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Protecting Germinating Grain Crops in Southern Australia

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Protecting Germinating Grain Crops in Southern Australia This article appeared in the August 2009 edition of the Kondinin Group’s monthly magazine Farming Ahead. The Kondinin Group holds the copyright on the article. Reproduction of this text in whole or part by any other publication or for any other CROPPING purpose is not permitted without permission of the Farming Ahead editor. For more information contact the Kondinin Group on (08) 6250 4555. PEST CONTROL Protecting germinating grain Photo: Andrew Weeks, CESAR Consultants Weeks, Andrew Photo: crops in southern Australia More than 15 million hectares of crops such as cereals, oilseeds and legumes Louise are sown annually across Australia making cropping one of the country’s Lawrence largest primary industries. However, while annual Australian grain exports are For CSIRO ENTOMOLOGY worth more than $6 billion, growers spend several hundred million dollars each year on controlling invertebrate pests that attack emerging seedlings. No control yet: The balaustium mite is found Crops are at their most vulnerable as in establishment pests. Redlegged earth across southern Australia and is a pest of seedlings, with canola seedlings being mite (RLEM), Halotydeus destructor, canola, cereals and lupins. There are currently the most at risk, while legume and cereal no pesticides registered for its control. resistance in southern Western Australia is seedlings are more resilient. It is east to one warning sign of this. see then, why control costs vary markedly The main invertebrates attacking between crops. emerging grain crops include mites, lucerne At a glance fl ea, slugs and beetles. For all crops, factors such as Controlling pests in emerging depth of sowing, seedbed Mites crops can be an expensive and The important mite pests in southern diffi cult exercise. fi rmness and environmental Australia include RLEM, blue oat mites conditions also affect (Penthaleus species), clover mite (Bryobia Different species require different praetiosa) and balaustium mite (Balaustium methods of control, with pesticide establishment. medicagoense). tolerance and susceptibility Pest feeding can kill seedlings or result in Earth mites varying widely among some poor crop density. This in turn leads to Earth mites (RLEM and blue oat mites) closely-related pests. increased weed competition, poor canopy are important establishment pests of many Integrated pest management structure, delayed fl owering, lower yields grains. They are widespread throughout (IPM) strategies can help control and, in some cases, the need for re-sowing. Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia pests but rely on an effective and While the recent shift to minimum or no- and Tasmania. RLEM is also present in southern New South Wales and blue oat effi cient on-farm pest tillage systems has helped conserve soil mites are present in northern NSW and monitoring programme. moisture and reduce wind erosion and fuel costs, it has also led to changes in the types southern Queensland. Understanding the biology of of pests in crops. Minimum tillage creates Earth mites are active in the cool, wet part pest species is essential for their micro-environments that suit both pest and of the year, between April and November. effective control. For example, in benefi cial organisms. For instance, no- Each mite can produce to two or three some species, the larval stage is tillage systems with stubble retention can generations and over-summering eggs most damaging, whereas in others favour slugs and snails. hatch during autumn. it is the adults. To avoid the need for pest monitoring and Earth mite species look very similar, to protect small profi t margins, growers which can lead to misidentifi cations and often use prophylactic pesticide applications incorrect management. Biology differs at sowing. But these broad-spectrum between species so growers need control pesticides also kill benefi cial species, which strategies that target them individually. could lead to secondary pests becoming an RLEM attacks a wide range of plants — increasing problem. Broad-spectrum pasture plants, fi eld crops, vegetables, pesticides also select for pesticide resistance broad-leaved weeds, fl owers — while blue Farming Ahead August 2009 No. 211 www.farmingahead.com.au 49 CROPPING PEST CONTROL oat mites are much more limited in their Clover mite host plants. Studying the differences in host Clover mite is from the economically- plant preferences enables cultural control important spider mite family. This mite is strategies, such as crop rotations, trap and widely distributed across southern Australia. border crops, and weed management, to be It damages canola and, to a lesser extent, developed. cereals. Clover mite can reproduce on Earth mites also differ in their tolerance lupins, wheat and pasture and can cause to pesticides. One blue oat mite species is significant damage to canola and lupins. highly tolerant of several pesticides and is Little is known about the life cycle of clover the cause of most chemical control failures. mite in Australia but adults probably go into Entomology It was recently discovered that RLEM is diapause during unfavourable conditions. IRO S Omethoate and bifenthrin are the only C resistant to synthetic pyrethroids. For more specific information on effective pesticides registered for the control of these hoto: hoto: P RLEM control during spring, see Farming mites in Australian broadacre crops. Nasty: The redlegged earth mite attacks a wide Ahead March 2009, No 206 or go to Lucerne flea range of plants — pasture plants, field crops, www.farmingahead.com.au. vegetables, broad-leaved weeds and flowers. The lucerne flea, or clover springtail, Balaustium mite (Sminthurus viridis), has become a serious Balaustium mite found across southern pest throughout Mediterranean areas of Australia, is a pest of canola, cereals and southern Australia. It lives on the soil lupins. While its life cycle is unclear, other surface and feeds on leaves. closely-related mites go into diapause (a Lucerne fleas have two or three generations dormant state during an animal’s life cycle on mainland Australia between March and onsultants that enables it to survive unfavourable C November, sometimes more in irrigated R conditions). The balaustium mite probably pastures. It over-summers as eggs that hatch ESA C produces at least two generations a season following cool temperatures and rain, and is active from March-December. around the same time as crop and pasture seedlings emerge. Lucerne flea populations No pesticides are registered peak during late autumn, when severe damage can sometimes necessitate re- hoto: Andrew Weeks, Weeks, Andrew hoto: for the control of this mite sowing, and decline through winter, peaking P and it appears that many of again during spring with the onset of warm, Wide-spread: The clover mite is found across moist conditions. southern Australian and damages canola those registered for earth and cereals. Lucerne flea is primarily controlled using mites are ineffective. organophosphates. However, in the 50 Farming Ahead August 2009 No. 211 www.farmingahead.com.au CROPPING PEST CONTROL laboratory, lucerne fl ea is much more tolerant is the surface application of baits formulated than RLEM to several organophosphates with metaldehyde or methiocarb. Application and synthetic pyrethroids. Under laboratory needs to coincide with the moist conditions conditions, methidathion was the most that make slugs active. New molluscicides effective against lucerne fl ea. using iron and copper as the active toxins will lessen the effects on non-target Slugs invertebrates. However, chemical control In the high-rainfall areas of southern alone will not eliminate slugs where stubble Australia, where stubble retention is is retained. becoming increasingly popular, herbivorous Cultivation and burning directly confl ict slugs are increasingly prevalent. During the with minimum-tillage and stubble retention. Australian summer, slugs remain dormant This highlights the need for integrated in moist refuges and reproduce whenever approaches to slug control, such as rolling the conditions are suitable. Photo: CSIRO Entomology CSIRO Photo: after sowing to consolidate the seed bed, a Resistant: The blue oat mite is highly tolerant There are two main slug pests of Australian practice gaining some acceptance in of several pesticides and is the cause of most grain crops: black keeled slug (Milax gagates) Australia. Generalist predators may control chemical control failures. and reticulated or grey fi eld slug (Deroceras slugs in some minimum-tillage systems reticulatum). Reticulated or grey fi eld slug and grasslands adjacent to crops provide starts breeding during autumn and peaks effective refuges for beetle predators. during spring. It is surface active and requires moist places to hide. The black Beetles keeled slug, a burrowing species, is adapted Among the beetle pests of cereal crops are to drier environments. Its juveniles are the bronzed fi eld beetle (Adelium brevicorne), generally prevalent from late winter. grey false wireworm (Isopteran spp.) and Winter cereal damage ranges from vegetable beetle (Gonocephalum misellum). hollowed grain, which prevents germination, Several weevils, in particular, vegetable to grazing on seedlings. Emerging canola weevil (Listroderes diffi cilis) spotted vegetable cotyledons are particularly susceptible. weevil (Steriphus diversipes) and mandalotus Slugs are active when it is cool and moist weevil (Mandalotus spp.) are also signifi cant and crop growth is slow. Differences in pests though
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