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Emotion Concepts in Context a Contrastive Analysis of English And Emotion Concepts in Context | A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse Doctoral thesis for a doctoral degree (Applied Linguistics English) University of Augsburg Faculty of Philology and History submitted by Nina-Maria Fronhofer Referees: Prof. Dr. A. Fetzer Prof. Dr. S. Kranich Submitted on: 26/ 04/ 2019 Date of Defence: 20/ 11/ 2019 Affidavit I hereby confirm that my thesis entitled Emotion Concepts in Context | A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse is the result of my own work. All sources and/ or materials applied are listed and specified in the thesis. Furthermore, I confirm that this thesis has not yet been submitted as part of another examination process neither in identical nor in similar form. Augsburg, 26 April 2019 Nina-Maria Fronhofer Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Anita Fetzer for her advise through- out my whole PhD. Without her, I would not have endulged in this endeavour in the first place! Furthermore, I would like to thank the University of Augsburg and the Department of Gender Mainstreaming at the University of Augsburg for institutional support which definitely facilitated my work in the field and made it possible to get student support. Along the same lines, I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) fo granting me a travel and research stipend. Many warm thanks to Carolin Hofmockel, Matthias Jilka and Robert Maier for making my time at the University of Augsburg and our data sessions worthwhile. One special thanks to Claire Scammel who made two data sessions at King's College London pos- sible. The project would not have existed without the contributions of the many participants in my study, which enabled me to build the AWE-Corpus. A big thank you here to all students who were willing to spare some of their precious time and got excited about writing narratives. A warm thank you as well to all the people who helped with data collection: Peter Bull, Billy Clark, Jonathan Culpeper, Ye Tian, Alexandra Geor- gakopoulou, Ursula Wingate and the Language Centers of the Universities of Augsburg and W¨urzburg. Moreover, I do not want to forget the many colleagues I have met on my way, at the university or at conferences and with whom I got the opportunity to discuss data, who shared views and references with me or encouraged me to present my work. Many thanks for technical support to the Webanno-team, for corpus-related questions to Tanja Samard˘zi´cas well as to Emanuel Fronhofer for R-related advice. Lastly, but most importantly, I want to thank you, Emanuel, for always supporting me as a real partner in all the ways possible. Your belief in me made the difference! v Contents Affidavit iii Acknowledgements v Zusammenfassung xi Part I. Introduction 3 General Interest and Scope of the Investigation . .3 Outline of the Chapters . .4 Part II. Theoretical Approach 11 1 Preliminaries (I): Approaching `Emotion', `Context' and `Contrastive Analysis' 11 1.1 Emotion Language: A Complex Phenomenon . 11 1.2 `Emotion' . 15 1.3 `Context' . 21 1.4 `Contrastive Analysis' . 22 1.5 Summary . 25 2 Preliminaries (II): An Integrated Approach to Emotion Concepts in Context 27 2.1 A Cognitive Corpus Linguistic Perspective . 28 2.1.1 Intuitive vs. Corpus-Based Approaches to Emotion (Metaphors) 28 2.1.2 The Emotion Event Model . 29 2.1.3 Summary . 32 2.2 A Pragmatic Perspective . 32 2.2.1 The Cooperative Principle (Grice 1975) . 33 2.2.2 Explicit and Implicit Emotion Displays (Schwarz-Friesel 2015) . 34 2.2.3 Importing Context (I): Implicit Emotion Discourse . 36 2.3 A Systemic-Functional Perspective . 37 2.3.1 The Appraisal System (Martin & White 2005) . 37 2.3.2 Intersubjective Positioning (White 2003) . 42 2.3.3 Importing Context (II): Intersubjective Positioning in Emotion Events . 44 2.4 An Interactional Sociolinguistics' Perspective . 45 vii viii CONTENTS 2.4.1 Contextualization Cues (CC) . 45 2.4.2 Contextualization . 47 2.4.3 Importing Context (III): CC in Emotion Events . 48 2.5 A Contrastive Perspective . 49 2.5.1 The Language of Emotion: Universal or Culture-Specific? . 49 2.5.2 Contextualization Conventions: Emotion Events in Contrast . 52 2.6 Summary and Conclusions . 54 3 Previous Research (I): Approaching English and German Discourse 57 3.1 The Five Dimensions of Communicative Contrasts . 58 3.2 English { German Pragmatic Contrasts . 60 3.2.1 Evaluation . 60 3.2.2 Hedging and Epistemic Modality . 63 3.2.3 Intensification . 68 3.3 Summary and Conclusions . 73 4 Previous Research (II): Approaching English and German Emotion Concepts 77 4.1 Findings from (English { German) Contrastive Studies . 78 4.1.1 Emotion Events . 78 4.1.2 Emotion Concept Clusters: Equivalents, Ambivalents and Blends 82 4.2 Summary and Conclusions . 85 Part III. Analysis 93 5 Data and Methodology 93 5.1 The AWE-Corpus: Compilation and Experimental Design . 94 5.2 Analyzing Narrative(s) . 96 5.3 Corpus Statistics and Sociocultural Variables . 97 5.4 Methodology . 98 5.4.1 Corpus-based or Corpus-driven? . 98 5.4.2 Tools . 100 5.4.3 Operationalizing `Context' . 101 5.4.4 Annotation Schemes . 104 5.4.5 Statistical Modeling . 124 5.5 Summary . 126 Emotion Concepts in Context | A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse CONTENTS ix 6 Emotion Events and Context 127 6.1 Zooming in on Emotion Events . 128 6.2 Emotion Events: An Overview . 129 6.2.1 Frequencies . 129 6.2.2 POS Frequencies and Syntactic Realizations . 138 6.2.3 Experiencers and Emotion Event Chains . 141 6.3 Contrastive Analysis and Discussion . 142 6.3.1 Emotion Lexemes . 142 6.3.2 Adjectives vs. Verbs . 145 6.3.3 Present Tense . 149 6.3.4 Comparatives . 151 6.3.5 Adverbs . 153 6.3.6 Experiencers and Causes . 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions . 158 7 Emotion Events and Context I 161 7.1 Background: Construing Emotion Events . 162 7.2 Extending the Emotion Event Model (I) . 164 7.3 Emotion Event Construals: An Overview . 168 7.3.1 Positive and Negative Narratives . 168 7.3.2 Emotion Event Construal . 169 7.3.3 Emotion Concept Clusters . 170 7.4 Contrastive Analysis and Discussion . 172 7.4.1 SURPRISE { UBERRASCHUNG¨ . 172 7.4.2 FEAR { FURCHT . 173 7.4.3 JOY { FREUDE and SADNESS { TRAUER . 177 7.4.4 ANGER { ARGER¨ . 182 7.4.5 LOVE { LIEBE . 186 7.5 Summary and Conclusions . 187 8 Emotion Events and Context II 193 8.1 Background: Adverbial Modifiers in Emotion Events . 194 8.1.1 Un-/certainty . 194 8.1.2 Intensification . 197 8.1.3 Multiple Marking by Intensifiers and/ or Un-/certainty Markers 199 8.2 Extending the Emotion Event Model (II) . 200 8.3 Results I: Modifiers in Emotion Events . 204 8.3.1 Modifiers of Modal Un-/certainty . 204 Emotion Concepts in Context | A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse x CONTENTS 8.3.2 Modifiers of Intensification . 213 8.4 Results II: Multiple Modifiers in Emotion Events . 224 8.4.1 Multiple Modifiers of Intensification . 224 8.4.2 Multiple Modifiers of Epistemic Un-/certainty . 228 8.5 Discussion . 231 8.6 Summary and Conclusions . 237 Part IV. Summary and Conclusions 241 Bibliography 249 Appendix 275 Emotion Concepts in Context | A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse Zusammenfassung Emotion Concepts in Context { A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Dis- course untersucht Emotionskonzepte aus kontrastiver Perspektive unter expliziter Be- r¨ucksichtigung ihres linguistischen und kognitiven Kontextes. Dies wird insbesondere durch den integrativen Charakter des vorliegenden theoretischen Ansatzes erm¨oglicht, der Ans¨atzeder Kognitiven Korpuslinguistik, Pragmatik und Interaktionalen Soziolin- guistik vereint und das aus der Kognitiven Korpuslinguistik stammende Emotionsereig- nis-Modell (e.g., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk & Wilson 2010) erweitert. Basierend auf existierenden zwischensprachlichen Untersuchungen zu pragmatischen Unterschieden zwischen dem Englischen und Deutschen, sowie aufgrund von Studien zu Emotionsereignissen, werden Unterschiede in der sprachlichen Realisierung von Emo- tionsereignissen einschließlich deren kontextuellen Konfigurationen erwartet. Wie sich britische und deutsche Emotionsereignisse einschließlich ihres linguistischen und kogni- tiven Kontextes unterscheiden, wurde bisher jedoch noch nicht untersucht. Die vorliegenden Arbeit basiert auf einem Korpus (114,024 Worte), welches in einem Experiment erstellt wurde. Britische (n=62) und deutsche (n=68) StudentInnen soll- ten darin pers¨onliche Erz¨ahltexte(n=260) zu den Themen `unfaire Benotung' und `Bestnote' verfassen. Das Korpus ist hinsichtlich positiver und negativer Texte sowie Geschlecht und Sprache ausbalanciert und wurde anhand von f¨urdie pragmatisch- kognitiven Analysen eigens entwickelten und daher kontextsensitiven Annotationss- chemata kodiert. Die qualitativen und quantitativen Analysen umfassen gemischt gen- eralisierte lineare statistische Modelle (generalized linear mixed models, GLMM), die es erm¨oglichen, abh¨angige Variablen (fixed effects) wie Sprache und Gender zu unter- suchen und St¨orvariablen als Zufallseffekte (random effects) miteinzuberechnen. Zwischensprachliche Unterschiede wurden im Einzelnen in der Frequenz von spezifis- chen Emotionskonzepten, im Gebrauch von Wortarten zur Realisierung von Emotion- sereignissen, in Pr¨asens-und Komparativformen von Emotionslexemen, sowie in der Realisierung von thematischen Rollen festgestellt (Emotionsereignis-Modell). Im britis- chen Datensatz wurde beispielsweise das Konzepte SADNESS h¨aufigerrealisiert als TRAUER im deutschen Datensatz. Das Emotionskonzept ARGER¨ { ANGER hinge- gen wurde in h¨ohererFrequenz
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