Enhancing the Light-Matter Interaction with Optical Antennas

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ENHANCING THE LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION WITH OPTICAL ANTENNAS

Lukas Novotny The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester.

www.nano-optics.org THE INSTITUTE OF OPTICS ANTENNA-COUPLED INTERACTIONS

e - h +

hn ANTENNA-COUPLED INTERACTIONS

antenna

e - h +

hhnn ANTENNA-COUPLED INTERACTIONS

hn hn hn hn

- e - + e - h+ e h h+

LED photovoltaics spectroscopy

Nature 455, 887 (2008) OPTICAL ANTENNAS IN NATURE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: COLLECTIVE RESPONSE OF CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES RADIOWAVE ANTENNAS

A DEVICE TO CATCH ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ETYMOLOGY

AN-TENN-A

‘up’ Indo-European: ‘to stretch’

e.g. tension, pretend, tenacious, .. tan (Sanskrit) tendere (Latin) teinei (Greek) dehnen (German) tyanut (Russian) taanna (Hindi)

ANTENNA = THE ‘THING’ STRETCHING UP

Adv. Opt. Photon. 1, 438 (2009) OPTICAL ANTENNA

A DEVICE TO CONVERT OPTICAL RADIATION TO LOCALIZED ENERGY, AND VICE VERSA.

Adv. Opt. Photon. 1, 438 (2009) RECENT OPTICAL ANTENNA DESIGNS

Half-wave Antenna : Yagi-Uda Antenna :

Science 329, 930 (2010)

Bowtie Antenna : JQE-132437 (2010) Particle Antenna : Slot Antenna :

Nanotechnology 18, 044017 (2007) Opt. Eng. 44, 066401 (2005) arXiv:1004.1961 (2010) PROBLEM STATEMENT

-> coupled system of 3 entities

antenna receiver/transmitter (molecule, ion, quantum dot, ..) radiation

www.nano-optics.org ANDRE BLONDEL

www.nano-optics.org THE BLONDEL ANTENNA

radiation A antenna u

receiver

signal

www.nano-optics.org ANTENNA-COUPLED PHOTOEMISSION

P. Anger P. Bharadwaj

SiO2

Au molecule

www.nano-optics.org ENHANCED PHOTOEMISSION

PRL 96, 113002 (2006) LOCALIZATION

without Au particle : with Au particle antenna:

PRL 96, 113002 (2006) IMAGING OF SINGLE Ca+ ION CHANNEL PROTEINS IN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES

C. Hoeppener

Nano Lett. 8, 642 (2008) IMAGING OF SINGLE Ca+ ION CHANNEL PROTEINS IN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES

C. Hoeppener

Nano Lett. 8, 642 (2008) ENHANCED PHOTOEMISSION

qa ANTENNA-COUPLED PHOTOEMISSION

SiO2

Au molecule

www.nano-optics.org ENHANCED PHOTOEMISSION

qa QUANTUM YIELD (ANTENNA EFFICIENCY)

energy transfer + intrinsic

Fluorophore Nanotube

Nano Lett. 5, 2310 (2006) METALLOFULLERENES

Scandium, Lutetium, Holmium,

Gadolinium, Yttrium, .. in C80

Y3N

JPC C 114, 7444 (2010) ANTENNAS AND MICROSCOPY

. . . . . l Dx = 0.61 NA 2p Dk l Dp NA h

Dx Dp = 0.61h > h/2

Diffraction limit = Uncertainty principle Resolution limited by ~l/2

www.nano-optics.org ANTENNAS AND MICROSCOPY

. . . . . Dd << l

antenna l

evanescent waves: Dk > NA 2p/l ~ 2p/Dd

Resolution is diffraction unlimited !!

www.nano-optics.org A BIT OF HISTORY

Rep. Prog. Opt. 50, 137-180 (2007) A. EINSTEIN (1928)

SYNGE DEVELOPS REVISED CONCEPT (APERTURE) !

SYNGE’s PUBLICATION !

E.H. Synge, Phil.Mag. 6, 356 (1928)

Rep. Prog. Opt. 50, 137-180 (2007) 2001 FUJI-XEROX PATENT A. EINSTEIN (1928)

Rep. Prog. Opt. 50, 137-180 (2007) 2001 FUJI-XEROX PATENT NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Ultramicroscopy 71, 21 (1998). METAL TIP ANTENNAS

PRL 82, 4014 (1999)

www.nano-optics.org NEAR-FIELD RAMAN SCATTERING

A. Hartschuh N. Anderson G. Cancado

wo+- wN wo

w N

PRL 90, 95503 (2003)

www.nano-optics.org NEAR-FIELD RAMAN IMAGING OF SERPENTINE NANOTUBES

Confocal Raman: Near-field Raman:

n = 1594cm-1

G+ RBM 15nm

IFM 6mm G-

PRL 103, 186101 (2009) 300 900 1200 0 1 2 3 4 cm-1 mm WHERE DO WE STAND ?

www.nano-optics.org ANTENNA-COUPLED PHOTODETECTION

hw Noise dark current ( A )

quantum yield

 Power consumption P A Speed t d

transit time gap

Implementations : 1) MSM (electron-hole pair generation) 2) MOM (tunnel junctions) www.nano-optics.org ANTENNA PARAMETERS

EFFICIENCY :

DIRECTIVITY :

GAIN :

APERTURE:

RECIPROCITY:

Adv. Opt. Photon. 1, 438 (2009) OPTICAL HALF-WAVE ANTENNA

220nm

~ l / 2 l / 5.6 !

www.nano-optics.org RADIATION RESISTANCE

QL 1 p2 w4 +Q P = 3 4peo c

L dQ p I = I = - iwQ = - iw dt L -Q 2 1/2 L mo 2 2 P = p [ ] [ ] I = Zrad I l eo l Optical half-wave antenna: L = eff 2 Zo = 377W

p l 2 2 Z = [ eff] Z L rad o Zrad = p [ ] Zo 4 l l ~ 3 .. 5 W Adv. Opt. Photon. 1, 438 (2009) CONCLUSIONS

OPTICAL ANTENNAS:

1) ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR SUBWAVELENGTH CONTROL OF OPTICAL FIELDS

2) IMPROVED SNR, SPEED, QUANTUM YIELD IN PHOTODETECTION

3) ENHANCED AND DIRECTIONAL PHOTOEMISSION

4) NONLINEAR PROPERTIES RELEVANT FOR SENSING, SWITCHING, INFORMATION PROCESSING