either by those who facilitate their journey to Australia or by employers once they arrive. This may be because of cultural and language barriers, a lack of knowledge of local workplace laws and standards, and in some cases, their reliance on their employer for their immigration status.

Australian employers who wish to employ foreign workers must be willing and able to meet certain obligations, including complying with any requirements regarding the pay and conditions of workers that are set out under the Migration Act 1958 (Migration Act) and workplace relations laws. Foreign workers are entitled to receive the same protection as Australian nationals, including investigation by the competent Australian authority of all claims of underpayment and substandard working conditions.

There is an important distinction to be drawn between people in circumstances of forced labour, and those who may experience substandard working conditions. However, substandard working conditions, including the underpayment of wages, are not acceptable in Australia, and may be an indicator of more serious exploitation.

35 36 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Fair Work Ombudsman • • a result ofactionstakenbytheFWOover2012– in penaltiesand$362,596recovered inunpaidwages.Penaltiesimposedbythecourtsas foreignfinalised 11litigationsconcerning workersduring2012–13,with $613,048 awarded their particularvulnerabilityaswelltoenhancedeterrence inthecommunity. TheFWO The FWOcontinuestolitigatemattersinvolvingmigrantsand otherforeign workersgiven in unpaid entitlementsfor (Long Stay) (subclass457)andothervisaholders,recovered more than $1,427,395 In 2012–13,theFWOconducted2,018investigationsinvolvingTemporary Business strategies inresponding tothespecificchallengesfacedby and otherforeign workers, andhascontinuedtobuilduponitscomplianceeducation The FWOplacesastrong emphasisonassistingvulnerableworkers,includingmigrants Roundtable onHumanTrafficking the Interdepartmental CommitteeonHumanTrafficking andSlaverytheNational agencies andcommunitystakeholdersrepresenting vulnerableforeign workers through their minimumentitlements.TheFWOalsoworkscooperativelywithothergovernment The FWOworkswithDIAConanongoingbasistoensure thatmigrantworkersreceive the Fair identifies behaviourthatcouldamounttohumantraffickingorslaveryduring aphonecall has awell-establishedrelationship withtheAFPforreferral ofinformation.Where theFWO effectively respond tosuspectedinstancesofseriousexploitation.Inparticular, theagency of FWO,theagencyhasdevelopedstrong relationships regulators withothergovernment to While offences relating tohumantraffickingandslaverydonotfallwithintheoperational remit students. international these workplace rights,includingforeign workersonshortorlongtermvisasand system. TheFWO’s jurisdictionextendstoensuringthatallworkersinAustraliareceive The FWActcontainsminimumentitlementsforallemployeesinthefederalworkplace responsible forimpartiallyenforcing compliance withtheFWActand advice abouttheCommonwealthworkplacerelations system.Inaddition,theagencyisalso Fair Work Act2009 The FairWork Ombudsman(FWO)isanindependentstatutoryagencycreated bythe employee, anIndiannationalon adependentspousevisa,resulting inanunderpayment contraventions inthiscasewere significant,involvingtheexploitationofavulnerable Mohammed andMahmoodMohammed,whooperatedan‘Ali-Baba’ franchise.The $136,000 on20 February2013,awarded againstShafiInvestmentsPtyLtd, Younus food andbeverage attendantsfor were onworkingholidayvisas.Theywere under workers. Theworkers,whowere from theRepublicofKorea, spokelittle Englishand Ajisen RamanNoodleRestaurant andYojiro Nakauchi forunderpayingtwoyoungforeign $59,400 on27 July2012,awarded againstGoYo Trading PtyLtd, theformeroperatorof of over$50,000,and

Work Infoline or thecourseofaninvestigation,evidenceisreferred to (FWAct)andisresponsible forproviding education, assistanceand these workers. and Slavery. the business. 13 include: paid over $7,500 when they worked as paid over$7,500whentheyworked as these workers. related instruments. the AFP. and fastfoodoutletsinSydneyCoffs HarbourinFebruaryand massage shopsemployingforeign workers.Similarauditswere conductedat21restaurants proactive compliance activitieswere undertakeninAdelaideat22restaurants andeight students, migrantsandotherforeign workerswere beingexploited,inDecember2012, For example,asaresult ofinformationreceived from thecommunity thatinternational intelligence or‘tip-offs’ relating tobusinessesemployingmigrantorotherforeign workers. Audits are alsoconducted bytheFWO’s OverseasWorkers Team asadirect result of against employees are oftenunaware oftheirworkplace rightsorare reluctant tomakecomplaints takes aproactive approach toitseducation andcomplianceactivitiesasthesevulnerable horticulture, hospitality, cleaningandretail industries.TheFWO’s OverseasWorkers Team and industriesidentifiedasemployinghighnumbersofforeign workers,includingthe example, conductedtargetededucationandcomplianceactivitiesingeographicareas resources onemployersofforeign workers.Through theinitiative,FWOhas,for The FWOcontinuestooperateaNationalOverseasWorkers Team whichfocuses advice andcomplianceactivities, includinginvestigations Commonwealth workplacelaws inthebuildingandconstructionindustrythrough education, established on1June2012.FWBC’s primaryresponsibility istoregulate compliancewith Fair Work BuildingandConstruction(FWBC)isan independent statutoryauthority Fair Work BuildingandConstruction • • • • • • • which includes: has developedandimplementedaculturallylinguisticallydiverse(CALD)strategy, foreign workers andincrease awareness aboutworkplacerights inAustralia.TheFWO Beyond itsdirect compliance activity, theFWOtargetsservicesandresources toassist intelligence andincrease awareness oftheFWOandisservicesin foreign workers,suchasmigrantresource centres andAnti-SlaveryAustralia,togather continued andproactive engagementwithcommunityorganisationswhowork community groups across thecountry, and in-language postersandbrochures distributedtoMigrantResource Centres and studentswebpagewith translatedmaterialavailable a dedicatedinternational community leadersandgroups toeducatetheirmembersabout a communitypresentations packagein11languagesavailableonFairWork Onlinefor Fair tailored publications andfactsheetstranslatedinto27languagesavailableon 14 languages) and YouTube videosentitled a translationservicefree ofchargeforpeoplenon-English their employer. Work Online EmployingstaffinAustralia Working inAustralia: Whatyouneedtoknow (translated into 12 languages) (translatedinto12languages) and litigation. speaking backgrounds March 2013. workplace rights migrant communities. (translated into (translatedinto 37 Protection for vulnerable workers 38 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 FWBC ensures buildingandconstructionworkiscarriedoutfairlyproductively forthe The ActamendstheMigration Acttoprovide abalancebetween thekeyobjectivesof by theAustralianParliamenton 28June2013,andcameintoforce on 1July2013. The visa holders Increasing protections for subclass457 working inthebuildingand April 2012tobetterunderstandthebarriersandissuesfacing CALDcommunitymembers resources were developedinresponse tocommunityconsultationsheldacross Australiain to CALDparticipantsworkinginAustralia’s building andconstructionindustry. These documents andresources were publishedontheFWBCwebsitetodeliverkeyinformation Onthesameday,in Melbourne. acomprehensive suiteofeducativein-language tools, FWBC’s CALDcampaignwaslaunched atacommunityeventheldon22 November2012 trafficking orslavery, theagencywill refer themattertoAFPasa workplace relations laws, FWBCstaff becomeaware ofconduct thatmayamounttohuman of humantraffickingorslavery. If,intheprocess ofconductingitsoperations relating to be vulnerabletoexploitation,and,inextreme cases,thisexploitationcouldtaketheform participants, includingthosefrom CALDbackgrounds. Theseindustryparticipantsmay FWBC alsoprovides adviceandassistancetoallbuildingconstructionindustry to bemigrantworkers,andmanycouldclassified the buildingandconstructionindustry. Asignificantnumberoftheseworkerswere believed In 2012–13,FWBCrecovered approximately $1,622,854 onbehalfof1,363employeesin • • • This includesmattersinvolvingtheexploitationofvulnerableworkers, • • • An importantaspectoftheworkFWBCistoensure compliancewith • • • role benefit ofallbuildingindustryparticipantsandtheAustralianeconomy asawhole.FWBC’s workers whohaveno others workingincontraventionofvisaconditions,and workers ofvariousnationalitieswhoare inAustraliaonavarietyofvisas safety netcontractualentitlements(i.e.wagesandmatters). Commonwealth IndustrialInstruments(includingawards andworkplaceagreements), and the FWAct investigate monitor workplaceconduct,and assist industryparticipantsunderstandworkplace is to: Migration Amendment(Temporary SponsoredWorkers) Act2013 alleged contraventions. valid visa. construction industry. as vulnerable. relations laws such as: waspassed obligations under: permitting work of priority. • • • sponsored undertheprogram. These A numberofthechangesintroduced increase theprotections forvulnerable457visaholders (subclass 457) rights ofnon-citizenssponsored toworkinAustraliaundertheTemporary Work (Skilled) ensuring employmentandtrainingopportunitiesforAustraliancitizens and upholdingthe annual leaveandare notinaprecarious Labour Agreement), toensure visaholdersreceive theirentitlementssuchassickand that visaholderscannotbeon-hired toanunrelated entity(unlessunderanapproved ensuring thatvisaholdersare employedinadirect employer-employee relationship and visa holdersare notpressured intopayingforthese costsbytheiremployer, and sponsor aswellallcostsrelating totherecruitment ofanyvisaholder, toensure that requiring sponsors topayupfront, andnotrecover, allcostsofbecomingandbeinga non-compliance inthesponsored significantly increase thenumberofinspectorsthathavecapacitytodetect appointing FWBCInspectorsasinspectorsforthepurposesofMigrationAct,to visa program. visa program changes include: employment relationship.

39 Protection for vulnerable workers 40 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 National Roundtable onHumanTrafficking andSlavery. Mr IainAnderson,FirstAssistantSecretary, Attorney-General’s Department,leadsdiscussionsatthe2012 Interdepartmental CommitteeonHumanTrafficking andSlavery. United Voice, SupportAustralia,alongwiththememberagenciesof andVictim the Australian RedCross, the Salvation Army, Scarlet Alliance,Shakti,theUnitingChurch, Migration (IOM),theLawCouncilofAustralia,MasterBuildersProject Respect, Organizationfor Association, theAustralianHumanRightsCommission,International Development,theAustralianCouncilofTradeInternational Unions,theAustralianHotels Humans, theAustralianChamberofCommerce andIndustry, theAustralianCouncilfor including Anti-SlaveryAustralia,theAustralianCatholicReligiousAgainstTrafficking in The 2012Roundtablewasattendedbyrepresentatives from arange oforganisations, unions andindustry, withafocusonemergingissuesrelated tohumantrafficking NGOs, The Roundtable isanimportantconsultativemechanismbetweenGovernment, attended bythethenMinisterforImmigrationandCitizenship, HonChrisBowenMP. the HonNicolaRoxonMP,on 28 November2012bythethenAttorney-General, and The fifthNationalRoundtableonHuman Trafficking andSlavery(Roundtable)wasconvened and Slavery National RoundtableonHumanTrafficking non- workstobuildandmaintainstrongThe AustralianGovernment partnershipswiththe the community Building partnershipswith government sector.government and slavery. efforts toraise awareness andprovide supportandservices totraffickedpeople,and Ms Roxon recognised the achievementsofRoundtablemembers,includingcontinued frontline officers; andAustralia’s engagementonhumantraffickingandslavery. international people, includingminors;mechanismstoaddress exploitationinsupplychains;trainingfor attendees.Discussionsfocusedonaccesstoservicesfortrafficked with non-government Ministers alsoaddressed the Roundtableandparticipatedinaquestionanswersession • • • including: The Roundtablefeatured presentations on current issuesandcontemporaryresearch, Participants atthe2012NationalRoundtable onHumanTrafficking andSlavery. drafting ofthenextphaseActionPlan. slavery. Outcomesfrom discussionsattheRoundtableprepared thefoundationfor victim supportandprotection pillarsofAustralia’s strategytocombathumantraffickingand prevention anddeterrence; detectionandinvestigation;prosecution andcompliance; (Action Plan)(seepage8).Roundtablemembersbroke intosmallgroups focusingonthe the nextphaseofAustralia’s Members oftheRoundtablealsohadopportunitytoprovide initialinputandadviceon trafficking skills withcountriesintheregion inorder tostrengthen thecollective response tohuman inquiries heldin2012.Mr BowennotedAustralia’s abilitytoshare ourexperiencesand throughthanked RoundtablemembersfortheirengagementwithGovernment Parliamentary forced marriage. a presentation from theNationalChildren’s andYouth LawCentre onearlyand communities, and a presentation from Shaktionearly andforced marriageinmigrantandrefugee partner migration a presentation from theAIContrafficking inpersonsinvolvingmarriageand and slavery. National ActionPlantoCombatHumanTrafficking andSlavery 41 Building partnerships with the community 42 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 National RoundtableSeniorOfficials’Meeting Act 2002 issues. Thefundingisprovided from confiscatedcriminalassets underthe conduct educationandawareness-raising initiatives onhumantraffickingandslavery-related Humans, Project RespectandScarletAllianceprovide outreach fortrafficked peopleand and slavery. Anti-SlaveryAustralia, theAustralianCatholicReligiousAgainstTrafficking in ($600,000 each)tosupportfour AustralianNGOsintheirefforts tocombathumantrafficking hasprovided Between 2008and30June2013,theAustralianGovernment $2.4million slavery trafficked people,aswellraisingawareness ofallformshumantraffickingand Civil society, business,industryandunionsplayakeyrole inidentifyingandsupporting address humantraffickingandslaveryinAustralia Practical supportfororganisations workingto find information,access resources, discusscurrent issues,andcontribute Roundtable GovdexCommunityisaninteractivespacewhere Roundtablememberscan supporting collaborationacross andkeyprivatesectorstakeholders.The government initiative,hostedbyFinance,andisaimedat Govdex isanAustralianGovernment cooperation andinformation-sharingamongst Slavery GovdexCommunity’,whichisanonlinetoolestablishedtoencourageandfacilitate In November2012,AGDlaunchedthe‘NationalRoundtableonHumanTrafficking and National RoundtableGovdexCommunity supply chains. agreed tothe establishment ofaRoundtableworkinggroup onaddressing exploitationin Roundtable membersalsoconsidered issuesrelating toexploitationinsupplychainsand establishment ofaRoundtableworkinggroup oncommunicationandawareness-raising. of awareness-raising activitiesinaconstrainedfiscalenvironment, andagreed tothe Roundtable membersdiscussedtheneedtoshare resources tomaximise theimpact service provision and awareness-raising activitiesfocusedonhumantraffickingandslavery. AGD gaveRoundtablemembersasummaryofoutcomesfrom anApril2013surveyon how theActionPlanwouldbemonitored, reported against, including byproviding adviceonpreferred wording. Roundtablemembersalsodiscussed discussed thedraftobjectives,principlesandgoalsfornextphaseofActionPlan, Following initialconsultationsatthe2012NationalRoundtable,Roundtablemembers the Roundtable,chaired on22 byAGD,tookplaceinMelbourne annually tosupplementtheministerial-levelRoundtable.Thethird SeniorOfficials’Meetingof In November2010,Roundtablemembersagreed thatalessformalmeetingshouldbeheld in Australia. (POCA). Roundtable members. and reviewed. May 2013. Proceeds of Crime Proceeds ofCrime their views. with detailsofactivitiesother Further informationontheworkoftheseorganisationsin2012–13isavailablebelow, along confiscated criminalassets Union ($100,000)andtheAustralianRedCross ($64,974).Thefundingisprovided from ($25,000), AsianWomen atWork ($96,098),theConstruction,Forestry, MiningandEnergy to theAustralianCouncilofTrade Unions($200,000),theAustralianHotelsAssociation Following acompetitiveexpression ofinterest process, fundingfor2011–13wasawarded organisations toundertakeprojects tocombatlabourexploitationin awarded kinds ofwork,in2011theAustralianGovernment atotalalmost$500,000tofive As partofourcommitmenttocombatinghumantraffickingandslaveryinallforms,for Anti-Slavery Australia–UniversityofTechnology, Sydney presentations withastrong focusonthoughtful,ethically generations withtheissuesof human traffickingandslaverythrough ageappropriate program alsoreached over1,000secondaryschoolstudents,engaging future such asthebuildinginspectors employedbyFWBC.In2013,Anti-Slavery’s outreach to incorporateAnti-Slaverytraining materialintoinductioncoursesforfrontline staff, awareness slaverythrough ofmodern-day arangeofstrategies.Theprogram aims The Anti-SlaveryAustralia‘Outreach forFreedom’ program iscurrently raising Stills takenfromthecasestudyvideosforonlinetrainingresource. before formallylaunching thecourseinearly2014. the curriculumhasbeenfinalised,Anti-Slaverywillundertakeusertestingphase able toaccessthecourseoncomputers,aswelltabletsandsmartphones.Once filming shortvideosofcasestudiesandguestspeakers.Participantswillbe under POCA. Roundtable members. media forthecourse–includingsourcing images, workers. Anti-Slaveryisalsosourcing andcreating training resource forfrontline officersandcommunity funding tocontinuethedevelopmentofanonline Anti-Slavery Australia(Anti-Slavery)isusingitsPOCA Outreach andtraining informed discussions. Australian industries. 43 Building partnerships with the community 44 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 SS < following link: in Australia Anti-Slavery Australiaalsopublished research Further research during thecourse in May Defence andTrade InquiryintoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsandPeople Trafficking Anti-Slavery provided oralevidencetotheJointStandingCommitteeonForeign Affairs, Submissions to applications madetotheNewSouthWales Support Scheme. Victims family members.In2012–13,over$1millionwasawarded toclientsasaresult of permanent visas;appealingvisarefusal decisions;andobtainingvisasfortheir In 2012–13Anti-Slaverycontinuedtoassistclientsapplyingforandobtaining Pro bono many ofwhomwere previously unconnectedtotheCentre or outreach program andraisingawareness ofAnti-Slavery’s missiontoover100guests, Rabbit Gallery. Thenightwasagreat success,raisingfundstoextendAnti-Slavery’s The inauguralAnti-SlaveryFreedom Dinnerwasheldon8May2013attheWhite • • • • • Anti-Slavery hasbeeninvolvedinanumberofstakeholderseminars2012–13,including: and tobuildcapacityinthecommunityassist human traffickingandslavery, pool resources, consultonthedevelopmentofpolicies periodically withAFP, AGDandDIAC.The Networkworkscollaborativelytoaddress into contactwithpeoplewhohavebeentraffickedorexperiencedslavery, aswell Trafficking ResponseNetworkforfrontline serviceproviders andNGOsthatcome Anti-Slavery, inconjunctionwiththeAustralianRedCross, convenestheSydney Community engagement http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=454665687686214;res=IELH > ISSN:0025-8938.[cited28 Aug 13]. a humanrightspresentation toLegalStudiesteachersin May 2013, and a presentation atCastanCentre forHumanRightsLaw, MonashUniversityin Conference in a presentation atStandUp!AustralianMigrant&RefugeeWomen’s AllianceNational speaking ataNewSouthWales ofCrimeInteragencyMeetingin Victims Conference in Calcuttain a presentationAssociationfortheStudyofForced attheInternational Migration

2013. Anti-Slaveryalsomadetwosupplementarysubmissions totheInquiry legal service in the Melbourne University LawReview. intheMelbourne The articleisavailableatthe Government inquiries Government April 2013 of 2013. January 2013 Without Consent: ForcedMarriage Without trafficked people. May 2013. the issue. March 2013 Dr Eman Sharobeem speaks at the Anti-Slavery FreedomDinner,Dr EmanSharobeemspeaksattheAnti-Slavery May2013. advocating forcompensation victimsoftraffickingandslavery. worked asalawyerandresearcher atAnti-Slaverywhere shededicatedherselfto Australia Award forhersignificantcontributiontoanti-trafficking initiatives.Frances Frances Simmonswasalsoacknowledged andpresented with anAnti-Slavery and forced THE TRAFFIKtobuildupacoalitionofAustralianNGOswork onhumantrafficking has campaignedagainstexploitativechildlaboursince1999 andworkedwithSTOP to combatinglabourexploitationthrough hisworkonethicalsupplychains.Dr Zirnsak (HTT) inSydney. alsoreceived Dr MarkZirnsak aFreedom Award forhiscontribution where shehasdedicatedthelasteightyearstoworkinginHumanTrafficking Team Federal AgentRebeccaCorbyreceived aFreedom Award forherworkwiththeAFP, against trafficking. emphasising theimportanceoflawenforcement andethicalsupplychainsinthefight of humantrafficking andslavery. DrAnneGallagherAOspokeattheevent, challenges were recognised attheAwards fortheiroutstandingworkresponding tothe University ofTechnology, Sydney. FederalAgentRebeccaCorbyandDrMarkZirnsak Anti-Slavery helditssecondannualFreedom Awards in October2012,atthe 2012 Anti-SlaveryAustraliaFreedom Awards labour issues. 45 Building partnerships with the community 46 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 of common concern, such asemployment- of commonconcern, Australian society, identifyinganddeveloping leaders,andworkingtogetheronissues down isolation,buildingself-confidence andself-worth,increasing knowledge of migrant womenworkerstoinformation andresources. Thiscontributestobreaking Low PaidEmployment’.Through outreach, theproject facilitatesaccessbyvulnerable through EducationandAwareness RaisingtoVulnerable MigrantWomen Workers in Asian Women atWork’s project iscalled‘Outreach, EmpowermentandSupport migrant womenworkersinlow Australian society. AsianWomen atWork hasacurrent membershipofover1,800 Asian Women atWork Inc Dr MarkZirnsakandFederalAgentRebeccaCorbyreceivetheir2012FreedomAwards. paid employment. and enablethemtounderstandcontribute workplace andhome,obtainsecure employment that improve theirlives,endexploitationinthe It alsoassistswomentodevelopstrategies take collectiveactiontoadvocatefortheirrights. and assistswomentostandup,speakout, migrant womenworkersthatempowers,resources Asian Women atWork IncisanetworkofAsian related issues. held withtheFWOOverseasWorkers Team. the Temporary Work (Skilled)(subclass457)visa.Thesecondinformationmeetingwas community workers. ThefirstsessionwasheldwithDIACandaboutchangesto In 2012–13AsianWomen atWork organisedtwoinformationmeetingsfor with atotalofover320 period. AsianWomen atWork ranmore than10sessions from JanuarytoJune2013 studentsduringthereportingEnglish languageclassesandseminarsforinternational Asian Women atWork continuedtoruninformationsessionsonrightsatworkin information abouttheproject andalsoaboutgeneralrights with theNepalicommunity. Through theseactivities,AsianWomen atWork delivered a ‘Your rightsintheworkplace’workshopwithKorean communityandengaged English classforonetermfemaleThaiworkers.AsianWomen atWork alsoran Malaysian andNepalicommunities.Forexample,AsianWomen atWork ranan activities forandwithothercommunitiessuchastheThai,Indonesian,Korean, Harmony Dayeventandfestivals.AsianWomen atWork alsoestablishedjoint women, ChineseNewYear Women’s celebrations,International Dayevents,a using traditionalandcreative meansincluding:agroup picnicforMalaysian-Chinese Asian Women atWork continued to promote theproject duringthereporting period, people attending. produced byAsianWomen atWork. fridgemagnets Awareness-raising low with migrantwomenworkersin other groups thathave direct links Women atWork workwithandto different communitiesthatAsian products willbedistributed tothe magnet. Theseawareness-raising produced awalletcard andfridge Asian Women atWork hasalso paid employment. at work. 47 Building partnerships with the community 48 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 • • • • • • • Highlights from ACRATH’s past region, andgloballytoadvocateformeasuresaddress Objective 3: Australian CatholicReligiousAgainstTrafficking inHumans trafficking inThailand Award for2013.Underthisaward, PhDcandidateBriannaLeeisstudyinghuman ACRATH WesternAustraliamemberBriannaLeewinningaPrime Minister’s Asia students maybeespeciallyvulnerable to ACRATH hasalsoruntrainingforteachersinsomeAustralian schools where East andinAfricatoreturnAustraliaaftertheyrefused tobeforced intomarriage. through itsglobalsistersnetwork,hasassistedseveralyoungwomeninthe Middle providing supportforyoungwomenfacingforced marriages.In2012–13ACRATH, The women were represented byapro inearly2013. ofCrimeAssistancepaymentinVictoria maximum Victims celebrating successatVOCAT, includingtwotraffickedwomen receiving the trafficked people’s privacyisprotected by Tribunal (VOCAT) applications.In particular, ACRATH hasadvocatedtoensure educational support,andassistanceinpreparing ofCrimeAssistance forVictims Anti-Slavery AustraliaandtheAustralianRedCross, haveoffered accompaniment, providing support for36traffickedpeople.ACRATH members,inconjunctionwith the resource hadbeentrainedtouse website. Asat30 June2013,28teachersinVictoria the assistanceoftwovolunteereducationalistsandheavilybasedonACRATH developing aweb-basedunitofworkforseniorsecondarystudents,prepared with radio stations The CSAs havebeenplayedduringethniclanguagebroadcasts oncommunity English andMalaysian/Indonesian),withthehelpofAnti-SlaveryAustralia. Service Announcements(CSAs)insixlanguages(Mandarin,Thai,Vietnamese, producing, through theACRATH RadioAwareness Project (RAP),20Community Gold as wellinterest inbeginninggroups inDarwin,Toowoomba andonthe creating anACRATH group inPortPirieandayoungwomen’s group inMelbourne,

Coast

Collaborate withlike-mindedorganisationsinAustralia,theAsia-Pacific in Victoria trafficked intoAustralia Objective 2: its causes andthescopefor Objective 1: Humans (ACRATH) hasthree The AustralianCatholicReligiousAgainstTraffificking in for 2013 year include:

Work toensure thattheneedsofpeople Raise awarenessofhumantrafficking,

bono lawfirm forced marriage the media are met. local action. main objectives: for ACRATH human trafficking. • • • states (Australia,Bangladesh, Belarus, Japan,Malaysia,SaudiArabiaandSudan), for theEmployergroup. There were observersfrom alsogovernment sevenmember and Legal Affairs, Daniel Employer expertsandsevenWorker experts.ACCI’s Director ofWorkplace Policy experts,eight independent ChairpersonandwascomposedofeightGovernment convene atripartitemeetingofexpertsinFebruary2013.The meetingwasledbyan Bodydecidedto At its316thSessioninNovember2012,theILOGoverning instruments (177oftheILO’s 185member stateshaveratifiedthisConvention). the The AustralianChamberofCommerce andIndustry Participants inthe2013ACRATH National Conference. promote slavery-free supplychains. engaging withcompanies,chocolateandcottonseafoodprocessing, to presenting atmore than160events onhumantraffickingacross Australia,and Trade’s InquiryintoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsand giving evidencetotheJointStandingCommitteeonForeign Affairs, Defenceand Forced LabourConvention,1930(No.29)

Mammone, wasappointedas the Employerspokesperson began more than80yearsagowiththeadoptionof The ILO’s mandateandmissionto combatforced labour specialist tri-partitebody, theILO,inGeneva,Switzerland. including representing AustralianemployersattheUN represents level, employersatanationalandinternational The AustralianChamberofCommerce andIndustry(ACCI) which isthemostratifiedofallILO People Trafficking Continued nextpage 49 Building partnerships with the community 50 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 including not-for-profit organisationsandtheAFP. ItalsodiscussesAustraliancases including forced labour, inourregion, andcontainsinterviewswithkey stakeholders hardcopy DVD. Itprovides ageneraloverviewofhumantrafficking andslavery, The videoisapproximately 11minuteslong,andis availableonlineandasa for useduringtrainingsessions withaffiliates. centred primarilyondevelopingtrainingmaterialsincludinganawareness-raising video trafficking andslaveryawareness campaign.Thecampaignwasmulti-pronged, but In 2012–13,theACTUuseditsPOCAfundingtodevelopand implementahuman human traffickingandslavery. uniquely placedtoidentifysuspectedincidencesofforced labourandotherformsof enables outreach toawiderangeofAustralianworkplaceswhere unionmembersare manufacturing, construction,domesticworkandmining.This broad membership than 1.8millionworkersacross variousindustriesincludinghospitality, agriculture, cover allsectorsoftheeconomy, across allStatesandTerritories, representing more The AustralianCouncilofTrade Unions -normes/documents/meeti accessed from theILOwebsiteat:< forms ofhumantraffickingandslavery, includingforced labour. TheFinalReportcanbe 110) anddevelopmentsthatAustraliahasundertakeninrecent yearstocombatall meeting highlightsanumberofinitiatives(seeinparticularparagraphs14,100,108, cooperation atregional, levels.TheFinalReportofthe nationalandinternational to prevent andprotect victimsofforced labour, upholdingtheruleoflaw, andimproving significantly reduce theincidenceofforced labourglobally. Thisincludesgreater efforts some oftheworstformsforced labour, there ismuchmore thatneedstobedone forced labour. Allparticipantsrecognised thatwhilstimprovements havebeenmadeon to share collective experiencesinaglobaldialogueonthechallengesfacedtackling trafficking andslavery, andinparticularforced labour. Themeetingwasanopportunity highlighting theimportantinitiativeswhichAustraliahasundertakentocombathuman ACCI’s inv Against Traffic in Women (GAATW). (OHCHR), IOM,CouncilofEurope, andtheGlobalAlliance Anti-SlaveryInternational observers: theUNODC,OfficeofUNHighCommissionerforHumanRights NGOsattendedtheMeetingas andinternational the followingintergovernmental Tradethe International UnionConfederation(ITUC).Inaddition,representatives of and representatives from Organisation ofEmployers(IOE)and theInternational olvement as a longstanding member of the Roundtable was invaluable in olvement asalongstandingmemberoftheRoundtablewasinvaluablein ngdocument/wcms_207312.pdf www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/-- movement. UnionsaffiliatedtotheACTU is thepeakcouncilforAustralianUnion The AustralianCouncilofTrade Unions(ACTU) >. may be directed to Hannah Withers at may bedirected toHannah Withers humantrafficking infosheet. Thebrochure andvideocanbeaccessedat< include a website(whichalsocontainslinktothevideo),brochure andan campaign thatisaimedatraisingawareness amongthebroader public.These In addition,theACTUhasdevelopedmaterialaspartofitslabourexploitation training andeducationsessions. be distributingthevideotoaffiliatedunionssothattheycanutiliseitintheirown educational initiativesincludingrole playsandgroup discussions.TheACTUwillalso the audience’s needs,suchasvaryingtimeconstraints,andincludeshands-on trafficking andslavery. Themanualcontainsholistictrainingoptionstailored to utilise inupcomingtrainingsessionswithaffiliatestoraiseawareness abouthuman The videoisaccompaniedbyamanualwhichACTUtrainersandorganiserswill indicators thatmaysuggesthumantraffickingorslaveryhastakenplace. to thevulnerabilityoftraffickedpeopleinAustralia,aswelldrawingattention The videoseekstoraiseawareness aboutsomeoftheriskfactorsthatcontribute byuniondelegatesandrepresentativesharnessed intheworkplace. and provides referral informationfor servicesfortraffickedpeoplewhichcanbe Still fromtheACTU’s withACTUPresidentGedKearney. anti-traffickingawarenessvideo:interview [email protected] the ACTU’s traffickingawareness trainingshouldbedirected toAnnaPupilloat >. Requestsforhardcopies oftheDVD,infosheetand/orbrochure . [email protected] www.australianunions.org.au/ . Enquiriespertainingto 51 Building partnerships with the community 52 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 The workshopsfocusedonhow toidentifylabourexploitation,humantraffickingand workers andlabourexploitation; andconductingworkshopstoraiseawareness. The project consistedoftwocomponents:producing abrochure onmigrant people andwitnessestoincidences ofhumantrafficking for referral andreporting, andclarifyingtherightsresponsibilities oftrafficked an emphasisonidentifyingpotentialsignsofhumantrafficking andslavery, pathways The project focusedonincreasing knowledgeofindicatorslabourexploitationwith work rights. the importanceofempoweringcommunitymemberswithinformation abouttheir one ofthelargestgroups holdingtemporaryworkvisasinAustralia,thushighlighting Based onresearch, theAustralianRedCross identifiedtheIndiancommunityasbeing Australian RedCross through itswebsiteat: < hotel industryemployers,andcontinuestomakeinformationavailablethe The AHAhasalsoproduced anonlineseminarabletobeusedasatrainingtoolby have accesstoaccurateandtimelyinformationfrom their Australia’s lawstocombathumantraffickingandslavery, toensure thatAHAmembers Workplace relations officersineachAHAstaff branchhave also beenbriefedon member hotels. being exploited.Thisbookletwasprintedanddistributedtomore than5,000AHA take iftheybelievethatsomeoneintheirworkplacehasbeentraffickedoris labour traffickingandexploitationare, andoutliningthestepsanemployershould including afour-page educationalbookletcontaininginformationexplainingwhat As partoftheLabourExploitationAwareness Project, theAHAdeveloped materials The AustralianHotelsAssociation Awareness Project wascompletedin employers inthehotelindustry. TheLabourExploitation awareness oflabourexploitationandhumantraffickingamongst Project, amultifacetedcampaignaimedatincreasing the of $25,000toundertaketheLabourExploitationAwareness In 2011,theAustralianHotelsAssociation(AHA)received agrant www.aha.org.au/trafficking exploitation, withafocusontheIndiancommunity. and Linksproject toraiseawareness onlabour $64,974 inPOCAfundingfortheBuildingKnowledge In November2011,theAustralianRedCross received >. and slavery. industry association. July 2012. the project’s development. community organisations,partneragenciesandunionsacross thecountrytoassistin In implementingtheproject, theAustralianRedCross consultedwithmulticultural people.aspx Program website fordownloadat:< community languages.Thebrochure isavailableontheSupportforTrafficked People workers’ rightsinAustralia SydneyandBrisbanebetweenJulyOctober2012.The Melbourne, Five trafficking and slavery; whattodoifasuspectedcaseisidentified;andhowpromote anti-human develop theorganisationalcapacity toidentifyandrespond to CFMEU officials,organisersand members.ThegrantalsoenabledtheCFMEUto grant of$100,000toraiseawareness oflabourtrafficking andexploitationamongst In 2011,theConstruction,Forestry, MiningandEnergyUnion (CFMEU)received a The Construction,Forestry, MiningandEnergy Union Migrant Workers andLabourExploitation >. slavery messages. brochure wasdevelopedandtranslated intosevenIndian Cover imageofbrochure. www.redcross.org.au/support-for-trafficked- workshopswere heldinPerth,Adelaide, labour trafficking. Migrant 53 Building partnerships with the community 54 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 • • • • • • • The LawCouncilofAustralia contributed materialstoaid and ideastocombatthecommonchallengesfacedbyall.The LawCouncilhas Society ofEnglandandWales, barleaderstoshare forinternational experiences joining anonlineforumonhumantraffickingandcorruption,facilitated bytheLaw and developing aseparatewebpagesettingoutitskeysubmissions ontheseissues, improving theaccessibilityofpublicinformationonhumantraffickingand slavery by such issues(bothdomestically, andinSouthEastAsia) to discusstheDepartmentofState’s consultationontheAustralianresponse to Embassy todiscusshumantraffickingandslaveryissueson 26 and28June2013, meeting withofficialsfrom theUnitedStatesDepartmentofStateand States Asia-Pacific intacklingsuchissues session, anddiscussedinparticularthechallengesfacedbyAustralia panellist atthe‘HumanTrafficking: Commerce andSlaveryintheCommonwealth’ The LawCouncilwasrepresented byFionaMcLeodSC,whoparticipatedasa Commonwealth LawConference inCapeTown, SouthAfrica,from 14–18April2013. profile raising theinternational ofhumantraffickingandslaveryissuesat18th trafficked people Commonwealth victims’compensationschemeandaccesstolegaladviceby regardingcontinued advocacytoGovernment theestablishmentofa on 14 December2012 20 November2012, andprovided asupplementarysubmissiontotheCommittee on and Trade’s InquiryintoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsandPeopleTrafficking providing asubmission totheJointStandingCommitteeonForeign Affairs, Defence 28 Associations inAsiaConference oncombatinghumantraffickingandslavery, on Law CouncilPresident CatherineGale’s speechtothePresidents ofLaw 2 October August 2012 2012. The Law Council also gave evidence to the Committee on 2012. TheLawCouncilalsogaveevidencetotheCommitteeon • include: Highlights from theLawCouncilofAustraliaduring2012–13 gave evidencetotheCommitteeon29 Trafficking) Bill2012on1August2012.TheLawCouncilalso Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-likeConditionsandPeople Affairs LegislationCommitteeontheCrimes providing asubmissiontotheSenateLegalandConstitutional this discussion. August 2012

• • funding,include: Government industry. Highlightsfrom Project Respect’s workin2012–13,assupportedbyAustralian insupportingwomentraffickedintoandexploitedwithinthesex Australian Government During 2012–13,Project Respecthasbeengratefulfortheopportunitytoworkwith Project Respect Impact category. In 2013Project RespectwonaHESTA CommunityServicesAward intheSocial • • • • • • industry asaformofviolenceagainst womenandactiveparticipationin Trafficking, twopublishedopinion pieceshighlightingtraffickingintheAustraliansex Affairs, DefenceandTrade InquiryintoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsandPeople This included writtenandverbalevidence fortheJointStandingCommitteeonForeign with women,around issuesofthesexindustry andhumantraffickingslavery. asinformed bytheorganisation’sadvocacy toalllevelsofgovernment, direct work conference presentations, and trafficking andslavery)plusalargenumberofpublicspeaking engagementsand and thewidercommunityare aware ofissuesinthesexindustry(includinghuman providing over20trainingandinformationsessionstoensure thatotherservices Management, staff team the organisation’s planningandservice delivery, includingontheCommitteeof the continuedactiveinvolvementofanumberwomenfrom thesexindustryin employment, and compensation, Englishlessons,alternative family violence,immigrationassistance,reporting crimetoauthorities,victims ofcrime including forcounselling,housing,legalassistance,drugandalcohol providing referrals andaccesstomore than50 other specialistserviceproviders, including womenwhoattendedcourtaswitnessesin providing ongoing counsellingandindividualcasemanagementto45women, women inthesexindustry(inanumberoflanguages) kits containingdetailsonhumantraffickingandslaveryotherissuesraisedby regular outreach to28legalbrothels supplyingeachwithinformation withinVictoria, 22 Program (HumanTrafficking), anddevelopcontactswithintheUnitedStateswith United States wasfurtherenhancedbythesponsorshipfrom and connectinginternationally the Sweden, ItalyandtheRepublicofKorea. Project Respect’s workinsharingknowledge authorities andNGOsthatsupportwomentraffickedinothercountries,including developing relationships departments, andsharingknowledgewithgovernment the sexindustry number ofskilledbilingualvolunteerstoprovide informationandsupporttowomenin engaging twoskilledoutreach andsupportworkers,oneofwhomisbilingual,plusa other countries

Department of State to attend the International Visitor Leadership Leadership Visitor Department ofStatetoattendtheInternational in Victoria and volunteers women are free from traffickingandsexualexploitation. established in1998thatworkstowards aworldwhere Project R espect isanon-profit communityorganisation trafficking cases mental health the Roundtable. 55 Building partnerships with the community 56 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 • • • • • • • • • • • Alliance’s work to traffickingbecentraldevelopmentofthe response. In2012–13,Scarlet rights-based approach thatrecognises theneedforpeopleaffected by responses trafficking-like conditions.ScarletAlliance’s workisunderpinnedbyanevidenceand Scarlet Alliance,AustralianSexWorkers Association human trafficking. providing trainingtootherserviceproviders onmigrantsexworkers and and institutionaliseddiscrimination, and increasing understandingsofmigrantsexworkers tocombatstigmaandsystemic workers, labourmigrationandAustralia’s response tohumantrafficking presentations andcommunityeducationonissuesimpactingmigrantsex activities are sex workerstoinformtheworkofproject andtheevidencebaseproject convening steeringcommitteesofmigrantandculturally linguistically diverse to accurate, workplace conditionsthrough accesstoindustrialrightsforallsexworkers, access migrant sexworkers’accesstojustice,servicesandtheprevention ofexploitative continued advocacyfortheremoval oflegalbarrierstoindependenttravel, Empower FoundationinThailand) provision ofinformation andempowerindependenttravelchoices(forexample,the partnerships withothersexworkerorganisationsinAsiaandthePacifictoincrease rights ofmigrantsexworkers the promotion ofrights-basedpolicyandpracticesthatdonotadverselyaffect the conditions inAustralia research tofilltheevidencegaponmigrationandhumantraffickingslavery-like membership, includingpeerbasedStateandTerritory sex in Australia,includingtranslationcheckingandlanguagesupporttoScarletAlliance enhancing thecapacityofpeereducatorstodeliversupportmigrantsexworkers issues, referrals support forspecificissuessuchas recovering unpaidwages,visasandlegal direct multi-lingual peersupportservicestomigrantsexworkerswhorequire for sexworkersinAustralia the provision of translatedinformationonvisas,lawsandrightsresponsibilities has included: translated information built upon and support to Australiaundercontractormayhaveexperienced migrant sexworkers,someofwhomhavetravelled culturally appropriate direct andindirect servicesto is acommunity-basedorganisationthatprovides Scarlet Alliance,AustralianSexWorkers Association worker organisations

and slavery issues formigrantsexworkersinAustralia. Alliance withanincomparableproject reach andunderstandingofthesexindustry –inAustralia.Thisprovides ornon-government Scarlet organisation –government the highestlevelofcontactwithsexworkersandworkerworkplacesany Through theworkofScarletAlliance’s projects andmembership,theorganisationhas Some membersoftheScarletAllianceMigrationProjectSteeringCommittee. 57 Building partnerships with the community 58 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Sub-region andprovide appropriate supportto and policy, tocontributethe mitigation ofhumantraffickingintheGreater Mekong on three ofthefourmainareas oftheanti-trafficking response: prevention, protection World programs Vision likeEndTrafficking inPersons(ETIP)Program. ETIPfocuses of thisinvestmentliesinAsia,where more than$12millioniscommittedtomajor donors intheAustraliancommunityandaidprogram, themajority and anti-trafficking With supportfromrelated projects bothprivate worldwide. in tourism.More broadly, WVA investsnearly$30 millionacross 47childprotection community resilience to,therisksofchildren becomingvictimsofsexualexploitation and tourism sectorintheMekongRegiontoraiseawareness of,andbuild Project communities andthetravel Childhood, whichworkswithgovernments, anti-trafficking andchildprotection initiatives,includingtheprevention pillarof During thereporting period,WVA partnered withAusAIDonanumberof toappointanAmbassador call ontheAustralianGovernment Inquiry intoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsandPeopleTrafficking, andcontinuedto submission totheJointStandingCommitteeonForeign Affairs, DefenceandTrade traffickingandhumanrightsfora range ofGovernment-led roundtables, madea supply chains,most notablyinthecocoaindustry. In2012–13WVA contributedtoa by engagingandinfluencingbusinessesathigh-riskofrightsabuseswithintheir purchases.trafficked labourinGovernment WVA alsoencouragescorporate reform Commonwealth Procurement Rules,tomitigatetheriskofforced, childand includes influencingpublicprocurement practice,includingtheupdatingof advocacy hasastrong emphasisonexploitationinsupplychains.This responsewhole-of-government canhaveonaddressing theseissues,WVA Recognising therole ofthecorporatesector, aswelltheinfluencethatAustralia’s fight issues andencourageconsiderationofhowindividualactionscancontributetothe abuse. Thecampaignsalsodeepenpublicunderstandingofthecomplexitythese child andtraffickedlabour, andtoprotect children from otherformsofexploitationand and purchasing andbusinesstocombatforced, power toencouragegovernment extent oftraffickingaround theworldandempowersthemtousetheirvoice,votes Through public advocacycampaigns,WVA informsAustraliansaboutthetypesand World Australia Vision against exploitation. international programminginternational and in childprotection andapriorityarea inboth WVA’s central toWorld Australia’s Vision (WVA) broader work Strengthening theresponse tohumantrafficking is trafficked people. for Trafficking. advocacy work.

Raising community awareness

The ACRATH RAP – Radio Awareness Project – Sr Michelle Goh rsm and Br David Lemewu mgl.

Australian Red Cross Training for community service providers

In October 2012, the Australian Red Cross completed a FaHCSIA-funded series of training workshops for community service workers, which were aimed at enabling workers to better support trafficked people. The workshops were delivered in all State and Territory capital cities, as well as regional centres in Queensland and New South Wales. A total of 59 workshops were delivered to 1,055 participants from 208 organisations and participant feedback was very positive. As direct result of the training, at least one trafficked person was referred to the AFP and subsequently to the Support Program.

Australian Federal Police awareness-raising initiatives

The AFP actively seeks out opportunities to engage with NGOs and community organisations for collaborative approaches to prevention, disruption, information-sharing and harm reduction to combat human trafficking and slavery inall forms.

The AFP, in consultation with the Operational Working Group and NGOs, are in the process of developing awareness-raising postcards and posters for distribution to the Australian community.

The AFP HTT located in Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne present to other Australian Government stakeholders and community groups (including discussion exercises and informal liaison sessions) on a regular basis. For example, in March 2013, the AFP Sydney Office Community Liaison team hosted informal liaison sessions with members from the Sydney Muslim community. On 8 March 2013, the AFP hosted an International Women’s Day Morning Tea, which included a presentation from AGD to raise awareness of the new offences of forced marriage amongst the Sydney Muslim women’s community.

59 60 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Advising travellersaboutforced marriage 32 of AGD alsoprovided information totheDiplomaticCorpsabouttheirobligationsasemployers indicators andreferral pathwaysshouldtheircitizensseekassistancefrom consularofficials. Australia’s legislationrelating tohumantraffickingandslavery, andprovided adviceabout in Canberra.Duringthissession,AGDbriefedmembersoftheDiplomaticCorpsabout On 9May2013,AGD,DIACandtheFWOpresented tomembersoftheDiplomaticCorps Briefing theDiplomaticCorps Smartraveller website. or haveexperienced,forced marriage.Theforced marriagewebpageisavailablefrom the suspected casesofforced marriage,andsupportservicesforpeoplewhoare atriskof, forced marriageoffences, including theirextraterritorialapplication,theprocedures toreport Smartraveller website.Thewebpageprovides thepublicwithadviceregarding thenew In March 2013,DFAT includedanewinformationpageonforced marriageonthe

domestic workers. Theforced marriagewebpage isavailableonlineat:< 32 www.smartraveller.gov.au/ >. Building partnerships in our region and beyond

Australia takes an active role in international efforts to combat human trafficking and slavery, and is committed to regional leadership in addressing these crimes.

Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime

Australia, as co-chair with Indonesia of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime (Bali Process), worked closely with regional partners in 2012–13 to enhance cooperation on human trafficking through theBali Process.

In November 2012, Australia co-chaired with Indonesia a forum on advancing regional cooperation on human trafficking to mark the 10th anniversary of the Bali Process. Participants at the two-day event agreed that international and regional cooperation was critical in the criminal justice response to human trafficking, and that the Bali Process was an important forum for strengthening this cooperation.

In December 2012, Australia co-chaired with Thailand a workshop on the ratification and implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and its related Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking Protocols. Participants expressed interest in the development of regional policy guides to support countries in implementing obligations under the UNTOC and its Protocols.

At the Bali Process Ministerial Conference in April 2013, Ministers agreed to establish a Working Group to specifically focus on human trafficking issues. The Working Group will provide an opportunity for more effective and coordinated responses to prevention, investigation and prosecution, and victim protection. It will also tap into the expertise and experience of community, industry and private sector groups. By connecting the Bali Process with a range of community and private sector groups, Australia will be able to help ensure that the Bali Process remains responsive to emerging trends. Australia together with Indonesia will work with Bali Process members to establish the Working Group.

Ministers also agreed to take forward the recommendation from the Bali Process workshop on the UNTOC and its Protocols to develop policy guides to assist policy makers and practitioners to criminalise people smuggling and human trafficking. The guides will help to promote a consistent understanding of international legal obligations and assist in developing effective domestic legislation. Australia and Thailand will work with the Bali Process Regional Support Office and other interested Bali Process members to develop these guides.

61 62 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 United Nations due tobesubmitted on21 report undertheICCPRwassubmittedto UNon25July2007,andoursixthreport is required toperiodicallyreport onhowweare meetingourICCPRobligations.Australia’s fifth As asignatorytothe Covenant onCivil andPoliticalRights Australia’s sixthreport underthe the implementationof The Secretary-General oftheCCPCJistoreport backtotheCCPCJatits23rd session on the Philippines, RussianFederation,Turkey andVenezuela andwasagreed toattheCCPCJ. was co-sponsored byBelarus,Bolivia,Ecuador, ElSalvador, Kazakhstan,Nicaragua, Convention againstTransnational OrganizedCrimeandProtocols thereto crime preventionandcriminaljustice:ratificationimplementation oftheUnitedNations by theUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrimeMember Statesinthefieldof subject ofthefollowingresolution atthatmeeting, on22–26April2013.Humantraffickingwasthe Criminal Justice(CCPCJ),heldinVienna Australia participatedinthe22ndsessionofCommissiononCrimePrevention and Organized Crime Nations ConventionagainstTransnational Conference ofPartiestothe cooperationtoaddressencouraging continuedinternational a paneldiscussionandinteractivebriefing,madestatementtotheGeneralAssembly combat humantraffickingandslavery. AttheHigh-LevelMeeting,Australiaparticipatedin worldwidetotakecoordinatedand aimstourgeGovernments andconsistentmeasures to (Plan ofAction).ThePlanActionwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyon30July2010, enhancing theimplementationof From 13–14May2013, theUNGeneralAssemblyconvenedaHigh-LevelMeetingon consumer demand. of businessestoproduce products free from exploitationcouldbeusefulinreducing human trafficking,andsoughtherviewsonwhetherinitiativeshighlightingpositiveefforts analysis onmeasures todiscouragethedemandthatfostersexploitationandleads and children, Dr Joy NgoziEzeiloOON. AustraliathankedtheSpecialRapporteurforher dialogue withtheUNSpecialRapporteurontraffickinginpersons,especiallywomen At the23rd sessionoftheHRCon28May2013,Australiaparticipatedinaninteractive Rights Council(HRC)sessionsandintheUN Australia continuestoactivelyengageonhumantraffickingandslaveryissuesatUNHuman InternationalCovenantonCivil andPoliticalRights the Resolution. December 2013. Global PlanofActiontoCombatTrafficking inPersons General Assembly. Integration andcoordinationofefforts United these crimes. International (ICCPR)Australiais . Theresolution Torture inlate2013.Thereport willfocusonkeyinitiativesanddevelopmentssince2005, Degrading Treatment orPunishment Australia’s fifth report underthe Degrading Treatment orPunishment against Torture andOtherCruel,Inhumanor Australia’s fifth report under the the ICCPR. about Australia’s efforts toeliminatehumantraffickingandslaveryunderArticle8of (AHRC), NGOs,otherUNbodiesandindependentresearch. TheLOIPRincludesquestions reports andappearances,submissionsbytheAustralianHumanRights Commission UN HRCon21December2012.TheLOIPRiscompiledbythebasedprevious The sixthreport willrespond totheListof IssuesPriortoReporting(LOIPR),issuedbythe 33 Australia’s nextperiodicreport isduetotheCEDAW Committeein promote Indigenouswomen’s humanrights. agencies, andoutlinestheGovernment’s efforts toaddress violence againstwomenand reporta whole-of-government containinginputfrom Commonwealth,StateandTerritory against womenandthedisadvantagesfacedbyIndigenous women. Theinterimreport is the twomostpressing issuesfacingAustraliainthefieldofgenderequalityasviolence In its concludingobservationsatthe2010appearance,CEDAW Committeeidentified 20 July2010todiscussourcombinedsixthandseventhperiodic reports underCEDAW. interim report isafollow-up from Australia’s appearancebefore theCEDAW Committeeon Convention ontheEliminationofallformsDiscriminationagainstWomen Elimination ofDiscriminationagainstWomen (CEDAW Committee)onourefforts underthe In November2012,Australiasubmittedaninterimreport totheUNCommitteeon Discrimination againstWomen UN CommitteeontheEliminationof Territory agencies,theAHRC,and AustralianGovernment governments, effective remedies fortraffickedpeople.Australia’s fifth reportwillbeinformedbyStateand including Australia’s efforts toprevent andpunishhumantraffickingslaveryprovide

followup.htm Interim ReportonCEDAW are alsoavailablefrom theUNWebsite at:< Alliance andtheNationalAboriginal Torres StraitIslanderWomen’s Alliance,andtheAHRC’s Independent Organisations’Follow-up Report,coordinatedThe Non-Government bytheAustralianWomen againstViolence The InterimReportisavailablefrom theUN websiteat:< >. Convention againstTorture andOtherCruel,Inhumanor (CAT) willbelodgedwiththeUNCommitteeagainst 33 www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/followup.htm www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/ Convention July 2014. the public. (CEDAW). The > . 63 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 64 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 UN CommissionontheStatusofWomen guarantees ofnon-repetition andchangesinrelevant lawsandpractices. can involvemeasures includingcompensation,restitution, rehabilitation, publicapologies, to bringperpetratorsjustice, andtoprovide appropriate reparation tovictims.Reparation ICCPR. TheHRChasstatedthat therighttoaneffective remedy encompassesan obligation number ofthecore humanrightstreaties, international includingalloftherightssetoutin for Trafficked Persons.Therighttoaneffective remedy isanessentialcomponentofa Dr JoyNgoziEzeiloOON, onthedraftBasicPrinciplesRighttoanEffective Remedy the UNSpecialRapporteurontraffickinginpersons,especially womenandchildren, During thereporting period,Australiacontributedtoconsultationsundertakenby Right toanEffective RemedyforTrafficked Persons Consultation onthedraftBasicPrinciples onthe • • • • • • address anderadicate humantraffickingandslavery, urging In particular, theAgreed Conclusionsincludespecific recommendations forstatestoprevent, standardinternational foractiononthese comprehensive setof Agreed Conclusions,thekeypolicyrecommendations whichsetthe promoting therights ofwomenmore broadly. Australia’s commitmentwasreflected ina civil societytopushforastrong, globalresponse toendingviolenceagainstwomen,and women andgirls.The Australiandelegationworkedwithothernations,worldleaders theme ofthissessionwastheeliminationandprevention ofallformsviolenceagainst delegation tothe57thsessionofCSW, heldfrom 4–15March 2013inNewYork. Thepriority The thenMinisterfortheStatusofWomen, the HonJulieCollinsMP, ledtheAustralian action on to evaluateprogress, identifychallenges anddeterminethewayforward forinternational body dedicatedexclusivelytotheadvancementofwomen.Its annualmeetingsare designed The UNCommissionontheStatusofWomen (CSW)istheprincipalglobalpolicy-making all forms accelerate publicawareness, educationandtrainingtodiscouragethedemandthatfosters trafficked, and ensure thatidentified victimsoftraffickinginpersons are notpenalisedforhavingbeen criminalise allformsoftraffickinginpersons address theroot factorsthat contributetotraffickinginwomenandgirls UN Global PlanofActiontoCombatTrafficking inPersons cooperationtoimplementtheTraffickingstrengthen international Protocol andthe trafficking inpersons–includingappropriate protection andcare strengthen national efforts toaddress the rightsandneedsofwomengirlsaffected by gender equality. of exploitation. important issues. states to: Ms girls, withtheopeningaddress givenbyAustralia’s thenAmbassadorforWomen andGirls, 18–19 March 2013.The themeoftheconference wasimproving the securityofwomenand (OSCE). Australiahostedthe2013OSCEAsianPartnersConference inAdelaide,from Australia isanAsianPartnertotheOrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEurope women andgirls OSCE Conference onimproving thesecurityof submitting herreport tothe26thsessionof Principles pursuanttoHRCResolution20/1,asameansfurtherdevelopthemprior effective remedy. TheSpecialRapporteurisundertakingconsultationsonthedraftBasic and are intendedtoprovide stateswithuseful guidanceinoperationalisingtherighttoan The draftBasicPrincipleswere presented bytheSpecialRapporteurtoHRCinJune2011, timed tocoincidewiththeAustralian Government’s nextUPRreport, expected AGD willmonitoroverallimplementation oftheActionPlan.Reportingonprogress willbe • • • trafficking andslavery, The ActionPlanincludesdetailedinformationonAustralia’s efforts to combathuman accepted-in-part being progressed toaddress bygovernments eachUPRrecommendation acceptedor appearance in2015.TheActionPlanfulfillsthiscommitment asitdetailsthework Australia committedtoproviding aninterimreport totheHRCpriorournextUPR Australian ParliamentinMay2013andpresented to theHRCon7 Action Planwasreleased onHumanRightsDay, 10 December2012.Itwastabledinthe committedtothepreparationGovernment ofaNationalHumanRightsActionPlan.The At theHRCUniversalPeriodicReview(UPR)ofAustraliainJanuary 2011,Australian National HumanRightsActionPlan Sixteen OSCEparticipatingstatestookpartintheConference. and girlsefforts to address humantraffickingandslaveryintheAsia-Pacific region. and traffickedpersons,connectionsbetweeneconomicgrowth andthetraffickingofwomen delegates discussedtheimpactofanti-traffickingpoliciesonhumanrightsvulnerable of womenandcombatingallformshumantraffickingslavery. Duringtheconference, to discussgender-based violenceagainstwomenandgirls,theeconomicempowerment The conference andacademicexperts provided non-government aforumforgovernment, support forinvestigationsandprosecutions, and partnerships withthecommunity, intheregion, the SupportforTrafficked Penny Williams. by Australia. including through: People Program the HRC. and beyond. June 2013. in 2015. 65 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 66 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Global AmbassadorforWomen andGirls issues were alsoconsidered atthe2011CommonwealthLaw MeetinginPerth.Forced2011 CommonwealthHeadsof Government andservilemarriage Commonwealth Leaderstoimprove genderequalityand theempowermentofwomenat across theCommonwealthattendedmeeting. Themeetingfollowedacommitmentby Commonwealth High-Commissioners,seniorofficials,academics andpractitionersfrom Royal CommonwealthSocietyandtheglobalchildren’s charity PlanUK.Relevant member statescanaddress earlyandforced marriageandwascoordinated bythe Marriage inLondonon26June2013.Themeetingexplored waysthatCommonwealth Australia participatedintheCommonwealthHigh-LevelMeeting onEndingChild The Commonwealth where heprovided memberswithanupdateonhisworkin Trafficking andSlaveryinNovember2012,theSeniorOfficials’ MeetinginMay2013, andcivilsocietypartnersattheNationalRoundtableonHuman alongside government 10th anniversaryoftheBaliProcess in2012.Domestically, theAmbassadorparticipated co-chaired aforumon advancingregional cooperationonhumantraffickingtomarkthe development ofastrong anti-traffickingagendaintheBaliProcess. TheAmbassador trafficking withkey regional partnersthrough theBaliProcess and hasencouragedthe The Ambassador hascontinuedtopromote Australia’s enduringinterests onhuman combat peoplesmugglingandhumantrafficking,particularlyintheAsia-Pacific region. of Australia’s interests inpromoting effective cooperationto andpracticalinternational The AmbassadorforPeopleSmugglingIssuesisresponsible forhigh-leveladvocacy Ambassador forPeopleSmugglingIssues trafficking andslaverysupporttraffickedpeople. importance ofstrong cooperationacross andcivilsocietytocombathuman governments trafficking andslaveryare among themostabhorrent ofallcrimesandhighlightedthe Girls hostedbyAustraliainMarch 2013.Inheraddress, theAmbassadornotedthathuman address attheOSCE AsianPartnersConference onImproving the SecurityofWomen and United StatesandCambodiainJuly2012.TheAmbassadoralsodelivered thekeynote Mekong InitiativeonGenderEqualityandWomen’s EmpowermentDialoguehostedbythe Ambassador moderatedasenior-level panelonviolenceandhumantraffickingattheLower support traffickedpeoplethrough herbilateral, regional andmultilateralengagement.The The Ambassadorhaspromoted measures tocombat traffickingofwomenandgirlsto economic andsocialempowermentofwomengirls. andwithcivilsocietytopromotegovernment genderequalityandadvancethepolitical, In 2012–13,thethenGlobalAmbassadorforWomen andGirlscontinuedtoworkacross the region. Ministers Meeting. offences involving initiatives toaddress challengesinprosecuting humantraffickingandslavery-related of humantraffickingandslavery-related offences (seepage6).Australiaalsonotedour to expandCommonwealthprotections availabletovulnerablewitnesses,includingvictims the useoftechnologyinprosecutions. DuringthemeetingAustraliadiscussedourwork against womenandchildren, withadditionaltopicsonsupportforvictimsofcrimeand Generalwassexualviolence The centralthemeofthe2013QuintetMeetingAttorneys legal issues. experience andknowledge,improve cooperationoncomplexandcross-border United KingdomandtheStates,provide animportantforumtoshare relevant GeneralofAustralia,Canada,NewZealand,the Quintet meetingsinvolvetheAttorneys General 2013 QuintetMeetingofAttorneys programs incorporatebothregional andnationalapproaches tostrengthen legalandjustice the capacityofpartnercountries’ criminaljusticesectorstotacklethesecrimes.AusAID’s in East Asia.Overthepastdecade,Australia hasinvestedsignificant resources toimprove recognisedAustralia isinternationally asaleader incombatinghumantraffickingandslavery Australia’s response tourism areas. groups andcommunities,includingthesexualexploitationofchildren wholiveinthriving in EastAsia.However, increasing flowsoftouristscanhaveadverseeffects onvulnerable Tourism alsoplaysanimportant role inpromoting newopportunitiesforeconomic growth East numbers oftraffickedpeopleandahighincidenceexploitative labourconditionsinthe informal orpoorlyregulated labourmarkets,theyare atriskofexploitation.There are large – includingthepoorest. However, asmigrantworkerscross borders totakeupjobsin The abilitytomigrateforworkhascreated newopportunitiesformanypeopleinEastAsia access to been unevenbetweenandwithincountries.There isinequalityinincome,educationand poverty inhumanhistory. However, despiteimpressive economicgrowth, developmenthas East Asiaisthefastestgrowing region intheworldandhasseengreatest reductions in support alone. TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)andBaliProcess members Combating thesecrimesrequires regional cooperation–no country cantackletheissues borders. ofhumantraffickingandslaveryincludewomenmen,girlsboys. Victims Human traffickingandslaveryare complexcrimesthatoccurwithincountriesandacross Building regional capability Asia region. regional responses. basic services. sexual exploitation. 67 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 68 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 systems, promote lawenforcement cooperation, supportinformationcampaignsand • • • • • AAPTIP will: scaled-back the Asia RegionalTrafficking inPersonsProject, whichendedinMarch 2013followinga andwillbuildontheachievementsof AAPTIP willrunforthenextfiveyears(2013–18) Thailand Cambodia, Indonesia,LaoPeople’s DemocraticRepublic(PDR),Myanmar, thePhilippines, region toreduce theincentivesandopportunitiesforhumantrafficking.Partnercountriesare enforcement andjustice officialstostrengthen criminaljustice responses intheASEAN Trafficking inPersons(AAPTIP),willcommencelate2013.AAPTIPworkwithlaw Australia’s new, $50millionflagshipprogram, theAustralia-AsiaProgram toCombat in Persons Australia-Asia Program toCombatTrafficking as humantrafficking,labourexploitationandthesexualofchildren In 2012–13,AusAIDprovided more than $8.2milliontoaddress transboundaryissuessuch provide technicaltrainingandassistanceon to ensure betteralignmentwith focus ontheneedsoftraffickedpeopleastheymovethrough thecriminaljustice process boost regional coordination andexchangeofinformation, establish aresearch fundtoimprove thecollectionofstatistics to increase convictions train more than 1,900judgesandprosecutors, andhelpinvestigatorsto national levels strengthen criminal justiceresponses tohumantraffickingatboth regional and and Vietnam. transition phase. protection efforts. victim protection. inform policy in tourism. target of25,000migrantworkers project andhighlyrelevant totheneedsofregion. TRIANGLEisontracktoreach its In March 2013,anindependentmid-termreview ofTRIANGLEfoundittobeaneffective legal support. rights andentitlements.Over13,000labourmigrantshavebeen provided withadviceand/or people withinformationandskillsabouthowtomigratesafely, andinformationon their opportunities. ItsupportsMigrantResource Centres infiveMekongcountries,whichprovide of exploitativepractices,promote legalandsafemigrationcreate decentwork TRIANGLE workstoimprove labourprotection measures, increase communityawareness TRIANGLE wasextendedto withMalaysiaasakeydestinationcountry.Thailand andVietnam, From January2013, (TRIANGLE) Project ($10.9 million;2010–2015).Partnercountriesare Cambodia,LaoPDR, through theTripartite ActiontoProtect Migrants intheGreater MekongSub-Region AusAID workswiththeILOtoreduce theexploitationofmigrantworkersandtheirfamilies the Greater MekongSub-Region Tripartite ActiontoProtect Migrantsfrom LabourExploitationin between 2011 of humantraffickingandthearrest andprosecution ofmore than 300 traffickers improvement incross-border cooperationledtotherescue ofmore than500victims investigations ontransnationalcrimes,includinghumantraffickingcases.The border meetingstoshare intelligenceandhavecooperatedon27cross-border joint haveconducted45cross- andChina.ChinaVietnam cases betweenVietnam improvement inthe frequency andqualityofcross-border cooperationintrafficking and INTERPOLChinainBeijing.Sincethatmeetingthere hasbeenasubstantial Vietnam CooperationMeetingonhumantraffickingbetweenINTERPOL International of, andresponse alsosupportedan to, traffickingcases.InJune2011,ARTIP these provinces. Policeandprosecutors received trainingtoimprove theiridentification Son province) inview ofthehighincidencetrafficking-related crimes reported in Lai Chauprovince, Lao Caiprovince, CaoBangprovince, Ha Giangprovince, Lang focuseditsworkonprovinces ARTIP Vietnam, bordering China(DienBienprovince, helped buildregional cooperationandcoordination tocombathumantrafficking.In The AusAID-fundedAsiaRegionalTraffificking inPersons Project (ARTIP) project andcross-borderexamples ofinternational cooperation Asia RegionalTrafficking inPersonsProject: bestpractice and 2013. cover Myanmar. by 2015. 69 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 70 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 sustainable localcapacitytoaddress humantrafficking to implementthefindingsof review, consolidateitssuccesses,andcontinuetobuild of MTVEXIT(Phase4)from 2013to2016($6.9millionAusAID)willenabletheprogram it hadsignificant reach andthatithadthepotentialtoaffect change.Thecurrent phase An independentreview oftheprogram foundthatitwaseffective inraisingawareness, that in their Myanmar, havebeentrainedtodeliveranti-trafficking messages thePhilippinesandVietnam NGOs forcontinueduse.Inthelasttwoyears,more than850youngpeopleinCambodia, viewed more than60milliontimes,andcampaignmaterialshavebeenprovided tolocal MTV EXIThasengagedwithover700,000peopleinperson, itstelevisioncontenthasbeen Malaysia, Myanmar, thePhilippines,Thailand combat humantraffickingincountrieswithahighincidencesuchasCambodia,Indonesia, 2010–16). Theprogram aimstoraiseawareness, changeattitudesandbehaviour Music Television’s (MTV)EndExploitationandTrafficking (EXIT)Program ($10million, Developmenttosupport AusAID partnerswiththeUnitedStatesAgencyforInternational MTV EndExploitationandTrafficking Program exploitative situation,orresult inthem by unscrupulousbrokers and employersthatcanleadamigrantworkerintoan These centres are totheoften-misleadinginformationprovided apowerfulalternative protect migrants. exchanges’ toshare experiencesandidentifysolutionsthatcanbetterinform Migrant leadershavebeenidentifiedandtrainedtoorganiseactivities‘labour paralegals havebeentrainedtoprovide assistancewithinthemigrantcommunity. labour rights,peer-to-peer assistanceisakeypartoftheproject strategy. Migrant As migrantsare often dependentoneachotherforinformationsafemigrationand assistance tosupportsafemigrationandrights and potentialmigrantshaveaccesstoservicesincludingcounselling,traininglegal Through anetworkofMigrantWorker Resource Centres inkeylocations,migrants decent workopportunitiesformigrantworkersintheGreater MekongSubRegion. The AusAIDfundedTRIANGLEproject aimstoprevent labourexploitationandcreate TRIANGLE MigrantWorker Resource Centres local areas. being trafficked. and Vietnam. at work. and slavery.

6,000 vulnerablechildren were trainedtokeepchildren safefrom sexualabuseandprovide counsellingtomore than officials child sextourists.During2012–13, over1,000communityleadersandgovernment enforcement agenciestostrengthen theirabilitytoprotect children, andarrest andconvict The UNODCandINTERPOLimplement theProtection Pillar. UNODC workswithlaw exploitation, suchassellingflowersorsouvenirs This includesraisingawareness abouttheconditionsthatmakechildren vulnerableto todevelopawarenesswith partnergovernments ofchildsexualexploitation intourism. protection activities.World AustraliaimplementsthePrevention Vision Pillarandworks The project consistsoftwodistinctbutlinkedpillarsworkcoveringbothprevention and child sexualexploitationintourism Project Childhoodbuildsonmore efforts than10yearsofAustralianGovernment tocombat ofCambodia,Lao PDR,ThailandandVietnam. in tourismpartnershipwithgovernments Project Childhoodisa$7.5millionprogram (2010–2014)tocombatchildsexualexploitation Project Childhood is essential.MinAungnowshares hisstorywithotheryoungpeopleinSouthEastAsia especially youngpeople,withinformationabouttheirrightsandtherisksoftrafficking human traffickingandslaveryare increasingly important.Empoweringat-riskgroups, As theMekongeconomiescontinuetogrow, efforts toensure safemigrationandreduce forced labour from Myanmar. Itislikely that manymore cases Unfortunately, hisstoryisalltoocommon.In2012,theILOreceived 68complaintsof seven daysaweek.MinAung’s passportwasconfiscatedandhe received nosalary. was twoyearsofforced labourinaprawnpeelingfactory, working19hoursaday, agent’ toarrangeworkinaThailandfactorybetterhiseconomicsecurity. Theresult apregnant wifeandjust$3perdayincome,MinAungpaidan‘employment With provides opportunities foroffenders toprey onthevulnerable home country. Migrationisasignofdynamicregional economy. However, italso Thailand, lookingforbetteremploymentopportunitiesintheregion, outsideoftheir exploitation. Anestimatedtwomillionpeoplehavecrossed theborder toworkin for women,menandchildren tobetraffickedintosexualorotherformsoflabour As oneofthepoorest nationsinSouthEastAsia,Myanmarisasource country against trafficking AusAID andMTVEXITempowerMyanmar’s youth awareness aboutthe dangersofhumantrafficking our supporttoMTVEXIT, AustraliaishelpingempowerMyanmar’s youthandraise message to70,000peopleinMyanmar’s musicfestival.Through firsteverinternational through theMTVEXIT program. InDecember2012,MTVEXITbrought itsanti-trafficking in Cambodia. East Asia. to tourists. and slavery. or uninformed. go unreported. 71 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 72 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 DIAC capacitybuildingactivities positions are partofDIAC’s overseascompliancenetworkandprovide regional coverage. Manila, andGuangzhou)focused onpreventing humantrafficking atitssource. These In 2012–13,DIAChadthree positionsatoverseas posts intheAsia-Pacific(Bangkok, Preventing human traffickingtoAustralia other formsofirregular movement,including projects targetpeoplesmugglingspecifically, theseactivitiesare alsoeffective inaddressing of immigrationofficialsthroughout severalcountriesinSouthEastAsia.WhiletheUNODC border liaisonofficers.Theprojects alsofocusontrainingandincreasing thecapabilities modules targetedatpeoplesmugglingandpromoting increased cooperationbetween intelligence anddatacollectioncapability;provide acomprehensive rangeofonlinetraining prevent andrespond topeoplesmugglinginourregion. Theprojects seektoestablishan by theUNODC,whichwillterminatein2014.Theseprojects are designedtodetect, DIAC hascommittedover$11millionfouryearstofund fourprojects beingmanaged verification, legaland regulatory frameworks,and management systemsincludingbiometriccapabilities,passportsystems,identity assessments, alertsystemsdesignandimplementation,developmentofborder DIAC alsocontinuestobuildrelevant capacitythrough activitiesincludingborder • • • • agencies intheMiddleEast,AsiaandPacific regions. These In 2012–13,DIACcontinueditstargetedcapacitybuildingprograms withimmigration focus onhumantraffickingand of countriestosupportefforts toaddress allforms ofirregular migration,withparticular DIAC undertakescapacitybuildingactivitiesandprovides technicalassistancetoanumber activity related toirregular migration,suchashumantraffickingand immigration investigationstrainingtostrengthen officers’capacitytoinvestigatecriminal trafficking andpeoplesmugglingactivities, between DIACandotherimmigrationagencies,whichiscrucialtoinvestigatinghuman high prioritycountries.Theseactivitiesencourageinformationandintelligencesharing Immigration intelligencecapacitybuildinginitiativesare currently underwaywithseveral data, analyseandreport ontrends inirregular migration throughout theregion. intelligence analysiscapacitybuildingactivitiestoboostagencies’capture documents movement bydevelopingimmigrationofficers’skillsindetectingfraudulentuseoftravel facial imagecomparisontrainingtoenhanceagencies’abilityprevent irregular fraudulent traveldocumentation and peoplesmugglingbyenablingmore officerstoconfidentlyandaccuratelydetect and landborders. Thetrainingandequipmentcontributetodeterringhumantrafficking document examinationequipmentandtrainingtofrontline immigrationofficersatairports by impostors people smuggling. at borders human trafficking. protection frameworks. programs include: people smuggling. Australia and liaise with local government and non-government agenciestoidentifyways andnon-government Australia andliaisewithlocalgovernment The SMOITs workcloselywiththeAFPliaisonofficeratposttoidentifytraffickinglinks possibletraffickedpeopleinAustralia. investigation ofallegationsconcerning cases. Theyalsolendkeysupportandliaisonservicestoonshore complianceofficersinthe use inscreening for immigration fraud,aswelltoidentifypossiblehumantrafficking In addition,theSMOITs analysedatarelating tonon-compliancewithvisaconditionsfor • • • and analysetrends invisaprocessing, including: The SMOITs vetvisaapplicationsforevidenceoffraudthatmayindicatepotentialtrafficking positions asSeniorMigrationOfficers(Integrity)(Trafficking), DIAC’s overseascompliancestaff are knownas‘integrityofficers’andthethree specialised are protected. human traffickingandslavery, prosecute theperpetrators, andensure traffickedpeople with partnercountriesintheregion tostrengthen legalframeworksandcapacity toprevent As partofourholisticapproach tocombatinghumantrafficking andslavery, Australiaworks in our region Building legalandlawenforcement capacity • • • • • Key achievementsfor2012– trafficking and closely withlocalpoliceandimmigrationofficialstocombatpeoplesmuggling,human to identify, respond toandcounterimmigrationfraudmalpractice.Theyalsowork SMOITs are partofalargernetworkcomplianceofficersattachedtokeyoverseasposts prevent trafficking. including liaising withrepresentatives ofotherforeignonissuescommonconcern governments intelligence heldbyDIAC,and contributing toongoinginvestigations,includinginterviewingat postasaresult of Philippines toenhanceknowledgeandskillsinborder securityissues funding andconductingaBorder Crossing ImmigrationOfficerworkshopinDavaoCity, the Employment Administrationstaff; andPhilippine Liaison Group, andNGOs;HongKongImmigrationDepartment;PhilippineOverseas delivering presentationsPolice totheRoyalThaiPolice,BangkokInternational to systemalertprofiles introduced asa result ofa2012 identifying apotentialThaitraffickedpersoninthevisaapplicationstageduetochanges the visaclassesbeingtargetedby bymigrationagents,and suspicious activity/patterns applicants’ human trafficking. irregular migration. travel patterns 13 include: trafficking organisations. immigration officers trafficking investigation or SMOITs. including trafficking 73 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 74 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Regional legalassistance outcomes relevant toalltransnationalcrimetypes including Advanced CourseinMay2013 inSamoa.Thecoursesubjectmatterprovided learning PTCN trainingcourses;a FundamentalCourseinMarch 2013 inFiji;andaPTCN In 2012–13,membersfrom PNGTCUandCookIslands TCUattendedtwoAFPsupported unable toreport theirexperiences significantly under-reported inthePacific regionduetotraffickedpeoplebeing reluctantor and slaveryasbeingassociatedwiththesexindustry. Itissuspectedthatthiscrime typeis opportunities. The2012PTCNTransnational CrimeAssessmentidentifies humantrafficking an AdvisoristomentorTCUmembersandidentifyimplement capacitybuilding across thePacific.TheAFPprovides sixTCUAdvisorstothePTCN.Theprimary role of human trafficking. The PTCN consists of 18 Transnational Crime Units (TCUs) in 13 countries region byenhancingthecapacityofPacificnationstocombattransnational crime,including The Pacific Transnational CrimeNetwork(PTCN)playsanintegral role across thePacific financing terrorism, the linksbetweenorganisedcrimeandterrorism, specificallyhumantraffickingandslavery In October2012,theAFPHTTNationalCoordinator presented attheregional conference on (see page22).The program willbedelivered againin Trafficking Investigation Workshop to48participantsfrom elevenSouthEastAsiancountries LawEnforcement Human International Academy(ILEA)todeliveratwoweekInternational In August2012membersoftheAFPHumanTrafficking Team (HTT)attendedthe regional capacity buildingonhumantrafficking Migration tomaximisetheeffectiveness of theAustralianGovernment’s investmentin Organizationfor organisationssuchasUNODCandtheInternational intergovernmental AGD workscollaborativelywithotheragenciessuchasDIACandAusAID, criminalise humantraffickingandslavery. draws onAGD’s experienceinworkingwithpartnercountriestodevelopeffective lawsto been produced infour different languages(Arabic,English,French, andPortuguese) combat humantraffickingandslavery, obligations.Theguidehas inlinewithinternational policy makersinAfricanUnionmembercountriestodevelopeffective legalframeworksto In 2012–13,AGDalsodevelopedapractitioner’s guidetoassisttheAfricanUnionand incentive ofhumantraffickingandslaveryassociatedmoneylaundering. anti-money launderingandproceeds ofcrimeframeworksinorder totargetthefinancial in Persons.AGDcontinuedproductive cooperationwithpartnercountriestostrengthen through theannual Malaysia-AustraliaWorking Group onPeople SmugglingandTrafficking share experienceandexpertiseoncombatinghumantrafficking related issues,suchas regional initiativesthrough theBaliProcess andworkedbilaterallywithpartnercountriesto frameworks andcapacitytoaddress humantraffickingand related issues.AGDhasdriven In 2012–13,AGDcontinueditsworkwithcountriesintheregion tostrengthen legal in Brunei. to authorities. and slavery. August 2013. human trafficking.

the implementationandobservanceofConventionsafeguards. The the abduction,saleof,ortrafficinchildren forthepurposesofintercountry adoptionthrough Adoption Protection ofChildrenandCo-operationinrespectIntercountry A commitmentofAustraliaasacontractingStateunderthe Trafficking inchildren foradoption for refugees andother vulnerablepeoplein security, andpromoting mechanismstoimprove accesstoprotection anddurablesolutions reduction ofirregular migrationthrough enhancingmigrationmanagementandborder associated RegionalSupportOffice,DIACsupportsarangeofinitiativesthatpursuethe Under theauspicesofBaliProcess’s RegionalCooperationFrameworkandthe practical workshopprogram onborder control, lawenforcement andhumantrafficking. the BaliProcess todevelopregional responses tocurrent challengesandimplementa stakeholdersthrough andinternational DIAC workscloselywithotherwhole-of-government developed adiscussionpaperon prevent illicitpractices inintercountry adoptioncases.Theworkinggroup, ledbyAustralia, In early2011,Australiaconvenedaworkinggroup todevelopcooperativemeasures to adoption atthedomesticand continued initsendeavourstoaddress childtraffickingandillicitpracticesinintercountry In 2012–13,AGD,astheAustralianCentralAuthorityunderHagueConvention,has in adoptionare clearly inconsistentwiththeprinciplesof ‘trafficking’ withinintercountry adoptionandbroader frameworks,illicitpractices international adoption orotherformsofexploitation. other compensationtofacilitatetheillegalmovementofchildren forthepurposesofillegal to theConventiondefinesterm‘trafficking’as referringtothepaymentofmoneyor 36 35 34 been adoptedtoAustralia,orthere havebeen aboutchildtrafficking within acountryoforigin,fromallegations orconcerns where achildhas assistanceandsupportavailabletoadoptive parentsabout and adopteeswhere there are Child Trafficking Adoption inIntercountry At thedomesticlevel,Australiahasdevelopeda LawinOctober2012anddistributed toall International This paperwaspublishedbythePermanentBureau oftheHagueConference onPrivate adoption common approachtopreventingandaddressingillicitpracticesinintercountry The The No. 1 allegations%20of%20child%20trafficking%20in%20intercountry%20adoption%20[DOC%2084KB].doc>. . Cooperation betweenthe 34 (theProtocol). Whilethere are differing interpretations oftheterm the region. isavailableonlineat:< specific concerns raised in an individual case. raisedinanindividualcase. specific concerns Protocol forRespondingtoAllegationsof 36 member states. TheProtocol provides information

Central Authoritiestodevelopa Hague Conventionon Hague Convention. www.ag.gov.au/FamiliesAndMarriage/ GuidetoGoodPractice is available online at: isavailableonlineat: >. is toprevent

. 35

75 Building partnerships in our region and beyond 76 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 To arise,Australiahasdeveloped assistwhencasesofconcern 37 important wayforAustralia,asareceiving country, tosupportcountries difficulties withimplementationoftheConvention.Theprovision ofthisassistanceisan or accedetotheHagueConvention,whichhaveratifiedaccededbutare experiencing Hague Conference, provides ofcertainstatesplanningtoratify assistancetogovernments Assistance Program (ICATAP). ICATAP, whichisoperatedbythePermanentBureau ofthe In thepast,AustraliahasalsocontributedtoworkofIntercountry AdoptionTechnical prospective adoptive familieswhentheyare firstconsideringintercountry adoption. on theRealitiesofIntercountry Adoption(InformationStatement)whichisprovided to inherent risksinintercountry adoption,Australiahasprepared anInformationStatement undue pressure onsendingcountries.To informAustralianfamiliesoftherealities and is identifiedintheConvention’s Educating prospective adoptiveparents abouttherealities andrisks ofintercountry adoption new introducing safeguard measures foraprogram, suchassuspendingaprogram orlimiting it isnecessarytoprioritiseareview oftheprogram Australiamayconsider concerned. consideration isgiventowhetherthere are broader program implicationsandwhether with theseprinciples,andtoidentifyrisksofchildtrafficking.Where arise, casesofconcern signatory. Australiaregularly reviews its programs toensure acountry’s ongoingcompliance Convention are inplace.Thisisthecaseevenwhere isnota thecountryconcerned with alimitednumberofcountrieswhere itcanbesatisfiedthattheprinciplesofHague To maintaintheintegrityofourintercountry adoptionprograms, Australiaonlyhasprograms Authorities regarding intercountry adoptioncases of Concern The of%20intercountry%20adoption%20[DOC%2068KB].doc>. FamiliesAndMarriage/IntercountryAdoption/Documents/Information%20statement%20on%20the%20realities%20 adoption applications. Information Statement on the Realities of Intercountry Adoption Information StatementontheRealitiesof Intercountry . Theseprovide guidancearound information sharingbetweenAustralianCentral Guide toGoodPractice of concern. isavailableonlineat:

Australian Institute of Criminology research

In 2012, the AIC commenced its second four-year Human Trafficking and Slavery Program. Key areas of focus for 2012–13 included: • improved monitoring of human trafficking and slavery in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region • further examination of the nature of human trafficking and slavery in non-sex industry contexts, specifically marriageand construction • examining the nature of offending and offenders, and • examining human trafficking and slavery in the Asia-Pacific region.

A summary of the work undertaken by the AIC in 2012–13 is provided below.

Monitoring human trafficking and slavery

A key objective of the AIC’s Human Trafficking and Slavery Research Program is to establish a regular monitoring program on human trafficking and slavery in Australia. The AIC has released two Monitoring Reports on human trafficking and slavery to date, covering the periods July 2007–December 200838 and January 2009–June 2011.39

In finalising these reports, the AIC determined that further monitoring activity undertaken by the AIC should be underpinned by a broader conceptual representation of human trafficking and slavery, yet be mindful of the inherent challenges attached to such an undertaking. These challenges include the absence of international and national measurement and data collection standards for human trafficking and slavery and the variable reliability, utility and comparability of data that is currently collected.

38 Joudo Larsen J, Lindley J & Putt J 2009. Trafficking in persons monitoring report: July 2007–December 2008. Monitoring report no. 6. Canberra: AIHW. 39 Joudo Larsen J, Renshaw L, Gray-Barry S, Andrevski H & Corsbie T 2012. Trafficking in persons monitoring report: January 2009–June 2011. Monitoring report no. 19. Canberra: AIHW.

77 78 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 The developmentoftheenhancedHumanTrafficking, SlaveryandSlavery-LikePractices • • • In carryingoutthisresearch, anunderstandingofthefollowing it can beusedasameanstotrafficwomenintoAustralia research reveals thatmarriagerelates tohumantraffickinginanothercriticalway;thatis, and servilemarriagehasreceived agreat andacademicattention,this dealofgovernment role ofmarriageintrafficking-related exploitationofmigrantwomen.Whiletheissueforced trafficking withinmarriagearrangements,theAICinitiateda research project focusingonthe In response toincreasing andanecdotalofficially concern, reported evidenceof Human traffickinginvolvingmarriageand partner migration • • • factors thatare involved inhumantraffickingandslavery, themonitoringactivity appropriate processes forestablishingamonitoringprogram, andaccountingforthearrayof practices are refined andadditionalinformationismadeavailable.Byfollowingthe quantitative andqualitativedatacollectedwilloccurperiodicallyaswidercollection Program willbe alivingdocument,andthatimprovements tothescopeandqualityof It isanticipatedthattheHumanTrafficking, SlaveryandSlavery-LikePracticesMonitoring data compilationandtransmissionwithidentified stakeholder consultation,preparation ofproposed datacollectionitemsandpilottesting in thedevelopmentprocess. Steps3and4willbecompletedin2013–14involvingfurther relevant stakeholders describingthefindingsfrom theinitialinvestigationandnextsteps The firsttwostepswere finalised inJune2013andaninterim reportisbeing prepared for • • • • Monitoring Program therefore willinvolve whether andhowmarriage thePartnervisasystemare usedforthehumantrafficking human traffickingand responding tothevictimsand facilitate recommendations fordecision-makingaround reducing therisksassociatedwith produce credible andreliable findings,and advance knowledgeandmeasurement ofthe an assessmentoftheframework’s readiness forimplementation,including tool, and the developmentofadatadictionaryandMinimumDataSet(MDS)orsimilarcollection available from relevantandnon- government a stock-takeandevaluationofadministrativeotherdatathatare collatedorotherwise associated indicators the establishmentandrefinement ofaconceptualframework,indicatorthemesand moving toAustralia underthePartnerMigration program, and the protective factorsthatreduce vulnerabilitytohumantrafficking formigrantwomen Australia underthePartner the riskfactorsthatincrease vulnerabilitytohuman traffickingformigrantwomenentering and related exploitationofmigrantwomen Migration program four steps: in Australia government agencies government identified issues data providers. offenders involved. for exploitation. was sought: pilot testing. aims to: A final report, andshorter paperonhelp-seekingstrategies,willbe released in2013–14. range ofeffective prevention and addresses issuesrelated tothemisidentificationoftraffickedpeople,and recommendsa and thehelp-seekingstrategiestheyusedinattemptingtoexittheirsituation.Italso women interviewed,howtheyentered intotheirmarriageandthenature ofthatmarriage, The research provides adetaileddescriptionofthecharacteristics andexperiencesofthe data supplied supplemented bycasefileanalysisandofAustralianimmigrationPartnervisa marriage playedarole intheirexploitationorrelated victimisation.Thisanalysiswas victim serviceproviders. Interviewswere alsoconducted witheightmigrantwomenwhere representatives, andnon-government government lawenforcement agencies,andrelevant A mixedmethodologyapproach wasadoptedforthestudy. TheAICconsultedwith • 40 A final report willbe released in2013–14. (or lackthereof) and also investigated,suchaslegal status,accesstoandknowledgeofrightsentitlements compliance, regulatory andenforcement practices.Risksspecifictomigrantworkerswere example, contractingarrangements);skillsshortages;theinformal economy;andcurrent to exploitation,including:visacategoriesandarrangements; employment practices(for included obtainingstakeholderperspectivesonindustry-specific factorsthatmaycontribute exploitative scenariosrelated tohumantraffickingandslavery. Thislatterarea ofinquiry might affect vulnerabilitiesandprotection ofworkers,particularlymigrantto labour exploitation.Italsoidentifiesrisksandprotective factorswithintheindustrythat trafficking andslaveryattheother–stakeholders’understanding ofwhatconstitutes Australian constructionindustry–from unpaidwagesatoneendofthespectrumtohuman The studysoughttoexaminethefullspectrumofexploitative practicesthatmayoccurinthe regulatory, unionandindustrybodiesaswellNGOsengagedinanti- and semi-structured interviews withstakeholdersrepresenting Australian government, migrant workers.Theresearch combinedareview literature ofAustralian (andinternational) trafficking andslaveryintheAustralianconstructionindustry, withaparticularfocuson Counter-trafficking Project andtheCatholic Archdiocese ofSydneytoexaminehuman theAICpartneredthese concerns, withtheSistersofSacred HeartJosephite and slavery invariouslaboursectors,includingtheconstructionindustry. Inresponse to Previous AICresearch onlabourexploitation risks and protections formigrantworkers Human traffickingintheAustralianconstructionindustry:

DavidF2010. legislation, prosecution and possible implicationsthiscrimehasforAustralia,includingprevention, detection, by DIAC. Labourtrafficking social isolation. . Research andpublicpolicy seriesno.108.Canberra:AIC. victim services. response mechanisms. 40 raised concerns around raisedconcerns humantrafficking trafficking initiatives.

79 Understanding human trafficking, slavery and related exploitation 80 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Examining understandingsofhumantraffickingoffending 41 • • • which were released in2013.Thesethree papers January 2005and2010.Fivepaperswere generatedfrom thisanalysis,three of and quantitativeinformationrelating to3,701Indonesiantraffickedpeopleidentified between The AICcollaboratedwiththeIOMtoanalyseCTMdatabase,whichholdsqualitative and ReintegrationProgram aswellmappingtheexperienceof data ontraffickedpeople.TheCTMfacilitatesthemanagementofIOM’s Recovery Return, Counter-Trafficking Module(CTM),which isthelargestglobaldatabasecontainingprimary OrganizationforMigration(IOM)developedandimplementedthe In 1999,theInternational with analysis ofhumantraffickingdata OrganizationforMigration Assisting theInternational A paperwillbereleased in2013–14. offender characteristics, organisationandmodes literature,described intheinternational todeterminecommonalitiesanddifferences in The findingsfrom the analysiswere compared oftrafficking withpatterns offending • • • • • 15 convictions recorded asof30June 2012,theresearch the nature of offenders inAustralia.Basedonanalysisofcourtjudgmentsfrom the component ofAICresearch onhumantrafficking andslaveryoffending examined Following anearlierreport onorganisedcrimeandhumantrafficking, and offenders

Canberra: AIC. DavidF2012.Organised crimeandtraffickinginpersons. barriers totraffickedpeople’s involvementincriminaljusticeproceedings (such asfear 2013), and based onage,genderandthetypeofexploitationexperienced (Lyneham &JoudoLarsen support needsandnature ofassistancethatshouldbeprovided totraffickedpeople, trafficking (JoudoLarsen,Andrevski & Lyneham 2013) conditions, incidenceofchildtraffickingandprevalence oftransnationalversusdomestic exploitation, methodsofrecruitment andreasons forleaving,typeofwork,salaryand the demographicsandexperiencesofIndonesiantrafficked people, includingtypeof methods usedtocontrol orexploit the intersectionofoffending withotherformsofcriminalactivity, and levels oforganisationinhumantraffickingand evidence forprior characteristics andmotivations and factorsthatexacerbatethese barriers(suchasinadequatesupportandtreatment, of authorities,identificationand reprisals, stigma, criminalisation and re-victimisation) legislative deficiencies,andcorruption) (Andrevski, Lyneham &JoudoLarsen2013). victimisation histories of offenders the victims. Trends andissuesincrime criminaljustice of operation. examined respectively: slavery operations describes the: trafficked people. 41 thesecond no. 436. no.436.

• trafficking. Thecommitteewasaskedtofocusonthree Defence andTrade toinquire intoandreport on slavery, slavery-likeconditionsandhuman the HumanRightsSub-CommitteeofJointStandingCommitteeonForeign Affairs, On 13August2012,thethenMinisterforForeign Affairs, SenatortheHonBobCarr, asked Slavery-like ConditionsandPeopleTrafficking on Foreign Affairs, DefenceandTrade inquiryintoSlavery, Human RightsSub-CommitteeoftheJointStandingCommittee Parliamentary inquiries for Indonesian domesticworkers,andthechallengesprocesses ofreturnandreintegration Two furtherpapersforrelease in2013–14describetheexperiencesandexploitationof 42 • on 23 November2011,examinedarangeofissues,including: Program. The inquiry, whichhadbeenreferred totheCommitteebyAustralianSenate Constitutional Affairs CommitteeinquiryintotheProspective Marriage(subclass300)visa tableditsresponseOn 26 June2013,theGovernment totheSenateLegaland Senate inquiryintotheProspective MarriagevisaProgram wasconsidering theCommittee’sAs at30June2013,theGovernment recommendations. House website. The report oftheHumanRightsSub-Committeeisavailablefrom theAustralianParliament people andexploitationin mechanismstocombathumantraffickingandslavery,of international supportfortrafficked Day HumanTrafficking 24 June2013,theCommitteetableditsreport ontheinquiryentitled Human Trafficking andSlaveryprovided submissionsandappeared atpublichearings.On held 10publichearings.Anumberofagenciesfrom theInterdepartmental Committeeon The Committeeundertookextensiveconsultations.Itreceived 82publicsubmissionsand • •

committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jfadt/slavery_people_trafficking/report.htm Thereport oftheHumanRightsSub-Committee isavailableonlineat:< trafficked people. are reliable, and procedures forascertainingtheconsentofanapplicantaProspective Marriagevisa whether existingprocedures forprotecting againstfraudare sufficientandwhetherthe bestpracticetoaddressinternational allformsofhumantraffickingandslavery. and slavery, and ways toencourageeffectiveactionaddress international allformsofhumantrafficking offenders and protecting andsupportingvictims Australia’s efforts toaddress humantraffickingandslavery, includingthrough prosecuting 42 . Thecommitteemadeeightrecommendations includingontheuse supply chains. main issues: www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/ Trading Lives:Modern >. 81 Understanding human trafficking, slavery and related exploitation 82 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 • 43 is availablefrom theAustralianParliamentHousewebsite. Further informationontheinquiry, including itsfinal report andtheGovernment’s response, • • • recommendations. Asat30 During thereporting period,DIACcommencedimplementationoftheCommittee’s acceptedfiveoftheseven The Government recommendations either infullor tableditsresponseThe Government totheCommittee’s recommendations on26 • • • the Government: in relation toProspective Marriagevisas.Theserecommendations includethat recommendations whichtheCommitteeconsidered wouldimprove existingsystems The final report ofthe inquirywas released on26June2012.The report madeseven & agencies gaveevidenceatthehearing,alongwithNGOsincludingImmigrationAdvice also heldapublichearinginCanberraon25May2012.DIAC,AGD,theAICandother agencies,NGOsandindividuals.Theinquiry Commission andarangeofotherGovernment The inquiryreceived submissionsfrom DIAC,the AIC,theAustralianLawReform

Rights Centre. inquiries/2010-13/marriagevisaclasses/index>. inquiries/2010-13/marriagevisaclasses/index>.

June , to raise , toraise

2013. 2013. • important areas forfuture educationandawareness-raising personnel, students,media,andthegeneralpublic.Respondentsindicatedthatmost migrant resource centres, professionals includingemployersandpeakbodies,government with theirtargetaudiencesincludingfrontline serviceproviders, migrantworkersand Education andawareness-raising initiativeswere undertakenby78 percentofrespondents, 69 per centofwhomwere from thenon- about humantraffickingandslavery. Atotalof32organisations responded tothesurvey, Australian organisationswhichprovide servicestotraffickedpeopleand/orraiseawareness on HumanTrafficking andSlavery, inApril 2013AGDcirculated asurveytomaptheefforts of In response toarecommendation ofthe November2012meetingoftheNationalRoundtable awareness-raising Mapping exercise onserviceprovision and the report. response tohumantraffickingandslaverytheUNODCassistwith production of providedand nationallevels.TheAustralianGovernment informationaboutAustralia’s The report provides andflowsofhumantraffickingatglobal, anoverviewofpatterns regional The 2012UNODCGlobalReportonTrafficking inPersonswas released on 12December2012. UNODC GlobalReportonTrafficking inPersons StrategyforHumanTraffickingAwareness andSlavery The results ofthesurveywillbeusedtoinformrevision ofAustralia’s • • • • • • • • supply chains. supply chains. awareness-raising amongstconsumerswithrespect totheuseofexploitedlabourin reduce stereotypes, and broader community awareness-raising ofallformshumantraffickingandslaveryto in initiatives relationship building withkeycommunitiesandtheirleaders,includinginvolvingthem training forfrontline service providers ofhumantraffickingand industry-specific campaigns targetingsafe provision ofinformation totraffickedpeople,includingonlegalrights the identificationoflabourexploitationincludingamongst the newcriminaloffences, includingforced marriage outreach campaigns migration pathways government sector.government in2013–14. work included: migrant workers slavery indicators and responsibilities Communication and 83 Understanding human trafficking, slavery and related exploitation 84 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 and analysisofdatatosupport theidentificationoftraffickedpeople will alsocontinueonenhancing DIACsystemscapabilitytoallowformore efficientcollectio Human TraffickingVisa Framework, currently atthedesign stage, willbeprogressed. Work support toolsforfrontline staff willbeupdated,andaqualityassuranceframework forthe visa areas. Standard OperatingProcedures for theStateandTerritory networkand other counter staff andvisaprocessing officers,particularlythoseintheprotection andpartner In 2013–14,DIACwillprogress awareness-raising internal andeducationinitiativesamongst briefs ofevidencereferred toitby human traffickingandslavery-related offences, andwillcontinueinits role ofassessingnew or amendthestrategy. TheCDPPhasanumberofongoingprosecutions inrelation to Policing StrategytoCombatTrafficking inPersons2011–13 training frontline officialsinthiscapacity, in2013–14,theAFPwill review the In additiontoitsongoingrole ininvestigatinghumantraffickingandslaverymatters, Human Trafficking. 24 June2013,followingtheCommittee’s inquiryintoSlavery, Slavery-likeConditionsand Committee onForeign Affairs, DefenceandTrade. Thereport wastabledinParliamenton Day HumanTrafficking isalsoexpectedtorespondThe AustralianGovernment tothe working groups incollaboration withcivilsociety, unions,businessand working groups, established undertheRoundtable.AGDwilldriveoutcomes related exploitative practicesinsupplychains.Theseissueswillbeprogressed through two trafficking orslaverybymore broadly examiningwaystoaddress human traffickingand work undertakentoensure procurement AustralianGovernment isnottaintedbyhuman StrategyforHumanTraffickingand Awareness andSlavery vulnerable tothesecrimes,willbeakeyfocusoftherevision ofAustralia’s and developingstrategiestoincrease resilience amongstgroups identified asparticularly In thenextyear, improving generalcommunityawareness ofhumantraffickingandslavery, and effectiveness of ourcollectiveefforts tocombat response tohuman traffickingandslavery, andcontainmeasures tomeasure theimpact in late2014.TheActionPlanwillsetthestrategicaimsofAustralia’s whole-of-community Plan toCombatHumanTrafficking andSlavery Trafficking andSlavery(Roundtable),AGDwillfinaliseconsultationsonthe In collaborationwithstakeholdersincludingmembersoftheNationalRoundtableonHuman combating humantraffickingandslavery. supporting thefourpillarsunderstrategy, andcementingourrole asaregional leaderin willadvanceastrongIn 2013–14,theAustralianGovernment program ofworkaimedat The yearahead report bythe Human RightsSub-CommitteeoftheJointStanding the AFP. (Action Plan)aheadofitslaunch,expected these crimes. . We willalsobuild onthe and consideroptionstoextend Trading Lives:Modern and offenders. industry bodies. Communication National Action Australian n Transnational Crime Under the human In 2013–14,Australiawillalsocontinuetoactivelyengageinourregion andfurtherafieldon incentives andopportunitiesforhumantrafficking officials tostrengthen criminaljustice responses intheASEAN region to reduce the (AAPTIP), willcommenceinlate2013.AAPTIPworkwithlawenforcement andjustice $50 million flagshipprogram, theAustralia-AsiaProgram toCombat Trafficking inPersons where ourresources canmosteffectively andefficientlybedeployed.Australia’s new, AusAID willcontinuetofocusefforts inareas where Australiacanmakeadifference and development ofaSupport Program client Support Program funding.Thisincludesaforced marriagescopingexercise andthe Operational Working Group oninnovative approaches togettingthebestvalueoutof In 2013–14,FaHCSIAlooksforward toworkingwiththeAustralianRedCross andthe trafficked people. to prevent andpunish humantraffickingandslaveryprovide effective remedies for report willfocus onkeyinitiativesanddevelopmentssince2005,includingAustralia’s efforts against Torture andOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatment orPunishment Article 8oftheICCPR.In2013,Australiawillalsolodgeourfifth report underthe including informationaboutAustralia’s response tohumantraffickingandslaveryunder of ourobligationsunderthe In 2014,Australiaisalsoexpectedtosubmitoursixthperiodreport ontheimplementation guides tosupportpolicymakersandpractitionerscriminalise specifically focusonhumantraffickingissues,andwithThailandtodevelop regionalpolicy trafficking issues. Bali ProcessonPeopleSmuggling,Trafficking inPersonsandRelated , AustraliawillworkwithIndonesiatoestablishaWorking Group to InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights information kit. and slavery. human trafficking. (ICCPR), Convention . The 85 The year ahead 86 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 servitude andmigration-related offences, andcommittedfortrialon13 charged followingtheAFP’s Operation Burlywoodinvestigation intohumantrafficking,sexual who workedforMsWong as sexworkersunderveryharsh circumstances. MsWong was the exploited contrarytosubsection271.2(1B)oftheCriminalCode, andseveraloffences under facilitating theentryofapersontoAustraliareckless astowhetherthepersonwillbe sexual servitudecontrarytosubsection270.6(2)oftheCriminal Code,organisingor On 11August2010,CheeMeiWong waschargedwithconductingabusinessinvolving Chee MeiWong also beenchargedwithvariousoffences bythe Ms K’s defactopartnerandsixpeople whoprocured thevictimforsexualservices have sentence. Asat30June2013,MsKhadappealedagainsther guilty, remorse andcooperationwithauthoritieswere takenintoaccountindeterminingher Justice DavidBoddiceoftheQueenslandSupreme CourtnotedthatMsK’s earlypleasof Ms Kwassentencedtonineyears’imprisonment,withanon-parole periodoffouryears. her daughter. in the illegalsexindustryBrisbane.MsK’s nameissuppressed toprotect theidentityof to reside permanently. MsK’s daughterwassubsequentlysubjectedtosexualexploitation The chargesrelate to MsK’s daughter, whowasbrought toAustraliafrom Thailandin2006 trafficking offence to theQueenslandDirector ofPublicProsecutions (QueenslandDPP). under Queenslandcriminallaw, theCDPPreferred theprosecution oftheCommonwealth maintaining asexualrelationship withachild.Duetothenumberandgravityofcharges also pleadedguiltyto19chargesunderQueensland’s subsection 271.4(1)oftheCommonwealth On 16April2013,Ms‘K’pleadedguiltytoonecountoftraffickinginchildren contraryto K Convictions 2012–13, andongoingmatters Appendix 1:Convictionsin Migration Act1958 (MigrationAct).Thechargesrelate to11womenfrom Malaysia Criminal CodeAct1995 Queensland DPP. Criminal CodeAct1899 (CriminalCode).Ms K September 2011. , including persons contrarytosubsection271.2(1B)oftheCriminalCode,onecountconducting On 2February2012,theAFPchargedaSydneymanwithtwocountsoftraffickingin Song ChhoungEa Ongoing matters Sentencing wassetdownfor work in breach oftheirvisaconditionscontrarytosection245ACtheMigrationAct. subsection 245AC(2)oftheMigrationAct,andtwocountsallowingnon-citizensto counts ofallowingnon-citizenstoworkinbreach oftheirvisaconditionscontraryto sexual servitudecontrarytosubsection270.6(2)oftheCriminalCode,fouraggravated 27 March 2013,Ms Wong wasconvictedofonecountconductingabusinessinvolving The trialwassetdownfor28January2013intheNewSouthWales DistrictCourt.On The originaltrialdateof18June2012wasvacatedbecauseMsWong wasunrepresented. keep quietabout worker toworkincontravention oftheirvisaconditions,andoffered thewomanmoney to to MsNantahkhumof$43,000. MsNantahkhumalsoallowedthewomanandanothersex worker inCanberra,underexploitative conditions.Thewomanwasforced topayoff adebt The slaveryoffence relates toaThaiwomanrecruited byMsNantahkhumtoworkasasex contrary tosection 43oftheCommonwealth 245AB oftheMigrationAct,andonecountattemptingto pervert thecourseofjustice (one beingaggravated)ofallowinganunlawfulnon-citizento workcontrarytosection in breach ofavisaconditioncontrarytosection245ACtheMigration Act,twocounts of the CriminalCode,twocounts(onebeingaggravated)allowing anon-citizentowork Watcharaporn Nantahkhum guiltyofonecountslaverycontrarytosubsection 270.3(1) On 11April2012,anAustralianCapitalTerritory Supreme Courtjury found Watcharaporn Nantahkhum retrial of thechargesandtheywere dischargedon20June2013.Thematterwillproceed toa New SouthWales. Afterlengthydeliberationsthejurywere unabletoreach averdict onany The trialcommencedon8April2013intheCriminalJusticeDivisionofDistrictCourt confiscated andwere takentoabrothel where theywere heldagainst travelling toAustraliaonstudentvisas,butwhoallegethatarrivaltheyhadtheirpassports The chargesrelate to three womenfrom Thailandwhowere allegedlytoldtheywere 245AC(1) oftheMigrationAct.MrEapleadednotguiltyto count ofallowinganon-citizentoworkinbreach ofvisaconditionscontrarytosubsection three countsofdebt bondagecontrarytosubsection271.8(1)oftheCriminalCode,andone a businessinvolvingsexualservitudecontrarytosubsection270.6(2)oftheCriminalCode, in 2014. her circumstances. July 2013. Crimes Act 1914 all charges. . their will. 87 Appendix 1: Convictions in 2012–13, and ongoing matters 88 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 On 24May2012,MsNantahkhumwassentencedtoeightyearsandtenmonths’ courts in did notcomplywiththedemands.Asat30 June2013,MrTamleht’s matterwasbefore the debts. Itisfurtherallegedthere were impliedthreats ofviolenceto themen’s’ familiesifthey basic costsofliving.Theywere allegedlythreatened withviolenceiftheydidnotrepay their and were allegedlytold theywouldbegivenabout$100aweekfrom theirpaytocoverthe paid thecompanyafeetofindworkersoverseas.Themenlivedinbackpackers’hostels and employmentforafee.Bothmenwere employedasweldersatafactorythatallegedly for workingholidayvisaswhileMrTamleht’s companyarrangedairfares, accommodation Mr Tamleht’s companythrough arecruitment website.Themenwere allegedlytoldtoapply The chargesrelate European to twoEastern menwhowere allegedlyrecruited by Western Australia’s to extort moneyandpersonalidentificationparticularscontrarysubsection397(2)of bondage contrarytosubsection271.8(1)oftheCriminalCode,andthree countsofintent in personscontrarytosubsection271.2(1B)oftheCriminalCode,twocountsdebt On 20March 2013, Estonian Andres Tamleht waschargedwithtwocountsoftrafficking Andres Tamleht in Ms Nantahkhum’s sentencinghearing appeal againsthersentencewasheard on13February2013.At30June2013,judgment imprisonment, withanon-parole periodoffouryearsandninemonths.MsNantahkhum’s Western Australia. Criminal Code Act 1913 was reserved. . Appendix 2: AIC research

AIC human trafficking and slavery outputs in 2012–13

Publications

Andrevski H Joudo Larsen J & Lyneham S 2013. Barriers to trafficked persons’ involvement in criminal justice proceedings: an Indonesian case study. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no 451. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology

Joudo Larsen J, Andrevski H & Lyneham S 2013. Experiences of trafficked persons: an Indonesian sample. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no 449. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology

Lyneham S 2013. Forced and servile marriage in the context of human trafficking.Research in practice no. 32. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology

Lyneham S & Joudo Larsen J 2013. Exploitation of Indonesian trafficked men, women and children and implications for support. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 450. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology

Submissions, presentations, papers and unpublished material

AIC 2012. Inquiry into Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking. Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, 28 September

AIC 2012. Inquiry into Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking. Witness to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, 21 November

AIC 2012. Inquiry into Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking. Response to Questions on Notice to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, 18 December

Beacroft L & Renshaw 2012. Sex work and vulnerabilities to exploitation and/or coercion linked to slavery-like situations in Australia, paper to the AIC Trafficking in Persons Research Forum, 29 November

Lyneham S 2012. Trafficking in persons involving marriage and partner migration, paper to the National Roundtable on People Trafficking, Canberra,28 November

89 90 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Lyneham S2012.Experiencesofexploitation,implicationsforsupportandparticipation Canberra, AIC 2012.AustralianInstituteofCriminologyTrafficking inPersonsResearch Forum2012, Information sessions,workshopsandresearch forums Research Forum, of traffickinginpersonsAustraliaandits regions, papertoAIC Trafficking inPersons Rosevear L2012.Proposals fordevelopingabetterpracticeframeworkmonitoring Third Age,Canberra, Renshaw L&Lyneham 2012.Trafficking inpersons,presentation totheUniversityof 27– Conference oftheAustralian andNewZealandSocietyofCriminology, Auckland, and related exploitation: preliminary surveyresults, paperpresented tothe25thAnnual Renshaw L&Beacroft L2012.Sexworkandvulnerabilitiestotraffickinginpersons migration, papertotheAICTrafficking inPersonsResearch Forum,29 Lyneham S&Richards K2012.Trafficking inpersonsinvolvingmarriageandpartner AgainstCALDWomenViolence andtheirChildren, Canberra,28– women andtheirchildren, paperpresented to the FirstNationalConference onEliminating Lyneham S2013.Marriagetrafficking:forced, servileandshammarriagesinvolvingCALD Persons Research Forum, in thecriminaljusticesystem:acasestudyofIndonesia,papertoAICTrafficking in 29 November 29 November 29 November 19 September 29 November 30 April November 2012 Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914

Criminal Code Act 1995

Division 270 – Slavery and slavery-like conditions Subdivision A – Preliminary Subdivision B – Slavery Subdivision C – Slavery-like conditions Subdivision D – Offences against Division 270: general

Division 271 – Trafficking in persons anddebt bondage Subdivision A – Definitions Subdivision B – Offences relating to traffickingin persons Subdivision BA – Organ trafficking Subdivision BB – Harbouring a victim Subdivision C – Offences relating to debt bondage Subdivision D – Offences against Division 271: general

Division 279 – Video link evidence

91 92 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Division 270 –Slaveryandslavery-likeconditions 270.1A DefinitionsforDivision 270 Subdivision A–Preliminary coercion In (b) (a) conducting a (f) (e) (d) (c) detention; (b) duress; (a) force; (d) (c) (b) (a) offence slavery-like slavery servitude forced marriage forced labour Act 1901 Note: deceive (c) this Division: exercising control ordirection overthebusiness;and taking anypartinthemanagementofbusiness;and taking advantageofaperson’ abuse ofpower; psychological oppression; section 270.7B (forced marriageoffences). section 270.7 (deceptiverecruiting forlabourorservices); section 270.6A (forced labouroffences); section 270.5 (servitudeoffences); providing finance for Deception ). has themeaninggivenbysection 270.1. has thesamemeaningasinDivision 271(seesection271.1). hasthemeaninggivenbysection 270.4. includes coercion by anyof hasthemeaninggivenbysection 270.6. business hasacorresponding meaning(see section 18Aofthe hasthemeaninggivenbysection 270.7A. meansanoffence againstanyofthe includes: the business. s vulnerability. the following: following provisions: Acts Interpretation 270.1 Definitionof Subdivision B–Slavery 270.3 Slaveryoffences 270.2 Slaveryisunlawful (2) A (1) Penalty: is guiltyof (d) (c) (b) (a) (aa) Acts relating Act1999 andSexualServitude) Criminal CodeAmendment(Slavery Slavery remains unlawful anditsabolitionismaintained,despitetherepeal bythe where suchacondition results from adebtorcontractmade by any orallofthepowersattachingtorightownershipare exercised, including For thepurposesofthisDivision, conditional orunconditional(seethedefinitioninDictionary). Note: (c) (b) (a) threat (a) A personwho,whetherwithinoroutsideAustralia,intentionally: person who: (ii) (i) (ii) (i) to therightofownership;or services by for thethreat ofthatactioninconnectionwiththeprovision oflabouror exercises control ordirection over, orprovides enters intoanycommercial transactioninvolvingaslave;or engages inslavetrading;or possesses aslaveorexercises overaslaveanyoftheotherpowersattaching reduces aperson toslavery;or a threat ofanyotherdetrimentalaction,unlessthere are reasonable grounds a threat tocauseaperson’s deportationorremoval from Australia;or a threat ofcoercion; or whether withinor Threat

means: Imprisonment for commercial transactioninvolvingaslave;or exercises control ordirection over, orprovides financefor, any enters intoanycommercial transactioninvolvinga slave; or any commercial transactioninvolvingaslave; any actofslavetrading;or an offence. includesa threat made by anyconduct,whether express or implied and whether to slavery. slavery a person. outside Australia: 25 years. slavery istheconditionofapersonoverwhom finance for: the person. ofImperial 93 Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 94 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 270.4 Definitionof Subdivision C–Slavery-likeconditions (2) (1) (5) (4) (3) In (3) subsection (4). a personfrom slavery isnotguiltyofanoffence against (b) (a) slave which apersonisreduced commercial transactioninvolvingaslave Penalty: is guiltyof (b) (b) (a) victim or (b) (a) or deception: victim The victimmaybeinacondition ofservitudewhether Subsection (1) applieswhetherthecoercion, threat ordeceptionisusedagainstthe For thepurposesofthisDivision, The defendantbearsalegalburden ofproving themattermentionedin A personwhoengagesinanyconductwiththeintentionofsecuringrelease of this section: his orherlifeotherthantheprovision ofthelabour (ii) (i) herself to the persontoslavery;or trading orthereduction ofapersontoslavery; (iii) the purchase orsale of the capture, transport ordisposalofapersonwiththeintentionreducing is reckless astowhetherthetransactionoractinvolvesaslave,slavery, slave the victimhasattemptedtoescape from escape from theconditionispracticallypossiblefor thevictim;or the victimissignificantlydeprivedofpersonalfreedom in respect ofaspects a reasonable personinthepositionofvictimwouldnotconsiderhimself or trading ) whoprovides labour orservices,if,becauseoftheusecoercion, threat another person. Imprisonment for services; and slave trading;and to leavetheplaceorarea where thevictimprovides thelabouror to ceaseproviding thelabourorservices; exercises control ordirection over, orprovides financefor, anyactof an offence. servitude includes: be free: to slavery. 17 years. a slave. servitude istheconditionofaperson(the includes acommercial transactionby the condition. or not: this section. or services. 270.5 Servitudeoffences 2 1 Item Servitude andforced labouroffences (1) (4) (3) (2) (b) (a) against aprovision listed incolumn1ofthefollowingtable,trier Alternative verdictof (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) Conducting abusiness (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) Causing apersontoenterintoorremain procedural inrelation fairness tothatfinding guilty oftheforced labouroffence, solongasthedefendanthasbeen afforded A personcommitsan The trieroffactmayfindthedefendant notguiltyoftheservitudeoffence, but Subsection (4) appliesif,inaprosecution foranoffence (the A personcommitsan column 2of (the 20 years;or 20 years;or is satisfiedbeyond reasonable doubtthatthedefendantisguiltyofanoffence is notsatisfiedthatthedefendantguiltyofoffence; but in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the businessinvolvesservitudeofanotherperson(orpersons). the personconductsanybusiness;and in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the conductcausesanotherpersontoenterintoorremain the personengagesinconduct;and forced labouroffence Subsection (2) ofthissection Subsection (1) ofthissection Servitude offences Column 1 the table. forced labour offence if: offence if: involving servitude ) againstthecorresponding provision listedin in servitude 15 years. 15 years. of guilt. Subsection 270.6A(2) Subsection 270.6A(1) Forced labouroffences Column 2 servitude offence servitude in servitude. of fact: ) 95 Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 96 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 270.6 Definitionof 270.6A Forced labouroffences (1) (3) (2) (1) (2) (b) (a) victim or Causing apersontoenterintoorremainin (b) (a) himself orherselfto or deception,areasonable personinthepositionofvictimwouldnotconsider victim section (seesubsections 270.5(3)and(4)). find adefendantnotguiltyofthat offence butguilty ofthecorresponding offence underthis Note: Onatrialforanoffence againstsection 270.5(servitudeoffences), thetrieroffactmay (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) Conducting abusinessinvolving (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) A personcommitsan The victimmaybeinaconditionofforced labourwhether Subsection (1) applieswhetherthecoercion, threat ordeceptionisusedagainstthe For thepurposesofthisDivision, A personcommitsan 12 years;or 12 years;or the victimhasattemptedtoescapefrom escape from thecondition ispracticallypossibleforthevictim;or to leavetheplaceorarea where thevictimprovides thelabour to ceaseproviding thelabourorservices; in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the businessinvolvesforced labourofanotherperson(orpersons). the personconductsanybusiness;and in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the conductcausesanotherpersontoenterintoorremain in the personengagesinconduct;and ) whoprovides labourorservicesif,becauseoftheusecoercion, threat another person. forced labour be free: offence if: offence if: forcedlabour forced labour 9 years. 9 years. forced labour the condition. is theconditionofaperson(the or not: forced labour. or services. 270.7 Deceptiverecruiting forlabourorservices 270.7A Definitionof (2) (1) (c) (b) (a) entered intothemarriagewithoutfreely and the useofcoercion, threat ordeception,onepartytothemarriage(the (b) (a) Penalty: (c) (b) (a) A person(the For thepurposesofsubsection (1), For thepurposesofthisDivision,amarriageis Interpretation Act1901 any registered relationship withinthemeaningofsection 2E of aforeign country, iftherelationship isofthesame,orasimilar, typeas Interpretation Act1901 years; or (vi) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) and person (the a relationship registered (howeverthatprocess isdescribed)underalaw a marriagerecognised underalawofforeign country; a registered relationship withinthemeaningofsection 2E in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor9 the conductcausesvictimtobe the recruiter engagesintheconductwithintentionofinducinganother the recruiter engagesinconduct;and those serviceswillrequire thevictimtohaveunprotected sex). or thenature ofsexual servicestobeprovided (forexample,whether of thevictim’s traveloridentitydocuments; debt owedorclaimedtobeowed; connection withtheengagement–quantum,orexistence,of residence; or services; or the victimprovides the labourorservices; if theengagementistoinvolveprovision ofsexualservices–thatfact, the factthatengagementwillinvolveexploitation,orconfiscation if there isorwillbea debtowedorclaimedtobebythevictimin the extenttowhichvictimwillbefree toleavehisorherplaceof the extenttowhichvictimwillbefree toceaseproviding thelabouror the extenttowhichvictimwillbefree toleavetheplaceorarea where recruiter forced marriage victim) ) commitsan toenterintoanengagementprovide labourorservices; ; ; marriage offence if: deceived about: 7 years. fully consenting. includes forced marriage the following: if,becauseof Acts victim Acts ) 97 Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 98 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 270.7B Forced marriageoffences (3) (2) (1) (3) (4) (d) (see subsection 13.3(3)). Note: Adefendantbearsanevidential burden inrelation tothematterinsubsection (4) Note: Forstrictliability, seesection 6.1. (b) (a) Penalty: (c) (b) (a) Being apartyto (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) Causing apersontoenterinto victim or law ofaStateorTerritory thatare prescribed byregulations under Note: Section 2Eofthe Subsection (2) doesnotapplyiftheperson hasa Strict liabilityappliestoparagraph (2)(c). A personcommitsan A person(the Subsection (1) applieswhetherthecoercion, threat ordeceptionisusedagainstthe 7 years; or 7 years; or victim of (ii) (i) the following: or (c))thatisvoid,invalid,notrecognised bylaw, foranyreason, including in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the personisnotavictimof the marriageisaforced marriage;and the personisapartytomarriage(withinmeaningofsection 270.7A); and in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor in thecaseofanaggravatedoffence (seesection 270.8)–imprisonmentfor the conductcausesanotherpersontoenterintoaforced marriageasthe the firstpersonengagesinconduct;and a marriage(includingrelationship ormarriagementionedinparagraph (a),(b) another person. to more than (for example,becauseofnatural,inducedoragerelated incapacity); a partytothemarriageismarried(withinmeaningofthissubsection) a partytothemarriagehasnotfreely orfullyconsentedtothemarriage first person the marriage. forced marriage Acts InterpretationAct1901 offence if: one person. ) commitsan forced marriage forced marriage. offence if: 4 years. 4 years. coversrelationships registered undera reasonable excuse. that Act.

270.8 Slavery-likeoffences –aggravatedoffences 270.10 Slavery-likeoffences –relevant evidence 270.9 Slavery-likeoffences –jurisdictionalrequirement (2) (1) (4) (3) (2) (1) (c) (b) (a) committed hasbeencoerced, threatened a person(the have regard toanyofthematterscovered bysubsection (2)indeterminingwhether slavery- Section 15.2 (extendedgeographicaljurisdiction–categoryB)appliestoa in relation tothe findingofguiltforthecorresponding slavery- slavery- defendant notguiltyoftheaggravatedoffence, butguiltyofthecorresponding the defendantisguiltyofcorresponding slavery-likeoffence, itmayfindthe defendant isguiltyoftheaggravatedoffence, butisotherwisesatisfiedthat the relevant (c) (b) (a) of the (the The followingmattersare covered by For thepurposesofproceedings foraslavery-likeoffence, thetrieroffactmay Subsection (3) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanaggravatedoffence, thetrieroffactisnotsatisfiedthat If theprosecution intendstoprove anaggravatedoffence, thechargemustallege For thepurposesofthisDivision,aslavery-likeoffence committedbyaperson offender (ii) (i) victim andtheallegedoffender; (ii) (i) or degradingtreatment; the personalcircumstances oftheallegedvictim, includingbutnot the termsofanywrittenororalcontractagreement betweenthealleged the economicrelationship betweentheallegedvictimandoffender; the offender, incommitting the offender, incommittingtheoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel,inhuman the victimisunder18; following applies: like offence. like offence. language; and 1958 to thevictimoranotherperson;and his orherabilitytospeak,write andunderstandEnglishoranother whether heorsheisentitledto beinAustraliaunderthe is reckless as to engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm aggravated offence. allegedvictim ) againstanotherperson(the ; and that danger. ) againstwhomtheoffence isallegedtohavebeen the offence: this subsection: or deceived. victim ) isan aggravated offence like offence. Migration Act limited to: ifany 99 Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 100 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 270.13 Offences againstDivision 270–doublejeopardy 270.12 Offences againstDivision 270–otherlawsnotexcluded or acquiescence 270.11 Offences againstDivision 270–nodefenceofvictimconsent Subdivision D–Offences againstDivision 270:general (3) (2) (1) (3) cannot beconvictedofanoffence againstthisDivisionin respect of offence againstthelawofthatcountryinrespect ofanyconduct,theperson (c) (b) (a) State orTerritory, doesanyoneor more of an offence againstthelawofCommonwealth,State (b) (a) Territory, concurrent operation ofanyotherlawtheCommonwealth,oraState this Division. Note: Division 279(videolinkevidence)appliestoaproceeding foranoffence against Commonwealth oranylawofaState consented to,oracquiescedin,conductconstitutinganyelementof Division thatapersonagainstwhomtheoffence isallegedtohavebeencommitted (b) (a) Subsection (2) applieseveniftheotherlawofCommonwealth,or lawofthe limitingsubsection (1),thisDivisionisnotintendedtoexcludeorlimitthe Without This Divisionisnotintendedtoexcludeorlimittheoperationofanyotherlaw Subsection (1) If apersonhasbeenconvicted oracquittedinacountryoutsideAustraliaofan To avoiddoubt,itisnotadefenceinproceeding foranoffence againstthis applicable totheoffence under elements applicabletotheoffence underthisDivision; in thisDivision; of evidence. (iii) provides foradefenceinrelation totheoffence thatdiffers from thedefences provides forafaultelementinrelation totheoffence thatdiffers from thefault provides forapenaltytheoffence thatdiffers from thepenaltyprovided for a similaractoromission; an actoromissionthatisoffence againstaprovision ofthisDivision;or limit themannerinwhichevidencemaybegivenoradmissibility prevent theleadingofanyotherevidenceinrelevant proceedings; or that makes: alleged offender. the extentofhisorhersocialandphysicaldependenceon does not: this Division. or Territory. the following: or Territory. that conduct. the offence. 271.1 Definitions Subdivision A–Definitions debt bondage Division 271 –Trafficking inpersonsand 271.1A Definitionof labour andforced marriage.SubdivisionCofthisDivisiondealswith Note: Division 270(slaveryandslavery-likeoffences) dealswithslavery, servitude,forced (e) (d) (c) (b) servitude; (a) into any ofthe another person,occursiftheotherperson’s conductcausesthevictimtoenter threat exploitation Interpretation Act1901 Note: law, bywords or deceive Constitution applies. constitutional corporation the person,ortodestroy possession ofthedocument,whetherpermanentlyorotherwise,toexclusion confiscate coercion In For thepurposesofthisDivision, this Division: debt bondage. forced marriage; forced labour; slavery, oraconditionsimilartoslavery; Deception hasthesamemeaningasinDivision 270(seesection271.1A). meansmisleadastofact(includingtheintentionofanyperson)or has thesamemeaningasinDivision 270(seesection270.1A). , inrelation to a person’s traveloridentitydocument,meanstotake has themeaninggivenbysection 271.1A. exploitation following conditions: other conduct. hasacorresponding meaning(seesection 18Aofthe ). the document. meansacorporationtowhichparagraph 51(xx)ofthe exploitation , ofoneperson(the debt bondage. victim Acts ) by 101

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 102 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Subdivision B–Offences relating totraffickinginpersons 271.2 Offence oftraffickinginpersons (1C) (1B) (1A) (1) (2) (a) (a) Penalty: (a) Penalty: (a) (a) (c) (b) Penalty: (c) (b) Penalty: (b) (b) A person(the A person(the A person(the A person(the A person(the receipt, ofanotherpersonintoAustralia;and person oranother, after reckless astowhethertheotherpersonwillbeexploited,eitherbyfirst person from Australia;and the firstpersonoranother, afterthatentry person isreckless as towhethertheotherpersonwillbeexploited,eitherby receipt, ofanother personintoAustralia;and the otherperson’s complianceinrespect ofthatexitor person from Australia; and respect of the otherperson’s complianceinrespect ofthatentryorproposed entryorin receipt, ofanotherpersonintoAustralia;and the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitates theentryorproposed entry, orthe the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesexitproposed exitofanother the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesentryproposed entry, orthe the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesexitproposed exitofanother the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesentryproposed entry, orthe that useofcoercion, threat ordeceptionresults inthe firstpersonobtaining the firstpersonusescoercion, threat ordeception;and that useofcoercion, threat ordeceptionresults inthe firstpersonobtaining the firstpersonusescoercion, threat ordeception;and in organisingorfacilitatingthatexitproposed exit,thefirstpersonis in organisingorfacilitatingthatentryproposed entry, orthatreceipt, thefirst Imprisonment for Imprisonment for Imprisonment for Imprisonment for firstperson firstperson firstperson first person first person that receipt. ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin 12 years. 12 years. 12 years. 12 years. that exit. or receipt. proposed exit. persons if: persons if: persons if: persons if: persons if: (2B) (2A) (2C) (b) (a) Penalty: (c) (b) (a) Penalty: (b) (a) Penalty: (b) A person(the A person(the A person(the outside Australia; and person from Australia;and (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) Australia; and receipt, ofanother personintoAustralia;and identity documents. other person’s exploitationortheconfiscationofotherperson’s travelor by theotherpersonofsexualservicesoutsideAustraliaorwillinvolve person’s exitorproposed exitisforpurposesthatinvolvetheprovision person from Australia; and identity documents. person’s exploitationortheconfiscationofotherperson’s travelor provision bytheotherpersonofsexualservicesorwillinvolve arrangements fortheotherperson’s stayinAustralia,willinvolvethe person’s entryorproposed entry, theotherperson’s receipt orany there isanarrangementfortheotherpersontoprovide sexualservices the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitates theexitorproposed exitofanother the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutanyof there isanarrangement fortheotherpersontoprovide sexualservicesin the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesentryproposed entry, orthe the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutfactthat the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesexitproposed exitofanother the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutfactthat Imprisonment for Imprisonment for Imprisonment for be owed. services –thequantum,orexistence,ofdebtowed claimedto connection withthearrangementforotherpersontoprovide sexual of residence; sexual services; area where theotherpersonprovides sexualservices; if there isadebtowedorclaimedtobebytheotherpersonin the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavehisorherplace the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toceaseproviding the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavetheplaceor the nature ofthesexual servicestobeprovided; firstperson first person first person ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin 12 years. 12 years. 12 years. the following: persons if: persons if: persons if: 103

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 104 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 271.3 Trafficking inpersons–aggravatedoffence (2) (1) (3) (c) against find thedefendantnotguiltyof theaggravatedoffence butguilty ofanoffence but issatisfiedthatheorshe guiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.2, itmay jury, thejury, isnotsatisfiedthatthedefendantguiltyofaggravated offence, Penalty: if thefirstpersoncommitsoffence oftraffickinginpersons relationtoanother Penalty: (c) (b) (a) person (the If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thecourt,oriftrialisbefore a A person(the Absolute liabilityappliestoparagraphs (1)(c)and(1A)(c). (ii) (i) inhuman ordegradingtreatment; (ii) (i) either bythefirstperson (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutanyof the firstperson,incommitting the firstperson,incommittingoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel, the firstpersoncommitsoffence intendingthatthevictimwillbeexploited, that section. Imprisonment for Imprisonment for to thevictimoranotherperson;and subsection 271.2(1A), (1C),(2A)or(2C)–afterexitfrom Australia; subsection 271.2(1), (1B),(2)or(2B)–afterentryintoAustralia; be owed. services –thequantum,orexistence,ofdebtowedclaimedto connection withthearrangementforotherpersontoprovide sexual of residence; sexual services; area where theotherpersonprovides sexualservices; is reckless asto engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorserious harm if theoffence oftrafficking inpersonsisanoffence against if theoffence oftrafficking inpersonsisanoffence against if there isadebtowed orclaimedtobeowedbytheotherpersonin the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavehisorherplace the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toceaseproviding the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavetheplaceor the nature ofthesexualservicestobeprovided; victim firstperson ) andanyofthe ) commitsanaggravatedoffence oftraffickinginpersons that danger. 12 years. 20 years. or another: following applies: the offence: the following: 271.4 Offence oftraffickinginchildren 271.5 Offence ofdomestictraffickinginpersons (3) (1) (2) (1) (a) Penalty: (c) (b) (a) Penalty: (c) (b) (a) Note: Section 271.2provides foroffences oftrafficking in relation tothefindingofguiltforoffence againstsection 271.2. (b) Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness A person(the A person(the A person(the in Australia;and transportation ofanotherperson from oneplaceinAustraliato anotherplace (ii) (i) of anotherperson;and (ii) (i) first person: Australia, orthereceipt inAustralia,ofanotherperson;and the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitates thetransportationorproposed in organisingorfacilitatingthatexitproposed exit,the the otherpersonisunderageof18;and the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesexitproposed exitfrom Australia in organisingorfacilitatingthatentryproposed entry, orthatreceipt, the the otherpersonisunderageof18;and the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatesentryproposed entryinto the firstpersonusescoercion, threat ordeception;and Imprisonment for Imprisonment for another, after services orwillbeotherwiseexploited,eitherbythefirstperson or exit; or will beotherwiseexploited,eitherbythefirstpersonoranother, afterthat another, afterthatentry services orwillbeotherwiseexploited,eitherbythefirstperson entry orreceipt; or will beotherwiseexploited,eitherbythefirstpersonoranother, afterthat is reckless astowhethertheotherpersonwillbeusedprovide sexual intends thattheotherpersonwillbeusedtoprovide sexualservicesor is reckless as to whethertheotherpersonwillbeusedprovide sexual intends thattheotherpersonwillbeusedtoprovide sexualservicesor firstperson first person first person that exit. ) commitsanoffence ofdomestictraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin ) commitsanoffence oftraffickingin 25 years. 25 years. or receipt. in persons. first person: children if: children if: persons if: 105

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 106 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 (2B) (2A) (2) (3) (c) (a) (a) (a) (b) Penalty: (b) Penalty: Penalty: (c) (b) Penalty: Absolute liability appliestoparagraph (1)(c). A person(the A person(the A person(the (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) from oneplace inAustraliatoanotherplaceAustralia;and confiscation oftheotherperson’s travelor person ofsexualservicesorwillinvolvetheotherperson’s exploitationorthe person followingthetransportation,willinvolveprovision bytheother transportation, oranyarrangementsthefirstpersonhasmadefor the other from oneplace inAustraliatoanotherplaceAustralia;and by thefirstpersonoranother, after first personis reckless astowhethertheotherpersonwillbeexploited,either in Australia;and transportation ofanotherpersonfrom oneplaceinAustraliatoanother proposed transportation. obtaining theotherperson’s complianceinrespect ofthattransportationor the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatestransportationofanother the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatestransportationofanother the firstpersonorganisesorfacilitatestransportationproposed that useofcoercion, threat ordeception results inthefirstperson the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutfactthat in organisingorfacilitatingthattransportationproposed transportation,the the firstpersondeceivesotheraboutanyof there isanarrangementfortheotherpersontoprovide sexualservices;and Imprisonment for Imprisonment for Imprisonment for Imprisonment for be owed. services –thequantum,or existence,ofthedebtowedorclaimedto connection withthearrangement fortheotherpersontoprovide sexual of residence; sexual services; area where theotherpersonprovides sexualservices; if there isadebtowedorclaimedtobebythe otherpersonin the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavehisorherplace the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toceaseproviding the extenttowhichotherpersonwillbefree toleavetheplaceor the nature ofthesexualservicestobeprovided; first person first person first person ) commitsanoffence ofdomestictraffickingin ) commitsanoffence ofdomestictraffickingin ) commitsanoffence ofdomestictraffickingin 12 years. 12 years. 12 years. 12 ye ars. that transportation. identity documents. the following: persons if: persons if: persons if: 271.6 Domestictraffickinginpersons–aggravatedoffence 271.7 Offence ofdomestictraffickinginchildren (3) (2) (1)

(c) (b) (a) Note: Section 271.5provides foroffences ofdomestictrafficking in relation tothe findingofguiltfortheoffence againstsection 271.5. against find thedefendantnotguiltyofaggravatedoffence, butguiltyofanoffence but issatisfiedthatheorsheguiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.5,itmay jury, thejury, isnotsatisfiedthatthedefendantguiltyofaggravatedoffence, Penalty: (c) (b) (a) in relation toanotherperson(the in personsifthefirstpersoncommitsoffence ofdomestictraffickinginpersons Penalty: Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thecourt,oriftrialisbefore a A person(the A personcommitsanoffence ofdomestictraffickingin (ii) (i) person from oneplaceinAustraliatoanotherAustralia;and (ii) (i) inhuman ordegradingtreatment; person hasbeentransported; either bythefirstpersonoranother, afterarrivalattheplacetowhich in organisingorfacilitatingthattransportation,thefirst- the otherpersonisunderageof18;and the first-mentionedpersonorganisesorfacilitatestransportation ofanother the firstperson,incommitting the firstperson,incommittingoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel, the firstpersoncommitsoffence intendingthatthevictimwillbeexploited, that section. Imprisonment for Imprisonment for other place. person oranother, duringorfollowing thetransportationtothat services orwillbeotherwiseexploited, eitherbythefirst-mentioned another, duringorfollowingthetransportationtothatotherplace; or or willbeotherwiseexploited,eitherbythefirst-mentioned person or to thevictimoranotherperson;and is reckless astowhethertheotherpersonwillbeusedprovide sexual intends thattheotherpersonwillbeusedtoprovide sexualservices is reckless as to engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm first person ) commitsanaggravatedoffence ofdomestictrafficking that danger. 20 years. 25 years. victim the offence: ) andanyofthe children if: following applies: in persons. mentioned person: 107

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 108 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Subdivision BA–Organtrafficking 271.7C Organtrafficking–aggravatedoffence 271.7B Offence oforgantrafficking–entryintoandexitfrom Australia 271.7A RemovaloforganscontrarytothisSubdivision (1) (2) (1) (b) (a) victim offender commitsanoffence oforgantraffickingin relation toanotherperson(the section 271.7A. Note: Penalty: (b) Exit Note: Forwhentheremoval ofanorgan iscontrarytothisSubdivision,seesection 271.7A. Penalty: (b) (a) Entry (b) (a) (a) A person(the A person(the A person(the The removal ofaperson’s organiscontrarytothis from Australia removed contrarytothisSubdivision,either by theoffender or person, afterorinthecourseof an organofthevictimcontrarytothisSubdivision,byoffender oranother the exitorproposed exitofanotherperson(the person, afterorinthecourseofthatentry an organofthevictimcontrarytothisSubdivision,byoffender oranother Australia; and the entryorproposed entry, orthereceipt, of another person(the would notmeetamedicalortherapeuticneedof to thelawofStateorTerritory where itis,oristobe,carriedout; the offender commitstheoffence intendingthatanorganofthevictim willbe the victimisunder18; the offender isreckless astowhethertheconductwillresult intheremoval of the offender isreckless astowhethertheconductwillresult inthe removal of the offender engages inconductconsistingoftheorganisationorfacilitation neither thevictim,norvictim’s guardian, consentstotheremoval, andit the removal, orenteringintoanagreement fortheremoval, wouldbecontrary the offender engages inconductconsistingoftheorganisationorfacilitation into Australia ) andanyofthe Imprisonment for Imprisonment for For whentheremoval ofanorganiscontrarytothisSubdivision,see offender offender offender following applies: ) commitsanaggravatedoffence oforgantraffickingifthe ) commitsanoffence oforgan ) commitsanoffence oforgan 12 years. 12 years. that exit. or receipt. Subdivision if: victim trafficking if: trafficking if: the victim. ) from Australia;and another person: victim ) into 271.7E Domesticorgantrafficking –aggravatedoffence 271.7D Offence ofdomesticorgantrafficking (3) (2) (1) Note: Forwhentheremoval ofanorganiscontrarytothisSubdivision, seesection 271.7A. Penalty: (b) (a) Note: Section 271.7Bprovides foroffences of in relation tothe findingofguiltfortheoffence againstsection 271.7B. against find thedefendantnotguiltyofaggravatedoffence butguiltyofanoffence but issatisfiedthatheorsheguiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.7B,itmay jury, thejury, isnotsatisfiedthatthedefendantguiltyofaggravatedoffence, Note: Forwhentheremoval ofanorgan iscontrarytothisSubdivision,seesection 271.7A. (b) (a) Penalty: (d) (c) to anotherperson (the trafficking iftheoffender commitsanoffence ofdomesticorgantraffickingin relation A person(the Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thecourt,oriftrialisbefore a A person(the (i) person, afterorinthecourseof an organofthevictimcontrarytothisSubdivision,byoffender oranother from oneplaceinAustraliatoanotherAustralia;and of thetransportationorproposed transportationofanotherperson(the years; or (ii) (i) or degradingtreatment; (ii) the offender isreckless astowhethertheconductwillresult intheremoval of the offender engagesinconductconsistingoftheorganisation,orfacilitation, in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor if thissubsectionappliesbecausethevictimisunder18–imprisonmentfor25 the offender, incommitting the offender, incommittingtheoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel,inhuman that section. Imprisonment for to thevictimoranotherperson;and subsection 271.7B(2) –afterorinthecourseofexitfrom Australia; subsection 271.7B(1) –afterorinthecourseofentryintoAustralia; if theoffence oforgantraffickingisanoffence against is reckless as to engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm if theoffence oforgantraffickingisanoffence against offender offender victim ) commitsanoffence ofdomesticorgan ) commitsanaggravatedoffence ofdomesticorgan that danger. 12 years. ) andanyofthe the offence: that transportation. organ trafficking. 20 years. following applies: trafficking if: victim ) 109

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 110 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 271.7F Harbouringavictim Subdivision BB–Harbouringavictim (1) (3) (2) (a) (b) (a) Note: Section 271.7Dprovides foroffences ofdomestic in relation tothe findingofguiltfortheoffence againstsection 271.7D. against find thedefendantnotguiltyofaggravatedoffence, butguiltyofanoffence but issatisfiedthatheorsheguiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.7D,itmay jury, thejury, isnotsatisfiedthatthedefendantguiltyofaggravatedoffence, Note: Forwhentheremoval ofanorgan iscontrarytothisSubdivision,seesection 271.7A. (a) Penalty: (b) (b) (d) (c) Penalty: (c) A person(the Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thecourt,oriftrialisbefore a section) or (ii) (i) years; or (ii) (i) or degradingtreatment; course oftransportation; after arrivalattheplacetowhichpersonhasbeentransported,orin removed contrarytothisSubdivision,eitherbytheoffender oranotherperson, the harbouring,receipt orconcealingof the offender harbours,receives orconcealsanotherperson(the if thissubsectionappliesbecausethevictimisunder18–imprisonmentfor25 the offender commitstheoffence intending thatanorganofthevictimwillbe the victimisunder18; in anyothercase–imprisonmentfor the offender, incommitting the offender, incommittingtheoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel,inhuman the third personoffence isanoffence againstthisDivision(apartfrom this that section. Imprisonment for the third person(the third person(the to thevictimoranotherperson;and furthers athird person’s purposeinrelation toanyoffence committedby assists athird personinconnectionwithanyoffence committedbythe is reckless as to engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm offender Division 270. ) commitsanoffence ofharbouringa that danger. third personoffence 4 years. thirdpersonoffence the offence: 20 years. the victim: ); or organ trafficking. ); and victim if: victim ); and 271.7G Harbouringavictim–aggravatedoffence 271.9 Debtbondage–aggravatedoffence 271.8 Offence ofdebtbondage Subdivision C–Offences relating todebtbondage (1) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) (2) (b) (a) (the the offender commitsanoffence ofdebtbondageinrelation toanotherperson Penalty: (b) (a) Note: Section 271.7Fprovides fortheoffence ofharbouring in relation tothe findingofguiltfortheoffence againstsection 271.7F. (a) the aggravatedoffence, butguiltyofanoffence against is guiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.7F, itmayfindthedefendantnotguiltyof the defendantisguiltyofaggravatedoffence, butissatisfiedthatthedefendant Penalty: (b) other offence. third personhasnotbeenprosecuted for, orhasnotbeenfoundguilty, ofany A person(the Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thetrieroffactisnotsatisfiedthat A person(the A personmaybefoundguiltyofanoffence againstsubsection (1)evenifthe Absolute liabilityappliesinrelation toparagraph (1)(c). Recklessness appliesinrelation toparagraph (1)(b). A personcommitsanoffence ofdebt victim or degradingtreatment; bondage; and person (the the offender, incommittingtheoffence, subjectsthevictimtocruel, inhuman the victimisunder18; the personintendstocauseotherenterinto the personengagesinconductthatcausesanotherto enterintodebt the offender commits anoffence ofharbouringavictiminrelation to another the victimis Imprisonment for Imprisonment for ) andanyofthe offender offender victim under 18. ) commitsanaggravatedoffence ofharbouringa ) commitsanoffence ofaggravateddebtbondageif ); and following applies: 7 years. 4 years. bondage if: a victim. that section. debt bondage. victim if: 111

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 112 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 or organs 271.11 Jurisdictionalrequirements –offences ofdomestictraffickinginpersons persons ororgans 271.10 Jurisdictionalrequirements –offences otherthandomestictraffickingin Subdivision D–Offences againstDivision 271:general (3) (2) (c) (b) (a) 271.7E onlyifoneormore ofthefollowing 271.8 or271.9. offence against section 271.2,271.3,271.4,271.7B,271.7C,271.7F, 271.7G, Note: Section 271.8provides fortheoffence of in relation tothe findingofguiltfortheoffence againstsection 271.8. the aggravatedoffence, butguiltyofanoffence against is guiltyofanoffence againstsection 271.8,itmayfindthedefendantnotguiltyof the defendantisguiltyofaggravatedoffence, butissatisfiedthatthedefendant Penalty: (f) (e) (d) (c) Subsection (2) onlyappliesifthedefendanthasbeenafforded procedural fairness If, onatrialforanoffence againstthissection,thetrieroffactisnotsatisfiedthat A personcommitsanoffence againstsection 271.5,271.6,271.7,271.7Dor Section 15.2 (extendedgeographicaljurisdiction–categoryB)appliestoan of paragraph 51(xix) paragraph 51(v) oftheConstitution; using apostal,telegraphicortelephonic servicewithinthemeaningof corporation; trafficking conductwere intendedtobeemployedbyaconstitutional constitutional corporation,orincircumstances where thevictimsof transportation toorfrom aTerritory; borders, eitherforreward orinconnectionwithacommercial arrangement; (ii) (i) the conductconstitutingoffence involvestransportationacross State the conductconstitutingoffence occurstoanyextentoutsideAustralia; the offender, incommitting the victimofconductconstituting theoffence is analienforthepurposes some oftheconductconstituting theoffence isengaged inbycommunication the conductconstitutingoffence isengagedinby, oronbehalfof,a the conductconstitutingoffence occurswithinaTerritory orinvolves Imprisonment for to thevictimoranotherperson;and is reckless asto engages inconductthatgivesrisetoadangerofdeathorseriousharm that danger. 7 years. the Constitution. the offence: debt bondage. paragraphs applies: that section. 271.11A Offences againstDivision 271–relevant evidence or acquiescence 271.11B Offences againstDivision 271–nodefenceofvictimconsent (1) (4) (3) (2) Division thatapersonagainst whom theoffence isallegedtohave beencommitted To avoiddoubt,itisnotadefence inaproceeding foranoffence againstthis (b) (a) alleged victimistakentoincludeareference totheallegedvictim’ the removal ofanorgantheallegedvictim,areference insubsection (2)tothe (c) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) alleged tohave whether, inrelation toaperson(the may haveregard toanyofthematters covered bysubsection (2)indetermining consented to,oracquiescedin, conductconstitutinganyelementof For thepurposesofproceedings foranoffence againstthisDivision,thetrieroffact Subsection (1) If subsection (1)appliesinrelation totheconsentofanallegedvictim’s guardian to The followingmattersare covered by of evidence. (iii) (ii) (i) victim andtheallegedoffender; the allegedvictimtoenterinto alleged victim;or alleged victim’s guardian, hasconsentedtotheremoval ofanorganthe been coerced, threatened ordeceived; limit themannerinwhichevidencemaybegivenoradmissibility prevent theleadingofanyotherevidenceinrelevant proceedings; or the personalcircumstances oftheallegedvictim,includingbutnot the termsofanywrittenororalcontractagreement betweenthealleged the economicrelationship betweentheallegedvictimandoffender; in thecaseofanoffence againstSubdivisionC–anotherpersonhascaused in thecaseofanoffence againstSubdivisionBA–theallegedvictim,or in thecaseofanoffence againstSubdivisionBorBB–theallegedvictimhas alleged offender. language; and 1958 the extentofhisorhersocialandphysicaldependenceon his orherabilitytospeak,writeandunderstandEnglishanother whether heorsheisentitledtobeinAustraliaunderthe does not: ; and been committed: alleged victim debt bondage. this subsection: ) againstwhomtheoffence is s guardian. Migration Act the offence. limited to: 113

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 114 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 279.1 Proceedings towhichthisDivisionapplies linkevidence Division 279 –Video 271.13 Doublejeopardy 271.12 Offences againstDivision 271–otherlawsnotexcluded (3) (2) (1) (d) (c) (b) (a) Divisions of This Divisionappliestoaproceeding foranoffence againstanyofthefollowing cannot beconvictedofanoffence againstthisDivisioninrespect of offence against thelawofthatcountryinrespect ofanyconduct,theperson (c) (b) (a) State orTerritory, doesanyoneormore of an offence againstthe lawoftheCommonwealth,State (b) (a) Territory, concurrent operation ofanyotherlawtheCommonwealth,oraState this Division. Note: Division 279(videolinkevidence)appliestoaproceeding foranoffence against Commonwealth oranylawofaState Subsection (2) applieseveniftheotherlawofCommonwealth,or limitingsubsection (1),thisDivisionisnotintendedtoexcludeorlimitthe Without This Divisionisnotintendedtoexcludeorlimittheoperationofanyotherlaw If apersonhasbeenconvictedoracquittedincountryoutsideAustraliaofan material outsideAustralia). applicable totheoffence under elements applicabletotheoffence underthisDivision; in thisDivision; Division 273 (offences material orchildabuse involvingchildpornography Division 272 (childsexoffences outsideAustralia); Division 271 (traffickinginpersonsanddebtbondage); Division 270 (slaveryandslavery-likeconditions); provides fora defenceinrelation totheoffence thatdiffers from thedefences provides fora faultelementinrelation totheoffence thatdiffers from thefault provides fora penaltyfortheoffence thatdiffers from thepenaltyprovided for a similaractoromission; an actoromissionthatisoffence againstaprovision ofthisDivision;or that makes: this Chapter: this Division. or Territory. the following: or Territory. that conduct. 279.2 Whencourtmaytakeevidencebyvideolink 279.4 Applicationoflawsaboutwitnesses 279.3 Technical requirements forvideolink (2) (1) appropriate persons (d) (c) are equipped with video (b) (a) procedure, contempt ofcourt Note: Thissectionhaseffect, forexample,thepurposesoflawsrelating toevidence, or otherplaceinAustraliawhere thecourt A personwhogivesevidenceunderadirection istakentogiveitatthecourtroom (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) that awitnessgiveevidencebyvideo In subsection (1): A witnesscangiveevidenceunderadirection In aproceeding, thecourtmay, onapplicationbyapartytotheproceeding, direct appropriate personsatthe witness givetheevidence;and Australian location evidence betakenby (iii) (ii) (i) evidence would: made available;and enable appropriate personsattheoverseaslocationtoseeandhear enable appropriate persons attheAustralianlocationtoseeandhear the placewhere the evidence isgiven(the the courtroom orother placeinAustraliawhere thecourtissitting(the the courtissatisfiedthatitconsistentwithinterests ofjusticethatthe the courtissatisfiedthatattendanceofwitnessattogive the facilitiesrequired bysection 279.3are availableorcanreasonably be the witnessisnotadefendantinproceeding; and the witnesswillgiveevidencefrom outsideAustralia;and reliability asa witness wouldbesignificantly reduced; and cause thewitnesstobecomesointimidatedordistressed thathisorher cause thewitnesspsychologicalharmorunreasonable distress; or cause unreasonable expenseorinconvenience; meanssuchpersonsasthecourt facilities that: ); and and perjury. video link. Australian location. link if: is sitting. only if: overseaslocation considers appropriate. );

115

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 116 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 279.5 Administrationofoathsandaffirmations 279.7 Otherlawsaboutforeign evidencenotaffected 279.6 Expenses

outside Australiafrom applying forthepurposesof This Divisiondoesnotprevent anyotherlawabouttakingevidenceofawitness connection withgivingevidenceunderadirection bythecourtunder (a) under adirection maybe (b) A courtmaymakesuchorders asare justforpaymentofexpensesincurred in ormadebyawitnesswhoistogiveevidence An oathoraffirmationtobesworn (iii) (ii) (i) as follows: where thecourtissitting;or witness were togivetheevidenceatcourtroom orotherplaceinAustralia by meansofthevideolink,inasnearlypracticablesamewayif at theplacewhere the witnessistogive by aperson(whetheranAustralianofficialornot)authorisedthecourt; on behalfofthecourtandasdirected byit; administered either: the evidence. a proceeding. this Division. Part IAD –Protecting Crimes Act1914 Division 6 –Miscellaneous Division 5A –Specialrulesfor Division 5 –Useof Division 4 –Specialfacilitiesforvulnerablepersonsto Division 3 –Cross-examination Division 2 –Admissibility Division 1 –Introduction vulnerable persons video recordings of evidence later trials give evidence 117

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 118 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 Part IAD –Protecting vulnerablepersons 15Y Proceedings towhichthisPartapplies Division 1 –Introduction (1) (f) an (e) (d) (cb) (cba) (ca) (cac) (cab) (caa) (c) (b) following offences: this subsectionapplies.Thisappliestoproceedings foranyofthe Proceedings This Partcontainsspecialrulesforchildren involvedinproceedings towhich this subsection. (iii) (ii) (i) this subsection; an offence ofakindreferred toinoneofthepreceding paragraphsof Migration Act1958 person under 16); (offences relating touseofcarriageserviceinvolvingsexualactivitywith with personunder16); (offences relating touseofpostalorsimilarserviceinvolvingsexualactivity materialorchildabuseoutsideAustralia); pornography outside Australia); and debtbondage); slavery-like conditions); United Nationsandassociatedpersonnel); an offence ofakindreferred toinoneofthepreceding paragraphsof an offence thatincludesthecommissionof,orintentiontocommit, a sexualoffence specifiedinthe regulations; an aggravatedoffence againstSubdivisionCofDivision 12Part2the an offence againstSubdivision DorFofDivision 474the an offence againstSubdivision BorCofDivision 471the an offence againstDivision 273 ofthe an offence againstDivision 272 ofthe an offence againstDivision 271 ofthe an offence againstDivision 270 ofthe an offence againstsection 71.8 ofthe offence of: inciting thecommissionof; conspiring tocommit;or attempting tocommit;or involving children ; CriminalCode CriminalCode Criminal Code Criminal Code Criminal Code (offences involving child (traffickinginpersons (slaveryand (sexualassaultof (child sexoffences Criminal Code Criminal Code

15YA Definitions (5) (4) (3) (2) complainant) who isawitnessin child witness child proceeding the initiationof which theproceeding relates. Thechildneednotbeinvolvedintheproceeding or alleged tobe,avictimofanoffence, ofakindreferred toinsubsection 15Y(1), child complainant child adult In thisPart,unlessthecontrary proceedings connectedwithaproceeding fora Example: a proceeding referred toin Related proceedings forany Proceedings involving (d) an (c) (b) (a) following offences: which thissubsectionapplies.Thisappliestoproceedings foranyofthe Proceedings involving Similarly, subsection 15YAB(1) (aboutspecialwitnesses)alsoappliestoany Each ofsubsections (1),(2)and(3)alsoappliestoanyproceedings connectedwith This Partcontainsspecialrulesthatcanapplyforwitnessesinvolvedin This Partcontainsspecialrulesforadultcomplainantsinvolvedinproceedings to (iii) (ii) (i) offence ofakind referred toinparagraph (a)or(b); and debtbondage); conditions); an offence ofakind referred toinparagraph (a),(b)or(c). an offence thatincludes thecommissionof,orintentiontocommit,an an offence againstDivision 271 ofthe an offence againstDivision 270ofthe meansapersonwhois means apersonwhois18 proceedings included offence of: Committal proceedings. inciting thecommissionof; conspiring tocommit;or attempting tocommit;or , inrelation toachildproceeding, meansachild(including the proceeding. meansaproceeding towhichsubsection 15Y(1)applies. , inrelation toachildproceeding, meansachildwhois,oris Commonwealth offence. special witnesses adult complainants that subsection. under 18. intention appears: the proceeding. or over. CriminalCode Criminal Code Commonwealth offence. (traffickinginpersons (slaveryandslavery-like 119

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 120 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YAB 15YAA (1) Vulnerable adultcomplainants closed-circuit television Note: Suchadeclaration canalsobemadeinarelated proceeding (seesubsection 15Y(5)). (b) (a) to beablesatisfactorilygiveevidenceintheordinary manner a Meaning of (3) (2) (1) A vulnerable adultproceeding vulnerable adultcomplainant special witnessproceeding special witness (2) and(3)apply. proceeding named inevidencegiven party of the evidence inchief cross-examination credibility the regulations. In aproceeding foraCommonwealthoffence, thecourtmaydeclare apersontobe Special witnesses specialwitness (iii) (ii) (i) proceeding ortheinitiationof the courtthatheorshedoesnotwishtobetreated assuch to insubsection 15Y(2),whichthe is anadultwhois,orallegedtobe,avictimofoffence, ofakindreferred intimidation, distress oremotionaltrauma a disability;or A vulnerableadultcomplainantneednotbeinvolvedinthe However, theadultisnota toaproceeding includes theprosecutor, each defendantandeachperson Evidence vulnerable adultcomplainant proceeding; or some other the nature oftheevidence;or the person’s age,culturalbackground orrelationship toapartythe has themeaninggivenby

special witness meansaproceeding towhichoneormore ofsubsections 15Y(1), Act 1995 hasthemeaninggivenbysubsection 15YAB(1). meansevidencegiveninexaminationchiefwithinthemeaning inrelation totheproceeding ifsatisfiedthatthepersonisunlikely hasthemeaninggivenby relevant factor. . includesanysimilartechnologyspecifiedin the proceeding. meansaproceeding towhichsubsection 15Y(3)applies. means aproceeding towhichsubsection 15Y(2)applies. vulnerableadultcomplainant has themeaninggivenby that proceeding. , inrelation to a vulnerableadultproceeding, Evidence proceeding relates. arising from: Evidence Act 1995 section 15YAA. . Act 1995 because of: iftheadultinforms a complainant. .

15YC Evidenceofsexualexperience 15YB Evidenceofsexualreputation Division 2 –Admissibilityofevidence (1) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) (2) (b) (a) sexual activitiesisinadmissibleinachildproceeding, unless: child complainant’ general disposition. because ofinferences itmayraiseastothechildwitness’orcomplainant’s relevant tofacts inissue activities isinadmissibleinachildproceeding, unlessthecourt application byoronbehalfofthe (g) (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) following sectionsapplytoa Orders thatcertainprotectionsapplytoa application byoronbehalfofapartyto Evidence ofachildwitness’orcomplainant’s experiencewithrespect to This sectiondoesnotapplyifthechildisadefendantin If the evidence is admitted, it must not be treated as relevant to the child witness’ or The evidenceisnottobetreated assubstantiallyrelevant tofactsinissuemerely The courtmustnotgiveleaveunlesssatisfiedthattheevidenceissubstantially Evidence ofachildwitness’orcomplainant’s reputation withrespect tosexual An order under subsection (3)maybemadeonthecourt’s owninitiativeoron In aspecialwitnessproceeding, thecourtmayorder thatoneormore ofthe A declarationundersubsection (1)maybemadeonthecourt’s owninitiativeoron the evidenceisofsexualactivities withadefendantin the courtgivesleave;or section 15YP (aboutexcludingpeoplefrom thecourtroom). section 15YO (aboutaccompanyingadults); section 15YM (aboutuseofvideorecordings); arrangements); section 15YL (aboutalternative section 15YI (aboutclosed-circuit television); section 15YH (aboutrepresented defendants); section 15YG (aboutunrepresented defendants); s credibility. the proceeding. special witness: special witness. the proceeding. special witness the proceeding. the proceeding. gives leave. 121

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 122 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YE Disallowinginappropriate oraggressive cross-examination Division 3 –Cross-examination 15YD LeaveunderthisDivision (1) (2) (1) (5) (4) (3) (2) (2) age, culture, mentalcapacity court istohaveregard totheperson’s personal characteristics,includinghisorher (b) (a) proceeding if: (b) (a) (a) (b) (a) (b) the evidencehassubstantialprobative value,itistohave complainant’s issue merely because ofinferences itmayraiseastothechildwitness’or (c) (b) (a) In consideringwhetheraquestion isinappropriate or unnecessarilyaggressive, the The courtmustdisallowaquestionputtopersonincross-examination ina If thecourtgivesleaveunderthisDivision, An applicationforleaveunder This sectiondoesnotapplyifthechildisadefendantin limitingthematterstowhichcourtmayhaveregardWithout indecidingwhether The evidenceisnottobetreated asbeingsubstantiallyrelevant tofactsin The courtmustnotgiveleaveunless and otherevidenceasitthinksnecessaryfordetermining absence; and relates were done the truth;and made afalserepresentation whenthewitnesswasunderanobligationtotell probative value. adduced incross-examination ofthechild–evidencehassubstantial the personisatowhom subsection (3)applies. the questionisinappropriate orunnecessarilyaggressive; and cause thosereasons tobeentered inthecourt’ state itsreasons inwriting;and whether theevidencetendstoprove thatthewitnessknowinglyorrecklessly if theevidencerelates tothecredibility ofachildwitnessandistobe the evidenceissubstantiallyrelevant tofactsinissuetheproceeding; or the periodthathaselapsedsinceactsoreventstowhichevidence must notbedeterminedbefore thecourthasconsidered suchsubmissions if there isajuryinthe proceeding inquestion–mustbemadethejury’s must beinwriting;and general disposition. or occurred. and gender. this Division: satisfied that: court must: s records. the proceeding. regard to: the application. 15YG Unrepresented defendants–cross-examination of vulnerablepersons 15YF Unrepresented defendants–cross-examination ofchildcomplainants (5) (4) (3) (2) (1A) (1) (2) (1) (3) vulnerable person. person anyquestionsthatthe defendant requests thepersonto askthe (b) (a) (aa) cross-examination. regard toanytraumathatcouldbecausedifthedefendantconducts affected ifthe defendant conductsthecross-examination. vulnerable person’s abilitytotestifyundercross-examination willnotbeadversely (c) (b) (a) unless thecourt cross-examine apersontowhomsubsection (1A)applies(the defendant requests the persontoask cross-examine a (c) (b) (a) If thecourtrefuses leave,apersonappointed bythecourtistoaskvulnerable An applicationforleaveunder In consideringwhetherthatabilitywillbeadverselyaffected, thecourtistohave The courtmustnotgiveleaveundersubsection (1)unlesssatisfiedthatthe This subsectionappliestothe A defendantinaproceeding whoisnotrepresented bycounselisnotto A personappointedbythecourtistoaskchildanyquestionsthat A defendantinachildproceeding whoisnotrepresented bycounselisnotto This subsectionappliestothe and otherevidenceasitthinksnecessaryfordetermining or on behalfofthedefendantvulnerableperson;and subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce for must notbedeterminedbefore thecourthasconsidered suchsubmissions must beinwriting;and if thevulnerablepersonisaadultcomplainant–may bemadeby for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness(otherthancomplainant); for aspecialwitnessproceeding –a for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; gives leave. child complainant. this section: following persons: following persons: the child. this section. special witness. vulnerable person the application.

), 123

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 124 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YH Represented defendants–cross-examination ofvulnerablepersons 15YI Closed-circuit television give evidence Division 4 –Specialfacilitiesforvulnerablepersonsto (3) (2) (1A) (1) (2) (1) (c) (b) (a) (a) (c) (b) (a) cross-examine, exceptthrough counsel, apersontowhomsubsection (2)applies. vulnerable person of apersonto means ofclosed- not intheinterests ofjusticeforthevulnerableperson’s evidenceto begivenby evidence bymeansofclosed- Note: Section 15YLprovides arrangementsifavulnerablepersondoesnotgive foralternative (c) (b) This sectiondoesnotaffect theoperationofanylawinrelation tothecompetence The courtmustnotmakeanorder underparagraph (1)(b)unlesssatisfiedthatitis This subsectionappliestothe Evidence inaproceeding from apersontowhomsubsection (1A)applies(the This subsectionappliestothe A defendantinaproceeding whoisrepresented bycounselisnotto subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce for closed- means; or means; or subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce for for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; the vulnerablepersonisatleast16andchoosesnottogiveevidencebythat for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; the courtisnotequippedwithfacilitiesforevidencetobegivenbymeansof the courtorders that thevulnerablepersonisnottogiveevidencebythat circuit television. give evidence. circuit television. ) mustbegivenbymeansofclosed-circuit circuit television. following persons: following persons: this section. this section. television unless:

15YJ Givingevidencebyclosed-circuit television 15YL Alternative arrangementsforgivingevidence 15YL Alternative evidencegivenbyclosed-circuit15YK Viewing television (1) (3) (2) (1) (2) (b) (a) (b) (a) be givenbymeansofclosed-circuit television, with thevulnerableperson,ononeormore interest intheproceeding canseethevulnerableperson,andanypersonpresent the facilitiesusedare tobe operatedinsuchawaythatthepeoplewhohavean If thevulnerableperson’s evidenceisgivenbymeansofclosed-circuit television, (b) (a) closed-circuit other placethatisequippedwithfacilitiesforevidencetobegivenbymeansof (about accompanyingadults). (c) (b) (a) from alocationoutside The arrangementsmayinclude eitherof If evidenceinaproceeding from apersontowhomsubsection (3)appliesisnot theproceeding,The courtmayadjourn orapartoftheproceeding, toacourtor An order under paragraph (1)(b)or(c)doesnotlimittheoperationofsection15YO If thevulnerableperson’s evidenceisgivenbymeansofclosed-circuit television proceeding, including: that thepersonmayhavewithmembersofpublicwhile that thepersonmayhavewithanydefendantwhilegivingevidence; and closed-circuit television; or (iii) (ii) (i) vulnerable person: being held;and planning seatingarrangements forpeoplewhohaveaninterest inthe using screens; may makearrangementsinorder torestrict contact(includingvisualcontact) must makearrangementsinorder torestrict contact(includingvisualcontact) the courtotherwiseconsidersitappropriate to the courtisnotequippedwithfacilitiesforevidencetobegivenbymeansof the courtmayorder thatanotherpersonbepresent withthe the courtmayorder thatacourtofficerbepresent atthatlocation;and that locationistakentobepartofthecourtroom inwhichtheproceeding is associated withadisability;or to provide thevulnerable personwith to assistthevulnerablepersonwithanydifficultyingivingevidence to actasaninterpreter; or television if: a courtroom: the following: television monitors. the court: other support. do so. giving evidence. 125

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 126 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YM Useofvideorecordings Division 5 –Useofvideorecordings (4) (3) (2) (1A) (1) (3) other arrangements. Note: Division 4provides forthisevidencetobegivenusingclosed-circuit televisionor gives evidenceinchiefbya (b) (a) (a) proceeding maybe admitted asevidencein the arrangements. unless thatpersonisatleast16andchoosesnottogiveevidenceunder (c) (b) (a) Persons towhomthesealternative interest ofjusticefortheperson’s evidenceinchieftobegiven bya (c) (b) (a) (b) The personmustbeavailableforcross-examination andre-examination ifheorshe An applicationforleaveunder The courtmustnotgiveleaveundersubsection (1)ifsatisfiedthatitisinthe This subsectionappliestothe A videorecording ofaninterviewapersontowhomsubsection (1A)appliesin This subsectionappliestothe and otherevidenceasitthinksnecessaryfordetermining subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce forthissection; interview; and subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce forthissection; (ii) (i) must notbedeterminedbefore thecourthasconsidered suchsubmissions must beinwriting;and a constable,orpersonofkindspecifiedinthe regulations, conductedthe for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; the court the peopleinperson’s line the levelatwhichtheyare seated;and gives leave. video recording. this section: following persons: following persons: arrangements apply of vision. chief if: the application. video recording. 15YN Admissibilityofevidencegivenusingvideorecordings 15YNB Originalevidenceadmissibleinnewproceeding 15YNA WhenthisDivisionapplies Division 5A –Specialrulesforlatertrials (1) (3) (2) (1) re-examination). vulnerable person(whetherevidence onexaminationinchief,cross-examination oron Note: Therecord wouldincludealltheevidence givenintheoriginalproceeding bythe (c) (b) (a) original given byanypersontowhomsubsection (4)applies(the (b) (a) one or adduced asevidenceunder was notgivenareasonable opportunitytolistenandview (b) (a) is that was that itisevidenceofprevious representations thatthepersonmadeininterview For thenewproceeding, theprosecutor mayprepare arecord ofalltheevidence This Divisionappliesifaproceeding (the The courtmayrefuse toadmitthewholeorpartofcontentsarecording Evidence givenbyvideorecording under section 15YMisnotadmissibleifthecourt The admissibilityoftheevidencegivenbyvideorecording isnotaffected bythefact satisfied that: (i) evidence inthenewproceeding; and the newproceeding, oftheprosecutor’s intentiontotenderthatrecord as subsection (5); and (ii) defendants the defendantsisordered; or defendant); or that noticeis the prosecutor giveswrittennoticetothecourt,anddefendantsin the record isinaform,andauthenticatedway, prescribed under is discontinuedandanewproceeding involvingthetrialofanyorall concludes and,onappeal,anewproceeding involvingthetrialofanyorall the defendant’s lawyer(ifany); any defendantintheproceeding (otherthanthepersonifisa more defendants: proceeding if: being recorded. proceeding; or at least21daysbefore thecourtcommenceshearing thenew within suchotherperiodasthe is ordered. so given: section 15YM. original proceeding court allows. vulnerable person the recording. ) involvingthetrialof ) inthe

127

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 128 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YND Defendants’accesstovideorecordings 15YNC Vulnerable personnottobemadegivefurtherevidence (1) (4) (3) (2) (1) (5) (4) (3) (2) are entitledtobegiventhevideo recording or acopy (b) (a) recording, neither: the personifleave further evidenceinthenewproceeding. Subsections (1)and(2)ceasetoapply application byoronbehalfofapartytothe specified in vulnerable personisquestionedinthenewproceeding onlyaboutthematters chief, oncross-examination oronre-examination. Note: Thissubsectioncoversfurtherevidencethatcouldotherwisebegivenonexaminationin (c) (b) (a) the courtorders that this section 15YNB neednotgiveanyfurtherevidenceinthenewproceeding unless records prepared undersubsection (1). (b) (a) (b) (a) defendant inthe If arecord prepared undersubsections 15YNB(1) and(2)includesavideo Despite subsection (1),thevulnerablepersonmayseekleaveofcourttogive An order undersubsection (1)maybemadeonthecourt’s owninitiative oron If thecourtmakesanorder undersubsection (1),thecourtistoensure thatthe A vulnerablepersonwhoseevidenceisincludedinarecord admittedunder The Ministermay, inwriting,prescribe theform,andwaysforauthenticating, This subsectionappliestothe Both ofthefollowingare admissibleasevidenceinthe However, theprosecutor mayalteroreditthatrecord with theagreement ofeach available sincetheoriginalproceeding; or adult complainant. that evidence. their legalrepresentatives inthenewproceeding; the defendantsinnewproceeding; nor in theinterests to giveproper consideration ofinformationormaterialthathasbecome to clarifythevulnerableperson’s evidencegivenintheoriginalproceeding; or if theoriginalproceeding wasavulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerable if theoriginalproceeding wasachildproceeding –achildcomplainant; the exhibitstendered intheoriginalproceeding inconnectionwith a record ofevidenceprepared undersubsection (1)and(2); the order. new proceeding. is given. of justice. is necessary: following persons: new proceeding. of it. new proceeding: Division 6 –Miscellaneous 15YNF Divisionappliesdespiteotherrulesofevidence 15YNE Warnings etc.nottobegivenaboutvulnerablepersons’evidence 15YO Adultsaccompanyingvulnerablepersons (5) (4) (3) (2) (1A) (1) (2) (b) (a) be ableto (b) (a) considers itintheinterests ofjusticeto accompany subsection (1), unlessthecourtdeterminesthatitisnotappropriate fortheadultto (c) (b) (a) evidence byclosed-circuit television). person whiletheisgivingevidenceinaproceeding (includingwhilegiving other rules ofevidence evidence thatisincludedinarecord admittedunder to thejuryinanyway, thatthelawrequires greater orlesserweighttobegiven Note: Thismayrequire accessonmore than view it. Any words spokenbyanadultaccompanyingthepersonunderthissectionmust An adultaccompanyingthepersonunderthissection The courtmaypermitmore thanoneadulttoaccompanythepersonifcourt The adultchosenundersubsection (1)mayaccompanythepersonasmentionedin This subsectionappliestothe A persontowhomsubsection (1A)appliesmaychooseanadultaccompanythe This Divisionhaseffect despitethe If there isajuryinthenewproceeding, thejury, thejudgeisnottowarn orsuggest However, theymustbegivenreasonable accesstothevideorecording inorder to subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce forthissection; if there isajuryintheproceeding –themembersof the judge;and disrupt thequestioningof prompt thepersonorotherwiseinfluenceperson’s answers;or for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; the person. heard by: or procedure. following persons: the person. EvidenceAct1995 do so. one occasion. section 15YNB. , anyotherlawand must not: the jury. 129

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 130 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YP Excludingpeoplefrom thecourtroom 15YR Publicationidentifyingchildwitnessesorvulnerable adultcomplainants 15YQ Warnings etc.nottobegivenaboutvulnerable personsevidence (1) (2) (1) Penalty: (d) (c) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) a proceeding: from thecourtroom inwhichanyofthefollowing personsisgivingevidencein (c) (b) (a) jury in thejury,has givenorwillgiveevidence,thejudgeisnottowarn orsuggesttothe (d) A personcommitsan This subsectionappliestothe If there isajury inaproceeding inwhichapersontowhomsubsection (2)applies The courtmayorder thatsomeorallofthememberspublicbeexcluded

(ii) (i) the matter: an adultaccompaniesthepersonunder given byavideorecording underDivision 5;or given byclosed-circuitarrangementsunderDivision 4;or televisionoralternative class ofwitness;or subsection 15YAB(3) isinforce for the vulnerablepersonisnota defendant in the persondoesnothaveleaveofcourttopublish matter;and the personpublishesanymatter;and for aspecialwitnessproceeding –a for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; for aspecialwitnessproceeding –aspecialwitnessforwhomanorder under for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerableadultcomplainant; for achildproceeding –achildwitness; that thelawrequires greater orlesserweightto begiventoevidencethatis that thelawregards personstowhomsubsection (2)appliesasanunreliable that thelawrequires greater orlesserweighttobegiven toevidencethatis that thelawrequires greater orlesserweightto begiventoevidencebecause any way: Imprisonment for12months,or 60penaltyunits, person; and child witnessorvulnerableadult complainant;or applies (the is likelytoleadthevulnerable personbeingidentifiedassucha identifies anotherperson,whoisapersontowhomsubsection (1A) vulnerableperson offence if: following persons: this section. ) inrelation toaproceeding, asbeinga special witness. section 15YO. the proceeding. or both. 15YS Generalpowersofacourt (2) (1) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1A) (3) leave subject not affected. necessary intendment. by thisPart,exceptsofarasPartprovides otherwiseexpressly orby (b) (a) the proceedings. need notbeconstitutedbythesamejudicialofficerswhocourtin (c) (b) (a) subsection 13.3(3) ofthe Note: Adefendantbearsanevidentialburden inrelation tothematterinsubsection (2)(see (b) (a) (b) (a) The powerofacourttogiveleave underthisPartincludesthepowertogivesuch In particular, thepowersofacourttocontrol thequestioningofwitnessesare The powerofacourttocontrol theconductofaproceeding isnotaffected An applicationforleaveunder Leave maybegivenaftertheproceedings havefinished.Forthispurpose,thecourt In decidingwhethertogiveleave,thecourtishave The courtmaygiveleavetoapersonpublish This sectiondoesnotapplyifthepublication This subsectionappliestothe (i) and otherevidenceasitthinksnecessaryfordetermining (ii) could cause;and the legalproceedings are aproceeding withinthemeaning ofthisPart). or must notbedeterminedbefore thecourthasconsidered suchsubmissions must beinwriting;and whether the any damagetothereputation ofthevulnerablepersonthatpublication any traumatothevulnerablepersonthatpublicationcouldcause;and a documentprepared foruseinparticularlegalproceedings (whetherornot an officialpublicationinthecourseof,andforpurposeproceeding; for avulnerableadultproceeding –avulnerable for achildproceeding –achildwitness; with agenuineinterest intheproceedings; or for thepurposeofsupplyingtranscriptsproceedings topersons for genuine to conditions. publication is: research purposes. Criminal Code this section: following persons: ). is in: the matter. adult complainant. regard to: the application. 131

Appendix 3: Extracts of the Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Commonwealth Crimes Act 1914 132 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 1 JULY 2012 – 30 JUNE 2013 15YT Othervideolinkevidenceprovisions are unaffected (about videolinkevidenceinoffences againsthumanity). Nothing inthisPartaffects theoperationofDivision 279 Criminal Code