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Germinación Y Crecimiento Inicial De Poblaciones De Trichloris Crinita (Lag.)

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Germinación Y Crecimiento Inicial De Poblaciones De Trichloris Crinita (Lag.) SEMIÁRIDA Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía UNLPam Vol 26(1): 39-54 ISSN 2362-4337 (impreso) 6300 Santa Rosa - Argentina. 2016. ISSN 2408-4077 (online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2016(02).39-54 GERMINACIóN Y CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE POBLACIONES DE Trichloris crinita (LAG.) PARODI ANTE CONDICIONES DE ESTRéS HÍDRICO GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS Kloster Débora1, María de los Ángeles Ruiz1,2*, & Ricardo Daniel Ernst1 Recibido 10/08/2016 Aceptado 20/12/2016 RESUMEN Los pastizales naturales de Argentina se encuentran degradados por las inadecuadas prácticas de manejo desarrolladas durante varios años. Muchas especies nativas se en - cuentran en vías de experimentación como cultivo de pasturas perennes. Trichloris cri - nita , es una gramínea perenne, estival y de buena calidad forrajera, adaptada a condiciones naturales de estrés ambiental. En nuestro país se distribuye desde climas áridos a subhúmedos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento ante estrés hídrico durante la germinación y el crecimiento de plantas de poblaciones de T. crinita procedentes del Monte, Caldenal y ecotono Monte-Caldenal de Argentina. Las variables que se evaluaron en la etapa de germinación fueron: capacidad, tasa y tiempo medio de germinación y recuperación pasado el estrés. En la etapa de crecimiento inicial de plantas se evaluó contenido relativo de agua, peso seco de la parte aérea y radical de las plantas y la relación entre ellos. Se obtuvo un comportamiento diferencial entre las poblaciones. Las del Caldenal (Santa Rosa: SR y Naicó: N) resultaron más aptas en la instancia de germinación. SR mostró mayor crecimiento bajo condiciones de sequía en la etapa de crecimiento en invernáculo (113 días desde la siembra). Esta información es fundamental para seleccionar las poblaciones a utilizar en planes de restauración de pastizales degradados de la región semiárida y árida central. PALABRAS CLAVE : pastizal natural, gramínea perenne, sequía, restauración ABSTRACT Argentine Natural grasslands of Argentina show a degraded condition due to inadequate management practices applied over several years. Many native species are in the process of experimentation as perennial cultivated pastures. One of them is Trichloris crinita , a warm-season perennial grass of good forage quality, which is adapted to natural conditions of environmental stress. Its distribution in Argentina ranges from very arid to sub-humid climates. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in greenhouse conditions, the response of populations of T. crinita from the Caldenal ( Prosopis caldenia forest), Monte (shrubland) and ecotone Caldenal - Monte to water stress during germination and plant growth. Va - riables evaluated at the germination stage were germination capacity, rate and average time of germination, and recovery after water stress. At the initial plant growth stage, re - lative water content, dry weight of aerial and root biomass and the relationships among them were assessed. A differential behavior was observed among populations. Under the controlled conditions assayed, Caldenal populations were better suited to stress at ger - mination. A population of Santa Rosa site of Caldenal showed better adaptation to drought at growth stage (113 days from sowing). Cómo citar este trabajo: Kloster D., M.A. Ruiz & R. D. Ernst . 2016. G erminación y This information is essential to select the crecimiento inicial de poblaciones de Trichloris crinita most suitable populations to be used in res - (Lag.) Parodi ante condiciones de estrés hídrico . Semiárida toring plans for degraded rangelands of the Rev. Fac. Agron. UNLPam . 26(2): 39-54 1 Facultad de Cs.Ex. y Naturales, UNLPam. * [email protected] 2 EEA INTA Anguil Kloster D., M.A. Ruiz & R. D. Ernst semiarid and arid Pampean Region of Central Argentina. KEY wORDS : natural grassland, perennial grass, drought, restoration INTRODUCCIóN del ambiente perjudicando la biodiversidad En Argentina, en los últimos años, importan - (Stritzler et al ., 2007). tes áreas de las regiones fitogeográficas del Es - Actualmente se cuenta con especies nativas pinal (distrito del caldenal) y Monte Occidental en vías de domesticación para la siembra de (Cabrera, 1976) han sido incorporadas a la agri - pasturas perennes. Entre ellas se encuentra cultura (Roberto et al ., 2005; Demaría et al ., Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi, conocida 2008), lo que ha motivado el desplazamiento como pasto de hoja, plumerito (Cano, 1988) o de la ganadería hacia zonas marginales de cola de caballo (Rúgolo de Agrasar et al ., ambas regiones fitogeográficas (Ferri, 2011; 2005). Es una especie nativa, perenne, de ciclo Leonhardt & Butti, 2011). Esto determinó una estival, de mediana a alta calidad forrajera y tendencia hacia el aumento de la carga animal, de buena producción de biomasa, además de lo que combinado a las condiciones climáticas presentar bajo requerimiento hídrico y resis - adversas por lo que atravesaron estas regiones, tencia a la defoliación (Morici et al ., 2003; han provocado la degradación de los pastizales, Mora et al. , 2006; Cavagnaro & Trione, 2007; con la consecuente pérdida de servicios ecosis - Gil Báez et al ., 2012). Estudios realizados en témicos (Celdrán, 2013; Estelrich & Castaldo, Argentina y México han mostrado rendimien - 2014). tos de hasta 5.000 KgMs.ha -1 .año -1 (Cano, El impacto inducido a la vegetación por so - 1988). Además se la considera con alto poten - brepastoreo y los cambios en las propiedades cial para la restauración de áreas con pastizales físicas y químicas del suelo son perjudiciales degradados por sobrepastoreo (Cavagnaro & para la biodiversidad, propician el reemplazo Trione, 2007; Quiroga et al ., 2009; Mora et al ., de especies forrajeras por otras menos valiosas 2013). e incrementan la erosión del suelo (Estelrich & Esta especie pertenece a un género nativo de Castaldo, 2014). América, que se lo encuentra en el sur de Es - De esta manera, encontramos en estos am - tados Unidos, México, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ar - bientes áreas fragmentadas o parches de vege - gentina, Uruguay y Chile (Cano, 1988; Nicora tación natural alternados con pasturas & Rúgolo de Agrasar, 1987; Cavagnaro et al ., introducidas. La siembra e implantación de es - 2006) y ha evolucionado en diferentes ambien - pecies perennes de buena calidad forrajera per - tes y por lo tanto es factible encontrar adapta - mite concentrar la carga animal, logrando así ciones locales y diferencias en caracteres de el descanso y producción de semillas de los importancia agronómica entre las poblaciones pastizales naturales; y por otro lado, evitar la (Grecco & Cavagnaro, 2002). En Argentina roturación frecuente de suelos no aptos para crece en suelos de textura fina, secos o salinos ello (Stritzler et al ., 2007). Distintas investiga - de la región fitogeográfica del Espinal y en los ciones se han enfocado mayormente en la in - arbustales de jarilla ( Larrea divaricada Cav.) troducción de especies exóticas adaptadas a perteneciente al región del monte (Cano, 1988; ambientes áridos y semiáridos como es el caso Quiroga, 2011). del pasto llorón ( Eragrostis curvula ) y del mijo Los ecosistemas áridos y semiáridos son re - perenne ( Panicum coloratum ) entre otras gulados, del punto de vista ecológico, por la (Covas, 1991; Petruzzi et al ., 2003). Este re - disponibilidad de agua que se encuentra en el emplazo del pastizal por especies exóticas suelo. El agua es uno de los factores abióticos puede significar una solución eficaz desde el cuyo déficit puede causar condiciones de es - punto de vista productivo, ante la falta de fo - trés a la planta provocando la reducción de la rraje. Sin embargo, es necesario incrementar la tasa de procesos fisiológicos y por consi - investigación y conservación de forrajeras na - guiente limitando la producción de biomasa tivas a fin de no provocar un mayor deterioro (Golberg et al. , 2011). 40 Germinación y crecimiento inicial de poblaciones de Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi ante condiciones de estrés hídrico La germinación es un proceso crucial en el 400 mm. aproximadamente, con una alta varia - ciclo de vida de las plantas, y el estrés hídrico ción interanual. Las temperaturas medias anua - durante este período es crítico (Flemmer & les oscilan entre 13 y 17,5ºC, no habiendo Distel, 2002). La disponibilidad de agua es el períodos libres de helada. En toda la región hay factor principal para la germinación de las se - vientos tipo “foehn”: el más conocido es el millas; en condiciones de estrés hay una dismi - Zonda, el que sopla del oeste y puede llevar la nución debida a la caída del potencial hídrico humedad relativa cercana al cero por ciento, y por consiguiente se afecta la capacidad y la tiene un fuerte efecto desecante sobre la vegeta - tasa de germinación (Fanti & Pérez, 2004; Ruiz ción (Cabrera, 1976; Fernández & Busso, 1999). & Terenti, 2012). Dentro de la región fitogeográfica del Espinal En general las forrajeras perennes tienen un se encuentra el distrito del Caldenal con 16,9 mi - crecimiento inicial lento con semillas pequeñas llones de ha, formando un arco que va desde el con pocas reservas, haciendo que el estableci - extremo sudoeste de Córdoba, centro y sur de la miento de la plántula sea una etapa fundamen - provincia de San Luis, parte central de La tal para la implantación de la pastura. Pampa y finaliza en sudoeste de Buenos Aires. Adicionalmente condiciones adversas como la Esta región se caracteriza por su inestabilidad
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